Topicality - Samford 2013

8/13/2019 Topicality - Samford 2013

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/topicality-samford-2013 1/45

Topicality File — Samford Debate Institute 2013 1

Topicality File — Samford Debate Institute 2013Economic Engagement Violations .............................................................................................. 3

T — Engagement is Quid Pro Quo (Shell) ................................................................................ 4

Economic engagement is Quid Pro Quo Extensions ............................................................... 5

AFF Answers — EE is not Quid Pro Quo ................................................................................. 6

1ar: Lifting the Embargo is Topical ....................................................................................... 8

T — Economic Engagement is not military, not diplomatic ..................................................... 9

Economic Engagement Isn’t Political Engagement .............................................................. 10

T — Economic Engagement is Positive Not Negative Incentives .......................................... 11

Engagement is Positive Incentives Extensions ...................................................................... 12

T — Engagement is a binding commitment ............................................................................ 13

Economic Engagement Includes Trade ................................................................................. 14

Economic Engagement Includes Foreign Aid ....................................................................... 15Economic Engagement Includes Investment by US companies ........................................... 16

Economic Engagement Can Be Non-Governmental ............................................................. 17

Economic Engagement AFF Cards for Mexico .................................................................... 18

Economic Engagement AFF Cards for Venezuela ................................................................ 20

Economic Engagement — AFF Cuba Cards ........................................................................... 21

Toward Violations ..................................................................................................................... 25

T — Toward Means Directly Toward Shell ............................................................................ 26

Toward Means Directly Toward ............................................................................................ 27AFF — Toward Means in the Direction of ............................................................................. 28

―Its‖ Violations .......................................................................................................................... 29

T —―Its‖ Shell ........................................................................................................................ 30

Its Means Belonging To ........................................................................................................ 31

―Or‖ Violations ......................................................................................................................... 32

T — Or is not and/or................................................................................................................ 33

Increase Violations .................................................................................................................... 34

T — Increase Means Net Increase Shell ................................................................................. 35Increase Means Net Increase Extensions ............................................................................... 36

Increase — AFF Definitions.................................................................................................... 37

Substantially Violations ............................................................................................................ 38

T — Substantially Without Material Qualification ................................................................. 39

AFF--Substantially Definitions ............................................................................................. 40






Economic Engagement Violations




T — Engagement is Quid Pro Quo (Shell)

A) Neg. Interp: Economic engagement is designed to change the behavior of the

target state.

Miles Kahler & Scott Kastner, (Prof., International Relations, U. California at SanDiego/Prof., Government, U. Maryland), JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, Sept.2006, 524.

Economic engagement – a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary inorder to change the behavior of the target state and improve bilateral political relations – is asubject of growing interest in international relations. Most research on economic statecraftemphasizes coercive policies such as economic sanctions. This emphasis on negative forms ofeconomic statecraft is not without justification: the use of economic sanctions is widespread andwell documented, and several quantitative studies have shown that adversarial relations betweencountries tend to correspond to reduced, rather than enhanced, levels of trade. At the same time,however, relatively little is known about how often strategies of economic engagement aredeployed.

B) Violation: The plan doesn‘t require a response from the target country.

C) Standards

1) Fair limits:Allowing for the affirmative to provide economic aid to the country opens up the topic toinvestments in all kinds of commodities or tiny sub-groups. Only requiring the affirmative torequire a response from the target country preserves a fair limit on the topic.

2) Disad and Counterplan ground:Core disad and counterplan ground comes from the conditions the plan is required to make.

D) Voting Issue: Fairness & Education




Economic engagement is Quid Pro Quo Extensions

Economic engagement is defined as a policy to shape the behavior of the target state.Richard Haas, (Dir., Foreign Policy Studies, Brookings Institution), SURVIVAL,SUMMER 2000, 114.

Certainly it does not preclude the simultaneous use of other foreign policy instruments such assanctions or military force; in practice, there is often considerable overlap of strategies, particularly when the termination or lifting of sanctions is used as a positive inducement. The

distinguishing feature of American engagement strategies is their reliance on the extension or

provision of incentives to shape the behavior of countries with which the U.S. has important

disagreements.

Economic engagement tries to change the behavior of the target state.Arda Celik , (Prof., International Studies, Uppsala U.), ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND

ENGAGEMENT POLICIES, 2011, 11.Economic engagement policies are strategic integration behavior which involves with the target

state. Engagement policies differ from other tools in Economic Diplomacy. They target to deepen the economic

relations to create economic intersection, interconnectedness, and mutual dependence and finally seeks economic

interdependence. This interdependence serves the sender state to change the political behavior of the

target state.

The goal of economic engagement is to change the behavior of the target state.Arda Celik , (Prof., International Studies, Uppsala U.), ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ANDENGAGEMENT POLICIES, 2011, 11. Kahler and Kastner define the engagement policies asfollows: ―It is a policy of deliberately expanding economic ties with an adversary in order to

change the behavior of the target state and improve bilateral relations.‖ It is an intentional

economic strategy that expects bigger benefits such as long term economic gains and, moreimportantly, political gains.




