TNG QUAN CC HM TRONG EXCEL I. Gii thiu Ti liu ny s hng dn bn s
dng cc hm Excel gii mt bi ton t n gin n phc tp nh ma trn, thng
k,... mt cch d dng v nhanh chng. Nhng hm m bn tip xc trong Excel
cng l nhng hm s m bn thng xuyn gp trong cc ng dng khc nh Access,
SQL,... v trong k thut lp trnh PASCAL, C++, C#, VB.NET,.... S dng v
hiu cc hm Excel s gip bn c nn tng c bn khi lm vic vi cc phn mm tnh
ton khc, tin xa hn trong k thut lp trnh, ... II. C bn v hm s trong
Excel: Mt s kin thc c bn v hm s v cch tnh ton trong Excel m bn cn
nm r trc khi lm vic vi bng tnh Excel. 2.1 Ton t: Microsoft Excel s
dng cc ton t ton hc + , -, *, /, ^ (ly tha). Microsoft Excel s dng
cc ton t so snh >, >=, TODAY()) l khi cha bit n hm DATEDIF().
By gi, vi DATEDIF(), cng thc trn ch ngn nh vy thi, m ra kt qu vn
chnh xc: = DATEDIF(Birthdate, TODAY(), "y") V d, hm nay l ngy
09/01/2007: * Vi ngy sinh l 05/01/1969 ( t chc sinh nht ri),
DATEDIF("05/01/1969", TODAY(), "y") = 39 * Nhng vi ngy sinh l
11/1/1969 (cha t chc sinh nht), DATEDIF("11/01/1969", TODAY(), "y")
= 38 *Tm mt gi, pht, giy no tnh t lc ny Nh ti ni trn, hm TIME() s t
ng iu chnh kt qu ca mt gi tr thi gian khi nhng thng s trong hm khng
hp l (gi > 24, pht v giy > 60). V do , khi cn tnh ton hoc tm
mt gi tr thi gian no k t lc ny (hoc bt k lc no), ngi ta thng s dng
hm TIME(). V d, cng thc sau y s cho ra kt qu l thi gian vo 12 ting
na k t lc ny: = TIME(HOUR(NOW()) + 12, MINUTE(NOW()),
SECOND(NOW())) Khng ging nh hm DATE(), bn khng th n gin cng thm gi,
pht, hay giy trong hm TIME(). V d cng thc sau y ch lm mi chuyn l
tng thm 1 ngy vo ngy thng nm v thi gian hin ti: = NOW() + 1 Nu bn
mun cng thm gi, pht, hay giy vo mt gi tr thi gian, bn phi tnh thi
gian cng thm theo mt t l ca mt ngy. V d, bi v mt ngy th c 24 gi, nn
mt gi c tnh nh l 1/24. Cng vy, bi v mt gi th c 60 pht, nn mt pht s
c tnh nh l 1/24/60 (ca mt ngy). V cui cng, bi v c 60 giy trong mt
pht, nn 1 giy trong mt ngy s c tnh bng 1/24/60/60. *Tnh tng thi
gian Khi tnh tng thi gian, bn nn phn bit hai trng hp sau y: * Cng
thm gi, pht, giy: V d, by gi l 8 gi, cng thm 2 ting na, l 10 gi...
Hoc by gi l 23 gi, cng thm 3 ting na l 2 gi sng (ch khng phi 26
gi)... Nu cng kiu ny th bn c cng bnh thng, dng hm TIME() v nu cn th
theo bng hng dn trn.
