TOTEM Physics Scenarios at the LHC; Elastic Scattering, Total Cross section, Diffraction, and beyond ... Risto Orava Helsinki Institute of Physics and University of Helsinki LOW X MEETING SINAIA, ROMANIA June 29 - July 2 - 2005

TOTEM ExperimentCMS Experimental Area (IP5)Leading Protons measured at+147m & +220m from the CMS Leading Protons measured at-220m & -147m from the CMS (Also CMS is here...) Leading protons are detected at 147m & 220m from the IP. CMS coverage is extended by Totem T1 and T2 spectrometers. Additional forward calorimetry & veto counters are under planning. CMS is TOTEMized...

0-12-10-8-6-4-2+2+4+6+8+10+12hpT (GeV)0.11101001000CMSATLASALICELHCb Base Line LHC Experiments: pT-h coverageThe base line LHC experiments will cover the central rapidity region- TOTEMCMS will complement the coverage in the forward region.T1T1T2T2RPRPLHC TOTEMizedmicrostationmicrostationvetovetopTmax ~ s exp(-h)

ATLAS & CMS: Energy flow in |h| 5 Minimum bias event structure need to sort out the pile-up events at L 1033 present MC models differ by large factors

ALICE: Charged multiplicities in -5 h 3 Zero Degree Calorimetry (neutral & charged)

TOTEM: Charged multiplicities: 3 h 7 Leading particle measurement: Totem sees ~ all diffractively scattered protons TOTEM/CMS inelastic coverage is unique: Holes only at h ~ 5 & 7-9 (could be covered with ms & veto counters) Base Line LHC Experiments

Diffractive scattering is a unique laboratory of confinement & QCD: A hard scale + hadrons which remain intact in the scattering process.Soft diffractive scattering:large bHard diffractive scattering- small bValence quarks in a bag with r 0.1fmBaryonic charge distribution-r 0.5fmRapidity gapsurvival & underlyingevent structures areintimately connectedwith a geometricalview of the scattering- eikonal approach!Longitudinal view- Lorentz contracted not to scale!hpplnMX2jetjetElasticsoft SDEhard SDEhard CDTotem sees SDE MX 20 GeV lnsrapidityCross sections are large.10mb?25mb?1mb?Hard processes:Jet momenta correlated with the initial parton momenta.Soft processes:Coherentinteractionsimpact parameterpicture. +Transversal viewwee parton cloud - grows logarithmicallybbsoft CD

The new result (using 173.5 4.1 GeV/CDF): Central preferred value of the Standard Model Higgs boson mass is: 94 GeV, with 68% uncertainties of +54 and -35 GeV. 95% C.L is < 208 GeV Thanks to Martin Grunewald A Light Higgs Boson as a Benchmark: Recent Tevatron Top-mass measurement reinforces the motivation.

Central Diffraction produces two leading protons, two rapidity gaps and a central hadronic system. In the exclusive process, the background is suppressed and the central system has selected quantum numbers.JPC = 0++ (2++, 4++,...)GapGapJet+Jeth02phminhmaxSurvival of the rapidity gaps?1see: DKMOR EPJC25(2002)391Measure the parity P = (-1)J:ds/d 1 + cos2Mass resolution S/B-ratioMX212s

With the leading protons and additional forward coverage a new physics realm opens up at the LHC:Hard diffraction with multi- rapidity gap events (see: Hera, Tevatron, RHIC...) Problems intimately related to confinement.Gluon density at small xBj (10-6 10-7) hot spots of glue in vacuum?Gap survival dynamics, proton parton configurations (pp3jets+p) underlying event structuresDiffractive structure: Production of jets, W, J/, b, t, hard photons,Parton saturation, BFKL dynamics, proton structure, multi-parton scatteringStudies with pure gluon jets: gg/qq LHC as a gluon factory! (see: KMR EPJC19(2001)477)

Signals of new physics based on forward protons + rapidity gaps Threshold scan for JPC = 0++ states in: pp p+X+p Spin-parity of X ! (LHC as the pre -e+e- linear collider in the gg-mode.)