AFF Answers — EE is not Quid Pro Quo

1) Counter-interpretation — economic incentives are the removal of penalties

like embargoes.

Richard Haass, (President, Council on Foreign Relations & Former Dir., Foreign Policy Studies,Brookings Institution), HONEY AND VINEGAR: INCENTIVES, SANCTIONS, ANDFOREIGN POLICY, 2000, 5.

Architects of engagement strategies have a wide variety of incentives from which to choose. Economic engagement might offer

tangible incentives such as export credits, investment insurance or promotion, access to technology, loans, and economic aid. Other

equally useful economic incentives involve the removal of penalties, whether they be trade

embargoes, investment bans, or high tariffs that have impeded economic relations between the United States and the target country. In

addition, facilitated entry into the global economic arena and the institutions that govern it rank among the most potent incentives in today’sglobal market.

2) They limit out core AFF‘s on the topic— we lift the Cuban embargo — they

should have plenty of ground.3) Economic engagement does not always require concessions in return.

Miroslav Nincik , (Prof., Political Science University of California, Davis), THE LOGIC OFPOSITIVE ENGAGEMENT, 2011, g 112-113.The military-economic nexus provides a reason for thinking that interests directly connected to the regime and to dynamic segments of the

Cuban economy might benefit from economic engagement with the United States. Not at the price of

immediately abandoning the political system of which they are the product, but as being willing to make the required economic adjustments,

along with the initially limited political changes, whose cumulative long-term implications are very desirable. This is not likely to

result from explicit quid pro quos but from what the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations has

termed "sequenced engagement." The idea is to make each U.S. step contingent on opportunities

for catalysis, rather than on explicit counterconcessions.

4) Destroys AFF ground — allows for the counterplan to do the plan without the

condition every debate.

5) Engagement can be conditional or unconditional.Richard Haas, (Dir., Foreign Policy Studies, Brookings Institution), SURVIVAL, SUMMER2000, 114.Many different types of engagement strategies exist, depending on who is engaged, the kind of incentives employed, and

the sorts of objectives pursued. Engagement may be conditional when it entails a negotiated series of exchanges, such as where the

U.S. extends positive inducements for changes undertaken by the target country. Or engagement may be unconditional if it

offers modifications in U.S. policy towards a country without the explicit expectation that a

reciprocal act will follow. Generally, conditional engagement is geared towards a government; unconditional engagement works with

a country’s civil society or private actor in the hope of promoting forces that will eventually facilitate cooperation.




6) Reasonability: Good is Good Enough on Topicality.

7) No in-round abuse — they need to prove in round abuse to win on T.

8) Engagement does not require an explicit quid pro quoMiles Kahler & Scott Kastner, (Prof., International Relations, U. California at San Diego/Prof.,Government, U. Maryland), JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, Sept. 2006, 525.Unconditional engagement strategies are more passive than conditional variants in that they donot include a specific quid pro quo. Rather, countries deploy economic links with an adversary inthe hopes that economic interdependence itself will, over time, change the target’s foreign policy behavior and yield a reduced threat of military conflict.




1ar: Lifting the Embargo is Topical

Lifting the embargo engages Cuba.David Bernell, (Prof., Political Science, Oregon State U.), CONSTRUCTING U.S.FOREIGN POLICY: THE CURIOUS CASE OF CUBA, 2011, 147.

My own expectation is the president will at some point make a move to end the embargo and

possibly normalize relations with Cuba, but he will argue that US goals have not changed. He will argue that the US seeks

democratization, freedom, and market capitalism, but that the best way to achieve these objectives in Cuba is

through active engagement with Cuba , via government contacts, commerce and tourism. Not only has

the president acknowledged US policy toward Cuba to be a failure, but with each passing year, it becomes increasingly clear that the Cubanrevolution will be able to outlast not only the rule of Fidel and Raul Castro, but also the fifty-plus years of American efforts to fatally undermineit.

Lifting the embargo is engagement.Lana Wylie, (Ph.D. Dissertation, Political Science, U. Massachusetts), PERCEPTIONSOF CUBA: CANADIAN AND AMERICAN POLICIES IN COMPARATIVE

PERSPECTIVE, 2010, 103.In the last decade there has also been a movement in Washington to lift the embargo . The Cuba

Policy Foundation, founded in 2001 by some key powerbrokers, made a concerted attempt in the first few years of

the twenty-first century to press for engagement. Similarly, both the House of Representatives and the Senate formed

Cuba working groups for the explicit purpose of critically examining American policy towards Cuba. The Senate group, formed in March 2003,announced in its first public statement that it would look at the right of Americans to travel to Cuba and the capacity of the island nation to serveas a market for American products.

Ending the embargo economically engages Cuba.Miroslav Nincic, (Prof., Political Science, U. California at Davis), THE LOGIC OFPOSITIVE ENGAGEMENT, 2011, 110.

Ultimately, the impact of positive incentives will depend on the evolution of Cuban politics. Thebiggest incentive the United States can offer is to dismantle its economic embargo . If legal obstacles

to economic engagement were removed , meaningful commercial and investment links could be

expected to follow the natural course of material interests. A number of state-to-state agreements,in areas such as migration and counter-narcotics, could be expected.

