S

EAST-WEST CENTER 3-1 Culture Learning Institute

October 1, 1974

Tourism impact in Pacific

explored at East West Center workshop

by KarenAnnWatson

0

"No one else on Waikiki can rent

you this kind ofroom. With twentytropical acres to play in, youcouldhave the vacation of your life andnever leave our Village."

"Fly with us to our outer islands.Five days a week we fly out fromHonolulu to ourhome in Auckland.And all the other islands in ourSouth Pacific."

"The carefree existence of these

happy, handsome (Tahitian) peopleand the scenic splendor are guran-teed to enchantyou."

Is tourism a way for Pacific Islandcountries to build economic indepen-dence and a better life for their

people? Or does tourism, especiallymass tourism, destroy the cultures ittouches, and put economic control inthe offices of outside corporateinvestors? What if anything does atourist actually experience of the

people and societies he or she visits?Does tourism promote cross-cultural

understanding, or does it developmisunderstandings and prejudices

0among

peoples?The quotations given above come

from advertisements which have ap-peared widely in the mass media

-

J1I I I I -Participants in joint CLI-TOl "Impact of Tourism in the Development of Pacific IslandCountries" Workshop are pictured below Jefferson Hall frescoe by Indonesian artist

Affandi.

throughout the United States and the

Pacific Basin. They are one expressionof the tourist industry's attempt to

entice vacationers to the Pacificislands.

This issue of the Newsletter spot-lights the Culture Learning Insti-tute's participants and projects inthe cultural identity thematic sub-division. The other three areas ofinterest to the Institute are culturesin contact; language in culture, andthought and expression in culturelearning.

Significant force

Until now tourism has gone unno-ticed as a topic of serious study exceptby economists and those involved intourism development and manage-ment. But tourism is a world-wide

phenomenon and such a significantforce in social change that it can no

longer be ignored. The gross income

(Continued on page4.)

Dr. Watson, CLI research associate, is

coordinator of the cultural identitysubdivision.

Third Summer program focuseson non-verbal behavior

By Jane N. Hurd*

During July and August Dr. JerryBoucher coordinated the third in anannual series of programs in intercul-tural studies under the Culture Learn-

ing Institute's cultural identity the-matic sub-division. Chosen as partici-pants were college administrators,

university professors, cross-culturalcounsellors, foreign student advisorsand culture teachers in U.S. schoolsoverseas.

The participants, coming from such

widely disparate places as Okinawa,the Cook Islands and Arkansas, gath-ered for the first time at a welcomingparty at the home of Dr. and Mrs.Boucher on Sunday, July 21. There

they met members of the Institutestaff and Institute degree scholarsJunko Tanaka-Matsumi, BeverlyMcLeod, Patricia McDonald and KeithCunningham who had joined Dr.Boucher and his assistant, Jane Hurd,in planning the program.

The Third Summer Program inEast-West Intercultural Studies had asits theme "Nonverbal Behavior andCross-Cultural Interaction." Sessions

began on July 22 in the Exhibit Hallof the new building in which theInstitute director's office is located.

pants divide into groups, representingdiverse cultures, learn the cultures,

participate in them, observe the otherculture, participate in that culture, andthen try to compare and contrast thetwo.

Also during the first week, Dr.Muneo Yoshikawa, associate professorof East Asian Languages, UH, made a

presentation entitled "Introduction toIntercultural Communication Pro-grams: Intercultural CommunicationWorkshop and Dialogue Education";Mr. H. Van Buren, CLI programofficer, described the East-West Cen-ter's approach to cross-cultural train-

ing, culture shock, and the effects ofreverse culture shock, experienced-often unwittingly-by degree studentsupon their return home; and Culture

Learning Institute returned PeaceCorps Volunteers Beverly McLeod(PC/Thailand), Jane Hurd (PC/Micro-nesia), and Keith Cunningham (PC/Ne-pal) were joined by Open Grantsdegree student Dudley Weeks (PC/Bor-neo) in describing their experiences astrainees, volunteers, and as staff in

training programs on the U.S. main-land, in Hawaii, and overseas.

Brislin and Van Buren described theresearch they have designed in thisarea, and Dr. Paul Pedersen, Universityof Minnesota, a Senior Fellow at theCulture Learning Institute, organizedthe group into triads of client,counsellor, and anti-counsellor, in-

volving them into actual cross-cultural

counselling sessions.