Extend standard physics reach of the CMS experiment into the forward region: Full Monty!

Measure the Luminosity with the precision of DL/L 5 % (KMRO EPJC19(2001)313) Elastic scattering, stot and soft diffraction surely...But also:

As a Gluon Factory LHC could deliver... High purity (q/g ~ 1/3000) gluon jets with ET > 50 GeV; gg-events as Pomeron-Pomeron luminosity monitor

Possible new resonant states in a background free environment (bb, W+W- & t+t- decays); (see: KMR EPJC23(2002)311) Higgs glueballs quarkonia 0++ (b ) gluinoballs invisible decay modes of Higgs (and SUSY)!? CP-odd Higgs

Squark & gluino thresholds are well separated practically background free signature: multi-jets & ET model independence (missing mass!) [expect O(10) events for gluino/squark masses of 250 GeV] an interesting scenario: gluino as the LSP with mass window 25-35 GeV(S.Raby)

Events with isolated high mass gg pairs

Moreover: Mini-Black Holes, Extra Dimensions The Brane World !!!... (see: Albrow and Rostovtsev)

-

J. StirlingLow-x Physics at the LHCResolving Confinement of quarks & gluons?The forward detectors at the LHC will facilitate studies of collisions between transversally extended slices of QCD vacua with quantum fluctuations?

Probing Very Small-x GluonsInstrument region with tracking,calorimetry (em+had), muons,jets, photons ...In SD: If a pair of high ET jets are produced, then:

If the interacting partons have fractional momenta b of P, then b=xBj/,then (if all hadrons i in the event are measured):Consider a high momentum proton: Measure gluon distribution G(x,Q2) at fixed Q2 and small x with xQ probe gluons with the transverse size = |Db|~1/Q and longitudinal size = |Dz|~1/px. gluon saturation, colour-glass condensates, colour-dipoles,....

LHC: due to the high energy can reach small values ofBjorken-xIf rapidities above 5 and masses below 10 GeV can becovered x down to 10-6 10-7Possible with T2 in TOTEM (calorimeter, tracker):5 < < 6.7

Proton structure at low-x:Parton saturation effects?Saturation or growing proton?

Puzzles in High Energy Cosmic RaysInterpreting cosmic ray data depends on hadronic simulation programs.Forward region in poorly known.Models differ by factor 2 or more.Need forward particle/energy measurements e.g. dE/dCosmic rayshowers:Dynamics of thehigh energy particle spectrumis crucialPYTHIA PHOJET ExHuME...??

Chuck Dermer (BNL)

The Underlying Event Problem in Hard Scattering ProcessesUnavoidable background to be removed from the jets before comparing to NLO QCD predictionsLHC: most of collisions are soft, outgoing particles roughly in the same direction as the initial protons.

Occasional hard interaction results in outgoing partons of large transverse momenta.

The Underlying Event is everything but the two outgoing Jets, including : initial/final gluon radiation beam-beam remnants secondary semi-hard interactions Min-BiasMin-BiasThis is already of major importance at the Tevatron how about the LHC??

In addition: The signatures of New Physics have to be normalized Measure the LuminosityLuminosity relates the number of events per second, dN/dt, and the cross section of process p, sp, as:A process with well known, calculable and large sp (monitoring!) with a well defined signature? Need complementarity.Measure simultaneously elastic (Nel) & inelastic rates (Ninel), extrapolate ds/dt 0, assume r-parameter to be known: (1+r2) (Nel + Ninel)216p dNel/dt|t=0L =Ninel = ? Need a hermetic detector.

dNel/dtt=0 = ? Minimal extrapolation to t0: tmin 0.01see: KMOR EPJ C23(2002)

Signatures Proton (Roman Pots): elastic proton (b*=1540m: 5 10-4 -t 1 GeV2, b*=18m: 310-1 -t 10 GeV2) diffractive proton (b*=1540m: 90% of all diffractive protons: 10-2 & -t 10-3 GeV2) hard diffractive proton (b* = 0.5m: excellent coverage in -t space)

Rapidity Gap (T1 & T2, Castor & ZDC): rapidity gaps (up to L~ 1033cm-2 s-1: 3 |h| 7, +veto counters?)