Removing sanctions is engaging Cuba.Craig Foreese, (Attorney, Hughes, Hubbard & Reed, Washington, D.C.), YALE HUMANRIGHTS AND DEVELOPMENT LAW JOURNAL, 2002, 6-7.

The vision of "constructive engagement" as a form of subversion through economic development

has been enunciated most succinctly by the U.S. anti-sanctions lobby group USA*Engage. In its paper, Economic

Engagement Promotes Freedom, the organization urged that "market-oriented economic development causes social changes that impedeauthoritarian rule." The key proxies of social change are said to include "widespread education, the opening of society to the outside world, andthe development of an independent middle class." An emerging middle class, fueled by economic growth, "does not depend on the state foreconomic advancement, and thus is far more free to challenge political control. A government faced with this change must seek the support of themiddle class and must respond to middle class demands for greater political freedom, the rule of law, and the elimination of corruption." Contactwith the outside world, meanwhile, is said to expand "the flow of information. The internet, television, books, newspapers, copying machines,foreign magazines, all the various forms of popular entertainment and intellectual thought begin to flow, spreading ideas like democracy, humanrights, and the rule of law." USA*Engage further asserts that "American businesses and agricultural concerns transplant American values andculture to the host country."






Economic Engagement Isn‘t Political Engagement

Economic engagement isn‘t political engagement. Kenneth Juster, (Former U.S. Undersecretary of Commerce),HONEY AND VINEGAR:INCENTIVES, SANCTIONS, AND FOREIGN POLICY, 2000, 62.While moral indignation may underlie a policy of sanctions, other factors within the sanctioning country and among its friends and allies, such ascommercial interests, people-to-people relationships, humanitarian concerns, and even historical ties, may eventually push policy in the direction

of some form of engagement, especially economic engagement – which often is less visible publicly, and thus less

contentious, than full-blown political engagement.




T — Economic Engagement is Positive Not Negative Incentives

A) Neg. Interp

Economic engagement is the use of positive economic incentives.Richard Haas, (Dir., Foreign Policy Studies, Brookings Institution), SURVIVAL, SUMMER2000, 113-114. The term ―engagement‖ was popularized in the early 1980s amid controversy about

the Reagan administration‘s policy of ―constructive engagement‖ towards South Africa. However,the term itself remains a source of confusion. Except in the few instances where the U.S. hassought to isolate a regime or country, America arguably ―engages‖ states and actors all the timesimply by interacting with them. To be a meaningful subject of analysis, the term ―engagement‖

must refer to something more specific than a policy of ―non-isolation.‖ As used in this article,

―engagement‖ refers to a foreign policy strategy which depends to a significant degree on positive

incentives to achieve its objectives.

B) Violation: Economic engagement is the use of positive economic carrots rather

than negative economic sticks.Michael Mastanduno, (Prof., Government, Dartmouth College), ECONOMICINTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT, July 2010, 175.Under what circumstances does the cultivation of economic ties, that is, the fostering ofeconomic interdependence as a conscious state strategy, lead to important and predictablechanges in the foreign policy behavior of a target state? Students of economic statecraft refer to

this strategy variously as economic engagement, economic inducement, economic diplomacy,

positive sanctions, positive economic linkage, or the use of economic ―carrots‖ instead of sticks.Critics of the strategy call it economic appeasement.

C) Standards

1) Field Context: Haas and Mastanduno are professors of foreign policy — giving

them more credibility on a foreign policy topic.

2) Limits: They double the size of the topic — making us have to be prepared to

debate both positive and negative economic incentives.

D) Voting Issue: Fairness & Ground.




Engagement is Positive Incentives Extensions

Economic engagement cannot threaten a country with economic loss.Miles Kahler & Scott Kastner, (Prof., International Relations, U. California at San Diego/Prof.,Government, U. Maryland), JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, Sept. 2006, 524.Scholars have usefully distinguished between two types of economic engagement: conditional

policies that require an explicit quid pro quo on the part of the target country and policies that are

unconditional. Conditional policies, sometimes labeled linkage or economic ‗carrots‘, are the

inverse of economic sanctions. Instead of threatening a target country with economic loss (sanction)in the absence of policy change, conditional engagement policies promise increased economic

benefits in return for desired policy change.

Economic engagement is the opposite of isolation.Michael Mastanduno, (Prof., Government, Dartmouth College), ECONOMICINTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT, July 2010, 175-176.For at least a decade, the Washington policy community has been debating seriously whether

economic engagement toward Cuba would serve U.S. interests more effectively than the

economic-isolation strategy that has been carried out by nine presidents across more than forty

years.

Economic engagement is distinct from sanctions.Miles Kahler & Scott Kastner, (Prof., International Relations, U. California at San Diego/Prof.,Government, U. Maryland), JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH, Sept. 2006, 523.

While the determinants and effectiveness of economic sanctions have been the subject of a

substantial and growing literature in international relations, much less attention has been given to

economic engagement strategies, where a country deliberately expands economic ties with anadversary to change the target’s behavior.

