Tourism in Third World Tourism in Third World

DevelopmentDevelopment http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/home.htmhttp://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/home.htm

http://www.world-tourism.org/index.htmhttp://www.world-tourism.org/index.htm

Tourism’s Importance in DevelopmentTourism’s Importance in Development Tourism is an important economic activityTourism is an important economic activity Over 700 million people traveled to a foreign country in 2000, Over 700 million people traveled to a foreign country in 2000,

spending more US$ 478 billion. spending more US$ 478 billion. International tourism receipts combined with passenger transport International tourism receipts combined with passenger transport

currently total more than US$ 575 billion currently total more than US$ 575 billion Thus tourism is the world's number one export earner, ahead of Thus tourism is the world's number one export earner, ahead of

automotive products, chemicals, petroleum and food. automotive products, chemicals, petroleum and food. If we consider tourism's potential in encouraging job creation, this If we consider tourism's potential in encouraging job creation, this

would seem to be a natural course of action to stimulate growthwould seem to be a natural course of action to stimulate growth But World Bank has been slow to encourage this and many But World Bank has been slow to encourage this and many

governments have only moved recently to push this as a means governments have only moved recently to push this as a means of revenue generation and poverty alleviation.of revenue generation and poverty alleviation.

Global Tourism GrowthGlobal Tourism Growth There were about 700 million international tourist arrivals There were about 700 million international tourist arrivals

worldwide in 2002worldwide in 2002 Tourism receipts have grown dramatically since 1985Tourism receipts have grown dramatically since 1985 Air transport increased its share against road in Air transport increased its share against road in

international holidays; together these two account for international holidays; together these two account for 85% of all international trips. Rail and sea transport 85% of all international trips. Rail and sea transport remain below 8% each.remain below 8% each.

Tourism GrowthTourism Growth

January-August 2004 January-August 2004 period growth is period growth is estimated at 12%, estimated at 12%, corresponding to an corresponding to an increase by some 58 increase by some 58 million arrivals. million arrivals.

This leap is primarily a This leap is primarily a reaction to last year's reaction to last year's depressed figures due depressed figures due to the Iraq war, SARS to the Iraq war, SARS and the weak economy and the weak economy

Terrorist activity and Terrorist activity and natural disasters natural disasters continue to have continue to have depressing effects on depressing effects on tourismtourism

Sustainable TourismSustainable Tourism Three interconnected aspects: Three interconnected aspects:

environmental, socio-cultural, and economic environmental, socio-cultural, and economic Sustainability implies permanence, so Sustainability implies permanence, so

sustainable tourism includes optimum use sustainable tourism includes optimum use of resources of resources

Including biological diversity; minimization Including biological diversity; minimization of ecological, cultural and social impactsof ecological, cultural and social impacts

Maximization of benefits to conservation Maximization of benefits to conservation and local communities and local communities

Also refers to the management structures Also refers to the management structures that are needed to achieve this. that are needed to achieve this.

Impacts of TourismImpacts of Tourism Environmental Environmental The quality of the environment, both natural and The quality of the environment, both natural and

man-made, is essential to tourism.man-made, is essential to tourism. But tourism's relationship with the environment is But tourism's relationship with the environment is

complex. It involves many activities that can have complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. adverse environmental effects.

Many impacts are linked with the construction of Many impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas. restaurants, shops, golf courses and marinas.

Negative impacts of tourism development can Negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental resources on gradually destroy the environmental resources on which it depends.which it depends.

Three main impact areas: natural resources, Three main impact areas: natural resources, pollution, physical impacts pollution, physical impacts

Impacts of TourismImpacts of Tourism Social-CulturalSocial-Cultural - effects on host communities of - effects on host communities of

direct and indirect relations with tourists, and of direct and indirect relations with tourists, and of interaction with the tourism industry. interaction with the tourism industry.

For a variety of reasons, host communities often are For a variety of reasons, host communities often are the weaker party in interactions with their guests the weaker party in interactions with their guests and service providers, leveraging any influence they and service providers, leveraging any influence they might have. might have.

Tourism may bring about change in value systems Tourism may bring about change in value systems and behavior and threaten indigenous identity and behavior and threaten indigenous identity

Changes often occur in community structure, family Changes often occur in community structure, family relationships, collective traditional life styles, relationships, collective traditional life styles, ceremonies and morality. ceremonies and morality.

Positive impacts- supportive force for peace, foster Positive impacts- supportive force for peace, foster pride in cultural traditions and help avoid urban pride in cultural traditions and help avoid urban relocation by creating local jobs. relocation by creating local jobs.

Impact of TourismImpact of Tourism EconomicEconomic- tourism industry generates - tourism industry generates

substantial economic benefits to both host substantial economic benefits to both host countries and tourists' home countries countries and tourists' home countries

Especially in developing countries, one of the Especially in developing countries, one of the primary motivations for a region to promote primary motivations for a region to promote itself as a tourism destination is the expected itself as a tourism destination is the expected economic improvement.economic improvement.

Increased employment in service sector jobs Increased employment in service sector jobs As with other impacts, this massive economic As with other impacts, this massive economic

development brings along both positive and development brings along both positive and negative consequences.negative consequences.