Very Fwd Objects (T1 & T2, Castor & ZDC): Jets (up to L~ 1033cm-2 s-1: 3 |h| 7, +veto counters?) g, e, m (fwd em calorimetry & muons: 3 |h| 7) tracks (vx constraints & pattern recognition: 3 |h| 7) particle ID?

Correlation with CMS Signatures (central jets, b-tags,...)

Correlation with the CMS Signatures e, g, m, t, and b-jets: tracking: |h| < 2.5 calorimetry with fine granularity: |h| < 2.5 muon: |h| < 2.5

Jets, ETmiss calorimetry extension: |h| < 5

High pT Objects Higgs, SUSY,...

Precision physics (cross sections...) energy scale: e & m 0.1%, jets 1% absolute luminosity vs. parton-parton luminosity viawell known processes such as W/Z production?

Configuration of the Experimentb-jetb-jetCMS Leading protons on both sides down to D 1- Rapidity gaps on both sides forward activity for |h| > 5 Central activity in CMS-Aim at measuring the:Roman PotStation at147 / 220mAim at detecting colour singlet exchange processes with the leading protonsscattered at small angles with respect to the beam.Roman PotStation at147/220mCASTORT1T1T2T2CASTOR

Leading Protons

Extended Coverage of Inelastic Activity

CMS To Reach the Forward Physics Goals Need:

Leading Protons Transfer FunctionsTo be detected, the leading protons have to deviate sufficiently from the nominal LHC beams special LHC optics & detector locations for elastically scattered protons. - the initial transverse position and scattering angle at the IPthe effective length, bx,y(s) = value of the b-function along the beam line, b* = bx(s=0) = by(s=0) at the IP.- betatron phase advance- dispersion- magnificationThe proton trajectory, in the plane transverse with respect to the beam, at position s along the beam line, is given as:

Leading Protons - MeasurementRP1RP2RP3220 m180 m147 mIP5CMS Interaction PointTAS Beam Absorber for secondaries between the IP and Q1Qi Quadrupole MagnetsTASA Beam Absorber for secondaries between Q1 and Q2TASB Beam Absorber for secondaries between Q2 and Q3DFBxCryogenic Electrical Feed-Boxfor ArcDi Dipole Magnet iTAN Beam Absorber for neutral secondaries before Q1-Q3BSRSynchrotron Radiation Observation SystemTCL Long Collimator for protecting Quadrupole MagnetsThe small-angle protons are detected within the LHC beam pipe at large distances from the IP. To facilitate detection of elastically and diffractively scattered protons, special machine optics are needed b* = 1540m (-t down to 10-3 GeV2), 18m (-t up to 10 GeV2)For hard diffraction and low-x physics, nominal high luminosity conditions are required b* = 0.5mRPi: Special insertion devices needed for placing the proton detectors within the beam pipe Roman PotsCMS

Leading Proton Detection-An Example 147m180m220m0m308m338m420 430mIPQ1-3D1D2Q4Q5Q6Q7B8Q8B9Q9B10B11Q10Helsinki group: Jerry Lamsa & ROx = 0.02Note the magnification x vs. z!

Elastic Protons

Reduce number of bunches (43 and 156) to avoid parasitic interactions downstream.LTOTEM = 1.6 x 1028 cm-2 s-1 and 2.4 x 1029 cm-2 s-1For detecting the low t elastic protons down to t 10-3 GeV2 (scattering angles of a few mrad) need to maximise Lx(s=sRPi), Ly(s=sRPi) at each RPi, and, simultaneously, to minimise vx(s=sRPi), vy(s=sRPi) at each RPi.

low angular spread at IP:

large beam size at IP: (if eN = 1 mm rad) High-b* optics: b* = 1540 my*IPLeffAim at parallel-to-point focussing condition: vx,y = 0 in both x- and y-directions at s=220m independence of the initial transverse position of the IP.