Economic engagement is distinct from punitive policies.Richard Haas, (Dir., Foreign Policy Studies, Brookings Institution), SURVIVAL, SUMMER2000, 114. Today‘s rapidly growing globalizing world, no longer beset by Cold War competitions,

creates new possibilities for engagement as a foreign policy option. In particular, the growing

recognition of the drawbacks of punitive policies in this new environment has spurred a search for

alternative strategies.




T — Engagement is a binding commitment

A) Neg Interp: Engagement is a binding commitment.Sandra Anderson, (Editor), COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY UNABRIDGED, 2006, 543.Engagement: A promise, obligation, or other condition that binds.

B) Violation: The plan doesn‘t create a binding commitment.

C) Standards

1) Limits: thousands of individual development projects exist — a binding

commitment is the key distinguishing feature between economic activity and

economic engagement.

2) Fair ground: the AFF explodes the topic to one shot plans for individual projects.

D. TOPICALITY IS A VOTING ISSUE: Fairness & Ground




Economic Engagement Includes Trade

Economic engagement includes assistance, trade and investment:

John Delury, (Prof., International Relations, Yonsei U., Seoul), AMERICAN FOREIGNPOLICY INTERESTS, Apr. 26, 2012, 71-72.Economic engagement includes state-backed assistance, market-based provincial trade, and long-

term strategic investment. Assistance includes technical assistance, knowledge sharing and human

capacity building – in effect, educating North Korean counterparts on the China model of markettransition and authoritarian capitalism.

Economic engagement includes trade, finance, transportation, and

telecommunications.Bureau of Economic, Energy, and Business Affairs, U.S. Department of State, WHAT IS TOTALECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT?, Jan. 17, 2009. Retrieved Jan. 9, 2013 from http://2001-2009.state.gov/e/eeb/92986.htm.

Total Economic Engagement seeks to integrate and coordinate all U.S. economic instruments andprograms into our regional and country strategies. The Bureau of Economic, Energy and BusinessAffairs’ (EEB) broad cross-section of economic disciplines, interagency contacts, and expertise in

such areas as trade, finance, energy, development, transportation, and telecommunications help

ensure this coordination.

Engagement includes trade.Bureau of Economic, Energy, and Business Affairs, U.S. Department of State, WHAT IS TOTALECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT?, Jan. 17, 2009. Retrieved Jan. 9, 2013 from http://2001-2009.state.gov/e/eeb/92986.htm.An accurate accounting of a nation‘s total engagement must include economic policies as well as,

trade, remittances, and foreign direct investment. In these areas, the U.S. leads the world in totaleconomic engagement with the developing world. The private donations of American citizens,military emergency aid and peacekeeping and government assistance provide the primarysources for development financing.




Economic Engagement Includes Foreign Aid

Foreign aid is economic engagement.Bureau of Economic, Energy, and Business Affairs , U.S. Department of State, WHAT IS TOTAL ECONOMIC

ENGAGEMENT?, Jan. 17, 2009. Retrieved Jan. 9, 2013 from http://2001-2009.state.gov/e/eeb/92986.htm. Our goal, therefore, must be the

creation of the right conditions for individual economic growth and success. We must cultivate conditions for private sector growth, investment

and trade. This cannot be accomplished through Official Development Assistance (ODA) funds alone. Foreign assistance mustsupport a developing country‘s own effort to improve their economic climate. Total economic

engagement is putting all of the players to the same plow.

Foreign aid is economic engagement.Helen Milner, (Prof., Politics, Princeton U.), INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION, Winter2011, 58. Even though aid is a smaller part of the U.S. economy than trade, aid is often seen as an

important means of economic engagement with the world economy.

Foreign aid is economic engagement.Carol Adelman, (Dir., Center for Science in Public Policy), AMERICA’S TOTAL ECONOMICENGAGEMENT WITH THE DEVELOPING WORLD, June 28, 2005, 1.The following table, using the latest official government figures as well, shows total U.S. economic

engagement with developing countries. This engagement includes our government foreign aid or

ODA, our private assistance or philanthropy, and our private capital flows or private investment

overseas.






Economic Engagement Can Be Non-Governmental

Economic engagement includes policy from international lending institutions

Andrew Rose & Mark Spiegel, (Prof., International Relations, U. California at Berkeley/VicePresident, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco), NON-ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT ANDINTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE, Feb. 2007, 1.We examine the role of non-economic partnerships in promoting international economic exchange.

Since far-sighted countries are more willing to join costly international partnerships such as

environmental treaties, environmental engagement tends to encourage international lending.

Economic engagement can be non-governmental.Richard Haas, (Dir., Foreign Policy Studies, Brookings Institution), SURVIVAL, SUMMER2000, 115.While these areas of engagement are likely to involve working with state institutions , cultural or

civil society engagement entails building people-to-people contacts. Funding non-governmental

organizations , facilitating the flow of remittances and promoting the exchange of students, tourists

and other non-governmental people between countries are just some of the possible incentives used

in this form of engagement.

