Tomatoes and cardiovascular diseases

Tomatoes and cardiovascular diseasesVolker BhmInstitute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany ([email protected])

"Tomatoes and cardiovascular diseases", Murcia, 14.10.2004

Arrangement Introduction Epidemiology Analysis - HPLC separation - antioxidant activity Intestinal absorption of lycopene Conclusions1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Introduction (1)Press releasesTLZ 24.11.1994Healthy Food can protect against Cancer1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Introduction (2)Press releasesApotheken-Umschau A 8/98TLZ 07.03.2002Tomatoes protect the cellsTomatoes against cancer1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Introduction (3)Production of tomatoes (1000 t) for processing(WPTC, World Processing Tomato Council, 2003)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Italy

4198

3665

4352

4932

4841

4800

4325

Greece

1311

1183

1248

1250

1062

939

861

Spain

1184

990

1182

1510

1318

1463

1548

Portugal

905

722

988

999

854

917

811

France

285

286

328

363

314

298

241

( EU

7883

6846

8098

9054

8389

8414

7787

California

9670

8480

8067

11103

9329

7827

10700

Epidemiology (1)(modified to E Giovannucci, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91 (1999) 317-331)Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-1998)47365 participants, 2481 cases of prostate cancerlycopene intake (high vs. low quintile): RR=0.84 (0.73-0.96)tomato sauce intake (2 servings/week vs.

Epidemiology (2)Unexpected negative results with -caroteneATBC-study in Finland 29133 smokers 20 mg/d 18 % increase in lung cancer risk (Heinonen et al. 1994)CARET-study in USA 18314 smokers and asbestos workers 30 mg/d + 25.000 IE vitamin A ( 7.5 mg Retinol) 28 % increase in lung cancer risk (Omenn et al. 1996)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Epidemiology (3)C. Liu et al., Carcinogenesis 21 (2000) 2245-2253 ... In contrast with a pharmacological dose of -carotene, a physiological dose of -carotene in smoke-exposed ferrets has no potentially detrimental effects and may afford weak protection against lung damage induced by cigarette smoke.- instability of the -carotene molecule in the free radical rich antioxidant poor environment- increased levels of oxidative metabolites of -carotene 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Lycopene and cardiovasular disease1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


(modified to L Arab and S Steck, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 (2000) 1691S-1695S)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Authors

Study design

n

Sample

Outcome

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p for trend

Factors controlled for in analysis

Street et al., 1994

Nested case-control study

123 cases, 246 controls

Serum

Myocardial infarction

0.75 (CI not shown)

0.54

None

Iribarren et al., 1997

Case-control study (ARIC study)


Fasting serum

Intima media thickness

0.81 (0.60, 1.08)

Data not shown

Age, blood storage time, total cholesterol and triacylglycerols, education level, former smoking, current smoking, BMI, ethanol intake, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and vitamin supplement use

Kohlmeier et al., 1997

Case-control study (EURAMIC study)


Adipose tissue


0.52 (0.33, 0.82)

0.005

Age, center, BMI, smoking, family history of disease, and history of high blood pressure

Gomez-Aracena et al., 1997

Case-control study (one EURAMIC study center)


Adipose tissue


0.39 (0.13, 1.19)

0.04

Age, family history of coronary heart disease, and cigarette smoking

(modified to HD Sesso et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79 (2004) 47-53)Womens Health Study (WHS)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Quartile of plasma biomarker

1

2

3

4

p (linear trend)

Lycopene

(g/dL)

8.4

14.1

18.6

24.2

Multivariate-adjusted RR

1.00

0.94 (0.60, 1.49)

0.62 (0.39, 1.00)

0.67 (0.41, 1.11)

0.05

(-Cryptoxanthin(g/dL)

3.8

7.5

11.8

19.3


1.00

0.67 (0.41, 1.07)

0.95 (0.58, 1.56)

0.70 (0.41, 1.18)

0.34

Lutein/Zeaxanthin (g/dL)

9.4

14.0

18.5

26.5


1.00

0.82 (0.51, 1.33)

0.89 (0.55, 1.44)

0.81 (0.47, 1.41)

0.58

Retinol

(g/dL)

37.1

48.2

57.8

71.4


1.00

1.36 (0.83, 2.24)

1.13 (0.65, 1.94)

1.22 (0.69, 2.14)

0.69

Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD)(modified to TH Rissanen et al., Br. J. Nutr. 85 (2001) 749-754)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Subjects who developed an acute coronary event or a stroke (n 41)

