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Type expirement for Typography 2 Class in Spring of 2009 Content is borrowed from two different writings. Both outsider's perspectives on America during travels. One is before the end of slavery, and the other is shortly after emancipation... hence "Tourschism"
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An Englishman’s Travels in America
tourschism
Black and White in the Southern States
An Englishman’s Travels in America
tourschism
Black and White in the Southern States
Sir George Campbell
An Englishman’s Travels in America
J. Benwell
An Englishman’s Travels in America:
Fro
m S
t. L
ouis,
on
the
Miss
ouri
river
, I t
ook
pass
age
to N
ew O
rlean
s, in
one
of t
hose
mag
-ni
ficen
t ste
amer
s tha
t cro
wd
the
inla
nd w
ater
s of
the
Am
eric
an c
ontin
ent,
and
whi
ch, s
umpt
u-ou
sly fu
rnish
ed a
s the
y ar
e, h
ave
not i
napt
ly b
een
term
ed “fl
oatin
g pa
lace
s.” W
e ha
d a
pros
pero
us
pass
age
as fa
r as t
he ju
nctio
n of
the
Ohi
o w
ith th
e M
ississ
ippi
, whe
re th
e bo
at st
ruck
the
bran
ches
of
a la
rge
tree
, tha
t had
bee
n w
ashe
d in
to th
e be
d of
the
stre
am, a
nd w
as th
ere
stuc
k fa
st, r
oot d
own-
Dur
ing
a re
cent
tou
r in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
I w
as p
artic
ular
ly a
nxio
us t
o ob
tain
info
rmat
ion
reg
ard
ing
the
rela
tion
of t
he b
lack
and
whi
te
race
s, n
ot o
nly
bec
ause
the
sub
ject
is in
itse
lf of
im
men
se in
tere
st t
o co
mm
erce
and
hum
anity
, b
ut b
ecau
se it
is o
f sp
ecia
l int
eres
t to
our
selv
es,
calle
d o
n to
dea
l with
mas
ses
of t
he b
lack
rac
e in
So
uth
Afr
ica,
and
the
pos
sess
ors
of m
any
land
s in
w
hich
whi
te a
nd c
olou
red
rac
es a
re in
term
ing
led
. In
som
e of
our
col
onie
s it
has
bee
n su
pp
osed
tha
t
BLACK AND WHITE IN THE SOUTHERN STATES.
war
ds. T
his f
orm
idab
le c
heva
ux-d
e-fr
ise (o
r sn
ag, a
s it w
as te
rmed
by
the
capt
ain)
fort
u-na
tely
did
not
do
muc
h da
mag
e to
the
vess
el,
alth
ough
at fi
rst a
n al
arm
was
raise
d th
at sh
e w
as si
nkin
g, a
nd m
uch
conf
usio
n en
sued
. Thi
s ap
preh
ensio
n w
as, h
owev
er, s
oon
diss
ipat
ed
by th
e re
port
of t
he c
arpe
nter
, who
se a
ccou
nt
of th
e da
mag
e w
as so
far f
avou
rabl
e, th
at a
fter
extr
icat
ion
by b
acki
ng th
e ve
ssel
, and
a fe
w
tem
pora
ry re
pairs
, she
was
aga
in g
ot u
nder
he
adw
ay.
The
pel
luci
d w
ater
s of t
he
Ohi
o, a
s the
y en
ter t
he tu
rbid
ru
shin
g cu
rren
t of t
he M
is-sis
sippi
, whi
ch is
swol
len
by th
e Ill
inoi
s and
oth
er
trib
utar
ies,
has a
rem
arka
ble
effe
ct, t
he c
lear
cur
rent
of
the
form
er ri
ver r
efus
ing,
fo
r a c
onsid
erab
le d
is-ta
nce,
to m
ingl
e w
ith th
e m
urky
stre
am o
f the
latte
r, an
d fo
rmin
g a
visib
le b
lue
chan
nel i
n its
cen
tre-
-a p
he-
nom
enon
I th
ough
t alle
goric
al o
f
the
free
neg
ro h
as s
how
n a
gre
at in
dis
pos
ition
to
lab
our.
On
the
othe
r ha
nd, c
otto
n, t
he g
reat
sta
ple
of
the
Sou
ther
n St
ates
, and
form
erly
alm
ost
entir
ely
rais
ed b
y sl
ave
lab
our,
has
bee
n p
rod
uced
in la
rger
q
uant
ity s
ince
em
anci
pat
ion
than
eve
r it
was
bef
ore.
H
ow, I
sou
ght
to
know
, has
tha
t b
een
man
aged
, pol
iti-
cal d
istu
rban
ces
and
diffi
culti
es n
otw
ithst
and
ing
?A
s re
gar
ds
pol
itica
l que
stio
ns, t
oo, I
am
muc
h im
-p
ress
ed w
ith t
he b
elie
f tha
t ou
r m
anag
emen
t of
ter
ri-to
ries
whe
re w
hite
and
bla
ck r
aces
are
inte
rmix
ed h
as
not
alw
ays
bee
n su
cces
sful
. An
olig
arch
ical
sys
tem
of
gov
ernm
ent
gen
eral
ly p
reva
ils in
our
tro
pic
al c
olo-
nies
, und
er w
hich
con
sid
erab
le in
just
ice
has,
I th
ink,
so
met
imes
bee
n d
one
to t
he E
ast
Ind
ian
lab
oure
rs im
-p
orte
d t
o ta
ke t
he p
lace
of t
he e
man
cip
ated
neg
roes
. Ex
cep
t in
the
Cap
e C
olon
y p
rop
er n
o p
oliti
cal r
epre
-se
ntat
ion
has
bee
n al
low
ed t
o th
e co
lour
ed r
aces
. I
was
, the
n, v
ery
anxi
ous
to s
ee t
he e
ffect
of t
he p
oliti
-ca
l em
anci
pat
ion
of t
he n
egro
es in
the
Sou
ther
n St
ates
of
the
Uni
on.
In t
he c
ours
e of
my
tour
I ha
ve h
ad o
pp
ortu
nitie
s of
co
nver
sing
with
man
y m
en o
f man
y cl
asse
s (a
nd q
uite
as
muc
h on
one
sid
e of
pol
itics
as
the
othe
r), w
ho
have
had
the
gre
ates
t ex
per
ienc
e of
the
bla
cks
in v
ari-
ous
asp
ects
--ed
ucat
iona
l, in
dus
tria
l, p
oliti
cal,
and
oth
-
er. I
am
ind
ebte
d t
o th
em
for
info
rmat
ion
giv
en t
o m
e w
ith a
free
dom
, fra
nkne
ss,
and
lib
eral
ity fo
r w
hich
I ca
nnot
be
suffi
cien
tly g
rate
-fu
l; to
non
e m
ore
so t
han
to
man
y So
uthe
rn g
entle
men
w
ho h
ave
gon
e th
roug
h al
l th
e b
itter
ness
es o
f a g
reat
w
ar o
n th
e lo
sing
sid
e an
d
the
soci
al re
volu
tion
whi
ch
follo
wed
--m
en w
hose
goo
d
tem
per
and
fairn
ess
of
stat
emen
t, a
fter
all
that
has
p
asse
d, c
omm
and
ed m
y ad
mira
tion.
I ha
ve v
isite
d n
ot
only
the
tow
ns b
ut t
he r
ural
d
istr
icts
of f
our
of t
he p
rin-
cip
al S
tate
s fo
rmer
ly s
lave
-ho
ldin
g, v
iz.,
Virg
inia
, Nor
th
Car
olin
a, S
outh
Car
olin
a, a
nd
Geo
rgia
; and
it s
o ha
pp
ened
th
at I
was
in S
outh
Car
olin
a (th
e ne
plu
s ul
tra
of S
outh
ern-
ism
) on
the
day
of t
he la
te
the
slav
e-st
aine
d co
nditi
on o
f the
one
sta
te,
and
the
free
soi
l of t
he o
ther
, for
whi
le
Ohi
o is
free
from
the
curs
e of
sla
very
, the
ba
nks
of th
e M
issi
ssip
pi h
ave
for
cent
urie
s be
en d
eep
dyed
in th
e lif
e’s
bloo
d of
the
op-
pres
sed
Afr
ican
. O
ur v
esse
l was
bor
ne o
n th
e ru
shin
g w
ater
s w
ith g
reat
impe
tuos
ity, t
he m
adde
ning
cur
rent
of
the
Miss
issip
pi se
emin
g to
car
ry e
very
thin
g be
fore
it. A
s we
proc
eede
d w
e co
nsta
ntly
saw
tr
ees t
oppl
e ov
er in
to th
e riv
er, t
he b
anks
of
whi
ch a
re c
ontin
ually
wid
enin
g, a
nd w
hich
in
man
y pa
rts h
as th
e ap
pear
ance
of a
lake
afte
r a
stor
m, i
mpr
egna
ted
with
deb
ris. T
he tr
ees,
th
us w
ashe
d in
to th
e be
d of
the
river
, sin
k ro
ot
dow
nwar
ds a
nd m
ake
the
navi
gatio
n pe
rilou
s,
as I
have
bef
ore
desc
ribed
. We
met
num
erou
s st
eam
ers c
omin
g up
the
stre
am, o
ne o
f the
m
havi
ng a
frei
ght o
f Ind
ians
from
Flo
rida,
rem
ov-
ing
to th
e w
este
rn fr
ontie
r, un
der t
he su
rvei
l-la
nce
of U
.S. s
oldi
ery
and
gove
rnm
ent a
gent
s.
The
com
pulso
ry re
mov
al o
f Ind
ians
, fro
m o
ne
rem
ote
stat
e to
ano
ther
, whe
neve
r new
terr
itory
is
need
ed, f
orm
s a d
isgra
cefu
l fea
ture
in in
tern
al
8
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
gen
eral
ele
ctio
n. I
have
see
n an
d c
onve
rsed
with
th
e ne
gro
es in
the
ir ho
mes
and
in t
heir
field
s, in
fa
ctor
ies,
in c
hurc
hes,
and
in p
oliti
cal m
eetin
gs,
an
d I
thin
k I h
ave
also
bee
n ab
le t
o le
arn
som
e-th
ing
of a
ver
y p
rom
inen
tp
art
of t
he p
opul
atio
n--t
he n
egre
sses
. I fe
el t
hat
a si
ngle
tou
r m
ust
still
leav
e m
uch
to b
e le
arnt
, b
ut I
have
hon
estly
wei
ghe
d a
nd c
omp
ared
al
l the
info
rmat
ion
I hav
e ob
tain
ed fr
om d
iffer
-en
t so
urce
s, a
nd s
ubm
it th
e g
ener
al re
sult
for
wha
t it
may
be
wor
th. I
f my
conc
lusi
ons
do
not
in t
hem
selv
es c
arry
muc
h w
eig
ht, I
hop
e th
at I
may
per
hap
s su
ccee
d in
ind
icat
ing
som
e p
oint
s w
orth
y of
inq
uiry
and
dis
cuss
ion. **
***
The
first
and
mos
t d
ifficu
lt q
uest
ion
is t
he c
apac
ity o
f the
ne
gro
as
com
par
ed w
ith o
ther
ra
ces.
In o
ne s
ense
all
men
ar
e b
orn
equa
l bef
ore
God
; b
ut n
o on
e su
pp
oses
tha
t th
e ca
pac
ities
of a
ll m
en a
re e
qua
l, or
tha
t th
e ca
pac
ities
of a
ll ra
ces
are
equa
l, an
y m
ore
than
th
e ca
pac
ities
of a
ll b
reed
s of
Am
eric
an p
olic
y. T
rans
port
ed to
new
hun
t-in
g gr
ound
s, th
e po
or In
dian
s are
bro
ught
into
co
ntac
t with
oth
er tr
ibes
, whe
n fe
uds a
rise
from
fe
elin
gs o
f jea
lous
y, a
nd th
e ne
w-c
omer
s are
of-
ten
anni
hila
ted
in a
few
yea
rs. M
any
trib
es h
ave
thus
bec
ome
tota
lly e
xtin
ct, a
nd th
e re
mai
nder
ar
e ra
pidl
y be
com
ing
so. A
s the
stea
mer
pas
sed
us w
ith h
er fr
eigh
t of r
ed m
en th
ey se
t up
a lo
ud
yell,
whi
ch re
verb
erat
ed th
roug
h th
e fo
rest
s on
the
river
-sho
res.