Economic engagement can be non-governmental.L. Kathleen Roberts, (J.D. Candidate), BERKELEY JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW,2003, 638. In sum, when President Bush took office, mechanisms for human rights diplomacy were

already in motion. The U.S. government was engaged in a multi-pronged strategy of multilateral,

bilateral, and unilateral engagement with a variety of state and non-state actors to promote human

rights goals.




Economic Engagement AFF Cards for Mexico

Border security can be economic engagement with Mexico.Bill Richardson, (Former Governor, New Mexico), RICHARDSON ON IMMIGRATION, Mar.

31, 20 06 . Retrieved Jan. 18, 2013 fromhttp://wa4richardson.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html. It is critical that we deploy a sufficient number of border agents and utilize the most advanced

technology to ensure maximum border protection. But real immigration reform will only beachieved with a truly holistic approach. First, it must lead to greater engagement with Mexico to

jointly combat human smuggling and create new employment opportunities on both sides of the

border. Second, it must give those who are now in the U.S. illegally a path to legalization basedon employment, fulfillment of all tax obligations, and a criminal background check.

Border security can be economic engagement with Mexico.Christian Bourge, (UPI Correspondent), EXPERTS DEBATE U.S.-MEXICO IMMIGRATION,AUG. 8, 2002. Retrieved Jan. 18, 2013 fromhttp://www.upi.com/Top_News/2002/08/08/Experts-debate-US-Mexico-immigration/UPI-13621028781971/. Leiken and other policy experts believe that proposals to liberalize U.S. policy toward illegal Mexican immigrants are the wrong tactic given

current security risks. But some critics of current U.S. policy believe that although security problems exist, it

is only through open engagement with Mexico the country that the U.S. government can reduce thesecurity threat. "Mexican immigrants are not a direct threat to homeland security," said Leiken. "The real problem is that a large illegal

population creates an active market for illegal documents." Leiken and others say that because of this and other side effects of the large pool ofillegals, the focus of U.S. immigration policy should be on improving Mexico's control of immigration, not liberalizing the U.S. response.

NAFTA is engagement with Mexico.Kenneth Franzblau, (Counsel, Bipartisan U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform),IMMIGRATION’S IMPACT ON U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY AND FOREIGN POLICY,

Oct. 1997, 21.NAFTA created a number of institutional arrangements that have breathed new life into

established consultation groups. Both sides of the joint Border Liaison Mechanism have taken steps to reduce smuggling of

immigrants. The bilateral engagement with Mexico on migration issues that began before NAFTA has

increased since its passage.

The Merida initative is engagement with Mexico

Mariko Silver, (U.S. Undersecretary of Homeland Security for International Affairs),ASSESSING THE MERIDA INITIATIVE, Oct. 4, 2011. Retrieved Jan. 18, 2013 fromhttp://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20Silver.pdf.

The Mérida Initiative marked a change in the nature and extent of collaboration with Mexico on security and law enforcement issues.

As part of this shift, it led to a significant reframing and reorganization of much of our bilateral

engagement with Mexico. The Mérida Initiative is now framed around four pillars: (1) Disrupting Organized Criminal Groups; (2)

Institutionalizing Reforms to Sustain Rule of Law and Respect for Human Rights; (3) Creating a 21st Century Border; and (4) Building Strongand Resilient Communities. These four pillars guide much of the overall U.S.-Mexico interaction. DHS is engaged, to various degrees, in all fourof the Mérida Initiative Pillars.

Trade with Mexico is engagement

Michael Camunez, (U.S. Assistant Secretary of Commerce), DOING BUSINESS WITHMEXICO, Aug. 21, 2012. Retrieved Jan. 18, 2013 fromhttp://trade.gov/press/speeches/2012/camunez-082112.asp.

http://wa4richardson.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html

http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2002/08/08/Experts-debate-US-Mexico-immigration/UPI-13621028781971/


http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20Silver.pdf

http://trade.gov/press/speeches/2012/camunez-082112.asp

http://trade.gov/press/speeches/2012/camunez-082112.asp

http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/Testimony%20Silver.pdf



http://wa4richardson.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archive.html




I wanted to begin by framing our trade policy agenda, because in truth our engagement with Mexico exemplifies one of

the most productive and fruitful trade relationships in the world. As our neighbor and ally, Mexico

occupies a place of particular significance among our key partners.

Visa processing with Mexico is economic engagement.U.S. Embassy in Mexico, CORPORATE ELIGIBILITY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE

BUSINESS FACILITATION PROGRAM, Jan. 7, 2013. Retrieved Jan. 18, 2013 fromhttp://mexico.usembassy.gov/press-releases/the-us-mission-in-mexico-increases-corporate-eligibility-to-participate-in-its-business-facilitation-program.html.

