Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations

___________________________

Principles, Practices, Philosophies

TOURISM

TWELFTH EDITION

Charles R. GoeldnerJ. R. Brent Ritchie

© 2012 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.All Rights Reserved


CHAPTER


Tourism Planning, Development, and Social

Considerations

16


LEARNING OBJECTIVES• Identify the factors that determine the success of a tourism

destination.• Relate tourism planning to tourism policy.• Discover what the goals of tourism development should be.• Recognize some serious barriers to tourism development

must be overcome if a desired growth is to occur.• Learn the political and economic aspects of development

including those related to developing countries.• Appreciate the importance of architectural design and

concern for heritage preservation, local handicrafts, and use of indigenous materials in creating tourist facilities.


THE RITCHIE/CROUCH MODEL OF


RELATING TOURISM PLANNINGTO TOURISM POLICYSIMILARITIES• Both deal with future development of a tourism

destination or region• Both emphasize strategic dimensions of managerial

action – although planning must also address tactical concerns

DIFFERENCES• Policy formulation is definitely “big picture” while

much of planning is characterized by attention to detail


RELATING TOURISM PLANNINGTO TOURISM POLICY (CONTINUED)

DIFFERENCES (continued)

• Policy formulation is creative, intellectual process, while planning is a more constrained exercise

• Policy, particularly its visioning component, has long-term strategic emphasis, while planning tends to be more restrictive in time• A one-year planning cycle is not uncommon, although

3-5 year plans are possible• In contrast, destination visions may have a 5, 10, 50, or

even a 100 year time horizon


RELATING TOURISM PLANNINGTO TOURISM POLICY (CONTINUED)

DIFFERENCES (continued)

• Policy formulation must allow for unseen circumstances and technologies; planning tends to assume current conditions and technologies, with allowances for predictable or evolutionary change

• Policy formulation tends to emphasize systematic determination of “WHAT” should be done in long-term tourism development; planning tends to emphasize the “HOW” for achievement of specific destination goals


• Provide employment opportunities• Generates foreign

exchange• Increases incomes• Increases GNP• Development of tourism

infrastructure helps stimulate local commerce and industry• Justifies environmental

protection and improvement

• Increase governmental revenues • Diversifies the economy• Creates favorable

worldwide image for the destination• Facilitates modernization• Provides tourist,

recreational facilities for local population• Provides foreigners

opportunity to be favorably impressed by little-known nation or regions

ADVANTAGES OF TOURISM


DISADVANTAGES OF TOURISM• Develops excess demand• Creates leakages so economic benefits do not accrue• Diverts funds from more promising forms of economic

development• Creates social problems from income differences, social

differences, introduction of prostitution, gambling, crime• Degrades natural physical environment• Degrades cultural environment• Poses the difficulties of seasonality• Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes• Adds to inflation of land values and prices of local goods,

services


THE PLANNING PROCESS

• Define the system and formulate objectives

• Gather data• Analyze and interpret• Create the preliminary plan• Approve the plan• Create the final plan• Implement the plan


AN OVERVIEW OF THE TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS

STAGE 1

DefineSystem

Ensure definitions for policy

formulation and

destination planning

are consistent

STAGE 2

GatherNecessary

Data

Much data used for policy

formulation may be

helpful for the

planning process;

additional and more detailed

data required

STAGE 3

Analyze &Interpret

Data

Useful to relate data to

specific facilities, events,

activities, programs

that impact factors that determine, influence

destinationsuccess

STAGE 4

CreatePreliminary

Plan

Plan should detail nature of

facilities, events,

activities, programs that will deliver the

unique destination

experience to enhance

competitiveness of destination

within strategic market

segments

STAGE 5

ApprovethePlan

Critical to ensure that

where approval is required no

relevant stakeholders

are overlooked

STAGE 6

Createthe

Final Plan

Level of detail

becomes increasingly rigorous and

directly related to specific

geography, legislation, financing,

and timing of the

“real world”

STAGE 7Implement

thePlan

Allocates responsibility

for development

actions to specific

individuals, organizations, defines timing

of actions, establishes

contingencies for unexpected occurrences.

Monitors, follows up, and

evaluates


GOALS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT• Provide framework for raising the living standard

of people through economic benefits of tourism• Develop infrastructure and provide recreation

facilities for visitors and residents alike• Ensure development within visitor center and

resorts is appropriate• Establish development program consistent with

cultural, social, and economic philosophy of government and people of region

• Optimize visitor satisfaction

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Tourism Planning, Development, and Social Considerations