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8/6/2019 Tong Quan Ve Quan Ly Mang (6)
1/14
Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
Trang 1/14
BI 6. T CHC QUN L CC H THNG MNGQUN L MNG
Mc ch:
+ Cc yu cu trong qun l mng.
+ Gii thiu mt s m hnh h thng qun l nh: qun l m, qun l phn tn, qun l trong
bng v ngoi bng.
+ Cc quan im v cch tip cn trong qun l mng.
I. T VN :
- Nhu cu pht trin a ngnh, a nng, a thng tin.
- Tc pht trin mng: sa dng cng ngh phn cng, a dng cng ngh truyn
dn, a dng nhu cu s dng.
- Ton cu ha mi mt: Xu hng m.
- Xu hng tn cng h thng thng tin ngy cng tinh vi, v din ra mi lc, mi ni
- Bn cnh l yu cu cn i gia yu tu t ni b v nhu cu thng tin cho hot
ng v pht trin.
Cc vn ny tt dn n s pht trin ca mt h thng qun l c bit m h
thng ny hoc c cc knh giao tip ring, hoc s dng chnh cc knh truyn thng tinngi dng, m nhn, nh qun l c th tip cn gn hn, tin li hn ti cc thng tin
ngoi l m c th l: thng tin cu trc mng, thng tin giao vn mng, theo di hiu
nng thit b chng vn l nhng thng tin m ngi dng mng khng trc tip quan
tm. Vi ngi dng mng, iu ct yu vi mng l tnh mnh, tnh p ng nhanh, tnh
ring t, tnh phc hi, tnh d phng v gi c dch v.
Mc ch ca cc nh qun l l s dng cc thng tin mng kp thi hiu
chnh (tng cng, tit kim) thng nng, b sung cc phng php an ninh, cc kt hp
an ninh, cung cp cho ngi dng ng truyn mt cch hp l da trn tha thun, v
bo mt.
V bn cht, mt mng li qun l mng vin thng (TMN) cng c quy m a
l khng nh hn chnh mng m n qun l. Theo , vic xy dng ring mt mng
TMN thng da trn h thng sn c. Tuy nhin, m hnh ca TMN c th khc nhiu
so vi cu hnh LAN hay WAN. Vn kh khn m TMN thng phi vt qua
chnh l vic trao i thng tin gia cc thit b mng vt ra ngoi t chc mng con.
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
Trang 2/14
iu ny khin TMN phi i mt vi cc giao thc c mt trong cc router. gii
quyt, TMN cn c mt giao tip ring (interface) vi cc router. Tuy nhin cn nh
rng, c rt nhiu cng ngh mng hay giao thc mng, chng khc nhau c php, ng
ngha v nh thi. Mt h thng TMN rng ln cn phi c kh nng giao tip vi tt c
cc giao thc ny. iu ny c ngha rng, giao tip ca TMN vi router nht thit phi
hm cha cc thnh phn giao tip chc nng v chng thay nhau hot ng vo lc cn
thit (instance).
Chng ta r v m hnh phn tng (layering model). Trong m hnh ny, tng
trn lin lc vi tng di bng cc giao tip thng qua cc cng hay cc SAP; ngc li,
tng di phc v tng trn thng qua cc dch v. n lt n, cc dch v cng cnphi c a dng ha di dng cc lp dch v (class) ca cu trc lp trnh, phng
php ng x thc s l thng qua vic k tha cc phng thc (method) vi cc tnh
cht (property) c th.
Cng trong m hnh phn tng, hai thc th c th cng trao i, lin lc th
chng phi c cc tng tng ng v tng A thc th ny giao tip vi tng A thc th
kia bng giao thc.
ng i gia hai thc th A v B mun giao tip vi nhau thng phi qua cc
h thng trung gian m kh nng ca chng l chuyn i giao tip thnh dng ny hay
dng khc. Ty c mt i hi bo m tnh mnh ca thit b l s cn nhc v
mt giao tip ni v giao tip ngoi. Giao tip ni l giao tip ni ti ca thit b; giao
tip ngoi l giao tip ca thit b vi bn ngoi. Giao tip ni thng nhanh hn nhiu
ln v l cc giao tip phn cng. Giao tip ngoi thng phi c mt cc cng giao
tip ca thit b trung gian vi bn ngoi.
