Tomorrow’s Automobile

8/9/2019 Tomorrow’s Automobile

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Tomorrow¶sAutomobile

A Look Inside 21st

Century AutomotiveTechnology



What Is The Automobile¶s Future?

The purpose of my research was togain an understanding of the modern

automobile in an attempt to debatewhat its future may be.

I did this by using online and printsources to research a brief history of

the automobile, current automotiveinnovations, and the ideas which willhopefully define the 21st century.

The purpose of my research was togain an understanding of the modern

automobile in an attempt to debatewhat its future may be.

I did this by using online and printsources to research a brief history of

the automobile, current automotiveinnovations, and the ideas which willhopefully define the 21st century.



This Presentation Explores:

Where the automobile currently stands in our society.

Future technologies which will help maximizeautomobile efficiency.

The impending oil crisis.

Alternative fuels being researched for massusage.

A peak into cars designs of the future.

Where the automobile currently stands in our society.

Future technologies which will help maximizeautomobile efficiency.

The impending oil crisis.

Alternative fuels being researched for massusage.

A peak into cars designs of the future.



Cars are a big part of our world!

Roadways

World 32,345,165km 2002

United States 6,430,366km 2005

Automobile industry uses the most:Copper, glass, zinc, leather, plastic,

lead and platinum

Roadways

World 32,345,165km 2002

United States 6,430,366km 2005

Automobile industry uses the most:Copper, glass, zinc, leather, plastic,

lead and platinum



Current Trend

Smaller, sleeker, lighter, quicker, more fuelefficient, and environmentally sounder

Smaller, sleeker, lighter, quicker, more fuelefficient, and environmentally sounder



What Causes Fuel Consumption?

Inertia Weight

Rolling Resistance " Road Load

Aerodynamic Drag

Engine Consumption

Transmission Inefficiencies " System

Final Drive Ratio Efficiency Gear Ratio

Inertia Weight

Rolling Resistance " Road Load

Aerodynamic Drag

Engine Consumption

Transmission Inefficiencies " System

Final Drive Ratio Efficiency Gear Ratio



Increasing System Efficiency

Forced InductionSuperchargers

Turbochargers Advanced Sensors and Electronics

Advanced Structures and Materials

Design and Manufacturing Processes

Kinetic Storage

Hydraulic Storage

Forced InductionSuperchargers

Turbochargers Advanced Sensors and Electronics

Advanced Structures and Materials

Design and Manufacturing Processes

Kinetic Storage

Hydraulic Storage



The Turbocharger

30-40 percent power increase over NA

engines.Create Boost: combustion pressure higher than that of atmospheric pressure

Compression = Oxygen density

= combustibility = performance

30-40 percent power increase over NA

engines.Create Boost: combustion pressure higher than that of atmospheric pressure

Compression = Oxygen density

= combustibility = performance



K inetic and Hydraulic Storage

Captures energy usually wasted andstores it as useable energy

Kinetic storageUses energy created by the rotation of the

Automobile¶s Flywheel

Hydraulic storageCaptures energy created when breaking

Captures energy usually wasted andstores it as useable energy

Kinetic storageUses energy created by the rotation of the

Automobile¶s Flywheel

Hydraulic storageCaptures energy created when breaking



Transmission Efficiency

Variable Cam Timing and Engine Compression Adjusts valve timing to engine¶s specific speed and

load

Continuously Variable TransmissionWould ensure engine is always at its most efficient

gear ratio, eliminating need for gears

Variable Cam Timing and Engine Compression Adjusts valve timing to engine¶s specific speed and

load

Continuously Variable TransmissionWould ensure engine is always at its most efficient

gear ratio, eliminating need for gears

A sampleCVT



How Much Gas Do We Really Use?

2000 world consumption75.6 million barrels of oil per day

Personal Transportation consumes about62% of the world¶s energy usage

Peacetime US military spendingpreserving oil supply is $10 - $20 billion ayear

By 2020:OIL DEMAND WILL SURPASS OIL SUPPLY

2000 world consumption75.6 million barrels of oil per day

Personal Transportation consumes about62% of the world¶s energy usage

Peacetime US military spendingpreserving oil supply is $10 - $20 billion ayear

By 2020:OIL DEMAND WILL SURPASS OIL SUPPLY



Break ing the Habit

Short Range Diesel Engines Hybrid Engines

Fuel Additives Alcohols

Long Range Natural Gases

Electric Engines / Advanced Hybrids Hydrogen

Short Range Diesel Engines Hybrid Engines

Fuel Additives Alcohols

Long Range Natural Gases

Electric Engines / Advanced Hybrids Hydrogen



The New Diesel

Diesel engines are not the earth-killersthey once wereCO2 emissions NOx emissions

Converting to ³Clean Diesel´ can yield a30-40% increase in gas mileageUses intensified diesel fuel