* Cng tng thi gian lm vic: Mi ngy ti lm vic 18 ting, vy hai ngy
ti lm my ting? l 36 ting. Nhng nu bn dng format bnh thng dng thi
gian th Excel n s t quy ra (36-24) = 12:00... c kt qu l 36:00, bn
phi nh dng thi gian cho theo kiu: [h]:mm:ss (gi nm trong mt cp du
ngoc vung) Ly li nh dng ngy thng i khi, bn nhn c mt ci database m
khng hiu v mt l do g , cell cha ngy thng nm n nh sau: 20070823,
ngha l n c nh dng theo kiu YYYYMMDD. Trng hp ny, khng th dng Format
Cell ca Excel nh dng li, m bn phi dng n hm DATE(year, month, day) v
cc hm x l text, v d hm LEFT(), MID() v RIGHT() ly cc tr s ngy,
thng, nm cho hm DATE(): Ti gi s con s 20070823 ny ang nm cell A1,
th cng thc LEFT(A1, 4) s cho ta tr s ca nm, MID(A1, 3, 2) s cho tr
s ca thng v RIGHT(A1, 2) s cho tr s ca ngy. Gi s trong Control
Panel ca bn nh dng ngy thng nm theo kiu dd/mm/yyyy, v cell nhn kt
qu ca bn c nh dng theo kiu ngy thng nm, bn dng hm DATE(year, month,
day) vi 3 tham s l 3 cng thc va lm trn, ta s c: =DATE(LEFT(A1, 4),
MID(A1, 5, 2), RIGHT(A1, 2)) 23/8/2007
HM TM KIM V THAM CHIU Bao gm cc hm tm kim v tham chiu rt hu ch
khi bn lm vic vi CSDL ln trong EXCEL nh k ton, tnh lng, thu...
=ADDRESS(row_num, column_num [, abs_num] [, a1] [, sheet_text]) Dng
to a ch dng chui k t, theo ch s dng v ch s ct c cung cp. row_num: S
th t dng ca a ch
column_num: S th t ct ca a ch abs_num: Kiu a ch (tuyt i hay tng
i) - mc nh l tuyt i a1: Dng a ch (=TRUE: dng A1; =FALSE: dng R1C1)
- mc nh l TRUE sheet_text: Tn ca sheet cha a ch - mc nh l khng c
=AREAS(reference) Tr v s vng tham chiu trong mt tham chiu. Mi vng
tham chiu c th l mt ri rc hoc l mt dy lin tc trong bng tnh.
reference: L mt hoc nhiu vng tham chiu m bn cn m. Nu mun a nhiu vng
ri rc nhau vo cng thc th bn phn cch chng bng du phy, nu khng ngn
bng du phy, Excel s khng m (xem v d 3 di y) =CHOOSE Tr v gi tr
trong mng gi tr ti v tr c ch nh. =COLUMN(reference) Tr v s th t ct
ca u tin gc trn bn tri ca vng tham chiu. reference: L hoc mt vng
nhiu . Nu reference b trng th COLUMN() tr v s th t ct ca cha cng
thc. =COLUMNS(array) Tr v s ct ca vng tham chiu. array: L hoc mt
vng nhiu , mng tham chiu =HYPERLINK(link_location, friendly_name)
To mt siu lin kt, mt lin kt m mt ti liu... link_location: ng dn n
ti liu cn m, nhp dng chui k t. Link_location c th ch n mt c bit, tn
ca mt dy trong mt trang bng tnh hoc mt bng tnh, hoc ch n mt nh du
(bookmark) trong Microsoft Excel. Link_location cng c th ch n mt tp
tin lu trn cng, hoc mt ng dn truy xut ni b trn mt my ch hoc mt ng
dn ti nguyn URL trn mng intranet, internet. - Link_location c th l
mt chui k t t trong du nhy kp, hoc mt no cha ng dn di dng chui k t.
- Nu link_location lin kt n mt ti nguyn khng tn ti, s xut hin li
khi bn kch vo cha hm HYPERLINK() ny. firendly_name: L ni dung hin
th trong cha hm HYPERLINK(), c th l mt s, hoc chui k t. Ni dung ny
s hin th bng mu xanh v c gch chn, nu khng c firendly_name th chnh
link_location s hin th.
