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Totalitarianism In the Soviet Union and Germany
Seeds of Totalitarianism In Russia
During the Russian Revolution of 1917, The Bolsheviks Claimed They Would Hold a Vote to legitimate their rule They did badly in this vote and just ignored it
Remember, Lenin believed that he knew the way forward for Russia
The Russian Civil War
Bolsheviks aka ‘the Red Army’ The Whites (Tsarists, aristocrats,
conservatives) Lenin’s Reds Fought Effectively
Dropped out of World War I Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Used Harsh Military tactics Trotsky
Elimination of the Romanov family
During the civil war, Lenin’s forces executed the tsar and his family. Why would they do this? No rallying point for the whites.
Rumors existed for a long time after that one of the tsar’s daughters survived. Anybody know her name? Anastasia
Lenin’s forces won the civil war. They renamed Russia the U.S.S.R. or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or Soviet Union
Lenin had engineered the first successful Marxist revolution in history. The problem is that he had little time to enjoy his victory because… He died of a stroke in 1922, only 5 years after the Revolution started
Instead, the task of running the Russian Revolution fell to… Joseph Stalin…
Flags of Communist Nations
The Treaty Of Brest-Litovsk
Communist Soviet Union/ U.S.S.R. (name change) Was Isolated as a Pariah
U.S. even sent troops to help the Whites Some historians have argued that this actually helped
the Reds…huh? Communism was seen as a terrible threat
Preached international revolution No private property
U.S.S.R. was not invited to the treaty negotiation at the end of the war (Treaty of Versailles)
Reds Won the Civil War What now?
Economy in Soviet Union was in shambles 4% of 1913 production This is related to Lenin’s ‘War Communism’ (know from the
book!)
Lenin instituted NEP New Economic Policy Allowed limited capitalism to rebuild Soviet economy Was a success Lenin knew he wasn’t ready to nationalize peasant land…
he had to wait until he was stronger
Post Civil War Leadership
•Why didn’t Lenin run the Soviet Union?
•Death of a stroke
•Who did Lenin say should replace him?
•Trotsky not Stalin
•Why Trotsky?
•Stalin was too ruthless
“A single death is tragic. A million deaths is a statistic.” Joseph Stalin
“The outstanding characteristic of Stalin’s personality was total ruthlessness.” historian.
Stalin is Ruthless!!!
Stalin’s son Yakov shot himself because of Stalin's harshness toward him, but survived. After this, Stalin said “He can't even shoot straight".
Yakov served in the Red Army during World War II and was captured by the Germans. They offered to exchange him for captured German Fieldmarshal Paulus Stalin turned the offer down, allegedly saying "A lieutenant is
not worth a general"; others credit him with saying "I have no son," to this offer, and Yakov is said to have committed suicide, running into an electric fence in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he was being held.”
Examples of Stalin’s Ruthlessness
Stalin’s Coup
He used his position as Communist Party General Secretary to make deals and apply pressure Also, his support of ‘one-country Communism
helped’ (make sure you know it from the book!) He eventually united enough people against
Trotsky that Trotsky, afraid for his life, fled the country
Just for the record- Trotsky spent the rest of his life traveling the world criticizing Stalin as a tyrant, until Stalin had him murdered by an assassin with an ice pick
Stalin Seized Total Power and Abandoned the N.E.P.
It might
be helpful
to think
of Stalin
as a
modern
day …
=
•Before Collectivization
•many Soviet peasants had gotten land in the years before WWI and especially during the Russian Revolution
•large landholders were known as Kulaks
•Stalin’s plan was to seize all land and have peasant farmers work on their farms collectively
•Agricultural produce would be ‘shared’
•After Collectivization
•Stalin eliminated Kulaks
•Killed or sent to prison
•Collectivization
•Everyone shared the work and produce of the farm together
•… where does any extra food actually go?
•To Stalin, which brings us to…
The Five Year Plans
•Stalin planned to use the extra food from Collectivization to pay hundreds of thousands of factory workers to literally build new factories from scratch.
•He demanded a certain increase in productivity in a set 5 Year period
•1st plan demanded a __________ increase in heavy industry
•Do we know what heavy industry is?
•If you are in charge of a factory and you don’t meet the demands?
“It is sometimes asked whether it is not possible to slow down the tempo somewhat, to put a check on the movement [the Five-Year Plans]. No, comrades, it is not possible!
One feature of the history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered because of her backwardness. She was beaten by the Mongol khans. She was beaten by the Turkish beys. She was beaten by the Swedish feudal lords. She was beaten by the Polish and Lithuanian gentry. She was beaten by the British and French capitalists. She was beaten by the Japanese barons. All beat her because of her backwardness, military backwardness, political backwardness, industrial backwardness, agricultural backwardness.
Such is the law of the exploiters-to beat the backward and the weak. It is the jungle law of capitalism. You are backward, you are weak-therefore you are wrong; hence, you can be beaten and enslaved.