Cross-cultural training

The program was divided into two

segments. The first week was organ-ized by Dr. Richard Brislin, coordina-tor of the Institute's cultures incontact sub-division, and focused oncross-cultural training programs. East-West Center staff members Mr. PeterAdler and Ms. Joanne Punu organizedBafa-bafa, a game in which partici-

*Ms Hurd, a former CLI degree scholar,

Nonverbal communication

The second and third weeks fo-cused on nonverbal communication.Dr. Paul Ekman of the University ofCalifornia Medical School, San Fran-cisco, gave a lecture in the PacificRoom on July 29. Using slides whichillustrate various facial expressions ofemotion from different cultures, Ek-man demonstrated his theory that the

expressions of the emotions anger,disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and

surprise are universal. A person feeling

(Continued on page 3.)

assisted Dr. Boucher in coordinatingthe Third Summer Program, and is now -:

Project Coordinator for the PacificCultural Centers Project.

2 Culture and Language Learning Newsletter

Third summer(Continued from page 2.)

sad can show the same facial expres-sion if he lives in Cambodia, Germany,New York or New Guinea. Althoughthese basic facial expressions areuniversal, there are cultural differences

in what can cause a person to feel anemotion, and there are cultural differ-ences in the extent to which a personcan show his feelings on his face.

During this lecture and ensuingsessions with Third Summer Programparticipants, Ekman discussed other

categories of nonverbal communica-tion, such as emblems, illustrators, and

adaptors, and how these differ vastlyfrom culture to culture. Ekman andBoucher reviewed photographs of the

participants' poses of the six emotion-al states whichhad been photographedearlier by CLI degree student Keith

Cunningham. Later that week, partici-

pants spent one field day at Ala Moanaand Waikiki recording nonverbal re-

sponses and interchanges among tour-ists and island residents. These were

reviewed and interpreted by the entire

group the following day.

Other presentations

Mr. Richard Via presented TESLvia drama; Dr. Karen Watson discussedthe interactional analysis of conversa-tion; Dr. Verner Bickley, Culture

Learning Institute Director, spoke on

paralinguistic aspects of nonverbalbehavior; and Dr. Boucher continuedthe discussion of display rules, engen-dering descriptions from the partici-pants of their particular cultures' rules.The group took advantage of an

opportunity to implement their newfound skills at decoding nonverbalbehavior when they video-tapedformer President Richard Nixon's

resignation speech and discussed thenonverbal messages contained in theindividual frames.

Evaluation session

The group met for an evaluationsession at the end of the program, and

during their assessment, the SolomonIslands participant explained that

while his generation has been heavilyinfluenced by Western contact, he hadcome to realize and to appreciateduring the Third Summer Program thediscreet and inherent value of his ownculture, quite separate from the one

that had been imposed on his. Heverbalized this before the groupsaying, "There is no Number Oneculture." The response by the partici-

3rdSummer Program Citizen/

Participants Residence

Maria Ai-Ning Chang Rep, of ChinaJohn M. Chapman USA/JapanStanleyW. Croker Australia/USAKathleen M. Eagan USALelita T. Elmido PhilippinesCarol Endriss USADr. Mohammad Ehsan

Entezar AfghanistanAnnS. Gilespie USAJohn Joseph Herman Cook Islands

Charles Hernandez USA/JapanTakako Hinahara JapanSandra Howlett USA! Rep. of

China

pant from Afghanistan, who had spentseveral years completing his Ph.D. at amainland U.S. university, was a broadsmile and, "You've said it, Milton."

Together, they had said it for thewhole group.

On Friday at the final meeting, Dr.Bickley and Dr. Boucher presented the

following participants with completioncertificates:

3rdSummer Program Citizen!

Participants Residence

Dr. Nels Juleus USA

Tong-San Lin Rep. of ChinaMildred M. McCoy USA/Hong KongDr. Olaf Millert USAAkiko Onaga JapanKil UngPak KoreaDr. Myung-Seok Park Korea

Liwayway C. Perez PhilippinesDr. Douglas F. Risberg USAMilton B. Sibisopere Brit. Solomon

IslandsSteve Umetaro Trust TerritoryHassan Bin Yunis Malaysia

0

Re-entry/transition workshop planned

Dr. Richard Brislin, CLI researchassociate, has been invited to partici-pate in a workshop on the re-entry andtransition issues facing internationalstudents. The focus of the workshopwill be the special experiences thatstudents are likely to encounter uponreturning home after studying inanother culture. The conference willbe held October 15-17 at the Wing-spread Conference Center in Racine,Wisconsin, the facilities being providedby the Johnson Foundation. Othersponsors include the Academic AffairsConference of Midwestern Universitiesand the U.S. State Department'sBureau of Educational and CulturalAffairs.

