Tongue and Salivary Glandsnikolai.lazarov.pro/files/medicine_eng_splanchnology/Tongue_and... · von Ebner’s glands stratified squamous epithelium ... serous caps, demilunes (30%

1. Tongue

2. Salivary glands – minor and

major salivary glands

3. Isthmus of the fauces

4. Tonsils

Tongue and Salivary Glands

SPLANCHNOLOGY

Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov

Tongue

2

Tongue – lingua (Gr. glossa):

on the floor of the mouth a muscular organ possessing great mobility

important role in digestion:

active role in chewing (mastication)

involved in sucking and deglutition reflex

essential role in articulation and phonation

the primary organ of taste

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Phylogenesis of the tongue

3

Phylogenesis:

fishes

a fold in the floor of the mouth

epithelial lining,

no glands and muscles

connective tissue of hyoid arch

amphibians and reptiles

tactile organ

well-developed mucous glands

intrinsic muscles

mammals

important organ of the digestive system;

vital role in feeding and sucking

highly differentiated mucosa

proper musculature

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Embryonic development

4

Onthogenesis: begin – 4 mo.

origin – from branchial arches

body of tongue – Ist pharyngeal arch:

mesodermal cells from the 1st (mandibular) pharyngeal arch

two lateral lingual swellings – 5 we.

median lingual swelling, tuberculum impar

root of tongue: hypobranchial eminence, copula of His

– II-IV pharyngeal arch

mucosa: body – 1st pharyngeal arch

root – 3rd-4th arches

tongue musculature: from occipital (postotic)

myotomes (3rd and 4th occipital myotomes)

taste buds: 7 we.

SPLANCHNOLOGY

Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov 5

Structure of the tongue

Parts of the tongue:

body, corpus linguae tip, apex linguae

root, radix linguae

divided by a V-shaped furrow, sulcus terminalis

Surface anatomy:

dorsal surface, dorsum linguae

oral (presulcal) part (pars oralis)

pharyngeal (postsulcal) part (pars pharyngealis)

sulcus terminalis foramen cecum

median furrow, sulcus medianus

inferior surface, facies inferior

plica fimbriata

frenulum linguae

caruncula sublingualis sublingual fold

margin of the tongue, margo linguae

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Papillae of the tongue Lingual papillae – 4 types:

filiform (conical) papillae

fungiform papillae

vallate papillae

foliate papillae

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Papillae of the tongue Filiform papillae, papillae filiformes:

thin, long, thread-shaped papillae

arranged in regular parallel rows over the entire anterior dorsal surface of the tongue

smallest in size, most numerous in humans

keratinized epithelium the velvet surface

lamina propria – 10-30 papillae secundariae

mechanical role, do not contain taste buds

Conical papillae, papillae conicae

larger and longer filiform papillae

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Papillae of the tongue Fungiform papillae, papillae fungiformes:

less numerous, throughout the filiform

mushroom-shaped projections

at the tip and margins of the tongue

nonkeratinized epithelium pink spots

lamina propria – secondary papillae

have mechanical and thermal receptors

contain taste buds

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Papillae of the tongue Vallate papillae, papillae (circum)vallatae:

the largest papillae – d=1-3 mm

dome-shaped structures

7-12 papillae in front of sulcus terminalis

narrow moats – von Ebner’s glands

stratified squamous epithelium

lamina propria – papillae secundariae

contain numerous (80-100) taste buds

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Papillae of the tongue Foliate papillae, papillae foliatae:

parallel low ridges on the lateral edge of the tongue

well-developed only in children

folium papillae; sulcus papillae

multilayered stratified epithelium

lamina propria – brush-like secondary papillae

small serous gustatory glands in the subepithelial connective tissue

numerous taste buds are present

SPLANCHNOLOGY


The tongue and taste Taste buds, caliculi

(gemmae) gustatorii – 2000-9000:

vallate papillae – most numerous

plentiful in the posterior ⅓ of the tongue

fungiform and foliate papillae

soft palate, epiglottis and pharynx

reduction in number (up to ⅓) with age

our sense of taste can and do change over time!

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Lingual glands Glandulae linguales – minor salivary glands:

mixed (seromucous) glands – close to the tip anterior linglual (Nuhn’s) glands

serous glands – in vallate papillae gustatory (von Ebner’s) glands

mucous glands – in the lingual root posterior lingual (Weber’s) glands

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Lingual tonsils Tonsilla lingualis:

small, rounded mass of lymphoid tissue in the posterior ⅓ of the tongue

tonsillar papillae

tonsillar crypts Weber’s salivary glands

lymphatic nodules (MALT)

covered with stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

SPLANCHNOLOGY


The lingual musculature

Extrinsic lingual muscles – move the tongue:

genioglossus – best developed muscle

hyoglossus

styloglossus – the shortest and smallest

chondroglossus – variable, sometimes absent

palatoglossus – associated with the soft palate

SPLANCHNOLOGY


The lingual musculature Intrinsic lingual muscles – alter its shape:

superior longitudinal muscle

inferior longitudinal muscle

the transverse muscle

the vertical muscle

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Tongue histology Lingual mucous membrane – lingual papillae:

body – endoderm of the stomodeum root – endoderm of primitive gut stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

dorsal surface – thicker inferior surface – thinner

lamina propria glands and lymphatic nodules

tela submucosa – absent minor salivary glands – serous and mucous lymphoid tissue – lingual tonsil (root)

Tongue core: skeletal striated muscle tissue

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Vessels of the tongue

Blood supply – lingual artery:

sublingual and deep

lingual arteries

Branches from:

facial artery

ascending pharyngeal artery

Venous drainage – lingual vein:

drains into

the internal jugular vein

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Lymphatic drainage of the tongue