If you do not want this you must put an end to its [Russia’s] backwardness in the shortest possible time… There is no other way.." We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or we shall be crushed.”
Was Stalin successful? Yes and No. THE GROWTH OF HEAVY INDUSTRY IN THE USSR
INDUSTRY UNIT 1932 1938 Coal millions of ton 64 132 Oil millions of tons 22 32 Pig Iron millions of tons 60 140 Steel millions of tons 6 18 Automobiles thousands 23 211 Tractors thousand 50 176 Machinery billions of rubles 18 33 Chemicals billions of rubles 2 6
T-28
T-34
By WWII, Russia had the best tanks in the world.
Collectivization Failed
No increase in agricultural production Peasants had almost no incentive to work hard
Ukrainian Peasants Challenged Collectivization By Refusing to Work
- remember… no matter how hard they work…
Stalin Sent the Red Army Into Ukraine
They took every scrap of food they could find
Then they pulled out and blocked all roads in and out
6-9 million starved to death…
•Why didn’t anyone complain about this to Stalin?•One person did… Stalin’s wife. •One night at dinner, Stalin got in a public argument with her over Ukraine•The next morning she was found shot to death
•Doctor’s ruled it a suicide
A Culture of Fear
•Purges
•Stalin killed 70% of the officers in the Soviet Army because he felt they were not loyal enough to him
•He killed millions of other Soviets who were a threat or not loyal enough
Soviet Totalitarian Culture
Positives Women’s rights
increase U.S.S.R. started to catch
up with European nations
Urban standard of living slowly rose
Socialist benefits Free medical care Full employment
Negatives Culture of fear No access to the truth
(propaganda and censorship) Rural life was harsh Gulags- political prisons Purges Unions were crushed Inability to cope with rapid
urbanization No political or religious
freedom (atheism) Secret police Constant fear
The Rise of Hitler
Stab-in-the-back Theory Failed attempt to seize power
Mein Kampf Great Depression
Nazi Vote Share Rises Hitler is elected in 1933
He has promised to rebuild Germany’s military and to defy the Treaty of Versailles
Somewhat paradoxically, fear of the spread of Communism is one of the reasons that Germans support Hitler and Italians support Mussolini Mussolini and Hitler promise NOT to collectivize land and nationalize
businesses They support capitalism and so win the support of the leading industrialists
The End of WWI- Germany in Shambles
Kaiser Fled at the End
Of WWI Interesting anecdote
about the Kaiser and
WWII
Weimar Republic established…it is weak
Too many partiesNo military to command respect
In debt because of Treaty of Versailles and blamed for thistreaty too…
Even fringe parties
Helped stab in the back theory supported by Hitler and other German nationalists
Germany was not fully invaded at the end of WWI…
Radicalization•Hitler’s first military assignment after the war was to spy on a small extremist party
•But Hitler found that he liked the parties’ views
•He ended up joining, and because he was a great speaker, he eventually rose to be its leader
•He changed its name to…
•National Socialist Party or the Nazi Party
•Swastika
Beer Hall Putsch Attempted to seize power by
force Failed- Hitler is jailed In the trial that followed,
Hitler’s speeches were covered in the media… he became a celebrity (his powerful speaking style!)
Wrote Mein Kampf in prison (‘my struggle’)
Bestseller… Hitler became famous
Great Depression Helped the Nazis
Hitler Promised…
•To put Germans back to work
•To crush the Treaty of Versailles (especially to re-arm)
•To regain German Honor
=
Great Depression Helped Nazis (cont.)
Don’t forget, Totalitarians can get things done!
Also, Hitler knew how to tap into German emotion. He promises to build a Third Reich that will last for 1000 years.
Reichs
Nazi’s Won a Enough Votes to Choose the Prime Minister of the Weimar Republic in 1933
There is much more to this story in the text
Chose Hitler Hitler Used a fire in the
Reichstag Fire to Eliminate German’s Natural Rights
Hitler Set Up a Totalitarian State
Hitler Youth
Purges
eliminated your own followers who are a threat
Propaganda and Censorship
SS and Gestapo
Women are ‘Baby Machines’
(10 kids story)
Began to Rearm Germany… This helped Unemployment.Can be done quickly because… ______________)? (might remind you of Stalin’s ______________)?
Hansen Name ________________AP Euro Totalitarianism in the Soviet Union and Germany
Part I. Seeds of Totalitarianism In Russia • During the Russian Revolution of 1917, The Bolsheviks Claimed
They Would Hold a ___________________________________– They did badly in this vote and _________________
• Remember, Lenin believed that _________________________ __________________________________
The Russian Civil War• Bolsheviks aka ____________________________ • The Whites (Tsarists, aristocrats, conservatives)• Lenin’s Reds Fought Effectively
– Dropped out of World War I • Treaty of ___________________________
– Used Harsh Military tactics• ______________________
– Elimination of the Romanov family Communist Soviet Union/ U.S.S.R. (name change) Was Isolated as a Pariah• U.S. even sent troops to help the Whites
– Some historians have argued that this actually helped the Reds…huh?