Brislin has been asked to prepareone of three papers that are to becirculated prior to the conference. His

paper will deal with the organizationalissues involved in establishing re-entry

and transition seminars at various

colleges and universities. Another

paper, on theoretical issues in the

study of overseas sojourners, will be

prepared by Dr. John Useem, formerCulture Learning Institute Senior Fel-low.

In planning for the conference andin contacting potential participants,the organizers referred to the pub-lished report on previous work in thearea done at the East-West Center.

Co-authored by Brislin and H. VanBuren, Institute program officer, the

publication is entitled "Can They GoHome Again?" and appeared in the

Spring, 1974 issue of InternationalEducational and Cultural Exchange.Both this article and the paper for theOctober conference are available andcan be obtained by writing theDirector, Culture Learning Institute.

0

Culture and Language Learning Newsletter 3

Tourismimpact.(Continued from page 1.)

from international tourism is now the

largest single item in internationaltrade. In 1971, for example, the grossincome world-wide for tourism was US$19.9 billion, and it is increasing at

approximately 14.3% per year.For most Pacific island countries,

major development of basic industriesis unlikely because they lack thenatural and economic resources andtrained personnel, and also are handi-

capped by their remote location.Agriculture is the major means oflivelihood for most islands, but it islimited in its potential for growth.Meanwhile the population in thePacific is increasing rapidly, and to

many governments tourism seems likethe best way to quickly expandincome and employment. Alreadytourism is the leading industry in Fiji,Hawaii, and Guam, and soon will be inTahiti and the Samoas.

Luxury industry

Yet many leaders also recognizethat small island countries are taking achance if they allow their economiesto become deeply dependent ontourism. As a luxury industry, tourismis vulnerable to the vicissitudes ofeconomic health in the highly devel-

oped countries from which mosttourists are drawn. For example,suppose world inflation continues to

explode prices upwards. A typicalresult-already detected in some

places-may be that the same Amer-ican family which might have vaca-tioned in, say, Tahiti will decide to gocamping in Colorado instead. Orsuppose there is another energy crisisand air flights (particularly on the lesstraveled routes) are reduced in numberto conserve fuel? A cutback in thenumber of arriving and departingflights is an automatic cutback in thenumber of people traveling, andtranslates into a reduction of incomefrom tourism. If islanders have lefttheir farms and gardens to work inhotels and airports, a severe social andeconomic crisis would result.

Furthermore, setting up tourism asa major economic activity requires a

tremendous initial investment. Theremust be hotels built, transportation(roads, airports, buses and taxis,

trucking, etc.), entertainment andtours, support services (including elec-

tricity, sewers, telephones, etc.), policeand fire control, medical services,

training for workers, provision for

currency exchange-the list is end-less-to supply the tourist industrywith its needs. This means greatlyincreasing imports of materials, food,and other items which tourists expectto have available.

Foreign investment

Granted that some of these struc-tural and economic changes benefitthe local population (roads, electricity,sewers, etc.), they nonetheless requiresmall island countries to become

dependent on investment from theoutside. In the case of the Pacific, thetourist industry including the trans-port systems which support it, is

usually owned completely or partly byNorth American, Japanese, Australian,New Zealand or European corpora-tions. Thus the profits made bytourism tend to flow out of the islandcountries into the pockets of foreigninvestors.

Despite the magnitude of worldtourism, surprisingly little research hasbeen carried out to ascertain the realimpacts of tourism on the countrieswhich develop it. How does tourism

figure in the overall direction of

development in a country, and whatabout the balance of local and foreigninvestment, or the role of transna-tional corporations in political andeconomic decision-making and con-

trol? What about the impact oftourism on the environment? How isthe everyday life of people in hostcountries changed by tourism? How

are values, self-perceptions, familystructure, and art affected? The kindof social relationships set up betweenthe host and the guest needs to be

explored, especially where managersand other administrative personnel, asis typically the case, are importedfrom the outside and the local workersare hired only for the menial tasks

(bellboy, maid, etc.).

Alternatives

What are the alternative ways inwhich a country can develop tourism,and what is the outcome of eachalternative? For instance, is it better tobuild super-luxury hotels in limitedareas, and in that way select the kindof tourist who will come? WesternSamoa is trying this approach. Or is itbetter to scatter tourists throughoutthe villages to lessen their impact on

any one place? Micronesia is consi-

dering a version of this approach. Thechoice of one of these (or one of manyother possibilities) over another will

obviously have a profound effect on

(Continued on page 5.)

04 Culture and Language Learning Newsletter

Tourism

impact(Continued from page 4.)

what happens to an island country inthe foreseeable future. Yetno longitu-dinal studies have been carried outwhich would inform decision-makersof the implications of their choices.

