Topic 1 Topic 1

Introduction toIntroduction toComputer Graphics Computer Graphics

& animation& animation

Contents Introduction to Graphics and Animation.

History & Background of Graphics and Animation.

Applications of Computer Graphics and Animation.

What is Computer Graphics? Computer graphics is commonly understood t

o mean the creation, storage and manipulation of models and images. (Andries van Dam)

Computer graphic is concerned with all aspects of producing pictures or images usin

g a computer. the pictorial synthesis or real or imaginary obje

cts from their computer based model.

What is animation?

• Animation is the production of consecutive images, which, when displayed one after the other, convey a feeling of motion.

• Moving diagrams or cartoons that are made up of a sequence of images displayed one after the other.

• Animation - motion of object.• To animate = to give life to!

Computer GraphicsComputer Graphics

Synthesis of graphical imagesVisualization :

creating an image from an abstract, symbolic description.

Generation of Synthesis Image using graphical primitives data from real world phenomena

What is graphic?Refers to any computer device or program

that makes a computer capable of displaying and manipulating pictures. The term also refers to the images themselves. laser printers and plotters are graphics devices

because they permit the computer to output pictures.

A graphics monitor is a display monitor that can display pictures.

A graphics card is a printed circuit board that, when installed in a computer, permits the computer to display pictures.

What is Interactive Computer Graphics? User controls contents, structure, and app

earance of objects and their displayed imag es via rapid visual feedback.

Basic components of an interactive graphi cs system:

input (e.g., mouse, tablet and stylus, force feedb ack device,scanner…)

processing (and storage) - display/output (e.g., screen, paper based printe

r, video recorder…)

Why Computer Graphics?Humans communicate well with images

1/3 of your brain is devoted to visual processing

A picture is worth a few hundred megabytes

Why Computer Graphics?Developing Computational Capability

RenderingRendering: synthesizing realistic-looking, useful, or interesting images

AnimationAnimation: creating visual impression of motion

Image processingImage processing: analyzing, transforming, displaying images efficiently

Why Computer Graphics?Better Understanding of Data, Objects,

Processes through VisualizationVisual summarization, description,

manipulation

Virtual environments (VR), visual monitoring, interactivity

Human-computer intelligent interaction (HCII): training, tutoring, analysis, control systems

Why Computer Graphics? advances in the last decade due mostly to th

e microchip -software advances, especially in object orie

- nted programming and real time rendering algorithms

Hardware advances continue to benefit graphics: faster inexpensive microprocessors and dedicate

d graphics chips - screen technology: High definition television (H

DTV), colour LCD virtual reality interfaces

Types of Computer graphicsBitmapBitmap

Also known as rasterraster images.Made up of pixels in a grid. Pixels are picture elements; tiny dots of

individual color that come together to form the images you see.

Each element is in specific location of : width height colour brightness

Each element is stored in memory as bit.

A Bitmap Image--shown zoomed in with the original size in the upper right corner. Notice the individual pixels that make up the image.

Types of Computer graphicsKey Points About Bitmap Images: • pixels in a grid • resolution dependent • resizing reduces quality • easily converted • restricted to rectangle • minimal support for transparency

Common bitmap formats include: • BMP • GIF • JPEG, JPG • PNG • PICT (Macintosh) • PCX • TIFF

Types of Computer graphicsVectorVectorVector images are made up of many

individual, scalable objects. Defined by mathematical equations. Objects may consist of lines, curves,

and shapes with editable attributes such as color, fill, and outline.

Changing the attributes of a vector object does not effect the object itself.

increase and decrease the size of vector images to any degree and your lines will remain crisp and sharp, both on screen and in print.

Vector and Bitmap Differences--vector images are not confined to a rectangular shape.

Types of Computer graphicsKey Points About Vector Images • scalable • resolution independent • no background • cartoon-like • inappropriate for photo-realistic images • metafiles contain both raster and vector data

Common vector formats include: • AI (Adobe Illustrator) • CDR (CorelDRAW) • CMX (Corel Exchange) • CGM Computer Graphics Metafile • DXF AutoCAD • WMF Windows Metafile

Fonts are a type of vector object

Difference Between2D & 3D Graphics

• 2D Graphic– 2D Graphic has 2 dimensions: length

and breadth. – Example: drawings, paintings,prints,

photographs, are two-dimensional. They are flat surfaces.

• 3D Graphic– 3D Graphic has 3 dimensions: length,

breadth and depth. – Example: sculpture and pottery are

three-dimensional; they take up real space.

Styles and techniques of animation

• Traditional animation – Character animation– Limited animation– Rotoscoping ("painting on

movies" )• Computer animation

– skeletal animation– Per-vertex animation– Cel-shaded animation– Onion skinning– Analog computer animation– Motion capture– Tradigital animation

• Stop-motion animation – Cutout animation– claymation– Pixilation– Pinscreen animation– Puppetoon

• Drawn on film animation• Special effects animation

Brief History of Computer GraphicsT eletype printouts were first graphical output devices.Light pens were an early input device. CAD applications began in the 1960's. Plotters also a 19 - 60's development: high resolution, bu

t slow, main bottlenecks of computer graphics back then cost of graphics hardware expense of computer resources batch systems weren't suitable for interactive graphic

s - non portability of hardware and software a new field: technology was primitive

Brief History of Computer Graphics 1950 MIT’s Whirlwind computer had compute

1r generated CRTs mid 950s SAGE command a

nd control 1960s Ivan Suther

- land’s thesis Sketchpad introduced data structur

es and interactive techniques http://www.computer.org/history/development/1951.htm

Brief History of Computer Graphics 1960s GM (G eneral Motor) - developed CAD (

Computer Aided Design) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing )

1968 Tektronix storage tubes 1970s Boeing CAD CAM

Brief History of Computer Graphics 1970Mid s engineering workstations

and personal computers emerged separately

1980s new algorithms and techniques new standards ever more powerful system transition from specialized field

wwwwwwwwww www1990

low cost, but powerful personal workstationsnetworks essential part of systems now part of multimedia

Brief History of Computer Graphics - At first progress was slow because

wwww ww wwwwww www w ww wwww wwwwwwwwww w wwwwww

significant computing resources needed difficulty in writing software ( harder than it

looks) lack of standard and thus portability lack of software tools

Brief History of Computer Graphics - Now previous use

cost of equipment is low. Most computer have necessary computing

resources for graphics established standards, implementations an

d tools still difficulty in writing software ( still harde

r than it looks)

Some of Historical Picture• First truly interactive graphics system, Sketchpad, pioneered at MIT by Ivan Sutherland for his 1963 Ph.D. thesis. Sketchpad, A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System.

• Note the use of a CRT monitor, light pen and function-key panel.

Some of Historical Picture

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/VonNeumann.html http://www.man.ac.uk/Science_Engineering/CHSTM/nahc.htm

Mark IJohn VonNeuman

Brief History of animation

• Before Disney’s era:– Egyptian wall decoration– Leonardo da Vinci drew limbs

in different positions– The Japanese used scrolls

to tell continuous stories– Giotto’s angels seem to flight

in thier perspective motions

*

* http://wwwviz.tamu.edu/courses/viza615/97spring/pjames/history/main.html

Brief History of animation

• In 1826 discovered a fundamental principle of the human eye: the persistence of vision

• Frenchman Paul Roget the thaumatrope• In 1828 Joseph Plateau the phenakistoscope• In 1860 Pierre Desvignes inserted a strip of

paper containing drawings on the inside of a drumlike cylinder. *

* http://www-viz.tamu.edu/courses/viza615/97spring/pjames/history/main.html http://www.mhsgent.ugent.be/engl-plat5.html

Brief History of animation– In 1906, after motion camera was

developed, Stuart Blackton createdfirst short film ”Humourous Phasesof Funny Faces”

– In 1910, John Bray, cell animation– 1914 the first fully

animated cartoon ”Gertie the Dinosaur”by Winsor McCay

– In 1919 First strongscreen personalityFelix the Cat by OttoMessmer’s.

*

* http://www.vegalleries.com/gerthistory.html http://www.felixthecat.com/history.html

Brief History of animation• 1950s

– Was developed not for artistic work.– Related for manufacturing, flight simulators.

• 1960s– The early years of computer graphics

technology.– Artists and designers used to create images.– CADAM(Computer-aided design and

manufacturing) was used to make the design process more effectively.

Brief History of animation• 1970s

– Became more practical and useful.– Significant decade for the development of 3D

animation and imaging technology.• 1980s

– The proven of artistic and commercial potential.

– A lot of research was conducted to enhance the hardware and software of graphics and imaging.

Brief History of animation• 1990s

– Prices of computer system significantly dropped, so encouraged visual professionals to integrate it with daily professional practices.

– It became more powerful, practical and less expensive.

– The Matrix, The Mummy, Star Wars, Stuart Little, Titanic etc.- the visual effect films

• 2000s– Gladiators, The Perfect Storm, Harry Potter, LOTR,

King Kong etc.– What else?

Applications of Computer GraphicsD ivided into w wwwww wwww4 :

i. Display of Informationii. Designiii. Simulationiv. User Interface

Display of Information GeographicInformationSyst em(GI S) wwww() Magnetic Resonance Ima

ging (MRI)UltrasoundP - ositron emission Tomo

graphy (PET)

http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/soest/about.ftp.html

http://www.queens.org/qmc/services/imaging/ct.htm

Design - Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Architecture Design of Mechanical partVLSIetc...

http://www.memagazine.org/contents/current/features/push/push.html

Simulation Graphical flight simulator reduce training process

Robotic simulation TV, Movie, advertising industri

es generate photo realistic images

Virtual Reality (VR) reduce risk of training

surgeryastronaut

The Concorde Panel.

http://www.motionshop.com/pr/festocosimirlg.shtml

User Interfaces Window Operating SystemWindows Vista MAC OS

Graphical Network Browsers Internet ExplorerNetscapeMozilla Firefox

Graphics ApplicationsEntertainment: Cinema

Pixar: Geri’s Game

Universal: Jurassic Park

A bug’s Life

Antz

Graphics ApplicationsEntertainment: Games

Quake III

Aki Ross : Final Fantasy

Star Wars Jedi Outcast: Jedi Knight II

Graphics ApplicationsMedical Visualization

Th

e Visib

le Hu

man

Pro

ject

http://www.ercim.org/publication/Ercim_News/enw44/koenig.html

Graphics ApplicationsInformation Visualization

Visible Decisions SeeIT (http://www.vdi.com)

Graphics Applications

• Scientific Visualization

Graphics ApplicationsComputer Aided Design (CAD)

Applications of animation• Art, Entertainment and publishing

– Movie production, animation and special effect.– Computer games.– Browsing on the WWW.– Slide, book and magazine design.

Applications of animation• Monitoring a process

– For highly complex systems– Simulation of production

machine motion.– Power plants

• Displaying simulation– Driving jet/ plane, war– Fact proving, e.g.: accident

simulation– Virtual world

Professional Societies ACM SIGGRAPH - Associati on for Computing Machinery

Special Interest Group in Graphi cs.

wwww - The Institute of Electr ical and Electronics Enginee

rs, Technical Committee on Computer Graphics.

Standard Organizationww ww - American National Stand ard Institute (private, non gover

nment).

www - International Standards Or ganization(voluntary, non treat

) .

ANSI is a member of ISO.