Elastic Scattering: ds/dtds/dt (mb/GeV2)-t (GeV2)

Elastic Scattering: Acceptance in -tCoulomb region 510-4[lower s, RP closer to beam]Interference, r meas. 510-4 510-3[as above], standard b* = 1540 mPomeron exchange 510-3 0.1b* = 1540 mDiffractive structure 0.1 1b* = 1540 m, 18 mLarge |t| perturb. QCD 1 10b* = 18 mRegion |t| [GeV]2Running Scenario

Elastic Scattering: Resolutiont-resolution (2-arm measurement)f-resolution (1-arm measurement)Test collinearity of particles in the 2 arms Background reduction.

Extrapolation of Elastic Cross-Section to t = 0Non-exponential ds/dt fitted to

Slope parameter

according to BSW Modelsee: KMRO EPJ(2001)313

EffectExtrapolation uncertaintyStatistics (10h @ 1028):107 events0.07 %Uncertain functional form of ds/dt0.5 %Beam energy uncertainty0.05 %0.1 %Beam / detector offset20 mm0.08 %Crossing angle0.2 mrad0.1 %Total0.53 %

Soft Diffraction (high b*): Acceptance~ 90 % of all diffractive protons are seen in the Roman Pots -assuming

x = Dp/p can be measured with a resolution of ~ 5 x 10-3 .A < 5 %A > 95 %85 - 95 %b* = 1540 m

Hard Diffraction (high b*): Acceptance

T1: 3.1 < h < 4.7T2: 5.3 < h < 6.5T1T210.5 m10.5 m~14 mCASTORExtension to Inelastic CoverageTo measure the colour singlet exchange, need to extend central detectorcoverage in the forward direction: h > 5.

Total pp Cross-SectionCurrent models predictions: 100-130mbAim of TOTEM: ~1% accuracyLHC:TEVATRONISRUA4UA5LHCCosmic RaysCOMPETE Collaboration fits:[PRL 89 201801 (2002)]

Measurement of totLuminosity-independent measurement of the total cross-section by using the Optical Theorem: Measure the elastic and inelastic rate with a precision better than 1%. Extrapolate the elastic cross-section to t = 0.

Or conversely:Extract luminosity:

Measurement of the Total Rate Nel + NinelExtrapolation of diffractive cross-section to large 1/M2 using ds/dM2 ~ 1/M2 .Total: 0.8 %

s [mb]T1/T2 double arm trigger loss [mb]T1/T2 single arm trigger loss [mb]Uncertainty after extrapolation [mb]Minimum bias580.30.060.06Single diffractive14-2.50.6Double diffractive72.80.30.1Double Pomeron1~ 0.2(using leading p and CMS)0.02Elastic Scattering30--0.15

Accuracy of stot Extrapolation to t = 0Total rate Nel + Ninelr = 0.12 0.02

Total Cross Section - TOTEMTOTEM

Elastic Scattering- TOTEMTOTEM

Running Scenarios+ Runs at b* = 0.5 m, L = (1033 1034) cm-2 s-1 foreseen as an extension to the TOTEM program.

Scenario(goal)1low |t| elastic,stot , min. bias2diffractive physics,large pT phenomena3intermediate |t|, hard diffraction4large |t| elastic

b* [m]15401540200 - 40018N of bunches431569362808Half crossing angle [mrad]00100 - 200160Transv. norm. emitt. [mm rad]113.753.753.75N of part. per bunch0.3 x 10110.6 x 10111.15 x 10111.15 x 10111.15 x 1011RMS beam size at IP [mm]454454880317 - 44895RMS beam diverg. [mrad]0.290.290.571.6 - 1.15.28Peak luminosity[cm-2 s-1]1.6 x 10282.4 x 1029(1 - 0.5) x 10313.6 x 1032

Exclusive Production by DPE: ExamplesAdvantage: Selection rules: JP = 0+, 2+, 4+; C = +1 reduced background, determination of quantum numbers.Good f resolution in TOTEM: determine parity: P = (-1)J+1 ds/df ~ 1 cos 2fNeed L ~ 1033 cm-2 s-1 for Higgs, i.e. a running scenario for b* = 0.5 m: try to modify optics for enhanced dispersion, try to move detectors closer to the beam, install additional Roman Pots in cold LHC region at a later stage.