Joint workshop

These and other concerns wereforemost when the Culture LearningInstitute and the Technology and

Development Institute decided toco-sponsor a research workshop on the

Impact of Tourism in the Develop-ment of Pacific Island Countries, May20-31. The workshop was co-directedby the author and Dr. Ben Finney ofthe Technology and DevelopmentInstitute, both research associates.Culture Learning Institute degree scho-lar Jane Hurd, who is specializing inPacific Island Studies, was administra-tive assistant in planning and coordi-

nating the workshop.We set as the objectives of the

workshop 1) to identify what kinds ofresearch are needed by Pacific Islandleaders, planners and administrators toassist them in using the tourist

industry for maximum local benefit,and 2) to design a strategy for carryingout that research on a cooperativebasis, and for communicating it tothose in each country charged with the

responsibility of making decisions.We wanted to work toward building

up local resources for tourism planningby bringing researchers from thePacific island universities and insti-

tutions who were already engaged in

research on tourism or who wereinterested in doing so, together with

Pacific island policy makers, plannersand administrators of country tourism

offices.

Participants in the workshop came

from six Pacific countries in addition

to the United States. Research and

position papers on tourism develop-ment were presented during the first

week. Then during the interveningweekend, the entire group toured the

outer islands of Maui and Hawaii,

where tourism development is closer in

scale to other Pacific areas than is the

highly-developed Waikiki. On Mauiand Hawaii we talked to planners andobserved the course of developmentalready underway.

Research projects proposed

During the second week the work-shop participants wrote a proposal forresearch projects and recommendedstrategies for exchanging informationand increasing communication ontourism in the Pacific.

It was decided to urge islanduniversities to establish a Pacifictourism study center at some centralPacific location, modeled on theCaribbean tourism study center. Tworepresentatives from the Caribbean,Drs. Herbert Hiller and Joe Olander,provided us with very useful informa-tion and the benefit of the Caribbeanexperience in setting up a similarcenter. The Caribbean, since it is aseries of small tropical island coun-tries, bears important resemblanceswith the Pacific in sharing a colonialhistory, climate, and tourist attraction.

The workshop members also urgedsetting up programs of information for

planners and developers, at least oneof which might be modeled on theAlternate Tourism Perspectives pro-gram designed and conducted yearlyby Dr. Hiller, at Florida InternationalUniversity.A list of research priorities was

compiled, and the Technology and

Development Institute and CultureLearning Institute are currently in the

process of locating Pacific researchersto undertake or continue tourismresearch along the lines of theworkshop's recommendations.

Participants

Participants in the workshop fromother Pacific countries included: Chief

Apelu Galeai Fai'ivai, tourism director,American Samoa; George Cowan,town planner, Cook Islands; TonyLefevre, Sione Tupouniua, and Dr.Brian Lockwood, economics, Univer-

sity of the South Pacific, Fiji; John

Samy, planning officer, Fiji; Dr. Ron

May, New Guinea Research Unit fielddirector, Papua New Guinea; Dr.James Ritchie, dean of social science,

University of Waikato, New Zealand;

Dr. Claude Robineau, director ofresearch, Orstom Center, Tahiti; Pili-

apo Tamasese, tourism officer, Wes-tern Samoa; Mike Ashman and JesusGuerrero, tourism department, USTrust Territory (Micronesia); RobertArthur, U Corporation, Ponape, andCarl Heine, public affairs, Saipan.

From the United States came Dr.Hiller, of the international affairs

department, and Dr. Olander, associatedean of the College of Arts andSciences, both of Florida InternationalUniversity.

Participants from Hawaii includedMorris Fox, former UN advisor to theSouth Pacific Commission; Dr. CharlesMetelka, assistant professor in Travel

Industry Management at the Univer-sity of Hawaii; Noel Kent, ethnicstudies, UH; guests from various

planning departments and develop-ment concerns in the state; andrepresentatives from environmental

groups.East-West Center participants in-

cluded Culture LearningInstitute

degree students Jane Hurd, MikeHamnett, and Paki Neves; Technologyand Development Institute degreestudents Tai Crouch and Cort Kloke;and University of Hawaii degreestudent Larry Fukunaga.

0

Dr. Herbert Hiller of Florida International

University.

Culture and Language Learning Newsletter 5

CLI MEMBERS DISCUSS CULTURE LEARNINGON RADIO TALK SHOW

Institute Members Mark Lester, James Mack, H. Van Buren, and Karen Watson were heardon Honolulu radio station KHVH's "Viewpoint" program from 7:30 to 11:00 p.m.,-August 14, 1974, and discussed with listeners who called in to the station, implications

+oftheInstitute's various programs.