It so
unde
d to
me
very
muc
h lik
e de
fianc
e, a
nd p
roba
bly
was
, for
they
ex-
ecra
te th
e w
hite
men
as h
ered
itary
ene
mie
s, an
d fe
el d
eepl
y th
e w
rong
s infl
icte
d on
thei
r peo
ple.
All
the
stea
mer
s we
met
wer
e m
ore
or le
ss
crow
ded
with
pas
seng
ers,
the
visa
ges o
f man
y of
who
m b
ore
trac
es o
f fev
er a
nd a
gue,
and
who
w
ere,
dou
btle
ss, r
emov
ing
to a
hea
lthie
r clim
ate.
T
his i
nsid
ious
dise
ase
ofte
n te
rmin
ates
fata
lly
in th
e ci
ties a
nd d
istric
ts sk
irtin
g th
e sw
amps
of
Lou
isian
a, a
nd, t
o av
oid
its b
anef
ul e
ffect
s,
the
mor
e af
fluen
t peo
ple
mig
rate
sout
h-w
est o
r no
rth
whe
n th
e sic
kly
seas
on se
ts in
. The
yel
low
fe
ver i
s also
ver
y fa
tal i
n su
ch si
tuat
ions
, and
an-
nual
ly c
laim
s num
bers
of v
ictim
s.
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
9
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
catt
le o
r d
ogs,
whi
ch w
e kn
ow d
iffer
wid
ely.
The
re is
, th
eref
ore,
no
prim
â fa
cie
imp
rob
abili
ty o
f a d
iffer
ence
of
cap
acity
bet
wee
n th
e w
hite
Ary
an a
nd t
he n
egro
rac
e,
thou
gh
I bel
ieve
the
re is
no
gro
und
for
pre
sum
ing
tha
t w
hite
rac
es m
ust
be
bet
ter
than
bla
ck. T
ruly
of M
anIt
is un
nece
ssar
y to
try
to d
istin
guish
bet
wee
n di
ffere
nces
due
to
una
ssist
ed n
atur
e an
d th
ose
due
to d
omes
ticat
ion
and
ed
ucat
ion.
No
doub
t the
var
ietie
s of
wild
ani
mal
s fo
und
in
diffe
rent
cou
ntrie
s di
ffer c
onsid
erab
ly; b
ut th
e di
ffere
nces
due
to
cul
tivat
ion
seem
to b
e st
ill m
ore
prom
inen
t in
the
anim
als
and
plan
ts w
ith w
hich
we
are
best
acq
uain
ted.
It is
eno
ugh
to
take
the
negr
o as
he
is, a
nd h
is hi
stor
y an
d su
rroun
ding
s ne
ed
only
be
brie
fly g
lanc
ed a
t in
so fa
r as
they
affo
rd s
ome
key
to
his
pres
ent p
ositi
on a
nd im
med
iate
pro
spec
ts.
The
neg
ro r
ace
now
in A
mer
ica
is d
eriv
ed fr
om a
n ad
mix
ture
of p
eop
le o
f var
ious
Afr
ican
trib
es, p
rob
ably
d
iffer
ing
con
sid
erab
ly a
mon
g t
hem
selv
es, b
ut a
ll, it
may
b
e as
sum
ed, i
n a
mor
e or
less
sav
age
and
litt
le c
ivili
sed
We
had
by th
is tim
e re
ache
d th
at
latit
ude
whe
re p
erpe
tual
sum
mer
re
igns
. The
ban
ks o
f the
mig
hty
Mis-
sissip
pi, w
hich
has
for a
ges r
olle
d on
in
incr
easin
g gr
ande
ur, p
rese
nt to
the
eye
a w
ilder
ness
of s
ombr
e sc
ener
y,
inde
scrib
ably
wild
and
rom
antic
. T
he b
ays,
form
ed b
y th
e cu
rren
t, ar
e ch
oked
with
pal
met
to a
nd o
ther
tr
ees,
and
teem
with
alli
gato
rs, w
ater
-sn
akes
, and
fres
hwat
er tu
rtle
, the
form
er b
aski
ng in
the
sun
in
cons
ciou
s sec
urity
. Ove
rhea
d,
pelic
ans,
paro
quet
s, an
d nu
m-
berle
ss o
ther
“Str
ange
bri
ght b
irds
on
thei
r st
arry
win
gs,
Bea
r the
rich
hue
s of a
ll gl
orio
us th
ings
;”
whi
le th
e go
rgeo
us m
agno
-lia
, in
luxu
riant
blo
om, a
nd
a th
ousa
nd o
ther
eve
rgre
ens,
on
shor
e, v
ie w
ith v
olup
tuou
s 10
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
The
neg
ro r
ace
now
in A
mer
ica
is d
eriv
ed fr
om a
n ad
mix
ture
of p
eop
le o
f var
ious
Afr
ican
trib
es, p
rob
ably
d
iffer
ing
con
sid
erab
ly a
mon
g t
hem
selv
es, b
ut a
ll, it
may
b
e as
sum
ed, i
n a
mor
e or
less
sav
age
and
litt
le c
ivili
sed
cond
ition
. The
y ha
ve a
ll p
asse
d t
wo
or t
hree
gen
era-
tions
in s
lave
ry t
o w
hite
men
, dur
ing
whi
ch p
erio
d a
ll tr
aces
of t
heir
vario
us o
rigin
hav
e b
een
lost
,tio
nally
lost
as
wel
l as
thei
r or
igin
al la
ngua
ges
and
hab
its. A
nd n
ow,
thou
gh
varie
ty o
f bre
ed, a
ffect
ing
the
ir ca
pac
ity, m
ay
still
to
som
e d
egre
e b
e p
rese
nt, i
f we
coul
d t
race
it, I
b
elie
ve t
hat
it is
imp
ossi
ble
to
do
so, a
nd t
hat
we
mus
t d
eal w
ith t
hem
as
a si
ngle
, Eng
lish-
spea
king
peo
ple
. Th
ey a
re a
lso
now
all
Chr
istia
ns; a
nd t
houg
h so
me
Af-
rican
tra
diti
ons
may
ling
er a
mon
g t
hem
, the
y ha
ve fo
r th
e m
ost
par
t ad
opte
d t
he d
ress
and
man
ners
of t
heir
whi
te m
aste
rs, a
nd h
ave
bee
n g
reat
ly c
ivili
sed
. In
this
la
tter
resp
ect
ther
e is
, how
ever
, a c
onsi
der
able
dis
tinc-
tion.
One
por
tion
of t
he n
egro
es h
as li
ved
in p
arts
of
the
coun
try
whe
re t
he w
hite
pop
ulat
ion
was
num
erou
s-
the
mor
e un
assu
min
g pr
oduc
tions
of
the
sobe
r nor
th. E
very
thin
g he
re
was
new
, str
ange
, and
sole
mn.
The
gi
gant
ic tr
ees,
enci
rcle
d by
eno
rmou
s vi
nes,
and
heav
ily sh
roud
ed in
gre
y fu
nere
al m
oss,
mou
rnfu
lly w
av-
ing
in th
e br
eeze
-the
dole
ful
nigh
t-cry
of t
he d
eath
-bird
an
d th
e w
hip-
poor
-will
-the
dist
ant b
ugle
of t
he a
dvan
cing
bo
ats-
the
moa
n of
the
turb
id
curr
ent b
enea
th-th
e sil
ent a
nd q
ueen
ly
moo
n ab
ove,
app
earin
g ne
arer
, lar
ger,
and
brig
hter
than
in o
ur c
oole
r lat
itude
s-th
e su
ltry
atm
osph
ere-
and
mos
t of
all,
per
haps
, the
sens
e of
the
near
vic
inity
of d
eath
in th
is
infe
cted
regi
on-o
ppre
ssed
my
spiri
t with
an
omin
ous f
eelin
g of
sole
mni
ty a
nd a
we.
As w
e pa
ssed
the
plan
tatio
ns
aqua
tic fl
ower
s to
bew
ilder
and
de
light
the
asto
nish
ed tr
avel
-le
r, ac
cust
omed
hith
erto
onl
y to
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
11
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
whi
ch h
ere
and
ther
e va
ried
the
scen
e, g
angs
of
neg
roes
cou
ld b
e se
en a
t lab
our-
-thei
r stu
rdy
over
seer
s, of
ruffi
anly
mie
n, p
row
ling
sulk
ily
abou
t, w
atch
ing
ever
y m
otio
n of
theb
onds
men
, w
hip
in h
and;
whi
ch w
eapo
n th
ey a
pplie
d w
ith
the
mos
t wan
ton
free
dom
, as i
f the
poo
r suf
fere
rs
wer
e as
des
titut
e of
phy
sical
sens
atio
n, a
s the
y th
emse
lves
wer
e of
mor
al o
r hum
ane
feel
ing.
A
rmed
with
a h
uge
bow
ie-k
nife
and
pist
ols,
thes
e em
brut
ed c
reat
ures
wer
e ve
ry c
ut-th
roat
s in
appe
aran
ce; a
nd it
is w
ell k
now
n th
ere,
that
thei
r co
nduc
t in
gene
ral t
owar
ds th
ose
they
lord
ove
r, ju
stifi
es th
e ap
pella
tion
I hav
e gi
ven
them
. T
he st
eam
er h
alte
d at
inte
rval
s to
take
in
woo
d, w
hich
is in
varia
bly
used
, ins
tead
of c
oal
as in
Eng
land
. Thi
s is p
iled
in p
arra
llelo
gram
s on
the
bank
s--th
e lo
gs b
eing
split
long
itudi
nally
. T
his f
orm
s a so
urce
of g
ood
profi
t, an
d is,
in
man
y in
stan
ces,
the
chie
f mai
nten
ance
of t
he
squa
lid se
ttler
s of t
hese
pla
gue-
stric
ken
and
un-
who
leso
me
plac
es. A
fter t
he m
easu
rem
ent o
f the
pi
le b
y th
e m
ate
or c
apta
in, t
he d
eck-
pass
enge
rs
and
boat
-han
ds st
ow it
aw
ay in
the
vici
nity
of
the
furn
aces
--it b
eing
par
t of t
he te
rms o
f pas
-sa
ge, t
hat t
he lo
wer
ord
er o
f pas
seng
ers s
hall
-eq
ual t
o or
mor
e nu
mer
ous
than
the
bla
cks-
-and
th
us, w
orki
ng a
mon
g a
nd in
ver
y in
timat
e co
ntac
t w
ith w
hite
peo
ple
, has
ver
y th
orou
ghl
y le
arne
d
thei
r w
ays,
hab
its, a
nd id
eas.
But
the
re is
a b
road
b
elt
roun
d t
he o
uter
por
tion
of t
he S
outh
ern
Stat
es
whe
re t
he c
limat
e is
ver
y in
jurio
us t
o th
e w
hite
man
, an
d a
lmos
t im
pos
sib
le t
o th
e or
din
ary
whi
te la
bou
r-
er. I
n th
is t
ract
, co
ntai
ning
m
uch
of t
he m
ost
pro
duc
tive
coun
try,
the
who
le
lab
ourin
g p
opul
atio
n w
as a
nd is
neg
ro, t
he fe
w
whi
te m
en b
eing
, in
slav
e tim
es, o
nly
the
mas
ters
an
d d
river
s, a
nd in
no
deg
ree
the
com
rad
es o
f the
b
lack
s. In
the
se t
ract
s w
e ha
ve a
thi
ck p
opul
atio
n no
t so
com
ple
tely
con
vert
ed. T
heir
lang
uag
e is
stil
l to
som
e d
egre
e a
sort
of p
igeo
n or
neg
ro E
nglis
h,
and
the
y ar
e st
ill t
o so
me
exte
nt a
pec
ulia
r p
eo-
ple
--p
erha
ps
less
goo
d w
orke
rs t
han
thos
e m
ore
12
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
assis
t in
the
oper
atio
n. T
his i
s muc
h di
slike
d by
th
e la
tter,
and
man
y of
the
Ger
man
s of t
his c
lass
on
boa
rd, e
ndea
vour
ed to
esc
ape
the
labo
rious
du
ty b
y hi
ding
am
ongs
t the
pac
kage
s on
deck
. A
gen
eral
sear
ch w
as, h
owev
er, i
nstit
uted
by
the
offic
ers o
f the
ves
sel,
just
bef
ore
it st
oppe
d at
a
woo
ding
-sta
tion-
-and
the
skul
kers
wer
e br
ough
t ou
t, am
idst
the
clam
orou
s jee
rs o
f the
ir fe
llow
s.