The United States Embassy is pleased to announce the expansion of its Business Facilitation Program (BFP) that allows access to

expedited visa processing for employees of qualifying firms traveling to the U.S. on company

business. The BFP will provide time-saving benefits for businesses whose employees need to travel to the U.S., and highlights the

United States‘ commitment to deepening trade and economic engagement with Mexico.

http://mexico.usembassy.gov/press-releases/the-us-mission-in-mexico-increases-corporate-eligibility-to-participate-in-its-business-facilitation-program.html







Economic Engagement AFF Cards for Venezuela

Engagement with Venezuela can mean stopping support to the opposition.Jesse Jackson, (U.S. Civil Rights Activist), PETITION TO RESPECT THEDEMOCRATIC ELECTORAL PROCESS IN VENEZUELA, Nov. 2006. Retrieved Jan.18, 2013 from http://caracasconnect.blogspot.com/2006/11/petition-to-respect-democratic.html.

This December, Venezuelans will once again participate in the process of choosing their president through democratic elections. When the

outcome is confirmed by Venezuelan authorities and the international community, it is our duty as Americans to respect the results. We call

for a new policy of engagement with Venezuela. It is long past time to abandon the Cold War

framework that has portrayed Venezuela as an "enemy," and has in the process alienated most of our neighbors to the

South. This new policy would respect the democratic process in Venezuela and put an end to U.S.

funding of opposition political groups -- a practice which is illegal in the United States. As Americans who cherish the right of

people to make their voice heard through free and fair elections, we call on our government to respect those noble principles in Venezuela, andnot deny the voters of Venezuela the same right to democracy that we uphold for ourselves.

Engagement with Venezuela can mean supporting the opposition.Pat Dollard, (Documentary Filmmaker), CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEEPRESSURES OBAMA TO SUPPORT CHAVEZ OPPOSITION, Oct. 11, 2010.Retrieved Jan. 18, 2013 from http://patdollard.com/2010/10/congressional-committe- pressures-obama-to-support-chavez-opposition/.

The Democratic chairman and the ranking Republican on the House Foreign Affairs Western Hemisphere subcommittee believe that the

Obama administration should focus engagement with Venezuela on reaching out to the revitalized

opposition movement to President Hugo Chavez.

http://caracasconnect.blogspot.com/2006/11/petition-to-respect-democratic.html


http://patdollard.com/2010/10/congressional-committe-pressures-obama-to-support-chavez-opposition/













Economically, the case for cooperation is even clearer. Despite the trade embargo, there is some

engagement. Cuba continues to rely on U.S. agriculture. Since 2002, we have been Cuba's largest

supplier of food and agricultural products, with Cuba purchasing more than $3.2 billion in products since 2001. This

agricultural reliance is in jeopardy, which puts American farmers at risk. In 2008, U.S. food imports to Cuba totaled $712 million, declined to$533 million last year and are declining this year. Cuba, having witnessed strong economic growth in the early 2000s at 11 percent and 13

percent, is now struggling to make ends meet, slipping below 2 percent growth in 2009.




Opening up travel to Cuba is a means of economic engagement.Patrick Doherty, (Deputy Dir., National Security Studies Program), WASHINGTON NOTE, Apr. 13, 2009. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2013 fromhttp://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2009/04/us_military_lea/.

It is a clear cut case. During the Cold War, the U.S. encouraged Americans to travel to the Soviet

bloc resulting in more information, more contact, and more freedom for captive peoples, andultimately the end of the Berlin Wall and the Cold War itself. This idea of engagement underlies

our current policies toward Iran, Syria and North Korea all much graver concerns to the UnitedStates - where Americans are currently free to travel. By sending our best ambassadors--the

American people--to engage their Cuban neighbors, we have a much better chance of influencing

the eventual course of Cuban affairs. Broader economic engagement with the island through

additional commercial and people-to-people contacts will in time promote a more pluralist and

open society. And, by actually striking down an element of the embargo, that signal will be sentto the government in Havana.

http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2009/04/us_military_lea/

http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2009/04/us_military_lea/




Toward Violations




T — Toward Means Directly Toward Shell

A) Neg Interp: Toward means in relation to.Frederick Mish, (Editor), MERRIAM WEBSTER’S COLLEGE DICTIONARY, 1998, 1248.Toward: In relation to.

B) Violation:The plan is not in relation to one of the topic countries.

C) Standards:

1) Bright line: If the plan is directly toward it is topical — if it is indirectly toward a

nation it is non-topical.

2) Fair ground: The aff team explodes the topic to domestic and international policy

changes that don‘t directly deal with the topic countries.

D) Voting Issue: Fairness & Education.






AFF — Toward Means in the Direction of

Toward means in the direction of.Frederick Mish, (Editor), MERRIAM WEBSTER’S COLLEGE DICTIONARY, 1998, 1248.Toward: In the direction of.

Toward means in the direction facing.Ian Brookes, (Editor), THE CHAMBERS DICTIONARY, 2006, 1620. Toward: In the direction

facing one.

Toward means in the vicinity of.Sandra Anderson, (Editor), COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY UNABRIDGED, 2006, 1703.Toward: In the direction or vicinity of.

Toward means to move, look, or face in the direction of Stephen Bullon, (Editor), LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH,2005, 1758. Toward: Used to say that someone or something moves, looks, faces, etc. in the

direction of someone or something.