6 Culture and Language Learning Newsletter

SICD

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INSTITUTE COMPLETES MOVETO CLI COMPLEX

0

Eight CLI cottages nestle amongthe palm and monkey podtrees

at the entrance to the East-West Center.

gale Manoadormitory,which houses participants from

"

40 countries, is in background.

Culture andLanguage Learning Newsletter 7

New faces at Culture Learning Institute

Two staff joincultural identitysubdivision

Dr. Krishna Kumar, a sociologist mostrecently associated with MichiganState University, joined the Institutein June 1974. Dr. Kumar, a native ofIndia, is interested in cultural relationsfor the future, ethnic identities, andthe effects of modernization onidentity patterns.

Dr. David Yen-ho Wu, who recentlyreceived his Ph.D. in anthropologyfrom Australian National University,joined the Institute in August, 1974. Hewill initially be working on the projectof "Ethnic Relations in MulticulturalCommunities," and his interests in-clude 1) migration, adaptation and the

immigrant societies, 2) comparativestudy of enculturation and accultura-tion in the East and the West; 3)overseas Chinese societies' culturalidentity and national identity-in Oce-ania, Southeast Asia, and Hawaii.

Senior fellows and coordinators

Dr. P.W.J. Nababan, from Indone-sia, is on leave from his responsibilitiesat the Regional English LanguageCentre in Singapore, from Augustthrough October. Dr. Nababan isco-chairman of the SociolinguisticSurvey workshop currently underwayat CLI, and will work with co-directorDr. Karen Watson in preparing a reportof the workshop.

Dr. Lachman Khubchandani fromIndia will be with the Culture LearningInstitute until April, 1975, concen-trating on language in culture activi-ties. His project probes into thepotentialities of language as an instru-mental factor of social change in

developing societies, with particularreference to the multilingual regions inSouth Asia. The study is directedtowards providing a sociolinguisticframework for conducting a macro-

level survey of the patterns of speechbehavior in plural societies.

Mr. Anthony R. Blackshield will

spend the fall semester in CLI's

thought and expression in culture

learning subdivision, working on a

study of the relationship between lawand culture, with particular referenceto the problems of cultural dissonance

affecting 1) European-based systemsof law "imported" into traditionalcultures in Asia and the Pacific, and 2)Western democratic systems of law incountries facing rapid social change.

Dr. Paul Pedersen will be with thecultures in contact subdivision throughMay, 1975, working in the area ofcross-cultural orientation and counsel-ling, with the specific task of makingvideo tapes for orientation and coun-selor training.

(Continued on page 9.)

Visiting researchers

Two scholars have joined theInstitute's language in culture subdivi-sion on two-year visiting researcher

appointments.

Dr. Joan Rubin is developing anumber of services at the EWC regard-ing language problems, development,and planning, such as helping to estab-lish research priorities, coordination

workshops for administrators, lan-

guage planners, and researchers, and

establishing a clearing house for lan-

guage planning activities. In addition,

she will do research on language plan-ning theory, language learning strat-

egies and micro-communication prob-lems.

Dr. Harumi Tanaka, currently onleave from the Tokyo University of

Education, is working closely with the

participants in the Language MaterialsDevelopment Program and is conduct-

ing theoretical research in linguistics.

JI

CLI Staff and Fellows gather weekly in the Director's office. Seated, first row: H. Van

Buren, Hazel Tatsuno, Lachman Khubchandani, Kenzi Mad; second row: P.W.J. Nababan,

Lyn Anzai, Bill Feltz, Karen Shiroma, Pat Kim; standing: Krishna Kumar, Joan Rubin,

Larry Smith, Harumi Tanaka, James Mack, Jane Hurd,Anthony Blackshield, Karen Watson,John Walsh, Jerry Boucher, Linda Boncodin, Verner Bickley.

8 Culture and Language Learning Newsletter

New faces.

0(Continued from page 8.)

Mr. James Mack has joined theCulture Learning Institute as a seniorfellow for the fall semester to head theMuseum Management activity in thePacific Cultural Centers Program. Anative of New Zealand, Mack came tothe Institute from his position asexhibitions officer at the Waikato ArtMuseum in Hamilton, New Zealand.

Also joining the Pacific CulturalCenters project are Prof. BarbaraSmith and Mrs. Ethel Bowen, no

strangers to the Institute after theirexcellent contributions last year to the

Ethnomusicology and Archives Man-agement activities. Overall coordina-tion for the PCC project is handledby Ms. Jane Hurd.

Dr. Albert Marckwardt, senior fel-low in both the thought and expres-sion and language in culture subdivi-sions during the coming year, willconcentrate on a study of the place ofliterature written in English in the

"

teaching of English as a foreign/secondlanguage, and the development of

strategies for its classroom presenta-tion.

