ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS –CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR

Class 8 English Worksheet-3

TOPIC-MODALS

Definition:-

Modals or modal auxiliaries are verbs which are used before ordinary verbs to express

permission,possibility,ability,obligation,suggestion,request,promise,wish,dare,duty

and so on. They indicate the attitude, intention, and mood of the speaker.

Words used as modals are shall, should, will, would, can, could, be able to, may,

might, ought to and must.

WILL (Negative: will not/won’t) -is used

-to express Simple Future when the subject is second or third person(you, he, she, it,

they)

1. You will die to hunger.

2. The Chief Minister will lay the foundation stone tomorrow.

-to express willingness, intention, determination, promise,, when the subject is first

person(I, we)

1. I will write to you again. (promise )

2. I will help you. ( willingness /intention)

3. He will fight to the finish.(determination)

-to express a characteristics habit, assumption, invitation or request and insistence.

1. A dog will usually obey his master.(characteristic habit)

2. He will be there by now. (assumption)

3. Will you come with me?(request)

4. She will not listen to the doctor’s advice.(insistence)

SHALL (Negative :shall not/shan’t) -is used

-to express Simple Future when the subject is first person (I, we)

1. We shall learn this lesson tomorrow.

2. I shall help you.

NOTE: Will is never used with the first person in the Interrogative Sentence

-to ask for advice, suggestion, request, etc. when the subject is first person(I, we) in the

interrogative.

1. Shall I bring a cup of tea for you?(request)

2. Shall I open a window? (advice)

3. Shall we meet tomorrow? (suggestion)

-to express threat, command, warning, promise, determination, assurance, etc. when the

subject is second or third person.(you, she, he, they, etc)

1. You shall do it. (command)

2. He shall be punished if he repeats his mistake.(threat)

3. They shall defend their honour. (determination)

4. She shall have a reward. (promise / assurance)

WOULD (Negative: would not/wouldn’t) - is used

-to express (past) habit(s).

1. He would rise early in the morning and go for a walk.

-to express a polite request.

1.Would you open the door please?

-to express an imaginary condition.

1. I would buy a car if I win a lottery.

-to express a wish ,preference.

1. I wish you would come with us.

2. I would rather drink coffee than tea.

SHOULD (Negative: should not/shouldn’t) -is used

-to express obligation/duty, advisability, desirability.

1. We should obey our parents.(duty)

2. You should not be late.(obligation/desirability)

3. You should work more often.(advisability)

NOTE:when in doubt, use ‘will’

MAY (Negative: may not/mayn’t) -is used

-to express possibility

1. It may rain today.

-to express permission

1. May I come in ,Sir?

-to express wish ,faith or hope

1. May God bless you !

-to express a purpose

1. He is working hard so that he may win a scholarship.

MIGHT (Negative: might not/mightn’t) -is used

-to express less possibility

1. It might rain today.

-to express guess

1. That might be the postman.

CAN (Negative: cannot/can’t) -is used

-to express permission

1. Can I go there?

-to express possibility

1. Anyone can make mistakes?

-to express ability or capacity

1. He can keep awake the whole night.

COULD (Negative: could not/couldn’t) -is used

-to express ability ,capacity in past.

1. He could swim very well when he was younger.

-to express a polite request.

1. Could you wait for sometime?

-to express possibility under certain conditions.

1. If we had money, we could buy a car.

MUST (Negative: must not/ mustn’t) -is used -to express obligation or duty

1. Soldiers must obey the obligations of their officers.

2. We must not tell lies.

-to express necessity, compulsion or prohibition

1. I must go now.

2. He must obey my orders.

-to express emphatic advice or determination

1. You must see a doctor at once.

2. We must not leave before we finish the work.

HAVE TO (Negative: don’t have to) -is used

-to give advice or to recommend something.

1. You simply have to have a break.

NEED (Negative: need not/needn’t) -is used

-to show absence of necessity or compulsion in the negative and interrogative sentences.

1. You need not pay the bill.

2. Need I speak to him?

OUGHT (Negative: ought not to/oughtn’t to) - is used - to give advice

1. You ought to practise for more than two hours.

-to express the subject’s obligation or duty

1. We ought to love our neighbours.

2.We ought not to deceive anyone.