Other subjects (n 684)

p value of difference

Serum lycopene

(mol/L)

0.10 ( 0.12

0.17 ( 0.14

0.003

Serum (-carotene (mol/L)

0.42 ( 0.41

0.41 ( 0.33

0.839

Serum folate

(nmol/L)

9.77 ( 4.30

10.48 ( 3.90

0.258

Plasma vitamin C (mg/L)

7.82 ( 3.93

9.26 ( 3.77

0.018

Age

(years)

57.6 ( 6.5

54.9 ( 6.6

0.011

BMI

(kg/m2)

27.6 ( 3.5

27.4 ( 3.5

0.721

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

140.1 ( 15.1

134.6 ( 16.4

0.039

Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L)

5.69 ( 0.85

5.50 ( 0.91

0.178

HDL

(mmol/L)

1.08 ( 0.29

1.12 ( 0.29

0.350

LDL

(mmol/L)

4.10 ( 0.75

3.90 ( 0.81

0.132

Smoking

(%)

34

27

0.315

Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD)(modified to TH Rissanen et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 77 (2003) 133-138)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29CCA-IMT: intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery


Quarter of serum lycopene (mol/L)

0.22

p (linear trend)

mm

Model 1

Mean CCA-IMT

0.92 (0.89, 0.95)

0.88 (0.85, 0.90)

0.87 (0.85, 0.89)

0.85 (0.83, 0.88)

Analysis (1)Antioxidant activity (1) interactions with free radicals stop of radical chain reactions singlet oxygen quencher formation of stable radical cations formation of stable radical adducts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Analysis (2)Antioxidant activity (2) Lipophilic TEAC assay TEAC: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity ABTS: 2,2-azinobis-(3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) oxidation of ABTS with manganese dioxide photometrically measurable radical cation ABTS+, =734 nm reduction of the radical cation by carotenoids Trolox equivalents (1 mmol/L Carotenoid x mmol/L Trolox)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Fig. 1: Antioxidant activity (TEAC) of five lycopene isomers compared to that of (E)-b-carotene (V Bhm, NL Puspitasari-Nienaber, MG Ferruzzi, SJ Schwartz, J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002) 221-226)Analysis (3)Antioxidant activity (3)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Tabelle1

TEAC (mmol/L)

means

(E)-alpha-carotene1.530.27

(9Z)-alpha-carotene1.210.04

(13Z)-alpha-carotene1.170.17

(9'Z)-alpha-carotene1.630.04

(13'Z)-alpha-carotene1.940.21

(E)-beta-carotene1.400.22

(9Z)-beta-carotene1.400.30



(E)-Lycopene2.510.47

Lycopene (Z)-Isomer 13.140.21




(E)-zeaxanthin1.110.17

(9Z)-zeaxanthin0.520.20

(13Z)-zeaxanthin1.330.16

Diagramm1

1.530.27

1.210.04

1.170.17

1.630.04

1.940.21

TEAC [mmol/L]

A,B

A

A

A,B

B

Diagramm2

1.40.22

1.40.3

10.23

1.230.17

TEAC [mmol/L]

A

A

A

A

Diagramm3

1.40.22

2.510.47

3.140.21

3.080.49

3.090.42

2.720.14

TEAC [mmol/L]

B,C

C

C

C

B

A

Diagramm4

1.110.17

0.520.2

1.330.16

TEAC [mmol/L]

A

B

A

Tabelle2

Tabelle3

Study on intestinal absorption of lycopene (1)Human studies on intestinal absorption of lycopene1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Dose

Matrix

Result

Literatur

12 mg,

s

tomato juice (180 mL)

no effect

Brown et al., 1989

12 mg/d,

6 w

tomato juice (180 mL/d)

no effect

Micozzio et al., 1992

16,5 mg/d, s + 7 d

tomato puree (60 g/d)

tomatoes (300 g/d)

lycopene better available from puree

Porrini et al., 1998

23 mg,

s

tomato paste (40 g)

tomatoes (400 g)

lycopene in chylo-microns after tomato paste (

Grtner et al., 1997

39-75 mg/d, 1 w

spagetti sauce (126 g/d)

tomato juice (540 mL/d

capsules

lycopene in serum (

Agarwal et al., 1998

40 mg/d,

2 w

tomato juice (330 mL/d)

lycopene in plasma (

Mller et al., 1999

70-75 mg/d, 4 w

tomato juice (476 g/d)

capsules

lycopene in plasma (

Paetau et al., 1998

s: single dose

Study on intestinal absorption of lycopene (2)Own human study (1998) physiologically relevant doses of lycopene (5 mg/d, 4 w) are better available from tomato juice and lycopene capsules compared to raw tomatoes no interactions with other carotenoids no alterations of antioxidant capacity of plasma no effect on lipid status parameters (V Bhm, R Bitsch, Eur. J. Nutr. 38 (1999) 118-125)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Study on intestinal absorption of lycopene (3)Own human study (2003)Characterization of volunteers: Fig. 2: Study design1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Group