Leakage Effects of TourismLeakage Effects of Tourism For each US$ 100 spent on a vacation tour by a tourist from a For each US$ 100 spent on a vacation tour by a tourist from a

developed country, only around US$ 5 actually stays in a developed country, only around US$ 5 actually stays in a developing-country destination's economy. developing-country destination's economy.

Two main ways that leakage occursTwo main ways that leakage occurs Import leakage-Import leakage- occurs when tourists demand standards of occurs when tourists demand standards of

equipment, food, and other products that the host country equipment, food, and other products that the host country cannot supply. Especially in less-developed countries, food and cannot supply. Especially in less-developed countries, food and drinks must often be imported, since local products are not up drinks must often be imported, since local products are not up to the hotel's (i.e. tourist's) standards or the country simply to the hotel's (i.e. tourist's) standards or the country simply doesn't have a supplying industry. Much of the income from doesn't have a supplying industry. Much of the income from tourism expenditures leaves the country again to pay for these tourism expenditures leaves the country again to pay for these imports. imports.

Export leakage-Export leakage- Multinational corporations and large foreign Multinational corporations and large foreign businesses have a substantial share in the import leakage. In businesses have a substantial share in the import leakage. In poor developing destinations, MNCs are the only source of poor developing destinations, MNCs are the only source of investment capital to construct tourism infrastructure and investment capital to construct tourism infrastructure and facilities. Thus an export leakage arises when overseas facilities. Thus an export leakage arises when overseas investors who finance the resorts and hotels take their profits investors who finance the resorts and hotels take their profits back to their country of origin. back to their country of origin.

EcotourismEcotourism Growing concept and increasingly important Growing concept and increasingly important

in the Third World and elsewherein the Third World and elsewhere Ecotourism embraces principles of Ecotourism embraces principles of

sustainable tourismsustainable tourism Contributes actively to the conservation of Contributes actively to the conservation of

natural and cultural heritage natural and cultural heritage Includes local and indigenous communities Includes local and indigenous communities

in its planning, development and operation, in its planning, development and operation, contributing to their well-being, contributing to their well-being,

Interprets the natural and cultural heritage Interprets the natural and cultural heritage of the destination to visitor, of the destination to visitor,

Lends itself better to independent travelers, Lends itself better to independent travelers, as well as to organized tours for small size as well as to organized tours for small size groups. groups.

Orangutan RehabilitationOrangutan Rehabilitation The Bohorok Centre for ex-The Bohorok Centre for ex-

captive and refugee Sumatran captive and refugee Sumatran orangutans was established in orangutans was established in 1973 by two Swiss zoologists, 1973 by two Swiss zoologists, whose funding was originally whose funding was originally provided by the Frankfurt provided by the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) and the Zoological Society (FZS) and the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

In 1980 the Centre was taken In 1980 the Centre was taken over by the Indonesian over by the Indonesian Government.Government.

With the recent tourist explosion With the recent tourist explosion at Bohorok, the orangutan at Bohorok, the orangutan rehabilitation program was no rehabilitation program was no longer feasible. No longer meets longer feasible. No longer meets today's standards of species re-today's standards of species re-introduction. introduction.

Furthermore, the area is already Furthermore, the area is already over-saturated with orangutans, over-saturated with orangutans, and therefore not suitable for and therefore not suitable for releasing more rehabilitants. releasing more rehabilitants.

http://www.orangutans-sos.org/http://www.orangutans-sos.org/bohorok.htmlbohorok.html

Green Sea Turtle ProtectionGreen Sea Turtle Protection

Size:Size: Adults are 3.5 to 4 feet in carapace length (76-91 cm). Adults are 3.5 to 4 feet in carapace length (76-91 cm).Weight:Weight: Adult Adult weigh between 300 to 400 pounds (136-180 kg).weigh between 300 to 400 pounds (136-180 kg).

Habitat:Habitat: Mainly stay near the coastline and around islands and live in bays and Mainly stay near the coastline and around islands and live in bays and protected shores, especially in areas with seagrass beds. Rarely are they protected shores, especially in areas with seagrass beds. Rarely are they observed in the open ocean.observed in the open ocean.

Nesting:Nesting: Green turtles nest at intervals of 2, 3, or more years, with wide year- Green turtles nest at intervals of 2, 3, or more years, with wide year-to-year fluctuations in numbers of nesting females. Nests between 3 to 5 times to-year fluctuations in numbers of nesting females. Nests between 3 to 5 times per season. Lays an average of 115 eggs in each nest, with the eggs incubating per season. Lays an average of 115 eggs in each nest, with the eggs incubating for about 60 days. for about 60 days.

The greatest threat is from the commercial harvest for eggs and food. Other The greatest threat is from the commercial harvest for eggs and food. Other green turtle parts are used for leather and small turtles are sometimes stuffed green turtle parts are used for leather and small turtles are sometimes stuffed for curios. Incidental catch in commercial shrimp trawling is an increasing for curios. Incidental catch in commercial shrimp trawling is an increasing source of mortality.source of mortality.