The
cla
ss o
f pas
seng
ers I
hav
e ju
st re
ferr
ed to
, co
nsist
ed c
hiefl
y of
Ger
man
s and
Irish
, who
, al-
thou
gh th
ere
is no
pro
fess
ed d
istin
ctio
n, b
arga
in
for a
dec
k-pa
ssag
e, th
e ch
arge
bei
ng b
ette
r sui
ted
to th
eir m
eans
. Am
ongs
t the
obj
ects
that
arr
este
d m
y at
tent
ion,
as o
ur v
esse
l floa
ted
maj
estic
ally
do
wn
the
turb
id c
urre
nt, w
ere
gibb
ets s
tand
ing
on th
e ba
nks,
depe
ndin
g fr
om se
vera
l of w
hich
w
ere
shor
t cha
ins,
doub
tless
requ
ired
occa
sion-
ally
in c
arry
ing
out t
his k
ind
of d
iscip
line.
As t
he
horr
ifyin
g ob
ject
s occ
urre
d at
inte
rval
s of a
few
m
iles,
I at fi
rst i
mag
ined
they
wer
e cr
anes
use
d to
low
er b
ales
of c
otto
n in
to th
e ho
lds o
f ves
sels,
an
d ad
dres
sing
a pa
ssen
ger w
hose
phy
siogn
omy
prep
osse
ssed
me
in h
is fa
vour
, and
who
had
se
vera
l tim
es sh
own
a di
spos
ition
to im
part
the
know
ledg
e he
pos
sess
ed c
once
rnin
g th
e ob
ject
s
thor
oug
h-ly
ed
ucat
ed b
y co
ntac
t w
ith w
hite
s,
but
pro
bab
ly a
s a
rule
mor
e si
mp
le a
nd d
ocile
. It
shou
ld b
e no
ticed
, how
ever
, tha
t co
nsid
erab
le
mig
ratio
ns h
ave
take
n p
lace
in t
he t
roub
les
con-
seq
uent
on
the
war
, and
tha
t th
ere
has
bee
n so
me
inte
rmix
ture
of t
he t
wo
clas
ses
in w
hich
the
neg
ro
had
no
choi
ce b
ut t
o ac
cep
t.A
t th
e tim
e of
em
anci
pat
ion
the
neg
roes
wer
e d
es-
titut
e of
ed
ucat
ion
to a
n ex
cess
ive
deg
ree.
Not
onl
y w
ere
mea
ns o
f ed
ucat
ion
wan
ting
to
them
, but
aft
er
som
e lo
cal t
roub
les
whi
ch a
larm
ed t
he m
aste
rs m
ost
of t
he S
outh
ern
Stat
es p
asse
d la
ws
mak
ing
it h
ighl
y
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
13
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
pen
al t
o ed
ucat
e a
neg
ro. T
hese
law
s en
dur
ed
to t
he la
st, a
nd u
nder
the
m t
he g
ener
atio
n up
on
who
m e
man
cip
atio
n ca
me
gre
w u
p e
ntire
ly w
ithou
t in
stru
ctio
n. T
he o
nly
educ
ated
per
sons
of t
he r
ace
wer
e th
e fe
w fr
ee b
lack
s w
ho h
ad o
bta
ined
inst
ruc-
tion
in t
he N
orth
, and
a v
ery
few
favo
urite
dom
estic
sl
aves
, who
m t
heir
mis
tres
ses
had
to
som
e d
egre
e ed
ucat
ed, t
he p
enal
law
s no
twith
stan
din
g. S
ince
em
anci
pat
ion
a g
ood
dea
l has
bee
n d
one
to e
du-
cate
the
neg
ro. M
any
scho
ols
in w
hich
a s
uper
ior
educ
atio
n is
affo
rded
hav
e b
een
mai
ntai
ned
by
be-
nevo
lent
Nor
ther
ners
, and
the
Sta
te G
over
nmen
ts
have
set
up
, and
con
tinue
to
mai
ntai
n, s
ever
al c
ol-
leg
es in
whi
ch t
he m
ore
amb
itiou
s ar
e th
ey a
ll re
ally
b
lack
and
asp
iring
you
ng b
lack
s ar
e ed
ucat
ed. F
or
the
educ
atio
n of
the
mas
ses
a p
ublic
sch
ool s
ys-
tem
has
bee
n st
arte
d in
all
the
Stat
es, o
f whi
ch t
he
bla
cks
have
a fa
ir sh
are.
Ow
ing
, how
ever
, to
finan
-ci
al d
ifficu
lties
the
se s
choo
ls a
re e
xtre
mel
y im
per
-fe
ct, b
eing
op
en b
ut a
sm
all p
ortio
n of
eac
h ye
ar--
in
som
e St
ates
as
little
as
two
mon
ths,
and
in n
one,
arou
nd, h
e so
on c
onvi
nced
me
of m
y m
istak
e,
addi
ng, t
hat s
uch
engi
nes w
ere
as n
eces
sary
to
the
prop
er d
iscip
line
of th
e ne
groe
s in
that
lati-
tude
as t
he o
vers
eer h
imse
lf. H
e th
en p
roce
eded
to
det
ail s
ever
al in
stan
ces o
f fug
itive
neg
roes
be
ing
drag
ged
in c
aptu
re to
the
foot
of t
he
gallo
ws,
whe
re, w
ith h
alte
r-en
circ
led
neck
s,
they
wer
e m
ade
not o
nly
to a
ckno
wle
dge
the
erro
r com
mitt
ed a
nd e
xpos
e ac
cess
orie
s, bu
t “p
umpe
d dr
y,” a
s he
face
tious
ly te
rmed
it, a
s to
the
inte
nded
flig
ht o
f oth
er n
egro
es o
n th
e es
tate
. Som
etim
es, h
e sa
id, i
t was
nec
essa
ry
to su
spen
d th
e cu
lprit
for a
mom
ent o
r so,
to
intim
idat
e, b
ut th
is w
as o
nly
in c
ases
w
here
the
vict
im (h
e us
ed th
e w
ord
rasc
al)
was
incl
ined
to b
e su
llen,
and
refu
sed
read
ily
to g
ive
the
requ
ired
info
rmat
ion.
I in
quire
d w
heth
er it
eve
r occ
urre
d th
at a
ctua
l exe
cutio
n to
ok p
lace
; to
this
my
new
acq
uain
tanc
e re
plie
d,
“Wal
l, ye
s, w
here
the
nigg
er h
ad d
ar’d
to st
rike
a w
hite
man
;” bu
t tha
t it w
as u
sual
14
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
I bel
ieve
, mor
e th
an a
bou
t fo
ur m
onth
s on
an
aver
age.
How
ever
, thi
s is
bet
ter
than
not
hing
. The
ne
gro
es s
how
a la
udab
le z
eal f
or e
duc
atio
n, a
nd
upon
the
who
le I
thin
k th
at a
s m
uch
has
bee
n d
one
as c
ould
be
exp
ecte
d u
nder
the
circ
umst
ance
s.
Dur
ing
the
last
doz
en y
ears
the
neg
roes
hav
e ha
d
a ve
ry la
rge
shar
e of
pol
itica
l ed
ucat
ion.
Con
sid
-
to g
o to
a m
agist
rate
firs
t, in
su
ch c
ases
. The
app
eara
nce
of th
ese
gibb
ets,
afte
r the
info
rmat
ion
I had
rece
ived
resp
ectin
g th
em fr
om m
y sla
ve-
hold
ing
acqu
aint
ance
, mad
e m
y fle
sh c
reep
as
we
stea
med
onw
ards
, the
mor
e so
as,
in m
any
of th
e gr
ound
s ski
rtin
g th
e riv
er, w
here
thes
e so
mbr
e m
urky
-look
ing
obje
cts p
rese
nted
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
15
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
leve
l whi
ch t
hese
neg
roes
hav
e at
tain
ed in
a d
ozen
. Suc
h ha
s b
een
the
thor
oug
hnes
s of
the
mea
sure
s ad
opte
d in
Am
eric
a.
Ano
ther
ed
ucat
ion
has,
I th
ink,
g
reat
ly a
ffect
ed t
he c
hara
cter
an
d s
elf-
relia
nce
of t
he n
egro
es. I
m
ean
wha
t I m
ay c
all t
heir
reli-
gio
us e
duc
atio
n. L
ike
mos
t p
rimi-
tive
race
s (th
e ab
orig
ines
of I
ndia
,
them
selv
es to
the
gaze
of t
he tr
avel
ler,
gang
s of
negr
oes w
ere
at w
ork,
look
ing
up c
ompl
acen
tly
for a
mom
ent a
s the
ves
sel g
lided
by.
I w
as
subs
eque
ntly
told
by
a ge
ntle
man
who
had
bee
n lo
ng re
siden
t in
the
stat
e of
Lou
isian
a, th
at n
o pu
nish
men
t so
effe
ctua
lly st
rikes
with
terr
or th
e ne
gro
min
d, a
s tha
t of h
angi
ng, t
he v
ery
thre
at
bein
g su
ffici
ent t
o su
bdue
(in
gene
ral)
the
mos
t ha
rden
ed o
ffend
ers.
Thi
s I d
o no
t won
der a
t, fo
r pe
rhap
s the
re a
re fe
w fi
eld-
hand
s liv
ing
in th
e so
uth
but h
ave,
at s
ome
time
or o
ther
, witn
esse
d th
e ba
rbar
ities
use
d at
a n
egro
exe
cutio
n, su
dden
de
ath
by p
istol
or b
owie
kni
fe b
eing
far
pref
erab
le to
the
brut
al sn
eers
and
in
dign
ities
hea
ped
upon
the
vict
im b
y th
e co
war
dly
as-
sass
ins w
ho su
perin
tend
such
op
erat
ions
. T
he m
onot
ony
of th
e sc
enes
w
hich
had
for a
thou
sand
m
iles r
ende
red
the
pass
age
irkso
me,
beg
an to
bre
ak a
s we
appr
oach
ed N
atch
ez. T
his
plac
e ta
kes i
ts n
ame
from
the
erin
g t
he t
roub
les
and
the
up
s an
d d
owns
tha
t th
ey h
ave
gon
e th
roug
h, it
is, I
thi
nk, w
ond
er-
ful h
ow b
enefi
cial
thi
s ed
uca-
tion
has
bee
n to
the
m, a
nd h
ow
muc
h th
ese
peo
ple
, so
late
ly in
th
e m
ost
deb
ased
con
diti
on o
f sl
aver
y, h
ave
acq
uire
d in
dep
en-
den
t id
eas,
and
, far
from
lap
s-in
g in
to a
narc
hy, h
ave
bec
ome
citiz
ens
with
idea
s of
law
and
p
rop
erty
and
ord
er. T
he w
hite
se
rfs
of E
urop
ean
coun
trie
s to
ok
hund
red
s of
yea
rs t
o ris
e to
the
16
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
Nat
ch-i-
toch
es, o
r Red
Riv
er, w
hich
falls
into
the
Miss
issip
pi, t
he a
bbre
viat
ion
bein
g a
corr
up-
tion
of th
e or
igin
al In
dian
nam
e, w
hich
is a
s ab
ove
stat
ed. T
he to
wn
stan
ds o
n a
decl
ivity
or
bluf
f, an
d is
of co
nsid
erab
le ex
tent
. I d
id n
ot vi
sit it,
alt
houg
h th
e boa
t halt
ed fo
r a co
nsid
erab
le tim
e, to
land
let
ter-b
ags a
nd p
asse
nger
s. I w
as in
form
ed b
y a fe
llow
-pa
ssen
ger o
f gen
tlem
anly
bea
ring,
who
resid
ed in
the
vicin
ity, th
at it
was
a di
ssip
ated
plac
e, an
d ga
mbl
ing
the c
hief
occu
patio
n of
its in
habi
tant
s. Th
e loc
ality
has
be
en re
mar
kabl
e for
land
slips
, ow
ing t
o the
silic
eous
na
ture
of th
e soi
l; I sa
w tr
aces
of a
fear
ful c
atas
troph
e of
the k
ind
whi
ch h
ad, s
ome t
ime b
efor
e, bu
ried
or
destr
oyed
man
y of t
he h
ouse
s and
their
occu
pant
s, th
e eno
rmou
s mas
s hav
ing a
lso su
nk se
vera
l ste
am-
boat
s and
othe
r ves
sels
whi
ch w
ere m
oore
d at
the f
oot o
f the
blu
ff un
der t
he to
wn.
