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Mesoproterozoicum 1 600-1000. Tonian 1000 -850. Ordovician 490-440. Silurian 440-410. Devonian 410-355. Carboniferous 355-290. First Glomeromycota fossils. First lichens. Lecanoromycetes. lichenized. terrestrial. Ascomycota (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Dicaria. Basidiomycota. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Tonian1000-850
Mesoproterozoicum1600-1000
Plantae
Oomycota
Mycetozoa s.str.
Choanoflagellata
Microsporidia
Metazoa
Chytridiomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)Basidiomycota
Lecanoromycetes
Plant pathogen
Arthropod pathogen
phagotroph
Saprotroph / mutualists
lichenized
Dicaria
Opistho-konta
Fungi
terrestrial
Multiple loss of flagellum
Phytophora infestans
Amphiacantha
Chytridium
Glomeromycota
Phycomyces
terrestrialUnikonta
Bikonta
Nuclearia simplex
Nuclearia
(Chromista)
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
Ektomycorrhiza
First Glomeromycota fossils
Ordovician490-440
Silurian440-410
Devonian410-355
Carboniferous 355-290
First lichens
Ordovician490-440
Silurian440-410
Devonian410-355
Charophytes
Em
bryo
phyt
es
Marchantiopsida
Bryophyta
Aglaophyton Rhynia
Tra
cheo
phyt
es
Lycopodiaceae
Isoetales
Drepanophycales
Psilophyton
Sphenopsida
Pterydophyta
Seed plants
Cambrian540-490
?
First land plants
?
Molecular data put the divergence of Bryophytes and Tracheophytes to the end of the Proterozoic (540 to 700 mya).
Parafunaria sinensis
Chara Lunularia cruciata
Devonian 410-355
Stomata of Rhynia Pterychthyodes, Placoderna
Rather warm, zoned climate Rather warm, zoned climateSouthern glaciation,
mass extinction
Moresnetia zalesskyi
Kampecaris forfarensis , Myriapoda
Niedźwiedzki et al. 2010)
Creeping on land
Polypterus senegalus (lung fish)
Standon et al. 2014, Nature 513, 54
After eight months raised on land, fin development resembled those of primitive amphibians.
Morphological plasticity might be a strong motor of evolution.
Carboniferous 355-300
Ice ageMass extinction
Warm and wet climateHigh oxygen concentration
Breyeria harlemensis Paleodictyoptera
Euproops rotundatus Xiphosura
Delitzshala bitterfeldensis
Homoptera
Equisetum
Lepidodendron source of today’s coal
Carboniferous 355-300
Ice ageMass extinction
Warm and wet climateHigh oxygen concentration
Synapsid reptiles Diapsid reptiles
Temporal fenestra
Heterodont Homodont
Anapsid reptiles
Homoodont
Archeothyrisfirst primitive Synapsid
Petrolacosaurusfirst primitive Diapsid
heterodont
Hylonomusa first primitive
Anapsid
Carboniferous 355-290
Permian290-250
Trias250-205
Jurassic205-140
Cretaceous140-65
Pelycosauria
Therapsida
Mammalia(mammals)
Am
nion
Sarco-pterygia
Mesosauria
Testudines(turtles)
Crocodylia(crocodyles)
Pterosauria
Dinosauria
Aves (birds)
Euryapsida
Squamates(Snakes, lizards)
Rhyncho-cephalid(Comodo waran)
Synapsid cranion
Diapsid cranion
Lepidosauromorpha
Archosauromorpha
Anapsida
Anapsid cranion
Permian 300-250
Ice ageMass extinction
Warmer and arid AridMass
extinction
Anapsid reptiles
Mesosaurus, Permian primitive anapsid aquatic reptile
Milleretta, Permian primitive anapsid terrestrial reptile
Aldabra tortoise
Dimetrodon, Permian primitive synapsid Pelycosaur
Pelycosaur → Therapsida → Theriodontia (mammal like)
Proburnetia, Permian primitive synapsid Therapsid
Annatherapsidus petri , Permian synapsid Theriodont
Permian 300-250
Ice ageMass extinction
Warmer and arid AridMass
extinction
Synapsid reptiles
Mammal like teeth
Permian 300-250
Ice ageMass extinction
Warmer and arid AridMass
extinction
Diapsid reptiles
Tuatara, Lepidosauria
Pterodactylus kochii, Archosauromorpha
Ichthyosaurus, Lepidosauria
LepidosauromorphaSquamata, Tuatara
ArchosauromorphaPterosauria, Dinosauria
Ichthyosauria
Thecodont dentition
Acrodont and pleurodont dentition
Terrestrisuchs, Crocodylomorpha
Endothermy?Scale derived thermoregulating body cover?