Cc bin ng trong h thng mng gy ra bi mi trng hay chnh con ngi l
thng xuyn khin cho hiu nng mng suy bin, c khi n mc nghim trng. Nhqun l nu mun c c mt h thng mnh cn phi xy dng c cc phng n d
phng hp l v kch hot h thng d phng mt cch kp thi. Thng th cc phng
n d phng phi da trn iu kin sn c ca h thng cng nh cc h thng d
phng. Tuy nhin, h thng d phng li ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong , yu t ti
chnh l vn cn nhc u tin.
Vic nng cp h thng mng din ra thng xuyn, lin tc. iu ny cng ng
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
Trang 3/14
ngha vi thch thc rng cc giao tip TMN trang b c cn tng thch hay khng?
Nh tht ra cho cc nh pht trin TMN nhim v bo tr v nng cp chnh cc giao
tip ca mnh, cu trc thng tin TMN v c m hnh hot ng.
Nhng phn tch trn y cho thy, c c y thng tin, nh qun l phi
c:
- Mt h thng thng sut, nhanh v ng n.- Thng tin phi c cp nht.- Bin php gim thiu thi gian tr ca thng tin.- Kh nng giao tip vi tt c cc thit b mng.- Kh nng iu tit hot ng ca thit b.- Kh nng nm bt kp thi cc s kin bt thng.
II. YU CU QUN L MNG
Nghin cu m hnh h thng TMN cho ta bit:
- Mt s thit bng vai tr qun l (manager) .- Mt s ln thit bng vai tr i din (agent).Kt hp vi kin trc phn tng, ta thy rng tr cc terminal, thit b mng no
cng ng vai tr agent khi n qun l chnh n. Nu n qun l mng con, th bn thn
n cng phi l mt manager.
Mi thit b, thng phi c giao tip vi ngi dng. Cng c ngha l thit b
ny phi c kh nng chng thc, cp quyn v rt c th c theo di ngi dng (tnh
cc, bo mt).
T, yu cu qun l mng c chia thnh hai nhm:
- Nhm yu cu thng tin tc nghip- Nhm yu cu ca ngi dng
II.1 Nhm thng tin chc nng p ng lp trn
p ng qun l lp trn l nhm yu cu ca nh qun l dnh cho tc nghip h
thng qun l nhm tng cng cht lng v hiu qu ton h thng.
C rt nhiu quan im khc nhau v m hnh qun l nhng u thng nht
cc chc nng qun l ba lp trn gm gim st, iu khin v bo co.
Gim st: lin tc thu thp thng tin v trng thi ca ti nguyn thng
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
Trang 4/14
qua cc s kin; pht cc cnh bo khi cc tham st v vt ngng.
iu khin: thi hnh chnh xc cc thit lp yu cu ca ngi qun l,ca chng trnh qun l, bo m thu hi cp pht, b sung d phng cc
ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu. Vic iu khin c th s dn n thay i
trng thi, thay i cu hnh. iu khin thng c lp thnh cc kch
bn (k hoch, hay quy trnh vn hnh.
Bo co: t cc thng tin c thu thp, xy dng cc bo co v hin thdi dng chuNn (GUIU hoc non-GUI) gip ngi c d dng nhn bit
cc mi quan h v tnh trng cn thit.
Ngoi ra, m hnh nhm c th cn c thm mt s chc nng khc gm: chinlc d phng, chin lc tng ha.
II.2. Cc yu cu qun l ca ngi dng
Cc yu cu qun l ca ngi s dng c a ra di y da trn quan im
ca ngi s dng v qun l. Bao gm:
Kh nng gim st v iu khin mng cng nh cc thnh phn ca hthng my tnh tu cui n u cui.
C th truy nhp v cu hnh li t xa cc ti nguyn c qun l.
D dng trong vic ci t, vn hnh v bo dng h thng qun l cngnh cc ng dng ca n.
Bo mt hot ng qun l v truy nhp ca ngi s dng, bo mttruyn thng cc thng tin qun l.
C kh nng a ra cc bo co y v r ngha v cc thng tin qunl.
Qun l theo thi gian thc v hot ng qun l hng ngy c thchin mt cch tng.
Mm do trong vic nng cp h thng v c kh nng tng thch vinhiu cng ngh khc nhau.
C kh nng lu tr v khi phc cc thng tin qun l.