Mr. Richard Via will return to theCulture Learning Institute this fall tocoordinate the Cultural Manifestations

programs in the thought and expres-sion subdivision. He will coordinateand plan programs of cultural interestto the members of the Institute andthe community.

1974-75

GRADUATE STUDENTS

I. CULTURAL IDENTITY

CHOBOT, NEAL L., Philosophy (Ph.D.),USA

DE LOS SANTOS, EDNA, Ed. Curriculum& Instruction (MEd), Philippines

GHANDSTAFF, TERRY, Anthropology

.

(Ph.D.), USAJOSHI, BHUPENDRA KUMAR, Political

Science (Ph.D.), IndiaLEE, SUNG HAE, Anthropology (MA),

Republic of Korea

MOK, BONG-HO, Social Work (MSW),Hong Kong

NATIVIDAD, CLEMENCIA, Asian Studies(MA), Philippines

NEVES, PAKI, Pacific Island Studies (MA),USA

ROBERT, BRUCE, History (MA), USASOLYOM, C. GARRETT, Art History

(MA), USASOLDER, LAURA MARIE, Sociology

(MA), GuamSOUMWEI, IGNASIO, Arts & Sciences

(BA), Trust TerritoryTANAKA, KAZUKO, Sociology (MA),

Japan

PERKINS, LEIALOHA MARK, Anthropol-ogy (Joint-Doctoral Intern), USA

II. CULTURES IN CONTACT

ALl, MINA, Anthropology (MA), PakistanBUKER, ELOISE ANN, Political Science

(MA), USACUNNINGHAM, KEITH, American Studies

(MA), USAdel VALLE, TERESA, Anthropology

(Ph.D.), USAGO SINGKO, MARGARITA, Psychology

(MA), PhilippinesHAMNETT, MICHAEL,

Anthropology(Ph.D.), USA

HWANG,KWANG-KUO, Psychology(Ph.D.), Republic of China

IMAMURA, MARl, Social Work (MSW),USA

JETNIL, ANTHONY NOOK, SecondaryEducation )MEd), Trust Territory

LAW, YIU WAI DOMINIC, Ed. Founda-tions )MEd), Hong Kong

LIN, ANLI, Ed. Psychology (MEd), Repub-lic of China

MACKEY, ROGER, Psychology (MA), NewZealand

MCLEOD, BEVERLY, Anthropology (MA),USA

SAADAT. KAUKAB, Psychology (MA),Pakistan

SMITH, MYRTLE DIANE, Psychology(MA). USA

TAKEUCHI, VICKI MITSU, Psychology(MS). USA

TANAKA-MATSUMI, JUNKO, Psychology(Ph.D.). Japan

TEALL, JUDITH, Psychology )ResearchIntern), USA

Ill. LANGUAGE IN CULTURE

ASKMAN. VICTOR, Chinese Language(MA), USA

BISAZZA, JOHN ANDREW, Linguistics(Ph.D.), USA

CUNNINGHAM, PATRICIA, ESL (MA),USA

HAHN, KYUNG-JA. Linguistics (Ph.D.),Republic of Korea

IKRANAGARA, KAY, Linguistics (Ph.D.),USA

ISOTOFF, PHILIP ANDREW, Pacific IslandStudies (MA), USA

IWAMURA, SUSAN, Linguistics (Ph.D.),USA

JAAFAR, Muhammed Bin,Linguistics(MA), Singapore

KANEDA. MICHIKAZU,Linguistics)Ph.D.), Japan

KASIMAN. SRI PUSPASARI, ESL (MA),Indonesia

KUROIWA, KENNETH, Linguistics (Ph.D.).USA

LEE, LINDA YOUNG, Linguistics (MA),USA

LI, DAVID, Linguistics (Ph.D.). Republic ofChina

LIN. CHARLETTE BOR-ING, ESL (MA),Republic of China

NG, KIOK, ESL (MA), SingaporeNORDBROCK, ANITA, Linguistics (Ph.D.),

USARAGAN, PETER HATHAWAY, ESL (MA),

USASEMAPAKDI, PORNTIP, ESL (MA), Thai-

landSHIELDS. JAMES, Japanese Literature

(MA), USASHIOIRI, KIYOSHI, Linguistics )Ph.D.),

JapanSUGIMOTO, TAKASHI, Linguistics (MA),

JapanSUGURO, VUZURU, ESL (MA), JapanSULISTYO, IVON, ESL (MA), IndonesiaTHOMAS. JIMMY, ESL (MA), MalaysiaTONOIKE, SHIGEO, Linguistics (Ph.D.),

Japan

IV. THOUGHT AND EXPRESSION

CHANDA,ASOKE, English (MA), IndiaJAMAL, SYED AHMAD. Art History (MA),

MalaysiaKAO. TIEN-EN. English Literature (MA),

Republic of ChinaLEE, OK NAM, American Studies (MA),

Republic of KoreaLEE, YOUNG-OAK, American Studies

(Ph.D.), Republic of KoreaLUKE, SUSAN, Japanese Literature (MA),

USANAKAZAWA, LANI DIANE, Law (LLB).