ParticlesexclDecay channelBRRate at 2x1029 cm-2 s-1Rate at 1031 cm-2 s-1(no acceptance / analysis cuts)c0(3.4 GeV)3 mb [KMRS]g J/y g m+mp+ p K+ K6 x 10-40.0181.5 / h46 / h62 / h1900 / hb0(9.9 GeV)4 nb [KMRS]g U g m+m10-30.07 / d3 / dH(120 GeV) 3 fb (2.5fb)bb0.680.02 / y1 / y

Hard Diffraction: Leading Protons at Low b*CMSDispersion in horizontal plane (m)xOptical function in x and y (m)For a 2.5 mm offset of a 0.5 % proton, need dispersion 0.5 m. Proton taggers to be located at > 250 m from the IP (i.e. in a cryogenic section of the LHC). yDxhorizontal offset = Dx ( = momentum loss)

Dispersion suppressorMatching sectionSeparation dipolesFinal focus Potential locations for measuring the leading protons in pp p X p with MX ~ O(100 GeV).420 m220 mCMS(308/338m)Cryogenic (cold) region (with main dipole magnets)locations of currently planned TOTEM pots!!

The TOTEM Detector Layout y(mm)y(mm)y(mm)x(mm)x(mm)x(mm)Leading diffractive protons seen at different detector locations (b* = 0.5m)220m~300m420m~2-12mm~1,5-20mm~3,5-17mm

Exciting new physics potential in the process: pp p (JPC=0++) pppb-jetb-jethDhDhppppbb05-510-10--PPColour singlet exchange process with exclusive priviledges - JPC selection rule e+e- ILC type threshold scan for new physics!see: KMR EPJ(2002) Need to solve the L1 trigger issue at high luminosity (pile-up) conditions.

CD ExHuME (MH = 120 GeV)hHiggsdN/dhHiggs

Event Characteristics: ds/dt & xmindN/dtSN/dtdN/dxminSN/dxmin -t (GeV2)-t (GeV2)xminxminCD PHOJET (MH = 120 GeV)CD PHOJET (MH = 120 GeV) dN/dt exp(-10t) should detect ps down to x 10-3 -t < 1 GeV2x acceptance?

mindN/dminSdN/dminminCD ExHuME (MH = 120 GeV)0.0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010

Where do the b-jets go?hbmaxhbmaxdN/dhbmaxxpmin 0.002 The b-jets are confined within h 4. ExHuME generates more symmetric jet pairs.xpmax 0.02PHOJETPHOJETExHuMEExHuME

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0.000250.0040.0800.000250.01836734690.000918-3.60.02732450.0011800.02732372240.00118

0.00050.0170.1200.00050.00432172870.000612-3.40.033373200.0047200.033373270.00472

0.00100.0350.0600.00100.00209912540.001224-3.20.040762750.0177000.0407622040.0177

0.00150.0370.0390.00150.00198565910.001884-30.0497871300.0306800.04978706840.03068

0.00200.0360.0300.00200.00204081630.002449-2.80.0608102500.0590000.06081006260.059

0.00250.0330.0250.00250.00222634510.002939-2.60.0742743500.0826000.07427357820.0826

0.00300.0300.0210.00300.00244897960.003499-2.40.0907184250.1003000.09071795330.1003

0.00350.0280.0180.00350.00262390670.004082-2.20.1108034650.1097400.11080315840.10974

0.00400.0250.0150.00400.00293877550.0048981720

0.00450.0230.0110.00450.00326530610.006679

0.00500.0200.0100.00500.00367346940.0073470.0002363372

0.00550.0180.0090.00550.00408163270.008163

0.00600.0170.0090.00600.00432172870.0081630.13533528320.0008709091

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0.000250.0040.0800.000250.01836734690.000918-3.60.02732450.0011800.02732372240.00118