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
Trang 5/14
III. QUAN IM TIP CN CNG NGH QUN L MNG
III.1 Nhn din h thng
H thng qun l mng c m hnh n gin da trn quan h qun l gia mt
bn l Ch thqun lvi tng qun l. M trong :
Qun l(hay hnh ng qun l) l mi tng tc qua li gia: thc th (ch th)
qun l v thc th b qun l (i tng).
Thc thqun l(manager) c c trng bi h thng gm nn Platform v/hoc
cc ng dng.
Thc thb qun l(agent) c trng bi cc ti nguyn do thc th qun l gim
st, iu khin.
Ban u, cc thit b cha c h trqun l. gio tip vi chng cn c mt
qu trnh chuyn i trung gian gia hai thc th ny. Chnh thit b trung gian mi qun
l thit b. V cng chnh thit b trung gian tr thnh thc th b qun l bi thc th
qun l.
Ty, thc s r nt v quan h manager v agent.
III.2 Quan im qun l Manager Agent
mc n gin, cng ging mt h thng iu hnh trong mt t chc x hi,
quan im qun l Manager Agent tun th m hnh Request Response, c thc
hin bng lnh v bo co. Vn cn li l mi quan h gia hai thc th, da trn
chnh sch truy vn/bo co, hay cn gi poll/report nh c ng dng trong cc
phin bn SNMP.
Mt manager qun l mt hay mt s Agent.
Mt Agent qun l thay manager mt hay mt s thit b.
Khi mng d liu pht trin v hnh thi (topo) v s lng thit b (NE), gnh
nng qun l ngy cng tng i vi c manager v agent. Quy m mng mrng, nguy
Thc thqun l
Thc th bqun l
Thc thqun l
Thit btrung gian
Thc th bqun l
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
Trang 6/14
cgp s c cng ln, thi gian x l s c cng di, v hu qu li cng ng k,
quan im qun l chuyn sang mt hnh thc khc, phn vng qun l.
III.2 Phn vng qun lNh c cp n s mrng khng ngng ca mng, qun l thay i
rt nhiu.
Trc ht, cn tch ri quan im qun l mng vi qun l h thng kt ni cc
my tnh. Vic ny dn ti hai min qun l ti nguyn: vt l v logic.
Qun l mng
Qun l h. thng
Qun l ng dng
Qun l CSDL
Qun l cc chuNn mng
Hosts WSs PCs
Applications Applications
Disks Tapes
Cc Header U_Data Segment (PDU)
Tinguynlogic
Tinguynvt l
DCN
Thc thqun l
Thc th b qun l
Agent Ti nguyn itng qun l
Request
Response
Polling
Report
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
Trang 7/14
Ti nguyn vt l l cc b phn phn cng tham gia vo qu trnh trao i thng
tin ca h thng mng vin thng v mng truyn s liu, bao gm b vi x l, thi gian
x l, b nh, thit b vo/ra, dung lng, s lng thit b lu tr, mc tr, bin i thi
gian tr, bng thng.... Min qun l ny c gi l qun l mng (network
management).
Ti nguyn logic bao gm qun l cc ng dng v qun l cc c sd liu,
dch v, ngi dng, qun l giao vn (lung), qun l truy xut v an ninh
Ngoi ra, cn c mt min c lp khc m n c thc xp vo cc ngun ti
nguyn logic c bit: cc giao thc chuNn trong truyn thng. V d nh cc giao thc
phn lp, cc dch v phn lp, cc dch v qun l gn km. Kiu qun l ny c ngdng qun l cc giao din ca cc cng nghc bit nh ATM, SONET v WDM
di hnh thc cc knh thng tin gn kt hay cc thc th qun l lp LME (Layer
Managemnt Entities) i cng. Khi nim v kiu qun l ny c a ra trong m
hnh tham chiu csOSI, thit lp nn kin trc v qun l phn cp chuNn ho.
III.3. M hnh quan h Manager-agent
Khi xy dng cc h thng qun l, c rt nhiu kha cnh, vn cn phi quan
tm. Bn cnh m hnh truyn thng Manager-Agent cn c rt nhiu m hnh khc c
s dng kt hp cng vi mi quan h gia manager v cc agent. l m hnh kin
trc, m hnh t chc, m hnh chc nng v m hnh thng tin.