Lymphatic drainage:

tip – submental lymph nodes

body – submandibular lymph nodes

root – retropharyngeal lymph nodes

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Nerve supply of the tongue Somatosensory innervation:

anterior ⅔ and inferior surface:

lingual nerve (n. trigeminus)

chorda tympani facial nerve

posterior ⅓ of the tongue:

glossopharyngeal nerve

vagus nerve

lingual glands:

parasympathetic – n. facialis, n. glossopharyngeus et n. vagus

sympathetic – plexus caroticus ext. (ganglion cervicale superius)

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Nerve supply of the tongue Somatosensory innervation:

anterior ⅔ and inferior surface:

lingual nerve (n. trigeminus)

chorda tympani facial nerve

posterior ⅓ of the tongue:

glossopharyngeal nerve

vagus nerve

lingual glands:

parasympathetic – n. facialis, n. glossopharyngeus et n. vagus

sympathetic – plexus caroticus ext. (ganglion cervicale superius)

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Salivary glands Minor salivary glands, glandulae salivariae minores:

700-1000 minor glands

mixed (seromucous) glands

labial glands

buccal glands

molar glands

anterior linglual (Nuhn’s) glands

serous glands

gustatory (von Ebner’s) glands

mucous glands

palatine glands

posterior lingual (Weber’s) glands

produce only 5-8% of the total output

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Salivary glands Major salivary glands, glandulae salivariae majores:

parotid gland,

glandula parotidea (parotis)

submanibular gland,

glandula submandibularis

sublingual gland,

glandula sublingualis

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Parotid gland, gl. parotidea

Nicolas Steno (Niels Stensen) (1638-1686)

Macroscopic anatomy: located subcutaneously

in the parotideomasseteric region

the largest salivary gland – 25-30 g

has own fascia, fascia parotidea

roughly wedge shaped and lobulated

superficial and deep lobes

internally: end branches of the external carotid artery

retromandibular vein

deep parotid lymphoid nodes

parotid plexus of facial nerve

auriculotemporal nerve (V3)

parotid duct (Stensen’s duct)

accessory parotid gland

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Parotid gland, gl. parotidea Microscopic anatomy:

enclosed within a capsule

irregular, lobulated mass

a purely serous gland (watery secretion)

salivary ducts – mostly intercalated ducts

adipose tissue – fat cells

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Submandibular gland, gl. submandibularis

Macroscopic anatomy: under the oral floor

in the submandibular trigone

weight – 15 g; d=1.5-2 cm

(the size of a walnut);

U-shaped; smaller deep process

covered by fascia cervicalis superficialis

lobulated structure – 8-10 lobes

three surfaces

submandibular (Wharton’s) duct

– 5-6 cm

caruncula sublingualis

blood supply – facial and lingual arteries

lymphatic drainage – submandibular nodes

innervation – intermediate nerve, superior cervical ganglion

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Submandibular gland, gl. submandibularis

Microscopic anatomy: enclosed within a capsule, lobulated

mixed (seromucous) gland with predominant serous acini – Giannuzzi’s demilunes or Heidenhain crescents

duct system – mostly striated ducts

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Sublingual gland, gl. sublingualis

Macroscopic anatomy: along the sublingual fold, plica sublingualis

the smallest one weight – 3-5 g

flattened, almond-shaped

covered by a thin capsule

lobulated mass – 4-16 lobules

a group of 30-50 single glands:

anterior 10-20 – major sublingual gland

major sublingual duct caruncula sublingualis

smaller sublingual ducts sublingual fold

blood supply – sublingual artery

venous drainage – internal jugular vein

lymphatic drainage – submandibular nodes

innervation – intermediate nerve, superior cervical ganglion

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Microscopic anatomy:

surrounded by a dense capsule, lobulated

predominantly tubulo-alveolar (acinar) gland

mixed (seromucous) gland consisting mostly

of mucous (60%) acini – minor sublingual glands;

serous caps, demilunes (30% of total gland volume)

excretory ducts – 8-20 in number

Sublingual gland, gl. sublingualis

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Oropharyngeal isthmus

29

Isthmus of the fauces, isthmus faucium

The throat, fauces:

palatine velum, velum palatinum

palatine uvula, uvula palatina

palatoglossal arch

palatopharyngeal arch

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Waldeyer’s ring

30

Anulus lymphoides Waldeyeri:

lingual tonsil

pharyngeal tonsil (tonsilla adenoidea)

tubal tonsils

palatine tonsils

NALT – Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

von Waldeyer (1836-1921)

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Lymphoid tissue – “lymphoepithelial organs”

MALT – Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue

31

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Palatine tonsils, tonsillae palatinae

32

Macroscopic anatomy:

paired structures

egg-like shape – 25х15х20 mm

placed in triangular recess (tonsillar sinus)

supratonsillar fossa

plica semilunaris, plica triangularis

capsule, capsula tonsillae

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Palatine tonsils, tonsillae palatinae

Microscopic anatomy:

lamina epithelialis

stratified squamous epithelium

tonsillar crypts desquamated epithelial cells

lamina propria – loose connective tissue

lymphoid nodules

tela submucosa – capsule

trabeculae lobules

SPLANCHNOLOGY


Blood vessels of palatine tonsils Blood supply:

tonsillar branches of facial artery

ascending palatine artery

ascending pharyngeal artery

Venous drainage: palatine vein, pharyngeal veins

facial vein internal jugular vein

Lymphatic drainage: submandibular nodes

lateral cervical nodes

SPLANCHNOLOGY


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Tongue and Salivary Glandsnikolai.lazarov.pro/files/medicine_eng_splanchnology/Tongue_and... · von Ebner’s glands stratified squamous epithelium ... serous caps, demilunes (30%