Afte
r lea
ving
Nat
chez
, we
stea
med
aw
ay w
ith re
new
ed
vigo
ur to
war
ds th
at c
entr
e of
slav
ery
and
diss
ipat
ion,
N
ew O
rlean
s, an
d w
ere
in
for
inst
ance
) the
y ar
e in
clin
ed t
o ta
ke C
hris
tiani
ty
in a
mor
e lit
eral
sen
se t
han
thei
r m
ore
civi
lised
fe
llow
-Chr
istia
ns, w
ho h
ave
man
aged
to
exp
lain
m
ost
of it
aw
ay t
o th
eir
own
satis
fact
ion.
And
th
ese
neg
roes
are
by
tem
per
amen
t ex
trem
ely
re-
ligio
us p
eop
le o
f an
emot
iona
l typ
e. T
hey
like
to
go
dire
ct t
o G
od h
imse
lf, a
nd a
re q
uite
unw
illin
g
to s
ubm
it to
prie
sts
clai
min
g t
o st
and
bet
wee
n th
em a
nd G
od. H
ence
it is
tha
t th
e C
atho
lic
hier
arch
y ha
s ha
d n
o su
cces
s w
ith t
hem
, and
p
rob
ably
nev
er w
ill h
ave.
Eve
ry m
an a
nd w
oman
lik
es t
o b
e hi
mse
lf or
her
self
an a
ctiv
e m
emb
er o
f th
e C
hurc
h. A
nd t
houg
h th
eir
pre
ache
rs a
re in
a
gre
at d
egre
e th
eir
lead
ers,
the
se p
reac
hers
are
ch
osen
by
the
peo
ple
from
the
peo
ple
, und
er a
sy
stem
for
the
mos
t p
art
cong
reg
atio
nal,
and
are
ra
ther
pre
ache
rs b
ecau
se t
hey
are
lead
ers
than
le
ader
s b
ecau
se t
hey
are
pre
ache
rs. I
n th
is m
at-
ter
of re
ligio
n th
e ne
gro
es h
ave
utte
rly e
man
ci-
pat
ed t
hem
selv
es fr
om a
ll w
hite
gui
dan
ce--
they
ha
ve t
heir
own
chur
ches
and
the
ir ow
n p
reac
h-er
s, a
ll co
lour
ed m
en--
and
the
sha
re t
hey
take
in
the
self-
gov
ernm
ent
of t
heir
chur
ches
real
ly is
a
very
imp
orta
nt e
duc
atio
n. T
he p
reac
hers
to
our
eyes
may
see
m p
ecul
iar.
Am
eric
an o
rato
rs s
ome-
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
17
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
wha
t ex
agg
erat
e an
d e
mp
hasi
ze o
ur s
tyle
, and
the
b
lack
pre
ache
rs s
omew
hat
exag
ger
ate
the
Am
eric
an
styl
e; b
ut o
n th
e w
hole
I fe
lt co
nsid
erab
ly e
difi
ed b
y th
em. T
hey
com
e to
the
poi
nt in
a w
ay t
hat
is re
fres
h-in
g a
fter
som
e se
rmon
s th
at o
ne h
as h
eard
. I d
id n
ot
witn
ess
any
of t
he m
ore
activ
e em
otio
ns in
whi
ch I
und
erst
and
con
gre
gat
ions
som
etim
es in
dul
ge;
but
the
p
ract
ice
of e
mitt
ing
in a
hea
rty
way
a s
ort
of re
spon
ses
here
and
the
re d
urin
g t
he s
erm
on s
eem
ed t
o m
e ea
r-ne
st a
nd n
ot u
nbec
omin
g. I
witn
esse
d a
con
vent
ion
of B
aptis
t m
inis
ters
(the
bla
cks
gen
eral
ly a
re B
aptis
ts
or M
etho
dis
ts),
in a
rur
al c
hurc
h, a
nd it
was
a p
leas
ant
sig
ht. T
he m
inis
ters
by
no m
eans
had
it a
ll th
eir
own
way
. The
who
le c
ount
ry-s
ide
seem
ed t
o ha
ve c
ome
in
to a
ssis
t, b
oth
men
and
wom
en--
and
the
y se
emed
to
be
mak
ing
a t
ime
of it
--ca
mp
ed a
bou
t fo
r th
e d
ay.
The
pro
min
ent
pos
ition
tak
en b
y th
e ne
gro
wom
en is
a
feat
ure
in w
hich
the
y ar
e d
istin
gui
shed
from
som
e O
rient
al r
aces
. No
dou
bt
this
has
som
e ad
vant
ages
, b
ut a
lso
I sha
ll ha
ve t
o no
te s
ome
atte
ndan
t d
isad
van-
tag
es--
soci
al, i
ndus
tria
l, an
d p
oliti
cal.
In m
atte
rs m
at-
rimon
ial t
he w
omen
are
som
ewha
t to
o in
dep
end
ent
and
lig
ht-h
eart
ed; a
nd t
he m
en a
lso
bei
ng o
n th
is
sub
ject
giv
en t
o a
rath
er lo
ose
phi
loso
phy
, the
mar
i-ta
l tie
is n
ot s
o b
ind
ing
and
ind
isso
lub
le a
s it
mig
ht
due
cour
se m
oore
d to
the
leve
e, w
hich
ext
ends
th
e w
hole
rive
r-le
ngth
of t
he c
ity, a
nd is
abo
ut
a m
ile in
ext
ent.
The
firs
t new
s I h
eard
, and
w
hich
ala
rmed
me
not a
littl
e, w
as th
at th
e ye
l-lo
w fe
ver w
as a
t thi
s tim
e ra
ging
in th
e ci
ty. N
ew
Orle
ans i
s jus
t fifty
-four
mile
s fro
m th
e m
outh
of
the
Miss
issip
pi, a
nd b
eing
bui
lt at
the
time
of th
e O
rlean
s Reg
ency
,con
tain
s man
y an
cien
t st
ruct
ures
. Its
inha
bita
nts,
even
to th
is da
y, a
re to
a
grea
t ext
ent e
ither
Fre
nch
or o
f Gae
lic o
rigin
. It
lies
exc
eedi
ngly
flat
, whi
ch c
ause
s the
loca
lity
to b
e un
heal
thy
and
ill-s
uite
d to
Eur
opea
n co
nstit
utio
ns; t
he so
il is,
how
ever
, fer
tile
and
rich;
this
is, p
erha
ps, t
o be
ac
coun
ted
for b
y th
e co
nsta
nt
irrig
atio
n it
unde
rgoe
s fro
m
the
over
flow
ing
of th
e M
issis-
sippi
, whi
ch, l
ike
anot
her N
ile,
perio
dica
lly su
bmer
ges t
he
coun
try
arou
nd it
s ban
ks. T
he
tow
n is
situa
ted
on th
e ea
st
side
of th
e riv
er.
The
vas
t qua
ntity
of s
hip-
ping
of a
ll cl
asse
s in
the
harb
our i
s a v
ery
strik
-18
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
be.
You
may
Thi
s kn
owin
g h
ow o
ften
whi
te w
omen
of
wea
lthy
div
orce
Tho
se w
ho t
ake
an u
nfav
oura
ble
vie
w
of t
he n
egro
cha
ract
er a
re in
the
hab
it of
sp
eaki
ng
of t
hese
tra
its o
f the
ir ch
arac
ter
in s
ever
e la
ngua
ge,
an
d d
wel
ling
muc
h on
the
ir im
mor
ality
and
wan
t of
fa
mily
affe
ctio
n.Th
e g
reat
whi
te m
ay in
larg
e ci
ties
are
for
the
ple
asur
e of
whi
te p
eop
le n
ot c
olor
ed a
re
they
not
imm
oral
? I t
hink
, how
ever
, tha
t it
is s
carc
ely
fair
to ju
dg
e th
em b
y to
o hi
gh
a st
and
ard
. The
tru
th is
th
at t
he A
ryan
fam
ily h
as h
ard
ly y
et e
stab
lishe
d it
self
amon
g t
he n
egro
es, a
nd it
is n
ot s
urp
risin
g t
hat
this
sh
ould
be
so. I
n A
fric
a w
e kn
ow t
hat
noth
ing
of t
he
kind
exi
sts;
the
re, n
o d
oub
t, t
he p
rog
enito
rs o
f the
A
mer
ican
bla
cks
lived
und
er t
he lo
ose
pol
ygam
istic
sy
stem
stil
l pre
vaili
ng t
here
. Und
er s
lave
ry t
he fa
mily
co
uld
not
be
intr
oduc
ed--
it w
as im
pos
sib
le t
hat
ther
e co
uld
be
muc
h p
erm
anen
cy o
f mar
ital a
rran
gem
ents
w
hen
the
par
ties
wer
e co
nsta
ntly
liab
le t
o b
e, a
nd v
ery
freq
uent
ly w
ere,
sol
d a
way
like
cat
tle; a
nd t
he re
latio
n b
etw
een
par
ent
and
chi
ld w
as e
spec
ially
wea
kene
d, o
r ra
ther
not
cre
ated
. The
par
ents
wer
e no
t re
ally
resp
on-
sib
le fo
r th
e ch
ildre
n; o
n th
e co
ntra
ry, t
he w
omen
wer
e se
nt t
o w
ork,
and
the
chi
ldre
n w
ere
care
fully
ten
ded
b
y p
erso
ns a
pp
oint
ed b
y th
e m
aste
rs fo
r th
e p
ur-
pos
e, li
ke c
alve
s or
lam
bs
or a
ny o
ther
val
uab
le s
tock
.
ing
feat
ure
in th
is ex
tens
ive
and
wea
lthy
city
. The
bad
em
inen
ce to
w
hich
New
Orle
ans h
as a
ttain
ed is
pa
infu
l to
cont
empl
ate.
Its w
ealth
is
purc
hase
d by
the
bloo
d an
d te
ars o
f tho
usan
ds o
f sla
ves,
w
ho a
re d
aily
ex-
pose
d lik
e ca
ttle
in it
s mar
kets
; and
th
is fa
ct o
pera
tes o
n th
e m
ind
of
an E
nglis
hman
to th
e pr
eju-
dice
of i
ts in
habi
tant
s.
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
19
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
I was
mys
elf fi
lled
with
disg
ust t
owar
ds
the
whi
tes,
as w
ell a
s pity
tow
ards
the
blac
ks, o
n be
hold
ing,
imm
edia
tely
on
our
arriv
al, a
gan
g of
fort
y or
fifty
neg
roes
, of
bot
h se
xes,
and
near
ly a
ll ag
es, w
ork-
ing
in sh
ackl
es o
n th
e w
harf
. The
se, I
w
as in
form
ed, w
ere
prin
cipa
lly c
aptu
red
fugi
tives
; the
y lo
oked
hag
gard
and
ca
re-w
orn,
and
as t
hey
toile
d w
ith th
eir
barr
ows w
ith u
ncov
ered
hea
ds, u
nder
a
burn
ing
sun,
they
wer
e m
erci
less
ly
lash
ed w
ith a
hea
vy sl
ave-
whi
p, b
y a
tall,
at
hlet
ic n
egro
, who
act
ed a
s ove
rsee
r, an
d w
ho, w
ith re
fined
cru
elty
, disp
ense
d th
e pu
nish
men
t alik
e on
stou
t men
, sle
n-de
r you
ths,
and
thin
atte
nuat
ed fe
mal
es.
Our
arr
ival
hav
ing
attr
acte
d th
e no
tice
of th
e ga
ng, a
nd in
duce
d a
mom
enta
ry
halt
in th
eir w
ork,
the
unfe
elin
g w
retc
h co
mm
ence
d a
furio
us o
nsla
ught
w
ith th
e w
hip,
eac
h cr
ack
of
whi
ch, f
ollo
wed
, as i
t was
, by
the
groa
ns o
r crie
s of t
he
suffe
rer,
rous
ed th
e in
dig-
Pare
nts
had
litt
le a
ffect
ion
for
child
ren
thus
rear
ed, a
nd
child
ren
owed
no
resp
ect
and
ob
edie
nce
to p
aren
ts.