M hnh kin trc s dng thit k, cu trc cc thnh phn tham gia vo tin
trnh qun l. iu ny c ngha l manager hay cc manager v cc agent cung cp cc
thng tin qun l thng qua kin trc mng. Manager c thc thit k nh l mt c
squn l bao gm mt ccu qun l v mt b cc ng dng qun l cung cp cc
chc nng qun l thc s nh qun l cu hnh, qun l li v qun l hiu nng.
M hnh vn hnh nh ra giao din ca ngi s dng vi h thng qun l trong
ch r trng thi cng nh kiu nh dng ca cc tng tc ti ngi s dng nh
iu khin cc i tng c qun l, hin th v tm kim cc s kin, cc bn tin hay
bo ng vi ngi iu hnh trong trng hp cnh bo nghim trng. Phn ln cc c im
ca hot ng iu hnh qun l ny u c trong cc ch tiu k thut ca h thng in trong cc
ti liu hng dn s dng.
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
Trang 8/14
M hnh chc nng nh ra cu trc ca cc chc nng qun l gip cho h thngqun l thc hin cc ng dng qun l. M hnh chc nng c cu trc phn lp. Cc
chc nng cbn trong m hnh ny l qun l cu hnh, qun l hiu nng, qun l li,
bo mt v thng k.
Ngoi ra trong cc chc nng cbn ny cn tch hp mt vi chc nng khc
nh chc nng to phiu bo li, trgip trc tuyn, hot ng gip / d phng, lp k
hoch lu lng... cc lp bc cao trong m hnh chc nng u l cc ng dng thc
hin cc chc nng phc hp nh tng quan cc s kin/ cnh bo, cc h thng chuyn
gia v qun l tng.
M hnh t chc lin quan cht chn cc chnh sch qun l v th tc vn
hnh. M hnh ny s xc nh cc min qun l, s phn chia quyn iu hnh cng nh
quyn truy nhp ca ngi s dng vo h thng qun l cng nh h thng qun l
mng khch hng. M hnh ny cng cung cp kh nng trao i vai tr gia cc
manager v cc agent cng nh s hp tc ton cc gia manager ny vi cc manager
khc hay vi cc ng dng qun l.
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
Trang 10/14
M hnh h thng mcng c p dng cho cc h thng qun l hay ni cch
khc l cho cc manager v cc agent. Trong trng hp ny cc ng dng s l cc ng
dng qun l chuyn bit cung cp cc yu cu qun l (li, cu hnh, hiu nng, bo mt
v ngi dng).
C squn l bao gm ccu t chc qun l v c s tnh ton. Cc dch v
qun l chuyn ho bao gm cc dch v qun l s kin, cc dch v truyn thng, cc dch v
cung cp giao din ho cho ngi s dng v cc dch v v csd liu.
Thnh phn cbn ca cc h thng m l cc API cho php pht trin cc ng
dng qun l da trn cc dch v chuyn bit. Cc csqun l l cc thc thc lp
nhng khng tch bit, giao tip vi cc agent v vi cc h thng qun l khc. Cc giao
din bn ngoi l cc giao din chuNn ho xc nh cc hot ng, cc dch v v cc giao
thc qun l
IV.2. Cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l m
C bn yu cu m tc im ca cc h thng mcng nh cc h thng qun
l m. l: kh dng, kh nng hot ng lin kt, kh nng di ng v kh nng
phn cp.
kh dng biu th kh nng d dng ci t, vn hnh v bo dng camt h thng qun l. N cng bao hm cn nh v hiu nng cao.
Kh nng hot ng lin kt th hin kh nng trao i thng tin qun l mtcch trong sut gia c squn l vi cc agent b qun l hay gia cc h
thng qun l ngang hng.
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
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Kh nng di chuyn din t sn nh ca csqun l hay cc ng dngca cc h thng qun l khi b thay i mi trng (cstnh ton) hay ni
cch khc, csqun l hay cc ng dng ca cc h thng qun l khng b
thay i hay s thay i l ti thiu.
Kh nng nng cp l kh nng h thng c th nng cp, m rng phm viqun l, phm vi ngi s dng, cc chc nng qun l m khng lm thay
i thit k ban u.
V. H THNG QUN L PHN TN
Mt h thng (n x l hay a x l) c coi l mt h thng t tr nu cc qu
trnh x l trong h thng cng chia s b nh. Tri ngc li, h thng phn tn l h
thng bao gm cc h thng t trc lin kt li vi nhau m khng c s chia s b
nh.