DARE (Negative: dare not/daren’t) -is used

-in the negative and interrogative sentences.

1. I dare not to go to my father.

2. How dare you talk like this?

USED TO (Negative: used not to/didn’t use to) -is used -to express past habit

1. I used to go for a walk every morning.

-to express the existence of something in the past

1. There used to be a garden in this place long ago.

FINAL RECAPITULATION

Fill in the blanks with correct option:-

1. ----------you have a successful career! (may/might/will)

2. I ----------dance well in my childhood. (could/can/will)

3. -----------you make a cup of tea please. (will/can/could)

4. You ---------talk in the library. (mustn’t/could not/have to)

5. He --------- win a gold medal because he had practised weight lifting with

dedication. (could/might/would)

6. You ---------take the medicine twice daily.(shall/should/may)

7. -------- you play the piano? (can/must/should)

8. He --------look after his parents.(moral duty) (could/shall/ought to)

9. You --------- help your friend in need.(will/shall/must)

10. We -------- eat more vegetables and fruits.(shall/should/would)

11. -------- I use your telephone?(very polite) (can/may/could)

12. Sir, ------ I come in?(formal) (may/can/could)

13. It ------ rain tomorrow.(might/could/shall)

14. During spring ,one ----- see butterflies in the park.(can/should/have to)

15. Mother,-------- you buy a watch for me, please? (could/should/shall)

The answer key of Worksheet-3 will be attached with worksheet -4

Class 8 Hindi Worksheet-3

Class 8 Punjabi Worksheet-3 (for Chandigarh & Panchkula Branches)

Class 8 Punjabi Worksheet-1 (for Mohali & Zirakpur Branches)

Class 8 Sanskrit Worksheet-1 (for Panchkula Branch Only)

Class 8 S.St. Worksheet-3 (HISTORY/CIVICS)

Lesson 1 – Towards The Modern Period

Part – 2 (Summary)

The term ‘modern Period’ refers to relatively recent times. This period came to be

characterized by changes such as the expansion of trade, industrialization, swift transport

and communication, widespread literacy, democratic political systems based on ideas like

liberty and equality, and large – scale migration of people in search of new occupations.

These changes began in Europe around fifteenth century AD and were ushered by events

such as the Renaissance , voyages of discovery and the Industrial Revolution.

Protestant Reformation Movement: The Roman Catholic Church,led by the pope, had

exercised unquestioned authority over the rulers and the people of the Western Europe.

The Pope maintained his own army,waged wars,collected taxes from the land owned by

the Church and laid down norms and traditions that were binding on all Christians. The

Church had accumulated a lot of money by charging people in various forms. These

included the tithe, or one tenth of the income of every Christian. Moreover, it was a

common practice for Christians to confess their sins before a priest. The Church used to

issue letters of pardon, called indulgences, which promised remission from punishments

for sins. The rich avoided doing penance by buying indulgences. In fact, Pope Leo X

raised enough money through the sale of indulgences to build the St Peter’s

Basilica(church) in Rome.The protestant Reformation Movement split Christianity into

Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, and independent Protestant Churches in

different European Kingdoms.

ROLE OF MARTIN LUTHER: The Church came under criticism and a movement for

its reformation began- known as the Protestant Reformation Movement, it began in 1517

under a leadership of a German priest called Martin Luther . He challenged the wrong

practices of the Church and attacked the sale of indulgences in his Ninety-five Theses.

VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY : The invention of the mariner’s compass, astrolabe and

quadrant, improvements in shipbuilding and cartography(map making), and the use of

gunpowder enabled explorers like Christopher, Colombus, Vasco da Gama, Magellan and

others to discover new routes to the West and East. Lands unknown to Europeans were

discovered, leading to tremendous expansion in trade. Merchants brought in enormous

wealth for their countries. Trading Companies such as the East India Company were set

up. This ultimately led to the colonization of large portions of Asia and Africa.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION : In the eighteenth century, mechanization

leading to large – scale production of goods brought in the Industrial Revolution. It was

characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and increased demand

for manufactured goods. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain due to several

factors such as improvements in agriculture leading to surplus production of food and

hence, higher incomes and increase in population; availability of mineral resources ,

technological chamges, improved transportation system and the establishment of

colonies, which served as suppliers and consumers. By the end of the eighteenth century

wealthy merchants set up factories , where they installed new machinery, bought raw

materials and employed workers on fixed wages to make machine- made goods. Thus,

industries came into being where goods were manufactured in factories. The rapid

development of industry in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, brought

about by the introduction of machinery is known as the Industrial Revolution.