The
fam
ily a
s w
e kn
ow it
is, i
n fa
ct, a
nov
elty
to
the
neg
ro s
ince
em
anci
pat
ion,
and
suc
h in
stitu
tions
are
not
p
erfe
cted
in a
day
. Stil
l the
evi
l is
a ve
ry g
rave
one
, es-
pec
ially
in re
gar
d t
o th
e re
latio
ns b
etw
een
par
ents
and
ch
ildre
n. I
have
hea
rd m
any
auth
entic
sto
ries
of c
hild
ren
20
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
nant
feel
ings
of t
he
pass
enge
rs, m
any
of w
hom
wer
e fr
om
the
free
stat
es, a
nd w
ho si
mul
tane
-ou
sly ra
ised
a ye
ll of
exe
crat
ion
whi
ch
mad
e th
e w
elki
n re
soun
d, a
nd c
ause
d th
e cr
uel d
river
to st
and
agha
st. T
his
dem
onst
ratio
n dr
ew a
rem
onst
ranc
e fr
om th
e ca
ptai
n, w
ho re
pres
ente
d to
th
e pa
ssen
gers
the
dang
er o
f suc
h co
n-du
ct, a
nd c
oncl
uded
by
obse
rvin
g th
at
if it
was
repe
ated
, it w
ould
pro
babl
y ar
ouse
the
indi
gnat
ion
of th
e ci
tizen
s,
who
wer
e ve
ry b
igot
ed. H
e sh
ould
be
sorr
y, h
e ad
ded,
to b
e ob
liged
to p
ut
the
vess
el a
bout
aga
in, a
pro
ceed
ing
that
mig
ht b
e ne
cess
ary
for t
he sa
fety
of
all
on b
oard
, unl
ess t
hey
wer
e m
ore
caut
ious
. Som
e of
the
pass
enge
rs
seem
ed d
ispos
ed to
disp
ute
this
argu
men
t, bu
t the
y w
ere
over
rule
d by
the
maj
ority
, w
ho, b
ette
r acq
uain
ted
with
sout
h-er
n us
ages
, pre
judi
ces,
and
barb
ariti
es, t
houg
ht th
at d
is-cr
etio
n un
der t
he c
ircum
-st
ance
s wou
ld b
e th
e be
tter
who
hav
e d
eser
ted
or
neg
lect
ed t
heir
par
ents
in a
sh
ocki
ng m
anne
r, an
d t
he m
ore
than
Am
eric
an li
ber
ty
of t
he c
hild
ren
thre
aten
s to
rend
er t
he n
ext
gen
era-
tion
less
tra
ctab
le a
nd u
sefu
l tha
n th
eir
fath
ers
bre
d in
sl
aver
y. W
e ca
n on
ly h
ope
that
tim
e an
d re
ligio
us in
flu-
ence
s w
ill m
ore
com
ple
tely
est
ablis
h th
e fa
mily
sys
tem
. Th
oug
h th
e ex
cep
tions
are
man
y, t
here
see
ms
alre
ady
to b
e m
uch
that
is g
ood
and
kin
d in
the
rela
tions
of t
he
bla
cks
to o
ne a
noth
er. I
f in
som
e re
spec
ts, o
ther
tha
n m
arita
l, th
e w
omen
are
rat
her
trou
ble
som
e, it
see
ms
that
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
21
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
part
of v
alou
r. I a
fterw
ards
foun
d th
at th
e ca
ptai
n’s v
iew
was
a st
rictly
cor
rect
one
, for
so
jeal
ous a
re th
e ci
tizen
s of m
en e
nter
tain
ing
host
ility
to th
e pr
o-sla
very
cau
se, t
hat s
pies
ar
e of
ten
sent
on
boar
d ne
wly
-arr
ived
boa
ts,
to a
scer
tain
if m
issio
narie
s are
am
ongs
t the
pa
ssen
gers
. The
se sp
ies,
with
Jes
uitic
al a
rt,
intr
oduc
e th
emse
lves
by
mak
ing
appa
rent
ly
casu
al in
quiri
es o
n le
adin
g to
pics
of t
hose
th
ey su
spec
t, an
d if
thei
r end
is su
bser
ved,
base
ly b
etra
y th
em, o
r, w
hat i
s mor
e us
ual,
keep
them
und
er st
rict
surv
eilla
nce,
with
a v
iew
to
thei
r bei
ng d
etec
ted
in d
is-se
min
atin
g ab
oliti
on d
octr
ines
am
ongs
t the
slav
es, w
hen
they
are
imm
edia
tely
mad
e am
enab
le to
the
law
s, a
nd
are
fined
or
impr
ison
ed.
On
land
ing,
I hi
red
a so
rry
in t
his
as in
oth
er t
hing
s th
ey h
ave
rath
er e
xag
ger
-at
ed A
mer
ican
way
s th
an s
et u
p w
ays
of t
heir
own.
Se
eing
the
lib
erty
, eq
ualit
y, a
nd p
rivile
ges
enj
oyed
b
y th
e fr
ee w
hite
wom
en, t
he n
egro
wom
en in
sist
th
at t
heir
pos
ition
am
ong
the
ir ow
n ra
ce s
hall
not
be
infe
rior.
One
gre
at d
ifficu
lty in
est
imat
ing
the
qua
litie
s of
th
e ne
gro
rac
e, a
s te
sted
by
educ
atio
n, &
c., i
s,
that
sin
ce u
nder
the
Am
eric
an s
yste
m a
ll w
ho h
ave
any
shar
e of
bla
ck b
lood
are
cla
ssed
with
bla
cks,
a
larg
e p
rop
ortio
n of
tho
se w
ho h
ave
rece
ived
th
e m
ost
educ
atio
n in
form
er d
ays,
and
who
mos
t
22
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
conv
eyan
ce, d
riven
by
a cr
eole
and
dra
wn
by a
mul
e, a
nd h
ad m
y lu
ggag
e ta
ken
to
a ho
use
in th
e su
burb
s, w
here
I ha
d be
en
reco
mm
ende
d to
take
up
my
resid
ence
dur
-in
g m
y st
ay, w
hich
, ow
ing
to th
e pr
esen
ce o
f th
e ye
llow
feve
r, th
at d
aily
car
ried
off n
umbe
rs
of v
ictim
s, I h
ad d
eter
min
ed, c
ontr
ary
to m
y or
igin
al in
tent
ion,
shou
ld b
e sh
ort.
The
cro
wds
of
peo
ple
on th
e le
vee,
attr
acte
d by
the
cons
tant
ar
rival
of s
team
-boa
ts, h
ad a
mot
ley
appe
aran
ce;
man
y of
thes
e w
ere
roug
h-lo
okin
g fe
llow
s, fit
fo
r any
occ
upat
ion,
mos
t of t
hem
bei
ng a
rmed
w
ith b
owie
kni
ves,
the
silve
r hilt
s of w
hich
co
uld
ofte
n be
seen
pee
ring
susp
icio
usly
fr
om u
nder
the
wai
stco
at, i
n th
e in
ner l
inin
g of
whi
ch a
cas
e or
sc
abba
rd o
f lea
ther
is se
wn
for
the
rece
ptio
n of
the
wea
pon.
T
he v
ast p
ropo
rtio
n of
bla
cks
in th
e st
reet
s soo
n st
ruck
me.
I s
houl
d th
ink
they
wer
e fiv
e to
one
of t
he w
hite
pop
ulat
ion.
T
hese
, for
the
mos
t par
t, w
ore
in w
retc
hed
plig
ht; m
any
of
them
beg
ged
of th
e pa
sser
s-
freq
uent
ly b
ecom
e kn
own
as p
rom
inen
t co
lour
ed
men
, are
mul
atto
s of
mix
ed b
lood
; so,
in fa
ct, a
re
man
y of
the
stu
den
ts in
the
hig
her
scho
ols.
Wha
t-ev
er t
he q
ualit
ies
of t
hose
who
se b
lood
is m
ixed
in
vario
us d
egre
es, t
hey
are
evid
ently
no
safe
ind
ex
of t
he n
egro
qua
litie
s an
d c
apac
ities
, and
it is
ne
cess
ary
to b
e co
nsta
ntly
on
one’
s g
uard
on
this
p
oint
whe
n on
e g
ener
alis
es fr
om e
xper
ienc
e of
in
div
idua
ls.
As
resp
ects
the
mul
atto
s th
ere
is m
uch
dis
pos
ition
to
dis
par
age
them
; but
I am
incl
ined
to
thin
k th
at
this
is in
gre
at p
art
due
to
thei
r p
ecul
iar
pos
ition
--th
ey a
re re
ject
ed fr
om a
ll th
e so
ciet
y of
the
whi
tes,
an
d h
ave
not
bee
n ac
cep
ted
by
the
bla
cks
as
thei
r na
tura
l lea
der
s. T
he s
ame
tone
of d
isp
arag
e-m
ent
has
gen
eral
ly b
een
adop
ted
reg
ard
ing
the
Eu
rasi
ans,
the
peo
ple
of m
ixed
blo
od in
Ind
ia;
yet
I bel
ieve
the
ir fa
ilure
is m
ore
due
to
an u
nfor
-
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
23
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
by, w
hich
pra
ctic
e I f
ound
afte
rwar
ds to
be
very
ge
nera
l, es
peci
ally
in th
e su
burb
s of t
he c
ity.
Am
ongs
t the
pas
seng
ers o
n ou
r boa
t, w
as a
per
-so
n, a
ppar
ently
of t
he b
ette
r cla
ss, w
ho w
as m
et a
t th
e le
vee
by tw
o bl
ack
serv
ants
with
a c
arria
ge. I
no-
ticed
par
ticul
arly
, tha
t, al
thou
gh th
e ne
groe
s tou
ched
th
eir h
ats,
and
inqu
ired
how
he
was
(by
whi
ch I
con-
clud
ed h
e ha
d be
en a
bsen
t for
som
e tim
e), h
e di
d no
t de
ign
to a
nsw
er th
eir i
nqui
ries.
Fro
m th
eir t
imid
ity,
it w
as e
vide
nt th
at h
e w
as a
n ov
erbe
arin
g m
an, a
nd
the
impe
rial h
augh
tines
s man
ifest
ed in
giv
ing
them
hi
s ord
ers,
confi
rmed
this
impr
essio
n. T
his i
ndiv
idua
l w
as o
ne o
f tho
se w
ho c
onde
mne
d th
e de
mon
stra
-tio
n I h
ave
notic
ed, w
hen
the
boat
firs
t app
roac
hed
the
leve
e. A
fter a
day
’s re
st a
t my
boar
ding
-hou
se, I
w
alke
d th
roug
h th
e ci
ty, a
nd a
fterw
ards
visi
ted
the
cala
boos
e, w
hich
in N
ew O
rlean
s is a
mar
t for
pro
-du
ce, a
s wel
l as a
pla
ce o
f det
entio
n an
d pu
nish
men
t fo
r sla
ves.