• Communism was seen as a terrible threat– Preached _________________________________– No private property
• U.S.S.R. was _________________ to the treaty negotiation at the end of the war (Treaty of Versailles)
Reds Won the Civil War• What now?
– Economy in Soviet Union was ___________________• _______________________________• This is related to Lenin’s ‘War Communism’ (know
from the book!) • Lenin instituted NEP
– __________________________________– Allowed ______________________________ Soviet
economy– Was a _____________________– Lenin knew he wasn’t ready to ____________________…
he had to wait until he was stronger
Post Civil War Leadership• Why didn’t Lenin run the Soviet Union?
– _____________________________• Who did Lenin say should replace him?
– _____________________________• Why Trotsky?
– _____________________________Examples of Stalin’s Ruthlessness • Stalin’s son Yakov shot himself because of Stalin's
harshness toward him, but survived. After this, Stalin said “_________________________________________".
• Yakov served in the Red Army during World War II and was captured by the Germans. They offered to exchange him for captured German Fieldmarshal Paulus
– Stalin turned the offer down, allegedly saying “______ ______________________"; others credit him with saying "I have no son," to this offer, and Yakov is said to have committed suicide, ____________________ _____________________in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, where he was being held.”
Stalin’s CoupHe used his position as Communist Party ___________________
to make deals and apply pressure– Also, his support of ‘__________________’ helped
(make sure you know it from the book!) • He eventually united enough people against Trotsky that
Trotsky, afraid for his life, ___________________________
Before Collectivization• many Soviet peasants had gotten land in the years before
WWI and especially during the Russian Revolution • large landholders were known __________________• Stalin’s plan was to seize all land and have peasant farmers
work on their __________________________– Agricultural produce ______________________
After Collectivization• Stalin eliminated Kulaks
– _________________________• Collectivization
– Everyone shared the work and produce of the farm together
– … where does any extra food actually go? – _______________________________________
The Five Year Plans • Stalin planned to use the extra food from Collectivization to pay
hundreds of thousands of _____________________ to literally build __________________________________.
• He demanded a certain increase in productivity in a set 5 Year period– 1st plan demanded a __________ increase in heavy industry
• Do we know what heavy industry is? _______________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
• If you are in charge of a factory and you don’t meet the demands?– _____________________________________
Collectivization Failed• ________________________________________________________• Peasants had almost no incentive to ____________________Stalin Sent the Red Army Into _________________• they took every scrap of food they could find• Then they pulled out and _________________________________• _______ million starved to death…A Culture of Fear• Purges• Stalin killed _______________________________________ because
he felt they were not loyal enough to him• He killed millions of other Soviets who were a threat or not loyal
enoughSoviet Totalitarian Culture• Positives
– _________________ rights increased– U.S.S.R. started to __________________________________– Urban standard of living slowly ______________– Socialist benefits
• _______________________• _______________________
• Negatives– Culture of _______________– No access to ________________ (propaganda and censorship) – ________________life was harsh – Gulags- ____________________– Purges – Unions were crushed– Inability to cope with rapid urbanization– No political or religious freedom (_______________!)– ______________________– Constant fear
Part II. The Rise of Hitler • Stab-in-the-back Theory - ________________________________• Failed attempt to seize power
– Mein Kampf• Great Depression
– Nazi Vote Share Rises • Hitler is elected in 1933
– He has promised to rebuild Germany’s military and to defy the Treaty of Versailles
• Somewhat paradoxically, __________________________________ is one of the reasons that Germans support Hitler and ___________ ______________________________________
– Mussolini and Hitler promise NOT to ___________________ ________________________________________________
– They support ________________ and so win the support of the leading industrialists
• The end of WWI – Germany in Shambles – Kaiser Fled. Problems?
• ______________________• ______________________• ______________________
• Germany was not fully invaded at the end of WWI – Helped
___________________________________________• Hitler’s Radicalization
– Hitler’s first military assignment after the war was to spy on a _____________________________
– But Hitler found that he __________________views– He ended up joining, and because he was a
______________, he eventually rose to be its leader – He changed its name to…
• ___________________Party or the Nazi Party• _______________
• Beer Hall Putsch story (retold- no more notes here) • Great Depression Helped Nazis (ditto)
– Don’t forget, Totalitarians can ____________________! – Also, Hitler knew how to tap into German ________. He
promises to build a _______that will last for __________. • Nazi’s Won a Enough Votes to Choose the Prime Minister of the
Weimar Republic in 1933– Chose Hitler – Hitler Used a fire in the _______________ to Eliminate German’s
_______________• Hitler’s Totalitarian State
– Hitler Youth – SS and Gestapo – Baby machines?