The need for new sources of raw materials and for markets for finished goods, followed

by the need to invest surplus capital , made European nations establish political and

economic control over the colonies. Thus started imperialism, or the policy of

colonization.

RISE OF IMPERIALISM : By the middle of the eighteenth century various European

trading companies had carved out ‘colonies’ in Asia, Africa and the Americas. The policy

or practice of a country extending its power by acquiring territories(colonies) is called

imperialism. Imperialism generally involved the exploitation of the colonies for the

benefit of the mother country. The natural resources of the colonies were brought to the

mother countries and finished products were sent back to be sold.

Worksheet – 3 [Exercise]

A) Short answers:

1) What were indulgences?

2) Who was Martin Luther?

3) Why did the period from the fifteenth century to the eighteenth century come to be

known as the Age of Discovery?

4) What was Industrial Revolution?

5) What do you understand by imperialism?

B) Long answers:

1) What were the different sources of income of the Roman Catholic Church in the

fidteenth and the sisteenth centuries? Explain with special references to indulgences.

2) Mention two factors that made sea voyages possible and gave support to explorers.

What were the consequences of the discovery of lands which were unknown to European

earlier?

3) What were the causes of the Industrial Revolution? What were the changes that

followed it?

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Class 8 Science Worksheet-3 (Biology)

Chapter- transport of food and minerals in plants.

Transportation is a process in which a substance absorbed or produced in one part is

taken to other parts. Thus, there are mainly two types of conduction processes in plants:

1. One that carries water and minerals from roots to other parts.

2. One that carries food prepared in leaves to other parts.

Absorption of water by roots

Plants can absorb water along with minerals and salts through their well

developed root systems, other then absorption of water roots also help in:-

1. Anchorage of plant to the soil.

2. Site of storage of food and other nutrients.

Water is an important component for a plant. It plays a significant role

in:

a) Carrying out various life processes such as photosynthesis and

transpiration.

b) Absorbing minerals from the soil.

Roots are covered by a single-celled layer called epidermis. The epidermal cells have

finger-like tubular outgrowth known as root hairs that aid in increasing the surface area

for absorption of water. These cells have a semipermeable plasma membrane. Plasma

membrane has tiny pores that allow only selected materials and water molecules to pass

through.

The entire process of absorption of water by roots and its transportation to leaves

involves the following processes

1. Osmosis – It is defined as the movement of water across

semipermeable membrane from a region of its high concentration

to a region of its low concentration

2. Diffusion:- it is the process of movement of molecules from a

region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

3. Active transport:- it is defined as the transport of substances

across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient. It

requires input of energy and does not take place impulsively.

Conducting tissue

In plants the conducting tissues are of two types. They are xylem and phloem. The xylem

carries water and nutrient minerals from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries food

from leaves to various parts of the plants.

Work sheet

1. What are the main functions of root?

2. What is the significance of water in plants?

3. What is transportation?

4. What are twp conduction processes in plants?

5. Define: Osmosis, Diffusion and active transport.

6. Name two conducting tissues of plants and also write their functions.

Class 8 Maths Worksheet-3

(EXPONENTS AND POWERS)

INTRODUCTION:

Any non-zero number written in the form 3n is called to be in its exponential form

where 3 is called as the base of the number and ‘n’ is called its exponent or power.

LAWS OF EXPONENTS: If a, b are two non-zero rational numbers and m, n are

any integers then:

(i) am × an = am + n

(ii) am ÷ an = am – n

(iii) (am)n = amn

(iv) (ab)m = am × bm

(v) (b

a)

m = a

m ÷ b

m

(vi) a0 = 1

(vii) am = ma 1

or a-m

= ma

1

(viii) am = an m = n

(ix) (-1)n = -1 if n is odd and (-1)n = 1 if n is even

EXAMPLES:

1. Evaluate :

(i) 23 = 2 × 2× 2 = 8

(ii) (-4)3 = (-4) × (-4) × (-4) = -64

2. Simplify and write in exponential form:

(i) (-3)-4 × (-3)-5 = (-3)-4 + (-5) = (-3)-9 = 93

1

(ii) (54)3 × 5-2 × 70 = 512 × 5-2 × 1 = 512 + (- 2) = 510

SOME PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. Evaluate (i) 3-4 (ii) (3

2 )-5

(iii) (-4)2

2. Simplify (-2)3 × (-2)7

3. Simplify (7

5 )-2 × (7

5 )4 ÷ (7

5 )3

4. Simplify [ (2)-1 + (4)-1 + (3)-1 ]-1

5. Evaluate 30 + 40 + 50

6. Evaluate [(4

1 )-2 + (3

1 )-2 ] ÷ (5

1 )-2

7. Simplify [(7)0 + (4)2 - (2)3] × (3)-2

8. Simplify and write in exponential form:

(i) 53 × (

5

4 )3

(ii) (-7)2 × (

7

1

)-9 ÷ (-7)10

9. Simplify (8

5 )-7

× (5

8 )-5

10. Find the value of: [ (-1)0 + 4-1 ] × 22

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Class 8 Computer Worksheet-2

I. ABBREVIATIONS

1 FTP File Transport Protocol

2 HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

3 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

4 WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get

5 VGA Video Graphics Array

6 Yahoo Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle

7 PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

8 CGI Common Gateway Interface

9 CSS Cascading Style sheet

10 XML Extensible Markup Language

11 JCL Job Control Language

12 CUI Character User Interface

13 RTOS Real Time Operating System

14 GUI Graphical User Interface

15 CLI Command Line Interface

II. I.T. PERSONALITIES

1 Dennis Ritchie He created the C programming language

2 Brian Kernighan contributed to the development of Unix, He is also coauthor of the

AWK and AMPL programming languages.

3 Bjarne Stroustrup Developed C++ programming language

4 Niklaus Wirth Developed PASCAL programming language

5 James Gosling Father of the Java programming language

6 Larry Wall Developed Perl programming language in 1987

7 Guido van Rossum Author of the Python programming language

8 Philippe Kahn Creating the first camera phone sharing pictures instantly on public

networks.

9 Larry Ellison Co-founder and chief executive of Oracle Corporation

10 Larry Page and Sergey Brin Co-founder of Google

III. SHORT-CUT KEYS

1 Ctrl+Shift+% Percent format

2 Ctrl+Shift+^ Exponential format

3 Ctrl+Shift+& Place outline border around selected cells

4 Ctrl+Shift+_ Remove outline border

5 Ctrl+Shift+* Select current region

6 Ctrl+Shift+( Unhide rows

7 Ctrl+Shift+) Unhide columns

8 Ctrl+Tab In a workbook: activate next workbook

9 Shift+Ctrl+Tab In a workbook: activate previous workbook

10 Alt or F10 Activate the menu

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS ON THE BASIS OF TABLES GIVEN ABOVE.

A. Write the developer/inventor against the name of the invention.

i) Father of JAVA programming language: ___________

ii) Author of Python programming language : __________

iii) Co founder of Google : ____________

iv) Developer of PASCAL programming language : _________________

v) Co-founder of Oracle Corporation : ___________________

B. STATE TRUE OF FALSE:-

i) PPP stands for Power point presentation.

ii) JCL is abbreviation for Job Control Language.

iii) Full form for CSS is Computer Spread Sheet.

iv) VGA is Video Graphics Array.

v) RTOS means Real Time Operating System.

C. Multiple Choice Questions.

i) To Place outline border around selected cells

a) Ctrl+Shift+A b) Ctrl+Shift+& c)Ctrl+Shift+#

ii) To Activate the menu

a) F7 b)F5 c)F10

iii) To unhide the rows

a) Ctrl+Shift+( b)Ctrl+Alt+( ) c)Ctrl+Alt+(

iv) To In a workbook: activate next workbook.

a) Ctrl+Tab b)Ctrl+Spacebar c)Ctrl+Backspace

v) To apply percent format.

a) Ctrl+shift b)Ctrl+Alt+% c) Ctrl+Shift+%

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Answer Key of Previous Worksheet