Hybrid Diesel Engines Adding an electric motor to a modern diesel

engine can result in mileage increases of up to70%

Diesel engines are not the earth-killersthey once wereCO2 emissions NOx emissions

Converting to ³Clean Diesel´ can yield a30-40% increase in gas mileageUses intensified diesel fuel

Hybrid Diesel Engines Adding an electric motor to a modern diesel

engine can result in mileage increases of up to70%



Mercedes Benz¶s Clean Diesel GL 320



Fuel Additives Ethanol

Renewable

MethanolCleaner fossil fuel

Can be mixed with normalgasoline Increased efficiency and lower

emissions

Ethanol

Renewable

MethanolCleaner fossil fuel

Can be mixed with normalgasoline Increased efficiency and lower

emissions



GM¶s 85% Ethanol Chevrolet Avalanche



The Hope of Electricity

Many cars currently use hybrid engines toincrease efficiency

Completely renewableMinimal emissions

Almost every style of automotive enginecan be combined to created a hybrid

engineBattery size needed makes using an

electric motor by itself impractical

Many cars currently use hybrid engines toincrease efficiency

Completely renewableMinimal emissions

Almost every style of automotive enginecan be combined to created a hybrid

engineBattery size needed makes using an

electric motor by itself impractical



Some Electric VehiclesMany electric vehicles are very similar to current production

In designBut they are usually much lighter!



The Power of Hydrogen

Reverse Hydrolysis H2 + 02 = 2H20 + energy (42 kJ / g)

1 Kg solid H2 = 1 gallon gasolineCosts 3$ last 2/3 as long

Can be stored in tanks called Fuel Cells

Liquid H2 must be stored at 20.4o

K (about -255o

C) Gaseous H2 can be compressed and stored easily

Liquid Hydrogen is a much more effective fuel

Reverse Hydrolysis H2 + 02 = 2H20 + energy (42 kJ / g)

1 Kg solid H2 = 1 gallon gasolineCosts 3$ last 2/3 as long

Can be stored in tanks called Fuel Cells

Liquid H2 must be stored at 20.4o

K (about -255o

C) Gaseous H2 can be compressed and stored easily

Liquid Hydrogen is a much more effective fuel



The Reality of Hydrogen

Though it can be domestically produced quiteeasily« Pure Hydrogen is rare in nature

Must be ManufacturedSteam Reformation

Steam separates Hydrogen from natural gases Acid extraction

Zn + 2HCl --> ZnCl2 + H2

Electrolysis Hydrogen engines can be mixed with almost all

current engine additions Turbochargers, energy converters, hybrid

technologies«.

Though it can be domestically produced quiteeasily« Pure Hydrogen is rare in nature

Must be ManufacturedSteam Reformation

Steam separates Hydrogen from natural gases Acid extraction

Zn + 2HCl --> ZnCl2 + H2

Electrolysis Hydrogen engines can be mixed with almost all

current engine additions Turbochargers, energy converters, hybrid

technologies«.



Fuel Source Energy Densities (kJ/g)

Gasoline 48.28

Diesel 45.72

Methanol 27.68

Ethanol 29.52

Hydrogen (l) 41.54

Hydrogen (g) 2.38

Propane 46.3

Butane 45.6Methane 5.44

Pb/lead battery .19



Coming Soon

Alternatively fueled vehicles aided by theuse of hydraulic and kinetic storage,turbochargers, hybrid technology andpossibly fuel additives

W

ITH THE COMBINATION OF THIS

TECHNOLOGY, H2 ENGINES CAN ALREADYKEEP UP WITH GASOLINE ENGINES

Alternatively fueled vehicles aided by theuse of hydraulic and kinetic storage,turbochargers, hybrid technology andpossibly fuel additives

W

ITH THE COMBINATION OF THIS

TECHNOLOGY, H2 ENGINES CAN ALREADYKEEP UP WITH GASOLINE ENGINES



Summary

The Modern automobile is a complex and vastpart of our society

With modern technology we can makeautomobiles extremely efficientWe must however find and implement a new

energy source within the next 15 years

The next generation of cars will combinenumerous technologies with renewable fuelbased engines to create super efficient,environmentally friendly automobiles

The Modern automobile is a complex and vastpart of our society

With modern technology we can makeautomobiles extremely efficientWe must however find and implement a new

energy source within the next 15 years

The next generation of cars will combinenumerous technologies with renewable fuelbased engines to create super efficient,environmentally friendly automobiles



Alternative Cars and Automotive Designs

From the FutureHydrogen Powered Vehicles



3-Wheelers

Handle better than 4-wheele automobiles

Lighter

Handle better than 4-wheele automobiles

Lighter

PontiacMonaro

BMW



Narrow Lane Vehicles

Very light

Allow for increased traffic flow

Very light

Allow for increased traffic flow

GM Lean Machine 350lbs 120 MPG

Honda EP-X 1,300lbs

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Tomorrow’s Automobile