T —―Its‖ Shell

A) Neg Interp:

―Its‖ is the possessive form—―its economic engagement‖ is referring to investmentby the federal government of the United States.Carol-June Cassidy, (Managing Editor), CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY OF AMERICANENGLISH, 2nd Ed., 2008, 464. Its: Belonging to or connected with the thing or animal mentioned;

the possessive form of it.

B) Violation: The plan deals with an entity other than the US federal

government.

C) Standards:

1) Fair limits: Private and international agencies explode the topic.

2) Disad and Counterplan ground: Can‘t link disads to non-USFG action, we

also can‘t have counterplans compete with non-USFG agents.

D) Voting Issue: Fairness & Education






―Or‖ Violations




T — Or is not and/or

A) Neg Interp:

―Or‖ requires the affirmative to choose which country in the resolution they wish toincrease economic engagement toward.

World English Dictionary, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2013 fromhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/or?s=tor 1 (ɔː, ( unstressed ) ə) [Click for IPA pronunciation guide] — conj 1. used to join

alternatives: apples or pears ; apples or pears or cheese ; apples, pears, or cheese

B) Violation: The plan goes to more than one of the topic countries.

C) Standards

1) Fair limits: they explode the topic to allow actions with more than onenation.

2) Precision: Or is fundamentally different than and/or.

D) Voting Issue: Fairness & Education.




Increase Violations




T — Increase Means Net Increase Shell

A) Neg Interp: ―Increase‖ means a net increase in economic engagement not an

improvement or a trade-off with existing programs.

WORDS AND PHRASES CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENTARY PAMPHLET, Vol. 20A,07, 309.Increase: Term ―increase‖ as used in statute giving the Energy Commission modification jurisdiction over any alteration, replacement, or improvement of equipment that results in―increase‖ of 50 megawatts or more in electric generating capacity of existing thermal power plant, refers to ―net increase‖ in power plant‘s total generating capacity in deciding whether therehas been the requisite 50-megawatt increase as a result of new units being incorporated into the plant. Department of Water & Power v. Energy Resources Conservation & Development Com.,3 Cal.Rptr.2d 289, 2 Cal.App.4th 206.

B) Violation: The plan trades-off with economic engagement —it doesn‘t increase it.

C) Standards:

1) Division of ground: they get out of spending disads related to increase.

2) Bright Line: It is clear to determine the kinds of cases that are topical and non-

topical.

D) Topicality is a voter: Fairness & Education




Increase Means Net Increase Extensions

An increase must be a net increase.WORDS AND PHRASES CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENTARY PAMPHLET, Vol. 20A, 07, 76.Increase: Within insurance company‘s superintendent‘s employment contract, ―increase‖ meant

net increase in premiums generated by agent calculated by subtracting ―lapses‖ or premiums loston policies previously issued. Lanier v. Trans-World Life Ins. Co., 258 So.2d 103.






Substantially Violations




T — Substantially Without Material Qualification

A) Neg Interp:

Substantially means ―without qualification‖DON BLEWETT, 1976 (Chairperson California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board,Young v. Laura Scudder’s Pet, Inc. January 29, 1976. www.cuiab.ca.gov/precedent/pb181.doc.) "Substantially. Essentially; without material qualification; in the main; in substance; materially;in a substantial manner. Kirkpatrick v. Journal Pub. Co., 210 Ala. 10, 97 So. 58, 59; Gibson v.Glos, 271 I11. 368, I11 N.E. 123, 124; McEwen v. New York Life Ins. Co., 23 Cal. App. 694,139 P. 242, 243. About, actually, competently, and essentially. Gilmore v. Red Top Cab Co. ofWashington, 171 Wash. 346, 17 P. 2d 886, 887."

B) Violation: The plan creates a condition on economic engagement.

C) Standards:

1) Provides a clear meaning to the word substantially: The AFF. quantitative

interpretation makes substantially meaningless, as percentage based

definitions exist for almost any amount.

2) Fair ground: Thousands of cases exist to increase economic engagement, but

being unconditional gives us ground.

D) Topicality is a voting issue: Fairness & Education.






Mexico — Substantially definition

The US exports and imports hundreds of billions of dollars from Mexico every year. U.S. Department of State, U.S.-MEXICO: TRADE AND INVESTMENT AT A GLANCE,2010. Retrieved May 20, 2013 from www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/05/142020.htmMuch of the U.S. trade with Mexico is in intermediate inputs, which are used to finish U.S. products. The deep integration of theU.S. and Mexican economies has resulted in a cross-border production system that enhances the

competitiveness of both countries. To put this in perspective, Mexico and the U.S. do as much

business in just over a month as Mexico does with all 27 countries of the European Union combined

in a year. ¶ In 2009, U.S. goods exports to Mexico were $129 billion and U.S. goods imports from

Mexico were $177 billion. ¶ Since NAFTA implementation in 1994, U.S. exports to Mexico have nearly tripled and Mexican exports to

the United States have more than quadrupled. ¶ Roughly 80% of Mexico’s total global exports of $230 billion go to the U.S. ¶ More than half ofMexico’s total global imports of $234 billion come from the U.S. and are valued at $129 billion dollars. ¶ In 2009, the U.S. provided up to 80% ofall inputs for Mexico’s maquiladora manufacturing and assembly firms, and 90% of all exports from Mexico’s maquiladoras returned to the U.S.,translating to over $114 billion in bilateral trade. ¶ Nearly 80% of Mexico’s agricultural imports come from the U.S. with an annual growth rate ofalmost 9% per year since the beginning of NAFTA. ¶ The U.S. is the largest foreign investor in Mexico, accounting for over 50% of all reportedforeign direct investment.