Her
e th
ose
owne
rs w
ho a
re a
vers
e to
co
rrec
ting
thei
r sla
ves i
n a
rigor
ous m
anne
r at h
ome,
se
nd th
em to
be
flogg
ed. T
he b
ruta
l way
in w
hich
th
is is
done
at t
he c
alab
oose
, str
ikes
terr
or in
to th
e ne
gro
min
d, a
nd th
e th
reat
is o
ften
suffi
cien
t to
tam
e th
e m
ost i
ncor
rigib
le. I
nsta
nces
, I w
as to
ld, h
ave
of-
ten
occu
rred
of n
egro
es e
xpiri
ng u
nder
the
seve
rity
tuna
te p
ositi
on t
han
to w
ant
of e
ffect
ive
qua
litie
s. In
ear
ly
day
s Sk
inne
rs a
nd G
ard
ener
s w
ere
men
of g
reat
mar
k, a
nd
the
Eura
sian
dru
mm
er-b
oys
of
the
old
sep
oy re
gim
ents
wer
e p
hysi
cally
fine
men
and
goo
d
athl
etes
. I u
nder
stan
d t
hat
in
the
New
Orle
ans
coun
try,
und
er
the
Fren
ch p
ract
ice
(whi
ch h
as
not
our
Ang
lo-S
axon
ant
ipat
hy
to in
timac
y w
ith c
olou
red
rac
es),
man
y cr
eole
s of
mix
ed b
lood
at-
tain
ed a
far h
ighe
r pos
ition
than
in
othe
r par
ts o
f the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
Reve
rtin
g n
ow t
o th
e ca
pac
i-tie
s of
the
neg
ro p
rop
er a
s w
e fin
d h
im in
Am
eric
a un
der
the
ci
rcum
stan
ces
whi
ch I
have
d
escr
ibed
, the
gen
eral
op
inio
n of
tho
se e
ngag
ed in
the
ed
uca-
tion
of t
he r
ace
is, t
hat
whi
le t
he
youn
ger
chi
ldre
n ar
e as
qui
ck
and
brig
ht a
s w
hite
chi
ldre
n, t
hey
do
on t
he a
vera
ge
fall
off i
n so
me
24
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
of t
he d
isci
plin
e he
re; b
ut it
was
rem
arke
d th
at t
he p
ecun
iary
loss
att
enda
nt o
n su
ch
casu
alti
es m
ade
the
keep
ers
care
ful n
ot t
o ex
ceed
the
phy
sica
l end
uran
ce o
f th
e su
f-fe
rer,
and
tha
t th
ey w
ere
so w
ell a
cqua
inte
d w
ith
negr
o co
nsti
tuti
ons
that
it w
as a
rar
e ex
cept
ion
for
deat
h to
ens
ue. T
he p
unis
h-m
ent,
how
ever
, alm
ost
alw
ays
resu
lted
in
the
vict
im b
eing
inva
lided
and
unfi
tted
for
ex
erti
on f
or a
con
side
rabl
e ti
me.
“ I b
elie
ve N
ew O
rlean
s to
be a
s vile
a p
lace
as
any
unde
r the
sun;
a p
erfe
ct G
hetto
or c
urse
d pl
ace;
in fa
ct, i
t is t
he re
ndez
vous
of r
eneg
ades
of
all n
atio
ns,“
and
hord
es o
f neg
ro tr
ader
s and
pla
nter
s are
to
be
seen
floc
king
roun
d th
e ho
tels.
The
se a
re
exte
nsiv
e pa
tron
s of t
he g
ambl
ing-
hous
es; a
nd
the
faro
, ro
uge-
et-n
oir,
roul
ette
, and
oth
er e
stab
-lis
hmen
ts, fi
tted
up w
ith g
orge
ous s
aloo
ns, a
re
gene
rally
cro
wde
d w
ith th
em. A
s you
pas
s, yo
u m
ay o
bser
ve th
e fr
eque
nter
s of s
uch
plac
es in
do
zens
, dee
ply
enga
ged
in p
lay,
whi
le th
e te
ller o
f
deg
ree
as t
hey
get
old
er. Y
et
this
op
inio
n is
not
giv
en w
ith-
out
som
e co
nsid
erat
ion
and
q
ualifi
catio
n; t
he in
telle
ctua
l g
ulf b
etw
een
the
two
race
s d
oes
not
seem
to
be
very
w
ide
and
evi
den
t. I
am t
old
on
all
hand
s th
at s
ome
pur
e ne
gro
es s
how
an
educ
atio
nal
cap
acity
qui
te e
qua
l to
that
of
goo
d w
hite
s. N
othi
ng is
mor
e d
ifficu
lt th
an t
o es
timat
e ac
-cu
rate
ly q
ualit
ies
of t
his
kind
, es
pec
ially
whe
n, a
s in
thi
s ca
se, t
he t
wo
clas
ses
are
not
taug
ht to
geth
er, b
ut s
epar
atel
y;
and
ther
e ha
s no
t yet
bee
n tim
e to
see
muc
h of
the
resu
lts o
f ed
ucat
ing
the
blac
ks o
n a
larg
e sc
ale;
but
I th
ink
that
in g
ener
al
term
s th
e di
rect
ion
in w
hich
all
expe
rienc
e po
ints
is th
at w
hich
I h
ave
stat
ed, v
iz.,
that
on
the
who
le th
ey a
re b
ehin
d, b
ut n
ot
very
far b
ehin
d.
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
25
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
the
esta
blish
men
t sits
at a
tabl
e w
ith a
hug
e he
ap o
f Sp
anish
dou
bloo
ns o
r Mex
ican
mill
dol
lars
bef
ore
him
, whi
ch h
e ad
ds to
or t
akes
from
with
the
tact
of a
ba
nker
’s cl
erk,
as t
he c
hanc
es o
f luc
k m
ay a
rise.
Vio
-le
nce
and
Woo
dshe
d ha
ve b
een
indi
geno
us to
this
ci
ty fr
om ti
me
imm
emor
ial,
and
feud
s are
inst
antly
se
ttled
by
an a
ppea
l to
the
bow
ie k
nife
, or e
ver-
read
y re
volv
er. H
ighw
ay ro
bber
ies a
re v
ery
freq
uent
, and
I w
as to
ld it
was
mor
e th
an y
our l
ife w
as w
orth
to b
e ou
t afte
r dar
k, in
cer
tain
loca
litie
s, un
less
arm
ed a
nd
on y
our g
uard
. The
pol
ice
auth
oriti
es a
re, n
ever
the-
less
, vig
ilant
, and
the
mag
istra
tes s
ever
e, so
that
m
any
desp
erad
oes
are
brou
ght t
o ju
stic
e.
The
subu
rbs o
f New
Orle
ans l
ie lo
w, a
nd th
e
swam
py so
il em
its a
poi
sono
us m
iasm
a. T
his i
s, w
ith-
out d
oubt
, the
cau
se o
f viru
lent
epi
dem
ics t
hat v
isit
the
city
ann
ually
with
dire
ful e
ffect
. Tho
usan
ds fl
y to
the
nort
hern
stat
es, t
o es
cape
the
cont
agio
n; b
ut
ther
e ar
e m
any
who
, for
wan
t of m
eans
, are
obl
iged
to
risk
a c
ontin
ued
resid
ence
at s
uch
perio
ds, a
nd it
is
amon
gst t
hose
that
the
yello
w fe
ver,
the
ague
, or
Whe
n w
e lo
ok t
o p
ract
ical
suc
-ce
ss in
life
ap
pea
ranc
es s
eem
at
first
sig
ht le
ss fa
vour
able
to
the
bla
cks.
I co
nsta
ntly
ask
ed, ‘
Hav
e an
y in
div
idua
ls a
mon
g t
hem
com
e to
the
fron
t an
d a
chie
ved
suc
cess
in
ind
ustr
ial p
ursu
its, i
n co
m-
mer
ce, o
r in
the
pro
fess
ions
?’ a
nd
I cou
ld n
ot le
arn
that
the
y ha
ve.
‘The
re w
ere,
’ I s
aid
, ‘b
efor
e th
e w
ar a
num
ber
of f
ree
bla
cks,
man
y of
the
m e
duc
ated
; hav
e no
ne o
f th
em d
istin
gui
shed
the
mse
lves
in
pra
ctic
al li
fe?
And
sin
ce e
man
cip
a-tio
n th
e ne
gro
es h
ave
for
year
s ha
d t
he u
pp
er h
and
in s
ome
of
the
Sout
hern
Sta
tes;
hav
e no
ne o
f th
em c
ome
to t
he c
omm
end
ator
s fr
ont
amon
g t
heir
own
race
by
the
pro
cess
of n
atur
al s
elec
tion
whi
ch
has
rais
ed m
en t
o g
reat
ness
in
bar
bar
ous
and
Orie
ntal
cou
ntrie
s?’
Wel
l, as
I ha
ve a
lread
y m
entio
ned
, th
ey h
ave
show
n so
me
cap
acity
as
26
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
the
flux,
pla
ys d
read
ful h
avoc
. It i
s the
cus
tom
for
the
smal
l sto
re-k
eepe
rs, a
s wel
l as t
he m
ore
afflu
ent
mer
chan
ts, t
o co
nfide
thei
r affa
irs a
t suc
h se
ason
s to
othe
rs, a
nd I
have
freq
uent
ly se
en a
dver
tisem
ents
in
the
New
Orle
ans P
icay
une,
and
oth
er p
aper
s, of
fer-
ing
a gr
atui
ty to
per
sons
to u
nder
take
the
char
ge in
th
eir a
bsen
ce. T
he h
eat,
alth
ough
the
sum
mer
was
no
t far
adv
ance
d, w
as e
xces
sive,
and
the
thou
sand
s of
mos
quito
es th
at fi
lled
the
air,
espe
cial
ly a
fter a
fall
of ra
in, w
hen
they
seem
ed to
bur
st in
to lif
e in
myr
iads
sp
onta
neou
sly, k
ept u
p an
incr
easin
g an
noya
nce.
At
nigh
t thi
s was
ten-
fold
, for
not
with
stand
ing
the g
auze
aw
ning
s, or
bar
s, as
they
are c
alled
, whi
ch co
mpl
etely
en
velo
ped
the b
edste
ad, t
o th
e flo
or o
f the
room
, the
y fo
und
adm
ittan
ce w
ith p
ertin
acio
us au
dacit
y, an
d ke
pt
up a
buzz
ing
and
hum
min
g ab
out m
y ea
rs th
at al
mos
t en
tirely
dep
rived
me o
f res
t. T
his u
ncea
sing
nuisa
nce i
n th
e hot
seas
on, m
akes
it d
ifficu
lt to
kee
p on
e’s eq
uani
m-
ity o
f tem
per,
and
has,
prob
ably,
muc
h to
do
with
that
ex
trem
e ira
scib
ility
show
n by
the s
outh
ern
inha
bita
nts
of th
e Am
erica
n co
ntin
ent.
The
app
eara
nce
and
situa
tion
of h
undr
eds o
f qu
adro
on fe
mal
es in
this
city
, soo
n at
trac
ted
my
at-
tent
ion,
and
des
erve
not
ice.
I sa
w n
umbe
rs o
f the
m
not o
nly
at th
e ba
zaar
s or s
hops
mak
ing
purc
hase
s,
pre
ache
rs, a
nd t
hey
seem
to
have
so
me
tale
nt fo
r or
ator
y (th
oug
h I
bel
ieve
tha
t Fr
eder
ick
Dou
gla
s an
d
one
or t
wo
othe
r w
ell-k
now
n m
en
are
mul
atto
s, n
ot re
al n
egro
es).
As
pol
itici
ans
som
e of
the
m h
ave
don
e fa
irly
wel
l, an
d a
re n
ow g
ood
an
d p
opul
ar re
pre
sent
ativ
es o
f th
eir
race
; but
I d
on’t
thin
k an
y of
th
em h
ave
mad
e a
gre
at m
ark.
The
p
oliti
cs o
f the
Sou
ther
n St
ates
, w
hile
neg
ro m
ajor
ities
pre
vaile
d,
seem
to
have
bee
n in
real
ity
entir
ely
und
er t
he g
uid
ance
of t
he
whi
te ‘C
arp
et-b
agg
ers.
’
For
the
rest
I ha
ve n
ot b
een
able
to
hea
r of
a s
ucce
ssfu
l neg
ro
mer
chan
t--t
he s
hop
keep
ing
bus
i-ne
ss in
the
mos
t ne
gro
dis
tric
ts
is a
lmos
t en
tirel
y in
the
han
ds
of
whi
tes.
I ha
ve s
carc
ely
foun
d a
ne-
gro
who
has
ris
en in
the
mer
cant
ile
wor
ld h
ighe
r th
an a
n ap
ple
-sta
ll in
a m
arke
t.If
the
auth
or o
f thi
s
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
27
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
the
frie
nds
of t
he n
egro
es t
hey
re-
ply
tha
t al
low
ance
mus
t b
e m
ade
for
very
gre
at d
isad
vant
ages
--ev
en
in t
he N
orth
, the
y sa
y, t
he fr
ee
neg
roes
wer
e su
bje
cted
to
a so
cial
os
trac
ism
whi
ch m
ade
thei
r su
c-ce
ss in
com
mer
ce a
nd t
he p
rofe
s-si
ons
alm
ost
imp
ossi
ble
. And
as
reg
ard
s th
e So
uth,
the
y sa
y, ‘S
ince
em
anci
pat
ion
how
sho
rt a
tim
e ha
s
boo
k is
dea
d I
beg
of h
im t
o tu
rn
one
in h
is g
race
and
look
ab
ove.