0.00050.0170.1200.00050.00432172870.000612-3.40.033373200.0047200.033373270.00472

0.00100.0350.0600.00100.00209912540.001224-3.20.040762750.0177000.0407622040.0177

0.00150.0370.0390.00150.00198565910.001884-30.0497871300.0306800.04978706840.03068

0.00200.0360.0300.00200.00204081630.002449-2.80.0608102500.0590000.06081006260.059

0.00250.0330.0250.00250.00222634510.002939-2.60.0742743500.0826000.07427357820.0826

0.00300.0300.0210.00300.00244897960.003499-2.40.0907184250.1003000.09071795330.1003

0.00350.0280.0180.00350.00262390670.004082-2.20.1108034650.1097400.11080315840.10974

0.00400.0250.0150.00400.00293877550.0048981720

0.00450.0230.0110.00450.00326530610.006679

0.00500.0200.0100.00500.00367346940.0073470.0002363372

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0.00600.0170.0090.00600.00432172870.0081630.13533528320.0008709091

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0.00700.0150.0070.00700.00489795920.010496

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0.00800.0140.0050.00800.00524781340.014694

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Leading protons: Hard CentralDiffractionUncertainties included in the study: Initial conditions at the interaction point

Conditions at detector locationPosition resolution of detector (x,y = 10 m) Resolution of beam position determination (x,y = 5 m)Off-sets at detector locations pp p + X + p simulated using PHOJET1.12& ExHuME Protons tracked through LHC6.2& 6.5 optics using MADTransverse vertex position (x,y = 11 m) Beam energy spread (E = 10-4)Beam divergence ( = 30 rad) J.Lamsa, T. Maki, R.Orava, K.Osterberg...

"420+220" calculation: either both protons are detected at 420m, or both protons are detected at 220m, or one proton is detected at 420 [220]m with the other one detected at 220 [420]m.ExHuME 420+220mPHOJET 420+215mExHuME 420mPHOJET 420mAcceptance: ExHuME vs. PHOJET60%22%38%12%420m+220m ExHuME420m ExHuME420m+220m PHOJET420m PHOJETHelsinki group: Jerry Lamsa et. al.

Resolution: ExHuME vs. PHOJETExHuME 420+220mExHuME 420mPHOJET 420mPHOJET 420+220m2.8%0.9%3.7%Helsinki group: J.Lamsa (parametrisations of the MAD simulation results of T. Mki by RO) 420m+220m ExHuME420m ExHuME420m+220m PHOJET420m PHOJETHelsinki group: Jerry Lamsa et. al.

veto counters 60m~ 140mQ1Q2Q3D1IP Rapidity Gap Veto Detector Lay-Outmagnification x vs. y: 7080cm80cm

Rapidity Gap Veto Acceptance SummaryTOTEM in combination with CMS represents an experiment with a unique coverage in rapidity collisions of extended sheets of QCD vacuum branes in collision??Helsinki group: Jerry Lamsa & ROVeto AcceptanceshAcceptancemicrostations at 19m?VetoRPsT2T1

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TOTEM Physics ScenariosProton

b* (m)rapiditygap L(cm-2s-1)jetinelasticactivityg,e,m,t L, D++,...elastic scatteringtotal cross sectionsoft diffractionhard diffraction1540 181540 1540 170 170 0.5low-x physicsexotics (DCC,...)DPE Higgs, SUSY,...central paircentral & fwdinelasticacceptance gap survival jetacceptance di-jet backgrb-tag, g,J/,... 1028 -1032 1029 -1031 1028 -1033 1031 -1033 1031 -1033TOTEM& CMSTOTEM& CMSTOTEM& CMS central& fwd jetsdi-leptonsjet-g,...mini-jetsresolved? p vs. pomultiplicityleptonsgs,...? jetanomalies?W, Z, J/,... L, K,,... 0.5 1031 -1033 1031 -1033 170 0.5 170 0.5mini-jets?beam halo?trigger