Framework Shell

A) Neg Interp:

1. The federal government is the central government in Washington D.C.Elizabeth Jewell. (Editor), OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY, 2007, 620. Federal: Of.

relating to. or denoting the central government as distinguished from the separate units

constituting a federation.

2. Should is an obligation to act.American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 1992 _(4ed); pg. 1612 Usage Note Like the rules governing the use of

shall and will on which they are based, the traditional rules governing the use of should and would are largely ignored in modern American practice. Either should or would can now be used in the first person to express conditional futurity: If I had known that, I would (or somewhatmore formally, should) have answered differently. But in the second and third persons only would is used: If he had known that, he would (not

should) have answered differently. Would cannot always be substituted for should, however. Should is used in all three persons in a conditional

clause if I (or you or he) should decide to go. Should is also used in all three persons to express duty or obligation

(the equivalent of ought to): I (or you or he) should go. On the other hand, would is used to express volition or promise: / agreed that I would doit. Either would or should is possible as an auxiliary with like, be inclined, be glad, prefer, and related verbs: I would (or should) like to call yourattention to an oversight. Here would was acceptable on all levels to a large majority of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey and is more commonin American usage than should. Should have is sometimes incorrectly written should of by writers who have mistaken the source of the spokencontraction should 've. See Usage Notes at if, rather, shall.

3. Resolved means fixed in purpose or intention.Collins English Dictionary, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2013 fromhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolved?s=t — n resolved (r ɪˈz ɒlvd) — adj fixed in purpose or intention; determined

B) Violation: The AFF doesn‘t defend topical action by the US federal

government.

C) Standards:

1) There must be meaningful agreement to basic terms in order for debate to take

place — this is critical to create protest and resistance movements.Ruth Lessl Shively, (Assistant Prof Political Science – Texas A&M), POLITICAL THEORYAND PARTISAN POLITICS, 2000, 181-182.The requirements given thus far are primarily negative. The ambiguists must say ―no‖ to— they must reject and limit — some

ideas and actions. In what follows, we will also find that they must say ―yes‖ to some things. In particular, they must say ―yes‖ to the

idea of rational persuasion. This means, first that they must recognize the role of agreement in political contest, or the basic accord that isnecessary to discord. The mistake the abmiguists make here is a common one. The mistake is in thinking that agreement marks the end ofcontest — that consensus kills debate. But this is true only if the agreement is perfect — if there is nothing at all left to question or contest. In mostcases, however, our agreements are highly imperfect. We agree on some matters but not on others, on generalities but not on specifics, on

principles but not on their applications, and so on. And this kind of limited agreement is the starting condition of contest and debate. As JohnCourtney Murray writes: We hold certain truths; therefore we can argue about them. It seems to have been one of the corruptions of intelligence

by positivism to assume that argument ends when agreement is reached. In a basic sense, the reverse is true. There can be no argument except on

the premise, and within a context, of agreement. (Murray 1960, 10) In other words, we cannot argue about something if we




are not communicating: if we cannot agree on the topic and terms of argument or if we have

utterly different ideas about what counts as evidence or good argument. At the very least, we must

agree about what it is that is being debated before we can debate it. For instance, one cannot have

an argument about euthanasia with someone who thinks euthanasia is a musical group. One cannot

successfully stage a sit-in if one’s target audience simply thinks everyone is resting or if those doing the sitting have no complaints. Nor can one

demonstrate resistance to a policy if no one knows that it is a policy. In other words, contest is meaningless if there is a lack of

agreement or communication about what is being contested. Resisters, demonstrators, anddebaters must have some shared ideas about the subject and/or the terms of their disagreements.

The participants and the target of a sit-in must share an understanding of the complaint at hand.And a demonstrator’s audience must know what is being resisted. In short, the contesting of an idea presumes some agreement about what that

idea is and how one might go about intelligibly contesting it. In other words, contestation rests on some basic agreement or

harmony.

2) Predictable ground is different than some ground. Predictable ground comes

from the resolution — the fact that there may be arguments against the affirmative

does not mean we have adequately researched all those ideas to compete fairly.

3. They put the cart before the horse. Fairness must precede education because

without fairness you cannot determine whether or not their advocacy is productive.The only way to know that is if the negative has the ability to predictably research

answers to their advocacy.

D) Topicality is a voting issue: Fairness & Education.






Substantial means important or worthwhile

Christine Lindberg, (Managing Editor), OXFORD COLLEGE DICTIONARY, 2nd Ed., 07,1369. (NY: Sparks Publishing) Substantial: Important in material or social terms

Documents

Topicality - Samford 2013