C
erta
in p
rofe
ssio
ns t
hey
alm
ost
mon
opol
ise
thro
ugho
ut t
he
Uni
on--
wai
ters
and
bar
ber
s, a
nd
in s
ome
par
ts s
hip
-cau
lker
s;th
en
but
I fo
und
ver
y fe
w n
egro
law
-ye
rs, a
nd n
o d
octo
rs. A
ll ov
er t
he
wor
ld it
is c
urio
us t
o no
tice
how
re
ady
peo
ple
are
to
entr
ust
the
care
of t
heir
soul
s to
ver
y un
safe
ho
me-
rule
rs, a
nd h
ow m
uch
less
tr
ustf
ul t
hey
are
of t
heir
bod
ies.
Whe
n I h
ave
put
the
se fa
ilure
s to
but r
idin
g in
sple
ndid
car
riage
s thr
ough
the
stre
ets.
So
pro
diga
l are
thes
e po
or d
elud
ed c
reat
ures
of
thei
r mon
ey, t
hat,
alth
ough
slav
es a
nd li
able
to
imm
edia
te sa
le a
t the
cap
rice
of th
eir k
eepe
rs, t
hey
have
ofte
n be
en k
now
n to
spen
d in
one
afte
rnoo
n 20
0 do
llars
in a
shop
ping
exc
ursio
n. E
ndow
ed
with
nat
ural
tale
nts,
they
are
read
ily in
stru
cted
in
ever
y ac
com
plish
men
t, re
quisi
te to
con
stitu
te th
em
char
min
g co
mpa
nion
s. O
ften
as a
car
riage
das
hes
by, t
he p
edes
tria
n is
able
to c
atch
a g
limps
e of
som
e je
wel
led
and
turb
aned
sulta
na, o
f daz
zlin
g be
auty
, at
tend
ed b
y he
r mai
d, w
ho d
oes n
ot a
lway
s pos
-se
ss a
sine
cure
, for
the
mist
ress
is o
ften
haug
hty,
pr
oud,
and
pet
ulan
t, ve
ry h
ard
to p
leas
e, a
nd e
xact
s gr
eat d
efer
ence
from
her
infe
riors
. Man
y of
them
liv
e in
rega
l spl
endo
ur, a
nd
ever
ythi
ng th
at w
ealth
and
pa
mpe
red
luxu
ry c
an b
esto
w is
th
eirs
, as l
ong
as th
eir p
erso
nal
char
ms r
emai
n; b
ut w
hen
thei
r be
auty
has
cea
sed
to g
ratif
y th
e pa
ssio
ns o
f the
ir m
aste
rs, t
hey
are,
in m
ost i
nsta
nces
, cas
t of
f, an
d fr
eque
ntly
die
in a
co
nditi
on w
hich
pre
sent
s the
28
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
elap
sed
!--p
eop
le e
nsla
ved
and
den
ied
ed
ucat
ion
cann
ot r
ise
in a
day
.’ In
all
this
the
re is
muc
h tr
uth.
St
ill I
cann
ot h
elp
thi
nkin
g t
hat
if th
e ra
ce h
ad b
een
a ve
ry p
ushi
ng a
nd c
apab
le o
ne, t
he m
en e
duc
ated
in
the
Nor
th w
ould
ere
thi
s ha
ve m
ade
mor
e w
ay in
th
e So
uth.
‘Do
you
thin
k,’ I
hav
e sa
id, ‘
that
if t
hey
had
bee
n C
hina
men
the
y w
ould
not
, in
spite
of a
ll th
ese
dis
adva
ntag
es, h
ave
foun
d t
heir
way
to
the
fron
t in
som
e d
irect
ions
?’ I
thin
k it
is a
dm
itted
tha
t to
som
e ex
tent
thi
s is
so.
The
neg
roes
are
cer
tain
ly
not
a ra
ce re
mar
kab
le fo
r en
erg
y an
d fo
rce
und
er
diffi
culti
es. T
he o
nly
que
stio
n is
whe
ther
the
y ar
e ve
ry d
efici
ent
in t
hese
qua
litie
s. A
s re
spec
ts m
er-
cant
ile q
ualit
ies,
we
may
rem
emb
er t
hat
ther
e ar
e
man
y ex
celle
nt r
aces
who
sho
w n
o ap
titud
e th
at w
ay a
nd p
erm
it al
ien
race
s to
usu
rp t
he m
erca
ntile
func
-tio
ns. I
n th
e So
uthe
rn S
tate
s th
e w
hite
Am
eric
ans
them
selv
es a
re
very
muc
h ou
sted
from
the
bus
i-ne
ss o
f sm
all s
tore
keep
ers
by
the
Ger
man
s, w
ho a
re t
o th
e m
anne
r b
orn.
Wha
t is
mor
e d
isap
poi
ntin
g is
the
fa
ilure
of t
he n
egro
es, s
o fa
r, as
grea
test
pos
sible
con
tras
t to
thei
r fo
rmer
gay
but
not
hap
py li
fe.
“Oh
that
they
had
ear
lier d
ied,
Sle
epin
g ca
lmly
side
by
side,
Whe
re th
e ty
rant
’s po
wer
is
o’er
, A
nd th
e fe
tter g
alls
no
mor
e.”
Man
y of
such
poo
r out
cast
s are
to
be
foun
d sc
atte
red
all o
ver t
he
slave
stat
es, s
ome
empl
oyed
as
field
han
ds, b
ut in
gen
eral
th
ey a
re se
lect
ed a
s do
mes
tics,
thei
r fo
rmer
hab
its
of lu
xury
and
ea
se re
nder
-in
g th
eir c
onst
itutio
ns to
o de
licat
e fo
r the
exp
osur
e of
ord
inar
y fie
ld
labo
ur. I
t is n
ot, h
owev
er, a
s the
re
ader
will
hav
e ob
serv
ed,
com
mise
ratio
n th
at sa
ves
them
from
that
deg
-
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
29
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
rada
tion.
As s
oon
as b
eaut
y be
gins
to fa
de, w
hich
in
sout
hern
clim
es it
doe
s pre
mat
urel
y, th
e un
feel
ing
owne
rs o
f the
se u
nfor
tuna
tes s
ucce
ed in
ridd
ing
them
selv
es o
f wha
t is n
ow c
onsid
ered
a b
urde
n,
by d
ispos
ing
of th
e in
divi
dual
to so
me
hear
tless
tr
ader
. Thi
s is d
one
unkn
own
to th
e vi
ctim
, an
d th
e ne
ws,
whe
n it
reac
hes h
er, d
rives
her
al
mos
t fra
ntic
; she
at o
nce
seek
s her
per
fidi-
ous p
aram
our,
and
finds
to h
er d
ismay
, tha
t he
has
bee
n go
ne so
me
days
on
a to
ur to
th
e pr
ovin
ces,
and
is, p
erha
ps, a
thou
sand
m
iles o
ff. T
ears
and
pro
test
atio
ns a
vail
her n
othi
ng, t
he tr
ader
is in
exor
able
, she
be
long
s to
him
by
law
, and
go
she
mus
t; at
le
ngth
, hav
ing
vain
ly
expe
nded
her
en-
trea
ties,
she
beco
mes
ca
lm, a
nd su
bmits
in
sulle
n ap
athy
to h
er
wre
tche
d fa
te. T
his i
s th
e or
dina
ry h
istor
y of
su
ch c
ases
.
Con
sider
ing
it un
-sa
fe to
rem
ain
long
er
sup
erio
r ar
tisan
s an
d in
all
that
req
uire
s ac
cura
cy a
nd c
are.
As
it is
exp
ress
ed, t
hey
are
not
resp
onsi
ble
--th
ey c
anno
t b
e d
e-p
end
ed o
n. In
sla
very
tim
es s
ome
of t
hem
w
ere
pre
tty
goo
d a
rtis
ans,
and
man
y of
th
em, i
n th
e So
uth,
are
now
fairl
y g
ood
ca
rpen
ters
, bric
klay
ers,
and
bla
cksm
iths.
B
ut t
hey
seem
har
dly
to
have
pro
gre
ssed
in
thi
s re
spec
t si
nce
eman
cip
atio
n. A
m
an w
ho w
ill d
o hi
s ca
rpen
try
so fa
r w
ell
enou
gh
will
not
fit
the
pie
ces
accu
rate
ly;
and
in fa
ctor
ies
whi
ch e
mp
loy
bla
ck la
bou
r th
ey d
o no
t ris
e to
the
hig
her
pos
ts. I
n th
e N
orth
the
tra
des
uni
ons
are
so s
tron
g, a
nd
30
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
in th
is in
fect
ed c
ity,
from
the
repo
rts t
hat
the
feve
r was
gai
ning
gr
ound
, I n
ow m
ade
prep
ara-
tions
for l
eavi
ng N
ew O
rlean
s,
and
as I
had
mad
e an
eng
agem
ent t
o m
anag
e th
e af
fairs
of a
gen
tlem
an in
Flo
rida,
du
ring
his a
bsen
ce a
t Was
hing
ton,
I de
term
ined
to
pro
ceed
thith
er w
ith th
e le
ast p
ossib
le d
elay
. In
furt
hera
nce
of th
is ob
ject
I m
ade
inqu
iries
for
a co
nvey
ance
by
wat
er to
St.
Mar
ks, g
ivin
g th
e pr
efer
ence
to st
eam
. In
this
obje
ct I
w
as, h
owev
er, d
isapp
oint
ed, a
nd w
as
oblig
ed to
take
a p
assa
ge o
n bo
ard
a br
ig,
abou
t to
sail
for t
hat o
bscu
re p
ort.
The
ve
ssel
was
tow
ed d
own
to th
e ba
lize
or
mou
th o
f the
Miss
issip
pi, i
n co
mpa
ny w
ith tw
o ot
hers
, by
a de
part
ing
stea
mer
, whi
ch h
ad o
n bo
ard
the
mai
l for
Ber
-m
uda
and
St. G
eorg
e’s
Isla
nd. A
rriv
ed a
t the
ba
lize,
who
se b
anks
fo
r sev
eral
mile
s are
ov
erflo
wed
by
the
sea,
I s
aw a
smal
l flee
t of
vess
els,
som
e ou
twar
d
the
jeal
ousy
of t
he n
egro
es o
n th
e p
art
of fo
reig
ners
, Iris
h an
d o
ther
s, is
so
gre
at,
that
the
y w
ould
not
hav
e a
fair
chan
ce;
but
in t
he S
outh
the
y la
bou
r un
der
no
such
dis
adva
ntag
e, a
nd e
mp
loye
rs r
athe
r p
refe
r ne
gro
lab
our;
yet
in p
ract
ice
they
d
on’t
seem
to
be
able
to
trus
t th
e b
lack
s b
eyon
d a
cer
tain
poi
nt. I
n m
echa
nica
l sh
ops
the
bla
cks
do
the
man
ual l
abou
r, b
ut a
re h
ard
ly t
rust
ed t
o w
ork
eng
ines
. ‘P
erha
ps
a ne
gro
mig
ht le
arn
to w
ork
the
eng
ine,
’ an
emp
loye
r sa
id t
o m
e, ‘b
ut I
neve
r co
uld
be
sure
tha
t he
wou
ld n
ot
go
to s
leep
on
the
top
of i
t.’ I
n to
bac
co
fact
orie
s th
e la
bou
r is
alm
ost
excl
usiv
ely
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
31
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
and
som
e in
war
d bo
und.
Am
ongs
t th
ese
was
a U
nite
d St
ates
ship
of
war
, of g
reat
bea
uty,
car
ryin
g he
avy
guns
. A b
oat f
rom
this
vess
el, i
n ch
arge
of a
n of
ficer
, boa
rded
us,
an
d de
liver
ed to
the
capt
ain
a se
aled
pa
cket
, whi
ch I
unde
rsto
od to
be
a di
spat
ch, a
ddre
ssed
to G
ener
al T
ay-
lor,
the
offic
er in
com
man
d of
the
troo
ps o
pera
ting
agai
nst t
he In
dian
s in
Flo
rida.
The
coa
st a
bout
the
baliz
e is
low
an
d sw
ampy
, and
eve
ryw
here
ab
ound
s in
rush
and
can
e br
akes
w
hich
giv
e its
sea-
beac
h a
deso
late
app
eara
nce.