Answer Key of English Worksheet-2

Nouns and pronouns

Exercise 1

a. crowd b. shoes c. gloves d. people e. scissors

f. alms g. iron h. juice cans I. fish j. advice

Exercise 2.

a. man b. people c. Church d. plant e. everything f. drawings

Exercise 3

a. milk b. Swarm c. army d. intelligence e. boys

f. music g. park h. gold I. tolerance j. sincerity

Exercise 4

a. Jim and Joe- they b. The soup- It c. Karl- he d. Sam and Rik –They

e. Gianna –she f. Louis –he g. Lisa and I –we h. Karlie - he

I. The presentation- It j. Mark and Joe- They

Exercise 5.

a. his or her b. I c. anyone, I d. him e. me

f. his g. its h. everyone I. I j. me

Answer Key of Punjabi (for Chandigarh & Panchkula Branches) Worksheets

Worksheet-1

ਅਸ ਼ੁੱਧ- ਸ ਼ੁੱਧ ਸਬਦ ਾਂ ਦ ਲ ਼ੁੱਖਤ ਅਲਿਆਸ ਕਰੋ।

_______________________________

Worksheet-2

ਅਸ ਼ੁੱਧ - ਸ ਼ੁੱਧ ਸਬਦ ਾਂ ਦ ਲ ਼ੁੱਖਤ ਅਲਿਆਸ ਕਰ।ੋ

ਉੱਤਰ- ੧ - ਕਹਸ ੨- ਲਹਸ ੩- ਹਸ ੪- ਸਾਇਤਾ ੫- ਸ਼ਹਸਰ ੬- ਵਧਾਈ _____________________________

Answer Key of Maths Worksheet-2

1. 25/6, 13/3, 9/2, 14/3, 29/6

2. -5/14, -2/7, -3/14, -1/7, -1/14, 0, 1/14

3. -61/90, -31/45, -7/10, -32/45, -13/18, -11/15, -67/90, -34/45, -23/30, -7/9

4. 85/28, 43/14, 87/28, 22/7, 89/28, 45/14

5. -19/35, -18/35, -17/35, -16/35, -3/7, -2/5, -13/35, -12/35, -11/35, -2/7, -9/35

6. 105/286, 53/143, 107/286

Answer Key of Science Worksheet-3 (Chemistry)

Ans 4.) Nitrogen Symbol –N2 Atomicity-2

Ozone Symbol - O3 Atomicity-3

Hydrogen Symbol - H2 Atomicity-2

Chlorine Symbol - Cl2 Atomicity-2

Ans 5)

Answer Key of Hindi Worksheet-1

Answer Key of Hindi Worksheet-2

Answer Key of S.St. Worksheet-2 (Geography)

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BRIEFLY

Quest 1: Explain two factors in detail which effect distribution of population.

Ans: (Any TWO)

1. SOILS: Fertile plains have high density of population because plains form the base for high

agricultural productivity. Example: Ganga -Brahmaputra delta.

2. CLIMATE: Areas having very high temperature or very low temperature are unfit for

habitation or living for human population. Rainfall is the key factor here areas having good

rainfall are densely populated.

Quest 2: Define the term density of population.

Ans: Number of people living per unit of land is called density of population or Population

density refers to the number of the people living in a unit area of space, such as square kilometre.

Quest 3 : Name some areas of high density of population.

Ans: Monsoon Asia, Europe and Eastern part of U.S.A. On the other hand Plains such as Ganga

and Brahmaputra in India, Nile in Egypt are densely populated.

Quest 4 : Name some regions of the world with low density of population

Ans: (Hot Deserts-Sahara, Atacama.)

(Cold Deserts-like parts of Canada, Greenland, Antarctica, Gobi)

Amazon Basin of South America and Congo Basin of Africa.

Quest 5: Name a country and a continent with maximum population in the world

Ans: COUNTRY- CHINA, CONTINENT – ASIA.

Answer Key of Computer Worksheet-1

Multiple choice questions:

1. (b) Merge and center

2. (d) F12

3. (c) formula

4. (b) CTRL + A

5. (d) Undo

6. (b) auto fill

7. (c) paste

8. (d) 16384

9. (c) =

10. (a) cell

Answer keys for True or False:

1.True 2.True 3.True 4.True 5. False

Answer Key of this worksheet will be given with the next one.