Thermoreg-ulating body cover
Crocodylomorpha
6. From Meso- to Cenozoic
Triassic 250-205Pangaea
Jurassic 205-140Laurasia and Gondwana
Cretaceous 140-65Formation of present day continents
Hot and dryPolar regions moist
and temperate
Warm and dryNo ice caps at poles
Very warm no ice caps at poles. Ocean temperatures
about 15-20º higher than today
Pangaea
Cretaceous 140-65Formation of present days continents
Very warm no ice caps at poles. Ocean temperatures about 15-20º higher than today
From Müller et al. 2008)
Saurischia
Ornithischia
Stegosauria
Ceratopsia
Pterosauria
Sauropoda
Therapoda
Archaeopteryx
Microraptor gui
Aves(birds)
Archosauromorpha
Triceratops
Stegosaurus
Diplodocus
Dinosauria
Herbivores
Herbivores
Mainly Carnivores
Triassic 250-205Pangaea
Jurassic 205-140Laurasia and Gondwana
Cretaceous 140-65Formation of present days continents
Iguanodon
Oviraptor
Carnivores
(Flight / display feathers)Paraves
Nemicolopterus crypticus
Thyranosaurus rex(Down feathers)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Late Triassic EarlyJurassic
MiddleJurrasic
Late Jurrasic EarlyCretaceous
LateCretaceous
Maastrichtian Total
Epoch
Nu
mb
er
of g
en
era
z
Estimated diversity
Mesozoic dinosaur diversity
Data from Wang, Dodson (2006), Sullivan (2006)
Total 1844 genera
Recent
Birds: 1200 genera
Mammals: 1135 genera
Jurassic 205-140Laurasia and Gondwana
Cretaceous 140-65Formation of present days continents
Basal Theropoda
Archaeopteryx
Confuciusornis
Yixianornis
Jinfengopteryx
Rahonavisprobably flight
Troodon(large brain, stereoscopic sight, nocturnal
Mahakala
Deinonychus
Velociraptor
Aves
ParavesFlight / display
feathershomoiotherm,
Pneumatic bones
10 – 80 kg
< 1 – 50 kg
1 – 5 kg
< 1 kg<1 – 60 kg
<1 – 20 kg
< 1 kg
Down
feathers
Dromaeosauridae
Avialae
Cretaceous 140-65 Paleogene 65-23 Neogene 23-
Evolution of birds
Palaeognathae
Neognathae
Anseriformes
Galliformes
Passeriformes
Psittaciformes
Apodiformes
Falconiformes
Others
Tinamiformes
Struthioniformes
Strigiformes
Adaptive radiation
Triassic250-205
Jurassic205-140
Cretaceous140-65
Cycadophyta
Gingkophyta
Permian290-250
Pinophyta
Carboni-ferous
355-290
Cordaitales Gnetophyta
Welwitschia mirabilis
Magnoliophyta
Archaefructus liaoningensis
Gingko
Nymphaeaceae
„Dicotyls”
„Monocotyls”
Amborella trichopoda
Adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation
Cretaceous 140-65
Cenozoic 65-
Paleogene 65-23 Neogene 23-
Mesozoic 250-65
Monotremata
Marsupialia
Afrotheria Elephants
Elephant shrews
Xenarthra Ant eaters
Euarchontoglires
Primates
Tree shrews
Rodentia
Lagomorpha
LaurasiatheriaChiroptera
Cetarthiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Carnivora
Adaptive radiation
Genetic diversification
Extant mammalian lineages
Adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation
Cetacea
Devonian TriassianPermianCarboniferous CretaceousJurassic Tertiary to recent
PalaeodictyopteraOdonata
EphemeropteraDictyopteraPlecopteraZorapteraEmbiopteraIsoptera
GrylloblatodeaDermaptera
PhasmidaOrthopteraMallophagaPsocopteraThysanopteraHeteropteraHymenopteraNeuropteraColeoptera
MecopteraSiphonaptera
Diptera
LepidopteraTrichoptera
Genetic diversification
Genetic diversification
In the Triassic period all extant taxa already existed
The rise of insects
Adaptive radiation
HymenopteraNeuropteraColeoptera
MecopteraSiphonaptera
Diptera
LepidopteraTrichoptera
The rise of holometabolous insects
Jurassic
Cretaceous
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
-600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0
Nu
mb
er
of
fam
ilie
s
K O S D C P T J Kr Pa NE
InsectsVascular plants
Terrestrial Tetrapoda
Nu
mb
er
of
ge
ne
ra
Cretaceous 140-65
Photos from: http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Insect_Galleries_by_Order/
Paleogene 65-23
The earliest ants
An early bee
A swarm of midgesThe earliest moth
An early lacewing An early weevil A weevil in amber
The Cretaceous –Tertiary impact
K-T boundary
The K-T boundary. The arrow indicates a layer of Iridium rich ash.
Iridium is rare on the surface of the earth but much more common in Chondrite meteors
Luis Alvarez 1911- 1988
Walter Alvarez 1940-
The Chicxulub Impact structure buried beneath the Yucatan Peninsula has 150 -
300 km in diameter
Age dates of melt rock in the structure have at date of 65 Ma.
Extinctions at the K-T boundary were not evenly distributed across taxa
15% of all marine families went extinct, 50 % at generic level, maybe 80-90 % of all species.
Affected were mainly plankton, marine predators, and shallow water communities.
25 % of terrestrial families and 56 % at generic level went extinct.
Nothing bigger than 25 kg survived (predators and herbivores).
Unaffected were higher plants (10% extinction), mammals (rise of 20%), and birds.
However, dinosaur and pterosaur diversity declined even before the impact.
Probably the impact wiped out the last survivors.
Cretaceous and Paleogene saw
an enormous diversification of • Angiospermes (flowering plants)• Holometabolic insects (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera)• mammals• birds• snails• probably lizards• probably fish
a decline in diversity of• Gymnospermes (conifers)• Brachiopoda
the extinction of • Ammonites• Belemnites• Pterosaurs• Dinosaurs
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
607080
Time (mya)
Nu
mb
er
of t
axa
zSpecies
Genera
K-T boundary
Global species richness of dinosaurs
Data from Sullivan (2006)
Reports of surviving dinosaurs are highly controversial.
Today’s reading
The Mesozoic era: http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Mesozoic.htm http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Mesozoic2.htmlThe Cenozoic era: http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Neogene.html
http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Paleogene.html