The
se
mor
asse
s har
bour
thou
sand
s of
alli
gato
rs, w
hose
roar
had
a
singu
lar e
ffect
as i
t ros
e ab
ove
the
bree
ze. F
lock
s of a
quat
ic
bird
s wer
e to
be
seen
on
ever
y sid
e, th
e m
ost n
umer
ous b
eing
the
pelic
an, a
nd a
bird
of t
he c
otin
ga
spec
ies,
abou
t the
size
of a
n E
ng-
lish
thro
stle
, the
plu
mag
e of
whi
ch,
neg
ro, a
nd m
any
of t
hem
are
ver
y w
ell p
aid
fo
r la
bou
r re
qui
ring
con
sid
erab
le s
kill;
but
I no
ticed
tha
t fo
r ce
rtai
n w
ork,
the
wei
ghi
ng
and
mak
ing
up
the
pac
kag
es a
nd s
uch-
like,
w
hite
men
wer
e al
way
s em
plo
yed
. I w
as in
al
l the
se c
ases
ass
ured
tha
t no
bla
ck m
an
coul
d b
e tr
uste
d t
o b
e ac
cura
te. Y
et t
hey
mak
e ve
ry fa
ir co
tton
-far
mer
s, a
nd m
uch
of t
heir
hand
iwor
k in
var
ious
bra
nche
s of
in
dus
try
is q
uite
goo
d.
On
the
who
le, I
thi
nk it
mus
t b
e co
nsid
-er
ed t
hat
at p
rese
nt, w
heth
er fr
om n
atur
al
def
ects
or
from
wan
t of
cul
tivat
ion,
the
y ar
e to
a c
erta
in e
xten
t in
ferio
r to
whi
te m
en
in t
he q
ualit
ies
whi
ch le
ad t
o th
e hi
ghe
r g
rad
es o
f em
plo
ymen
t. O
n th
e ot
her
hand
, th
ey h
ave
a ve
ry re
mar
kab
le g
ood
nat
ure
and
goo
d t
emp
er, m
uch
doc
ility
, and
gre
at
phy
sica
l pow
er a
nd e
ndur
ance
--qu
aliti
es th
at
adm
irabl
y fit
them
for l
abou
rers
. Con
side
r-in
g fro
m h
ow lo
w a
nd o
ppre
ssed
a c
ondi
-tio
n th
ey h
ave
been
late
ly ra
ised
, and
how
in
finite
ly h
ighe
r the
ir po
sitio
n no
w is
, it i
s ha
rdly
gro
und
for d
isap
poin
tmen
t tha
t the
y do
not
imm
edia
tely
rise
in la
rge
num
bers
to
32
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
bein
g je
t bla
ck a
nd fl
amin
go
red,
had
a b
eaut
iful e
ffect
in th
e su
nshi
ne, a
s the
y fle
w o
r set
tled
in th
ousa
nds o
n th
e ca
nes.
Our
pas
sage
acr
oss t
he G
ulf o
f M
exic
o w
as a
favo
urab
le o
ne, b
ut
whe
n w
ithin
fort
y m
iles o
f our
de
stin
atio
n, th
e ve
ssel
stru
ck o
n a
hidd
en sa
nd-b
ank.
The
fog
was
so
den
se, t
hat t
he c
apta
in h
ad
been
mist
aken
in h
is re
ckon
ing,
an
d ha
d ta
ken
a w
rong
cou
rse.
F
or a
con
sider
able
tim
e w
e w
ere
in g
reat
jeop
ardy
, and
eve
ry a
t-te
mpt
to g
et th
e sh
ip a
gain
aflo
at
was
una
vaili
ng; a
nd, h
ad n
ot th
e w
eath
er b
een
mod
erat
e, th
ere
is
little
dou
bt b
ut th
at sh
e w
ould
ha
ve b
een
lost
, and
our
live
s pl
aced
in g
reat
per
il. A
fter s
ome
hour
s’ ex
ertio
n, d
urin
g w
hich
an
anch
or w
as lo
st, a
nd a
qua
ntity
of
iron
thro
wn
over
boar
d, w
e ha
d th
e sa
tisfa
ctio
n to
find
that
the
vess
el w
as a
drift
. Thi
s was
a g
reat
the
high
er g
rade
s of
soc
iety
. The
y ha
ve n
ow
oppo
rtun
ities
of e
duca
tion
whi
ch w
ill e
nabl
e th
em to
rise
, if t
hey
are
fitte
d or
whe
n th
ey
are
fitte
d fo
r it.
For t
he p
rese
nt w
e m
ay d
eal
with
them
in th
eir e
xist
ing
posi
tion
as th
e la
bour
ing
popu
latio
n of
the
Sout
hern
Sta
tes.
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
33
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
relie
f to
us, f
or h
ad a
gale
spru
ng u
p in
the n
ight
, w
hich
was
clos
ing
in, w
e mus
t hav
e tak
en to
the
boat
, and
aban
done
d th
e ves
sel, a
per
ilous
und
er-
taki
ng, f
rom
whi
ch w
e all f
elt to
o ha
ppy
to h
ave
esca
ped.
I w
as to
ld b
y th
e cap
tain
that
the c
oast
here
ab
ound
s with
hid
den
sand
-ban
ks o
f the
des
crip
tion
we h
ad en
coun
tere
d. T
his,
perh
aps,
toge
ther
with
th
e poo
r har
bour
acco
mm
odat
ion
in F
lorid
a, ac
-co
unts
for t
he sm
all si
ze o
f the
ves
sels
whi
ch g
ener
-all
y tra
de th
ere.
The d
esol
ate l
ook
of th
e coa
st fro
m
the d
eck
of th
e ves
sel, d
id n
ot co
nvey
to m
y m
ind
a ve
ry fa
vour
able
impr
essio
n of
the c
ount
ry, a
nd th
e ho
stile
disp
ositi
on o
f the
Indi
ans t
ende
d no
t a l
ittle
to ex
cite f
oreb
odin
gs o
f evi
l, th
at at
one
tim
e alm
ost i
nduc
ed
me t
o ab
ando
n m
y in
tent
ion,
and
retu
rn to
the n
orth
. The
se ap
pre-
hens
ions
wer
e, ho
wev
er, a
llaye
d by
the r
epre
sent
atio
ns o
f the
ca
ptain
of t
he v
esse
l, who
stat
ed
that
the I
ndian
s seld
om at
tem
pt-
ed to
mol
est a
rmed
par
ties,
and
that
an u
nder
stand
ing
with
th
e gov
ernm
ent w
as d
aily
expe
cted
, thr
ough
the r
ecen
t 34
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
Sir George Campbell
capt
ure o
f som
e im
porta
nt sa
chem
s or
chief
s, un
der w
hose
influ
ence
and
leade
rshi
p ho
stilit
ies h
ad b
een
carr
ied
on. T
his i
nfor
mat
ion
reas
sure
d m
e,
and
I det
erm
ined
to p
roce
ed, a
l-th
ough
I fo
und
afte
rwar
ds th
at
it w
as al
mos
t ent
irely
a
misr
epre
sent
atio
n, w
hich
, ho
wev
er, I
cann
ot b
eliev
e was
wilf
ul,
as th
e cap
tain
wou
ld h
ave h
ad m
e for
a
pass
enge
r on
the r
etur
n vo
yage
. I so
on
afte
r lan
ded
in a
boat
from
the s
hore
. Th
e bay
or h
arbo
ur o
f St.
Mar
ks
is no
t attr
activ
e, ne
ither
is th
e to
wn,
whi
ch p
res-
ents
a des
olat
e ap
pear
ance
. Th
e hou
ses o
r sto
res a
re ch
ief-
ly o
f woo
d, p
ainte
d w
hite
, the
ven
etian
bl
inds
of t
he h
ouse
s bein
g gr
een,
as in
m
ost p
arts
of th
e Uni
ted
Stat
es. T
he
hote
l-ent
ranc
es w
ere c
row
ded
with
loun
gers
, in sn
ow-w
hite
clo
thin
g, la
rge L
egho
rn
Black and White in the Southern StatesAn Englishman’s Travels in America
35
J. BenwellSir George Campbell
An Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
or p
almet
to h
ats,
and
fanc
y-co
lour
ed sh
irts,
who
smok
ed ci
gars
ince
ssan
tly, a
nd g
ener
ally
disc
usse
d w
ith en
ergy
the i
nroa
ds o
f the
Indi
ans,
or o
ther
lead
ing
topi
cs o
f the
day
. The
hou
ses
are l
ow an
d irr
egul
arly
bui
lt, an
d th
e app
eara
nce
of th
e who
le pl
ace a
nd it
s inh
abita
nts,
as fa
r as
I cou
ld se
e, w
ore a
forb
iddi
ng as
pect
, and
was
in
dica
tive o
f any
thin
g bu
t pro
sper
ity. M
y ne
xt
stage
was
to T
allah
asse
e by
railr
oad,
thro
ugh
a des
olat
e-lo
okin
g co
untry
, who
se so
il w
as sa
nd, a
nd w
hose
veg
etat
ion
look
ed
stunt
ed, p
rese
ntin
g lit
tle to
chee
r the
se
nses
, or c
all fo
rth re
mar
k; in
fact
, ev-
eryt
hing
arou
nd to
ld o
f a co
untry
who
se
cent
re is
flou
rishi
ng, b
ut w
hose
fron
tiers
ar
e a w
ilder
ness
. Jus
t bef
ore w
e sta
rted,
a
well
-dre
ssed
neg
ro, a
ppar
ently
a fo
otm
an
or b
utler
, app
lied
for a
seat
in th
e car
riage
. H
e was
told
by
the s
tatio
n-ke
eper
, tha
t th
ere w
as n
o co
nvey
ance
for “
nigg
ers”
this
train
, and
he m
ust w
ait fo
r the
follo
w-
ing
one.
He a
t firs
t disp
uted
his
right
to
refu
se h
im a
pass
age i
n th
e car
riage
, whi
ch
rous
ed th
e ire
of t
he st
atio
n-ke
eper
, who
th
reat
ened
to k
ick h
im if
he w
as n
ot so
on
36
An Englishman’s Travels in America J. Benwell
off.
Thi
s see
med
to aw
e him
, for
he q
ui-
etly
left
the s
tatio
n, m
utte
ring,
how
ever
, as
he w
ent,
his i
nten
tion
of re
porti
ng
the c
ircum
stanc
e to
Col
onel
Gam
bole.
T
his c
ause
d m
e to
mak
e som
e inq
uiry
ab
out t
he co
lone
l who
se n
ame h
e had
m
entio
ned,
and
who
I lea
rned
was
his
m
aste
r. I w
as al
so in
form
ed th
at n
o ne
groe
s in
that
dist
rict w
ere s
o in
solen
t, ow
ing
to th
e ind
ulge
nce w
ith w
hich
al
l his
hand
s wer
e tre
ated
. I co
uld
see,
ho
wev
er, t
hat t
he n
egro
had
diff
eren
t m
en to
dea
l with
her
e, an
d if
he h
ad n
ot
take
n hi
s dep
artu
re, h
e wou
ld, w
ith-
out a
dou
bt, h
ave b
een
kick
ed o
r fell
ed to
the
grou
nd, o
n th
e lea
st
furth
er p
rovo
catio
n-a c
ours
e pur
sued
w
ithou
t hes
itatio
n in
case
s whe
re a
ne
gro
assu
mes
an
ythi
ng lik
e eq
ualit
y in
the
sout
h.
37
A note about this text:
This
bo
ok
was
ed
ited
&
pub
lishe
d b
y Lo
gan
Say
les
The
typ
efac
e us
ed t
hro
ugho
ut
is A
veni
r Lt
d. S
tand
ard
45
Bo
ok,
55
Ro
man
& 5
5 R
om
an O
bliq
ue
des
igne
d b
y A
dri
an F
ruti
ger
in
1988
& f
rom
the
Lin
oty
pe
Gm
bH
Fo
und
ry
and
Co
chin
Reg
ular
, Ita
lic &
Bo
ld,
des
igne
d b
y P
eig
not,
Hes
s &
C
arte
r fr
om
191
4-19
77.
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bo
ok
was
des
igne
d w
ith
Ad
o-
be
InD
esig
n C
reat
ive
Suit
e №
3
and
pri
nted
wit
h a
Hew
lett
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acka
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810
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in
Bro
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Hal
l Co
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