- Firendly_name c th l mt gi tr, mt chui k t, mt tn mng, hoc mt
lin kt n mt gi tr hoc mt chui vn bn. - Nu firendly_name lin kt n mt
gi tr b li, th chnh tn ci li s c hin th thay th cho ni dung bn cn.
V d: =HYPERLINK("http://example.microsoft.com/report/bu dget
report.xls", "Click for report") s hin th: Click for report, v khi
bn click vo ny, Excel s m bng tnh budget report.xls ca trang web
http://example.microsoft.com/report
=HYPERLINK("F:\GPE\book2.xls",F10) s hin th ni dung ca F10 v khi bn
click vo ny, Excel s m bng tnh book2.xls th mc GPE ca F
=HYPERLINK("F:\GPE\book2.xls",F10) s hin th ni dung ca F10 v khi bn
click vo ny, Excel s m bng tnh book2.xls th mc GPE ca F =MATCH Tr v
v tr ca mt gi tr trong bng d liu =INDEX Tr v mt gi tr trong bng d
liu tng ng vi ch mc ca n. Tm kim trong nhiu ct i khi, cc d liu dng
tm kim khng nm mt ct m trong nhiu ct. V d, bn c mt danh sch c tch
sn h v tn ring ra hai ct. Ngi ta yu cu da vo h v tn xc nh chc v.
Chng ta c th dng mt ct ph ni h v tn li ri tm theo ct ph... Nhng c l
khng cn, v ti s dng hm INDEX() v MATCH() vi cng thc mng. Hm MATCH()
c mt c php t ngi bit n, l: =MATCH(value1 & value2, array1 &
array2, match_type) value1 & value2 l cc d liu tm (v d h v tn)
array1 & array2 l cc ct (hoc hng) cha cc d liu dng tm kim V y l
c php dng INDEX() ghp vi MATCH() trong cng thc mng:
{=INDEX(reference, MATCH(value1 & value2, array1 &
array2, match_type))} =INDIRECT(ref_text [, a1]) ref_text l tham
chiu ti mt (c th l dng A1 hoc dng R1C1), l tn nh ngha ca mt tham
chiu, hoc l mt tham chiu dng chui. -Nu ref_text khng hp l,
INDIRECT() s bo li #REF! -Nu ref_text cha tham chiu n mt bng tnh
khc th bng tnh ny phi ang m, nu khng, INDIRECT() cng bo li #REF! a1
l gi tr logic xc nh dng tham chiu bn trong ref_text. a1 = TRUE (hoc
l 1, hoc khng nhp) l kiu tham chiu A1 a1 = FALSE (hoc l 2) l kiu
tham chiu R1C1 Tr v gi tr ca mt tham chiu t chui k t. Tham chiu c
tr v ngay tc thi hin th ni dung ca chng. Cng c th dng hm INDIRECT
khi mun thay i tham chiu ti mt bn trong mt cng thc m khng cn thay i
cng thc . =LOOKUP D tm mt gi tr Hm LOOKUP Dng d tm mt gi tr t mt
dng hoc mt ct trong mt dy hoc mt mng gi tr. Hm LOOKUP() c hai dng:
Vec-t (vector form) v Mng (array form) * Dng Vec-t: LOOKUP() tm kim
trn mt dng hoc mt ct, nu tm thy s tr v gi tr ca cng v tr trn dng
(hoc ct) c ch nh. * Dng Mng: LOOKUP() tm kim trn dng (hoc ct) u tin
ca mt mng gi tr, nu tm thy s tr v gi tr ca cng v tr trn dng (hoc
ct) cui cng trong mng . ^^ Vector form (dng vec-t) C php:
LOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_vector, result_vector) lookup_value: L
gi tr LOOKUP() s tm kim trong lookup_vector. N c th l mt s, mt k t,
mt gi tr logic, mt tn c nh ngha ca mt vng hoc mt tham chiu n mt gi
tr. lookup_vector: L mt vng m ch gm mt dng (hoc mt ct) c cha
lookup_value. Nhng gi tr cha trong vng ny c th l mt s, mt k t hoc
mt gi tr logic.