Age [years]

Weight [kg]

BMI [kg/m2]

Group 1 tomatoes (n = 6)

23.0 ( 0.6

61.7 ( 5.4

21.7 ( 1.7

Group 2 juice (n = 6)

22.8 ( 2.2

62.7 ( 8.0

21.4 ( 1.8

Group 3 paste (n = 5)

22.4 ( 1.7

61.0 ( 6.6

20.4 ( 1.9

Week

-2

-1

1

2

3

4

5

Blood withdrawal

T-2

T0

T1

T2

T3

T4

Initial phase poor in lycopene

Supplementation with tomatoes, tomato juice or tomato paste

Blood withdrawal: fastened between 7.30 and 8.30 oclock

T: Blood withdrawal date

Intervention conditions: Study on intestinal absorption of lycopene (4)Own human study (2003)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Food item

Lycopene dosage (mg/d), 4 w

Amount of food item

12.5

145-320 g/d

12.5

94-101 g/d

12.5

25- 28 g/d

_1147791509.doc

_1147791541.doc

Fig. 3: HPLC chromatogram (YMC C30) of human plasma extract after intervention with tomato pasteStudy on intestinal absorption of lycopene (5)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Fig. 4: Plasma lycopene concentrations (mean + or - sd) over time in subjects of all three intervention groupsStudy on intestinal absorption of lycopene (6)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Diagramm1

0.77830.69790.56780.41660.25480.2751

0.39930.43230.25320.16650.14870.1385

0.71820.61340.3860.28430.16810.2347

0.740.62560.57620.23580.1490.2315

0.77090.71420.53370.23560.21510.2215

0.81330.77390.52520.23010.26260.229

tomato paste

tomato juice

tomatoes

Blood withdrawal

Total lycopene in plasma [mol/L]

(Gesamt)-Lycopin

Gesamtlycopin [mol/l]als Summe von (E)-Lycopin und aller (Z)-Lycopinisomere

T-2T 0T+1T+2T+3T+4

TomatenmarkMW0.77830.39930.71820.740.77090.8133

Standabw.0.41660.16650.28430.23580.23560.2301

TomatensaftMW0.69790.43230.61340.62560.71420.7739

Standabw.0.25480.14870.16810.1490.21510.2626

TomatenMW0.56780.25320.3860.57620.53370.5252

Standabw.0.27510.13850.23470.23150.22150.229

(Gesamt)-Lycopin

0.41660.25480.2751

0.16650.14870.1385

0.28430.16810.2347

0.23580.1490.2315

0.23560.21510.2215

0.23010.26260.229

tomato paste

tomato juice

tomatoes

Blood withdrawal


Differences in the lycopene isomer pattern between tomato products (A) and human plasma (B)Hypothesis 1: (Z)-isomers are preferred in absorptionHypothesis 2: (Z)-isomers are formed after absorption within the body1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Human intervention study with lycopene (23-35 mg/d, 15 d) comprised in tomato products (juice and soup): - after a 7 days depletion period, the relative content of (E)-lycopene decreased from 44.4 % to 39.6 % while the content of (Z)-isomers increased from 55.6 % to 60.4 % isomerization of (E)-lycopene and/or biological preservation of (Z)-isomers (CW Hadley, SK Clinton, SJ Schwartz, J. Nutr. 133 (2003) 727-732)Fig. 6: Relative portions (mean) of lycopene isomers over time in subjects of the tomato paste group1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Diagramm2

40.0859.92

30.0769.93

38.1761.83

41.1258.88

41.4858.52

39.1760.83

(E)-lycopene

lycopene (Z)-isomers

Relative portion of lycopene isomers [%]

