Topic 02 Overview of Plant Taxaherbarium.millersville.edu/class-web/325/powerpoint-02-angio.pdf · • Various floral whorls poorly differentiated from one another. a. nymphaeids

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Topic 02Overview of Plant Taxa

Lecture Reading:1. Plate 1. Reproductive Terminology (pp 978-979) in Rhoads & Block

(2007).2. Plate 2. Leaf Terminology (pp 980-981) in Rhoads & Block (2007).3. Rhoads & Block (2007) descriptions of all PA-native plant families

mentioned. 4 A i Ph l G 2009 A d t f th A i4. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm

Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III.

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)B. Angiosperms or flowering plants

•Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. •Flowers (perianth).•Vessels.•Sieve tubes.•Endosperm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization”)


•Angiospermous: carpels & fruits. •Flowers (perianth).•Vessels.•Sieve tubes.•Endosperm (a 3n tissue from “double fertilization”)

magnoliids

nymphaeids(water-lilies & friends)

asteridscaryophyllids

rosids

monocotsRanunculids& other primitive eudicots

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1.Basal Dicot Grade

• Retain dicotyledonous condition common to some gymnosperms

Ginkgo embryo Avocado embryo (Websters Dictionary)

• Retain eustele of gymnosperms


1.Basal Dicot Grade

• Retain monoaperturate pollen of gymnosperms

• Flower parts generally spiral & numerous or trimerous, or whorled & trimerous.

• Various floral whorls poorly differentiated from one another.

a. nymphaeids (water-lily & friends)

Family to know: Nymphaeaceae

aquatic herbs; floating leaves w/ palmate venationflowers solitary, scaposefloral parts spiral; petals, stamens and carpels numerousstamens laminarCa4-6(-14) Co8-many Amany, laminar G[3-many]

Nymphaea at Longwood. Nuphar, Nymphaea & Nate in MD.

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Victoria at Longwood (Nymphaea in the background)

Victoria

Nuphar

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Nymphaea

Nymphaea

b. magnoliids

Families to know: Magnoliaceae & Lauraceae

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Magnoliaceae

< Liriodendron

M li

1. Trees & shrubs w/ ethereal

oils

1. Trees & shrubs w/ ethereal

oils

13

Magnolia >

2. Showy, solitary flowers

Magnoliaceae

Pmany or Ca3 Co6-many Amany, laminar Gmany

Magnolia kobusLiriodendron tulipifera14

3. Ca & Co in 3’s

Magnoliaceae


15

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Magnoliaceae


Magnolia kobusLiriodendron tulipifera

4. Many spiraled, laminar stamens

16

Many free carpels

5. Many spirally

arranged,

Magnoliaceae


Magnolia kobusLiriodendron tulipifera

g ,pistils

17

Magnoliaceae


Many flat stamens

6. Elongate receptacle

18

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Tropical members of Magnoliaceae

Michelia (50 spp.; Tropical, subtropical; S & SE Asia) 19

Lauraceae

20

LinderaSassafras

Lauraceae

1. Trees & shrubs with ethereal oils

CinnamomumSassafras Laurus21

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Lauraceae

2. Small, yellowish to

whitish flowers

P3+3(+3) A3-12(-many), valvate G1

avocadobay laurelsassafras

5 mm5 mm5 mm

22

3. Parts in 3’s

Lauraceae



23

4. Parts whorled

Lauraceae



24

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5. 1 pistil, 1 carpel

Lauraceae



25

Lauraceae

6. Anthers valvate



26

6. Anthers valvate

Lauraceae


bay laurel

27

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2. Monocots

• Loss of second cotyledon.• Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms.• Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)


2. Monocots

• Loss of second cotyledon.• Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms.• Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)• Most with parallel leaf venation.


2. Monocots

• Loss of second cotyledon.• Retain monoaperturate pollen of basal angiosperms.• Eustele transformed into atactostele (lose vascular cambium)• Most with parallel leaf venation.• Flowers merosity becomes fixed in 3’s.

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Alismataceae (water‐plantain family)

*aquatic or marsh herbs with basal leaves

*pinnate or palmate venation

*Ca 3 Co 3 A 3,6‐many G 3,6‐many


Alisma


Sagittaria

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Sagittaria

Araceae (arum or aroid family)

*terrestrial to aquatic herbs or vines

*leaves with pinnate venation

*flowers minute

*spathe & spadix

*P 2+2, 3+3, or 0 A 4 or 6 G [3]


Arisaema >

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Symplocarpos >


Zantedischia >(calla-lily)(calla lily)

Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla‐lily

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Amorphophallus titanum

Largest inflorescence in world

Liliaceae (lily family)

bulbous herbs

parallel venation

P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3]

Lilium >

Liliaceae (lily family)

bulbous herbs

parallel venation

P 3+3 A 3+3 G [3]

Tulipa >

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Orchidaceae (orchid family)

2nd largest family

Terrestrial or epiphytic, +/‐ succulent herbs

P[3+3] [A1 G[3], inferior]

Bilateral flowers, labellum, column

Pollinia


< Vanilla


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Cymbidium


Cypripedium

Arecaceae or Palmae (palm family)

Unbranched trees or shrubs

Terminal rosette of large, sheathing, plicate lvs

Large, spathed panicles

P3+3A3+3 G3 or [3]

Perianth tiny

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plicate lvs


Sheathing lvsPaniclesTiny fls


< Cocos

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< Phoenix


< Washingtonia

Poaceae or Gramineae (grass family)

Rhizomatous or stoloniferous herbs or bamboos

Internodes hollow

Lvs distichous, sheathing, linear

Fls minute, wind pollinated

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distichous

leaf

arrangement


open sheath


Bamboos

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Panicles of “spikelets”

Ca2, palea & lemmaCo2‐3, lodicules A2-3,pendulous G[2‐3]


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3. Basal Eudicot Grade (Primitive Eudicots)

• Many stamens and carpels• Perianth reduced in number, though still poorly differentiated• Parts generally free (some with fusion in G)• Triaperturate pollen.

Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

Herbs to vines or woody vines

Lvs simple, compound, to dissected, all withsheathing bases; basal rosette of lvs common.

Ca4-many Co4-5-many Amany Gseveral-many


Ranunculus

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Clematis


4. Core Eudicots

• Perianth parts fixed in 4’s or 5’s• Stamens & carpels reduced in number• Parts whorled• Perianth well differentiated• Triaperturate pollen.


4. Core Eudicots


a. Rosids

• Habit variable• #Stamens > #petals (often 2x or more)• Petals free.

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Rosaceae (rose family)

Herbs w/ trifoliate lvs, or shrubs & trees w/simple (compound) leaves.

Lvs toothed.

Ca5 Co5, clawed A10-many G[1-5] – many, sup or inf

Hypanthium often well developed

5 petals with many stamens

5 petals with many stamens

5 clawed petals with

many stamens

AppleCherry Rose68

hypanthiumw/ 1 carpel

AppleCherry Rose

69

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hypanthiumw/ many

free carpels

70

AppleCherry Rose

hypanthium fused around 5 fused

carpels

71

AppleCherry Rose

72

Apple(pome)

Cherry(drupe)

Rose(hip)

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Malus & Pyrus

Rubus

http://mcgregor.sbs.auckland.ac.nz

Fabaceae or Leguminosae (legume family)

Plants with compound (simple) lvs withpulvinus at petiole (petiolule) base and apex.

Lvs usu entire.

Ca[5] Co5 or 1+2+[2] A10 or [9]+1 G1, sup

Hypanthium more or less developed

Legume

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Subfamily Faboideae (pea-type flowers)Ca[5] Co1+2+[2], banner + wings + [keel] A [9]+1 G1, superiorIrregular (monosymmetric, zygomorphic)

Fabaceae

Lupinus

Coronilla

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Trifolium

Subfamily CaesalpinioideaeCa[5] Co5 A10 G1, superiorIrregular or regular (radial) symmetry

Fabaceae

Cercis

Senna

Chamaecrista

FabaceaeCercis (redbud)

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Subfamily Mimosoideae (mimosa-type flowers)Ca[5] Co5, inconspicuous A10, conspicuous G1, supRegular (radial) symmetryLvs often bipinnate

Fabaceae

Albizia (mimosa tree)

Fabaceae

Acacia tortuosa (acacia)

Fagaceae (beech & oak family)

Monoecious trees

Fls tiny

Male: P4-6 A4-20 G1 pistillode, catkin

Female: P4-6 Astaminodes G[3-6] cupule

Nut(s) w/ subtending cupule

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oaks(Quercus)

© K. Nixon85

oaks(e.g., willow-oak, Quercus phellos)

© K. Nixon

Not all oak leaves are lobed, but all have acorns

© K. Nixon

© USDA

86

Genus: FagusShown here: American beech (Fagus americana)

87

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Genus: Castanea; 9 species; north temperateShown here: American chestnut (Castanea dentata)

88©Timothy Van Vliet

Genus: Lithocarpus; 334 species; eastern Asia & CaliforniaShown here: tan-oak, stone-oak (Lithocarpus densiflora)

89©Timothy Van Vliet

The Cupule is Diagnostic for the Fagaceae

© K. Nixon

Oak (Quercus)Beech (Fagus)

Stone-oak (Lithocarpus)Chestnut (Castanea)90

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4. Core Eudicots


b. Asterids

• Habit variable• #Stamens < #petals• Petals fused• Stamens fused to petals

Ericaceae (heath family)

Evergreen or semievergreen shrubs or trees(herbs)

Ca[5] Co[5], funnelform or urceolate A10, epipetalous,

poricidal G[5], sup or inf

Capsule from sup ovary or berry form infovary

Pieris

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Rhododendron

Vaccinium

Lamiaceae or Labiatae (mint family)

Aromatic herbs or shrubs with opposite lvsand square stems

Ca[5] Co[5], bilabiate A2+2, epipetalous G[2], gynobasic

style

Fruit a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutletsFruit a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets

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Lamium

Mentha

Solanaceae (nightshade family)

Habit variable

Ca[5] Co[5] A5, epipetalous G[2]

Psychoactive chemistry

Many seeded berry or capsule withpersistent and more or less enlargedcalyx

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Solanum

Petunia

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Nicotiana tabacum

Physalis

Capsicum

Datura

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Asteraceae or Compositae (composite family)

Largest plant family

Habit variable

Capappus Co[5], regular or irregular A5, connivent anthers,

epipetalousG[2], inf

Head with involucre

Fruit an achene

Types of Heads in the family

Radiate Head Ligulate Head Discoid/Disciform Head

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Taraxacum

Cichorium

Symphyotrichum

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ErigeronSolidago

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)Seed Plant Phylogeny

•Angiospermous Phylogeny Website•Tree based on numerous cladistic studies of nuclear, mitochondrial and plastid DNA sequence data

Gymnosperms through Basal eudicot grade

II. Seed plants (spermatophytes)Seed Plant Phylogeny

•Angiospermous Phylogeny Website•Tree based on numerous cladistic studies of nuclear, mitochondrial and plastid DNA sequence data

Core eudicots

Documents

Topic 02 Overview of Plant Taxaherbarium.millersville.edu/class-web/325/powerpoint-02-angio.pdf · • Various floral whorls poorly differentiated from one another. a. nymphaeids