- lookup_vector phi c sp xp theo th t tng dn, nu khng, LOOKUP()
c th cho kt qu khng chnh xc. - Nu khng tm thy lookup_value trong
lookup_vector th LOOKUP() s ly gi tr ln nht m nh hn hoc bng
lookup_value. - Nu lookup_value nh hn gi tr nh nht trong
lookup_vector th LOOKUP() s bo li #NA! result_vector: L mt vng m ch
gm mt dng (hoc mt ct) cha gi tr tr v. Kch thc ca result_vector bt
buc phi bng kch thc ca lookup_vector. ^^ Array form (dng mng) C
php: LOOKUP(lookup_value, array) lookup_value: L gi tr LOOKUP() s
tm kim trong array. N c th l mt s, mt k t, mt gi tr logic, mt tn c
nh ngha ca mt vng hoc mt tham chiu n mt gi tr. - Nu khng tm thy
lookup_value trong array th LOOKUP() s ly gi tr ln nht m nh hn hoc
bng lookup_value. - Nu lookup_value nh hn gi tr nh nht trong ct hoc
hng u tin trong array th LOOKUP() s bo li #NA! array: L mt vng cha
lookup_value, c th l s, k t, hoc gi tr logic. Dng mng ca LOOKUP()
gn tng ng nh hm VLOOKUP() hoc HLOOKUP(). Khc bit ch VLOOKUP() v
HLOOKUP() tm kim trn ct (hoc dng) u tin, cn LOOKUP() tm kim trn ct
hoc trn dng ty thuc vo dng mng c khai bo: - Nu array l mng c s ct
nhiu hn s dng th LOOKUP() s tm trn dng u tin. - Nu array l mng c s
dng nhiu hn s ct th LOOKUP() s tm trn ct u tin. - Trng hp array l
mng c s dng bng s ct th LOOKUP() s tm trn ct u tin. - VLOOKUP() v
HLOOKUP() ly kt qu trn ct (hoc) dng c ch nh, cn LOOKUP() lun lun ly
kt qu trn dng (hoc ct) cui cng.
- Cc gi tr trn dng (hoc ct) u tin ca array phi c sp xp theo th t
tng dn, nu khng, LOOKUP() c th cho kt qu khng chnh xc. Hm
GETPIVOTDATA() Tr v d liu c lu gi trong bo co PivotTable. C th dng
GETPIVOTDATA() ly d liu tng kt t mt bo co PivotTable, vi iu kin l
phi thy c d liu tng kt t trong bo co . nhanh chng nhp cng thc
GETPIVOTDATA(), bn c th g du = vo mun nhn d liu tng kt, ri nhp vo
cha s liu tng kt ca bo co PivotTable. C php: =
GETPIVOTDATA(data_field, pivot_table, field1, item1, field2,
item2,...) data_field : Tn trng cha d liu tng kt ca bo co
PivotTable. Tn ny phi c t trong mt cp du nhy kp. pivot_data : Tham
chiu n mt , dy , hoc tn dy bn trong mt bo co PivotTable. Thng tin
ny c dng xc nh bo co PivotTable no cha d liu tr v. field1, item1,
field2, item2,... : C th c t 1 n 126 (vi Excel 2003 tr v trc th con
s ny ch l 14) cp tn field v item m t d liu mun tr v. Nhng cp ny c