Isomerenprozente

prozentuale Isomerenzusammensetzung

T-2T 0T+1T+2T+3T+4

Tomatenmark(E)-Lycopin40.0830.0738.1741.1241.4839.17

(5Z)-Lycopin29.8934.0531.2625.7721.4421.33

(15(Z)-Lycopin15.3119.4220.4821.7624.1623.08

(Z)-Lycopin,41 min7.738.115.726.757.9610.55

(Z)-Lycopin, 3er Gruppe6.998.354.374.604.965.87

(Gesamt-Z)-Lycopin59.9269.9361.8358.8858.5260.83

Tomatensaft(E)-Lycopin38.5830.5334.1035.3432.9236.54

(5Z)-Lycopin27.5632.0426.3924.3125.4824.33

(15(Z)-Lycopin20.8422.2723.4524.5925.1324.10

(Z)-Lycopin,41 min6.667.648.919.9410.219.21


(Gesamt-Z)-Lycopin61.4269.4765.9064.6667.0863.46

Tomaten(E)-Lycopin39.5030.3145.3848.6248.4349.45

(5Z)-Lycopin34.1735.9523.7517.7319.3917.85

(15(Z)-Lycopin7.3211.929.0714.739.669.85

(Z)-Lycopin,41 min8.9710.0913.0912.9815.2215.97


(Gesamt-Z)-Lycopin60.5069.6954.6251.3851.5750.55

tomato paste group

Isomerenprozente

00

00

00

00

00

00

(E)-lycopene


Relative portion of lycopene isomers [%]

00

00

00

00

00

00

(E)-Lycopin

(Z)-Lycopin

Anteil am Gesamtlycopin [%]

prozentuale Isomerenzusammensetzung in der Tomatensaft-Gruppe

00

00

00

00

00

00

(E)-Lycopin

(Z)-Lycopin


prozentuale Isomerenzusammensetzung in der Tomaten-Gruppe

40.0838.5839.5

30.0730.5330.31

38.1734.145.38

41.1235.3448.62

41.4832.9248.43

39.1736.54149.45

Tomatenmark-Gruppe

Tomatensaft-Gruppe

Tomaten-Gruppe

prozentualer (E)-Lycopinanteil am Gesamtlycopin

prozentualer (E)-Lycopinanteil

59.9261.4260.5

69.9369.4769.69

61.8365.954.62

58.8864.6651.38

58.5267.0851.57

60.8363.45950.55

Tomatenmark-Gruppe

Tomatensaft-Gruppe

Tomaten-Gruppe

prozentualer (E)-Lycopinanteil am Gesamtlycopin

prozentualer (Gesamt-Z)-Lycopinanteil

40.0829.8915.317.736.99

30.0734.0519.428.118.35

38.1731.2620.485.724.37

41.1225.7721.766.754.6

41.4821.4424.167.964.96

39.1721.3323.0810.555.87

(E)-Lycopin

(5Z)-Lycopin

(15Z)-Lycopin

(Z)-Lycopin, 41 min

(Z)-Lycopin, 3er Gruppe


prozentuale Isomerenzusammensetzung in der Tomatenmark-Gruppe

38.5827.5620.846.666.36

30.5332.0422.277.647.52

34.126.3923.458.917.15

35.3424.3124.599.945.82

32.9225.4825.1310.216.26

36.54124.3324.19.2095.82

(E)-Lycopin

(5Z)-Lycopin

(15Z)-Lycopin

(Z)-Lycopin, 41 min



prozentuale Isomerenzusammensetzung in der Tomatensaft-Gruppe

39.534.177.328.9710.04

30.3135.9511.9210.0911.73

45.3823.759.0713.098.71

48.6217.7314.7312.985.94

48.4319.399.6615.227.3

49.4517.859.8515.976.88

(E)-Lycopin

(5Z)-Lycopin

(15Z)-Lycopin

(Z)-Lycopin, 41 min



prozentuale Isomerenzusammensetzung in der Tomaten-Gruppe

Relative contents (mean) of lycopene isomers over time in subjects of the three intervention groups1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Group

Isomer

T-2

T0

T1

T2

T3

T4

Tomatoes (n=6)

(E)-lycopene

39.5

30.3

45.4

48.6

48.4

49.5

(5Z)-lycopene

34.2

36.0

23.8

17.7

19.4

17.9

(15Z)-lycopene

7.3

11.9

9.1

14.7

9.7

9.9


9.0

10.1

13.1

13.0

15.2

16.0


10.0

11.7

8.7

5.9

7.3

6.9

Tomato juice (n=6)

(E)-lycopene

38.6

30.5

34.1

35.3

32.9

36.5

(5Z)-lycopene

27.6

32.0

26.4

24.3

25.5

24.3

(15Z)-lycopene

20.8

22.3

23.5

24.6

25.1

24.1


6.7

7.6

8.9

9.9

102.