USAPUNIPUTT, GRIRG-GIAT, Drama (MA),

ThailandRIEPER. BYRON, Philosophy (MA), USARODRIGUEZ, ANTONIO, Political Science

(MA), PhilippinesSAGI.STEVEN, History (Ph.D.). USASARWAR, GHULAM, Drama and Theatre

(Ph.D.). MalaysiaSOLOMON, RAKESH. Drama (MA), IndiaSTROM, JENNIFER, Asian Studies (MA),USA

SUTTON, R. ANDERSON, Ethnomusicol-ogy (MA), USA

VEOHONGSE, NOPAMAS, Drama andTheatre (MA), Thailand

0

Culture and Language Learning Newsletter 9

New degree students have achance to meet and exchange ideas with lunch held in August. Similar informal events are held throughoutoldtimers, professional participants, staff and fellows at a picnic the year.

Orientation held for incoming Institute degree students

On August 12, twenty-nine newCLI degree students, one Joint Doc-toral Intern, and one Research Intern,arrived to participate in three weeks ofEast-West Center and Culture LearningInstitute orientation programs prior tothe opening of the Fall semester at the

University of Hawaii. During the firstweek, the new participants met Insti-tute and Center staff, were briefed onCenter programs, and were hosted at a

reception by Dr. Verner C. Bickley,Institute Director.The following week found the new

students and Institute staff involved ina number of seminars designed tofamiliarize the new participants withthe four thematic subdivisions, cultur-al identity, cultures in contact, lang-uage in culture, and thought and

expression in culture learning.

Three-day camp

Culture Learning Institute partici-pants then joined new participantsfrom the other East-West Centerinstitutes for a three-day camp onOahu's north shore, where there was

ample opportunity for getting ac-

quainted, participating in cross-cultur-

10 Culture andLanguage Learning Newsletter

at experimental exercises, and justplain relaxing. During the final days ofthe orientation program, continuingdegree grantees joined the incomingparticipants and staff for furtherseminars in the four subdivisions,topped off on the final day by anInstitute picnic at the beach.

Breakdown of the 29 new studentsshows eleven from the United Statesand 18 from twelve Asian/Pacificcountries; three are Ph.D. students,one is working on a law degree;and 25are master's degree candidates. Thir-teen are women and 16 are men. Thenew participants are evenly spreadamong the four CLI subdivisions,

having been selected because of theirdisplayed interests in ongoing Instituteresearch topics.

Interns

The Joint Doctoral Intern, Mrs.Leialoha Perkins, who is working onher Ph.D. in the Department ofFolklore and Folklife, University of

Pennsylvania, will be affiliated withthe ongoing research programs in thecultural identity subdivision under the

supervision of Dr. Karen Watson. Ms.

Judith Teall, a Ph.D. candidate incommunications at the University ofIllinois, will work with Dr. JerryBoucher in the cultures in contact

subdivision.

Returning grantees

Also returning to the Culture

Learning Institute for the Fall semes-ter are nine students who havecompleted field education programson the U.S. mainland, and two whoare returning from extended academic

programs in Asia.

Seven students will begin or con-tinue field programs during the fall:Michael Hamnett in Papua NewGuinea; Kuang-Kuo Hwang in the

Republic of China; Young-Oak Lee in

Syracuse, New York; Susan Luke and

Beverly McLeod in Japan; ByronReiper in Korea; and R. AndersonSutton in Indonesia.

Ms. Lyn Anzai, program officer for

degree studies, will be working with atotal of 70 degree-seeking students andtwo interns during the coming academ-ic year. 0

CULTURE LEARNING INSTITUTE PROGRAM 1975

SSymbolic Processes in Cultural Identity

" Archive Management" Ethnomusicology" Museum Management

Multicultural Processes in Cultural IdentityCulture Conservation, Tourism, and Culture Learning

Ethnic Relations in Multicultural Communities(In Planning Stage)

Effects of Cultures in Contact on IndividualsAttitude and Value Change through Cross-cultural Experience

Cross-cultural Education" Cultural Aspects of Educational Leadership" Development and Assessment of Cross-cultural Training Programs