th thuc bt c loi no. Nu tn field v item khng l ngy thng hoc s liu,
cn phi t chng trong cp du nhy kp. i vi loi bo co OLAP PivotTable,
items c th bao gm y ng dn ln tn ca item. Mt cp field v item ca OLAP
PivotTable c th nh sau: "[Product]","[Product].[All
Products].[Foods].[Baked Goods]" Lu : * Cc field hay item tnh ton v
cc php tnh t to c th c t trong php tnh GETPIVOTDATA. * Nu
pivot_table l mt dy c cha nhiu hn 1 bo co PivotTable, d liu tr v s
l t bo co c to ra sau cng. * Nu i s field v cc i s ca item m t ch
mi mt , gi tr ca s c tr v m khng cn bit gi tr l chui, l s, l li,
hay l mt th g ... * Nu item cha ngy thng, gi tr phi c biu din di
dng mt chui s hoc c thit lp bng cch dng hm DATE() gi tr s khng bin
i khi bng tnh c m mt my khc, c h thng nh
dng ngy thng khc vi ni to ra n. V d, mt item tham chiu ti ngy 5
thng 3 nm 1999 c th c nhp l 36224 hay DATE(1999, 3, 5). Thi gian c
th c nhp nh mt gi tr thp phn hoc bng cch dng hm TIME(). * Nu
pivot_table khng phi l mt dy c cha bo co PivotTable, GETPIVOTDATA()
s tr v li #REF! * Nu cc i s miu t mt field khng th thy c, hoc nu
chng gm mt trng khng hin th, GETPIVOTDATA() cng s tr v li #REF! Hm
DGET() Trch mt gi tr t mt ct ca mt danh sch hay c s d liu, khp vi
iu kin c ch nh. C php: = DGET(database, field, criteria)
=OFFSET(reference, rows, cols [, height] [, width]) Tr v mt vng
tham chiu t mt vng xut pht. y l mt trong nhng hm rt hay ca Excel, v
c ng dng rt nhiu. N dng tham chiu n mt vng no , bt u t mt , hoc mt
dy , vi mt khong cch c ch nh. reference: L vng m bn mun lm im xut
pht tham chiu n vng khc. Reference phi ch n mt hoc mt dy lin tc, nu
khng, hm s bo li #VALUE! rows: S dng di ln (hoc xung) tnh t
reference, nhp s dng nu mun di xung, hoc s m nu mun di ln. cols: S
ct di sang phi tri (hoc phi) tnh t reference, nhp s dng nu mun di
sang phi, hoc s m nu mun di sang tri. height: L s dng ( cao) ca vng
tham chiu cn tr v. width: L s ct ( rng) ca vng tham chiu cn tr v.
Ghi ch: * Nu s dng (rows) hoc ct (cols) vt ra ngoi phm vi bng tnh,
hm s bo li #REF! * cao (height) v rng (width) nu khng nhp, th xem
nh n bng vi cao v rng ca vng xut pht (reference) =ROW(reference) Tr
v s th t dng ca u tin trong dy . Tr v s th t dng ca u tin gc trn bn
tri ca vng tham chiu.
reference: L hoc mt vng nhiu . Nu reference b trng th ROW() tr v
s th t ct ca cha cng thc. =ROWS(array) Tr v s dng ca vng tham chiu.