Phn ln cc h thng my tnh, mng vin thng, mng truyn s liu l phn
tn. Chng lin kt li vi nhau trong mt mng truyn thng truyn ti thng tin hay
cc bn tin phc v cho mt mc ch truyn thng no . Qun l mng c ngha l
qun l cc ti nguyn mng v h thng my tnh a dng m phn ln l tch bit nhau
v mt vt l. Chnh v vy, bn cht ca h thng qun l mng l phn tn.
V.1. Kin trc h thng qun l phn tn
Thc cht ca h thng qun l l tp trung hay phn tn khng ch xc nh bi
s phn tn vt l ca phn t (manager v agent) m cn xc nh bi s tp trung cng
nh qu trnh x l thng tin qun l.
Nu mt h thng c thit k thu thp tt c cc thng tin qun l t tt c
cc agent (thit lp nn min qun l) v mt im, ngi ta s coi l h thng qun l
tp trung. Nu s thu thp thng tin qun l phi tin hnh qua mt vi qu trnh x l
lin kt vi nhau v thng tin ny c lu d trong cc csd liu phn tn th ngi
ta coi l h thng qun l phn tn.
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
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Trong h thng qun l phn tn ch thc, c rt nhiu ngi s dng hay ni
cch khc l ngi iu hnh mng, tt cu c coi l cc client qun l, truy nhp
vo cc server qun l thng qua cc mng cc b hay mng din rng. Cc manager s
iu khin cc ng dng qun l, c nm gi bi mt MIB no trong mt min
qun l ring bit. Mi mt manager chm nhim mt s lng agent c th trong
min qun l ca n.
i vi kin trc qun l phn tn thc s, cc server (hay manager) c th trao
i thng tin qun l vi nhau, ging b thng tin MIB c chia s, tip tc minqun l ca manager b li v cc nh iu hnh h thng c th tc ng vi nhiu
manager.
Tt nhin vi nhng h thng nh k trn u s dng gi thit manager l
manager cp cao c quyn truy nhp v cu hnh li cc agent t xa v mi agent li ng
vai tr nh l mt agent qun l thu thp thng tin v cc i tng b qun l v cc
qu trnh qun l.
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
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V.2. H thng qun l trong bng v ngoi bng
Cho mc ch qun l, ngi ta cn phi to ra cc giao thc chuyn ho, s vn
hnh v cc thc thng dng chuyn ho. Tuy nhin cc thng tin qun l li c
truyn ti trn cng c sh tng vt l truyn thng cc thng tin thng mi khc.
Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta gi l h thng qun l trong bng. y l mt giiphp kinh t rt hiu qu. Tuy nhin cng c mt vi hn ch. Do chia s cng knh d
liu nn thng tin qun l c th s chim dng mt khong ng k bng tn v iu ny
c thnh hng ton din n hiu nng trao i d liu cng nh vic thu thp thng
tin qun l.
Chnh v nhng hn ch k trn m mt vi h thng qun l s dng cc knh
ngoi bng (out-of-band channels). H thng qun l ngoi bng a ra gii php s
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Bi 6. T chc qun l cc h thng mng qun l mng
Nguyn Nam HngB mn K thut my tnh v Mng i hc Thy li
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dng cc di bng tn nm ngoi di tn truyn thng d liu. V d nh s dng di tn
thp ca knh thoi truyn thng (50 Hz - 200 Hz) to ra cc knh s liu truyn thng
tin qun l
Gii php trn y c s dng qun l cc modem bng tn thoi. Mt gii
php khc l s dng cc bit d tr trong lung bit truyn ti (v d cc bit trong ghp
knh lung T1) to ra cc knh d liu dng cho mc ch qun l hoc s dng cc
trng n nh trong cc khung hoc t bo pht ca cng ngh SONET v ATM
TM TT
Ba chim chnh trong bi gm: Cc yu cu trong qun l mng, Cc m hnhmng qun l mng v, Cc quan im tip cn qun l mng c cp vi mc
ch gip ngi hc tip cn ng n vi cc h thng TMN, SNMP/MIB v RMON.
Cn thit nhc li rng, mng qun l khng phi trc tip dnh cho ngi dng
mng truyn thng, m mc ch ca n l gip nh qun l nng cao cht lng dch v
i vi ngi dng, t ci thin chnh li ch ca n v shu mng.
D tip cn vi h thng qun l theo cch no th nht thit vn phi duy tr cn
bng li ch gia cc bn v nhm vo phc v ti a.