0Emotion and Culture

" Cross-cultural Study of Affective Stimuli" Cross-cultural Study of Display Rules" Semantic Space of Affective Language

Integration and Use of Cross-cultural Research" Workshop to Develop Handbook of Cross-cultural Research

." Seminar in Cross-cultural Methodology and Content" Use of Behavioral and Social Scientists' Writings" Impact of Imported Technologies

Second Language EducationESOL Teacher Trainers Program40

75 " ESOL Administrators ProgramC.) " ESOL Materials DevelopmentC

Bilingual Education" Bilingual Education

Language Planning" SociolinguistioSurvey of SEAMEO Region

C0

Modes of Culture Learning

E " Legal Responses to Cultural Change" Social and Cultural Context of Literature

uj-Third Culture Studies

ce . Program for Cultural Teachers from Overseas Schools41

+a

Planning Workshop on Third Culture StudiesCross-cultural Studies in the Secondary School Curriculum

1--.

El

THE EAST-WEST CENTER is anational educational institution es-tablished in Hawaii by the UnitedStates Congress in 1960. Formallyknown as "The Center for Culturaland Technical Interchange BetweenEast and West," the federally-funded Center is administered in

cooperation with the University ofHawaii. Its mandated goal is "topromote better relations betweenthe United States and the nationsof Asia and the Pacific throughcooperative study, training and re-search."

Each year about 1,500 men andwomen from the United States andmore than 40 countries in theAsian/Pacific area exchange ideasand cultural insights in East-WestCenter programs. Working andstudying with a multinational Cen-ter staff on problems of mutualEast-West concern, participants in-clude students, mainly at the post-graduate level; Fellows with re-search expertise and/or practicalexperience in such fields as govern-ment, business administration orcommunication; mid-career profes-sionals in nondegree study and

training programs at the teachingand management levels; and author-ities invited for international con-ferences and seminars. These parti-cipants are supported by federal

scholarships and grants, supple-mented by contributions fromAsian/Pacific governments, privatefoundations and other agencies.A fundamental aim of all East-

West Center programs is to foster

understanding and mutual respectamong people from differing cul-tures working together in seekingsolutions to common problems.The Center draws on the resourcesof U.S. mainland universities, andAsian/Pacific educational and gov-ernmental institutions as well as

organizations in the multi-culturalState of Hawaii.

Center programs are conducted

by the East-West CommunicationInstitute, the East-West Culture

Learning Institute, the East-WestFood Institute, the East-West Popu-lation Institute, and the East-West

Technology and Development Insti-tute. Open Grants are awarded to

provide scope for educational andresearch innovation.

0

Culture andLanguage Learning Newsletter 11

Understanding Human Interaction:The Study of Everyday Life andOrdinary Talk

Karen Ann Watson

Topicsin

Culture

Learning

Volume II of the Institute's annual

"Topics in Culture Learning" publica-tion is off the press, and available toindividuals and institutions wishing a

copy. Please fill out the accompanyingcoupon.

As in the case of Volume I, articlesare concerned with the Culture Learn-

ing Institute's research themes andactivities.

Contents of Volume II

The Pacific Cultural Centers ProgramVerner C. Bickley

Psychological Aspects of CulturalPluralism: Unity and Identity Reconsi-dered

John W. Berry

Beyond Cultural Identity: ReflectionsUpon Cultural and Multicultural Man

Peter S. Adler

A Swedish Approach to InternationalCommunication

D. Ray Heisey

Looking at Islanders: European Waysof Thinking About Polynesians in theEighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Gavan Daws

The American Way With NamesH. Van Buren

Display Rules and Facial AffectiveBehavior: A Theoretical Discussionand Suggestions for Research

Jerry 0. Boucher

Seating as a Measure of Behavior: YouAre Where You Sit

Richard W. Brislin

Hologeistic Studies of Education: AReview

Walter E. Precourt

The Training of Language Teachers: ALook at the Future

Peter Strevens

Bilingual Education in the UnitedStates, the Pacific, and Southeast Asia

Mark Lester

To: The DirectorCulture Learning Institute

East-West Center1777 East-West RoadHonolulu, Hawaii 96822

USA

Please send, without charge, the following Culture Learning Institute publications:

El This Newsletter. (October 1, 1974) and future issues

£1 Future Newsletters only

El Announcements of future Culture Learning InstituteProfessorial Development projects

Send to (please type or print clearly):

El "Topics in Culture Learning," Volume 1, 1973

0 "Topics in Culture Learning," Volume 2, 1974

0 individual

0 governmentagency

0 private institution

Our/my principal interests, relevant to CLI, are:

12 Culture and Language Learning Newsletter