array: L hoc mt vng nhiu , mng tham chiu =TRANSPOSE(array) Chuyn mt
vng d liu ngang thnh dc v ngc li. Hm TRANSPOSE() lun lun c nhp dng
cng thc mng (nhn Ctrl-Shift-Enter sau khi nhp) array: L mng d liu
cn hon chuyn Nu s ct trong vng nhp cng thc nhiu hn s hng ca array,
hoc s hng trong vng nhp cng thc nhiu hn s ct ca array, hm s bo li
#NA ti nhng b d ra. =VLOOKUP(gi tr tm, vng cn tm, ct cn ly, cch tm)
D tm mt gi tr trn ct u tin v tr v ... Hm tm kim v tham chiu theo
ct. Vng cn tm: thng ch gi tr tuyt i: $ Ct cn ly: vng cn tm. Cch tm:
Tm theo 2 gi tr: 0: Ct bn tri ca vng cn tm khng sp xp (ngm nh) 1:
Sp xp tng dn. =HLOOKUP(gi tr tm, vng cn tm, hng cn ly, cch tm) D tm
mt gi tr trn hng u tin v tr v ... - ging hm VLOOKUP
HM TON HC V LNG GIC Bao gm cc hm v ton hc v lng gic gip bn c th
gii mt bi ton i s, gii tch, hoc lng gic t tiu hc n i hc... Lu n quy
cch hin th s ca VN v ca US. lun nhp p mt gi tr kiu s bn hy s dng bn
phm s. =ABS Tnh tr tuyt i ca mt s =ACOS Tnh nghch o cosin
=ACOSH Tnh nghch o cosin hyperbol =ASIN Tnh nghch o sin =ASINH
Tnh nghch o sin hyperbol =ATAN Tnh nghch o tang =ATAN2 Tnh nghch o
tang vi ta =ATANH Tnh nghch o tang hyperbol =CEILING L trn n bi s
gn nht =COMBIN Tnh t hp t s phn t chn =COS Tnh cosin ca mt gc =COSH
Tnh cosin hyperbol =DEGREES i radians sang =EVEN Lm trn mt s n s
nguyn chn gn nht. =EXP Tnh ly tha c s e =FACT Tnh giai tha ca mt s
=FACTDOUBLE Tnh ly tha cp 2 =FLOOR Lm trn xung n bi s gn nht do bn
ch. =GCD Tm c s chung ln nht =INT(X) Lm trn xung s nguyn gn nht (Hm
ly gi tr l phn nguyn-Hm cho gi tr l phn nguyn ca X) =LCM Tm bi s
chung nh nht
=LN Tnh logarit c s t nhin ca mt s =LOG Tnh logarit =LOG10 Tnh
logarit c s 10 =MDETERM Tnh nh thc ca ma trn =MINVERSE Tm ma trn
nghch o =MMULT Tnh tch 2 ma trn =MOD(a,b) Hm cho gi tr l phn d ca
php chia a:b =MROUND Lm trn mt s n bi s ca s khc. =MULTINOMIAL T l
giai tha tng vi tch cc giai tha ca cc s. =ODD Lm trn n mt s nguyn l
gn nht. =PI Tr v gi tr pi =POWER Tnh ly tha ca mt s =PRODUCT Tnh
tch cc s =QUOTIENT Ly phn nguyn ca php chia =RADIANS i sang
radians. =RAND Tr v mt s ngu nhin trong khong 0 v 1 =RANDBETWEEN Tr
v mt s ngu nhin trong khong do bn ch nh Hm ROMAN() Dng chuyn i mt s
dng -rp sang dng s La-m C php: = ROMAN(number, form) number: S cn
chuyn i form: dng chuyn i
0 (hoc TRUE, hoc khng nhp): Dng c in 1 cho n 3: Dng c in nhng c
rt gn, s cng ln rt gn cng nhiu (xem thm v d) 4 (hoc FALSE): Dng hin
i Ch : * number phi l s dng, nu number < 0 hm s bo li #VALUE! *
Nu number l s thp phn, ROMAN() ch chuyn i phn nguyn ca n * Hm
ROMAN() ch x l c ti s ln nht l 3999, nu number > 3999 hm s bo li
#VALUE! * Sau khi chuyn i, kt qu s l mt d liu dng text, v khng th
tnh ton vi n c na V d: ROMAN(499, 0) = CDXCIX = ROMAN(499) =
ROMAN(499, TRUE) ROMAN(499, 1) = LDVLIV ROMAN(499, 2) = XDIX
ROMAN(499, 3) = VDIV ROMAN(499, 4) = ID = ROMAN(499, FALSE)
ROMAN(2008) = MMVIII =ROUND(X,n) Hm lm trn n s ca X Nu n dng
(n>0) s lm trn s bn phi k t v tr du chm thp phn. Nu n m (n