9.2


6.4

7.5

7.2

5.8

6.3

5.8

Tomato paste (n=5)

(E)-lycopene

40.1

30.1

38.2

41.1

41.5

39.2

(5Z)-lycopene

29.9

34.1

31.3

25.8

21.4

21.3

(15Z)-lycopene

15.3

19.4

20.5

21.8

24.2

23.1


7.7

8.1

5.7

6.8

8.0

10.6


7.0

8.4

4.4

4.6

5.0

5.9

T-2: Blood withdrawal prior to initial period, T0-T4: Blood withdrawals prior to

and during intervention period

Fig. 7: Plasma lycopene concentrations (mean + sd) over time in non-smokers and smokers consuming daily portions of tomato paste for 2 weeks after a 2 weeks initial period1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Diagramm2

0.77830.63360.26210.4166

0.39930.48030.16130.1665

0.741.0640.23250.2358

non-smoking controls

smokers

Blood withdrawal


(Gesamt)-Lycopin


T-2T 0T+2

TomatenmarkMW0.77830.39930.74

Standabw.0.41660.16650.2358

RaucherMW0.63360.48031.0640

Standabw.0.26210.16130.2325

(Gesamt)-Lycopin

000.26210.4166

000.16130.1665

000.23250.2358

non smoking controls

smoker

Blood withdrawal


graphische Darstellung der Proz


T-2T 0T+2

Tomatenmark(E)-Lycopin40.0830.0741.12

(5Z)-Lycopin29.8934.0525.77

(15(Z)-Lycopin15.3119.4221.76

(Z)-Lycopin,41 min7.738.116.75

(Z)-Lycopin, 3er Gruppe6.998.354.60

(Gesamt-Z)-Lycopin59.9269.9358.88

Raucher(E)-Lycopin39.4940.2546.50

(5Z)-Lycopin30.5931.5723.35

(15(Z)-Lycopin11.8113.179.96

(Z)-Lycopin,41 min9.8810.5511.72




00

00

00

(E)-Lycopin

(Z)-Lycopin

Vergleich der prozentuale Isomerenzusammensetzung in der Rauchergruppe

00

00

00

Tomatenmark-Gruppe

Raucher-Gruppe

Anteil (E)-Lycopin am Gesamtlycopin [%]


00000

00000

00000

(E)-Lycopin

(5Z)-Lycopin

(15Z)-Lycopin

(Z)-Lycopin, 41 min


prozentuale Isomerenzusammensetzung in der Raucher-Gruppe

00

00

00

Tomatenmark-Gruppe

Raucher-Gruppe

Anteil (Z)-Lycopin am Gesamtlycopin [%]

prozentualer (Z)-Lycopinanteil

Fig. 8: Relative portions (mean) of lycopene isomers over time in smokers consuming daily portions of tomato paste for 2 weeks after a 2 weeks initial period1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


Diagramm3

39.4960.51

40.2559.75

46.553.5

(E)-lycopene


(Gesamt)-Lycopin


T-2T 0T+2

TomatenmarkMW0.77830.39930.74

Standabw.0.41660.16650.2358

RaucherMW0.63360.48031.0640

Standabw.0.26210.16130.2325

(Gesamt)-Lycopin

000.26210.4166

000.16130.1665

000.23250.2358

non smoking controls

smoker

Blood withdrawal




T-2T 0T+2

Tomatenmark(E)-Lycopin40.0830.0741.12

(5Z)-Lycopin29.8934.0525.77

(15(Z)-Lycopin15.3119.4221.76

(Z)-Lycopin,41 min7.738.116.75



Raucher(E)-Lycopin39.4940.2546.50

(5Z)-Lycopin30.5931.5723.35

(15(Z)-Lycopin11.8113.179.96

(Z)-Lycopin,41 min9.8810.5511.72




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(E)-lycopene


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Raucher-Gruppe

Anteil (E)-Lycopin am Gesamtlycopin [%]


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(E)-Lycopin

(5Z)-Lycopin

(15Z)-Lycopin

(Z)-Lycopin, 41 min


prozentuale Isomerenzusammensetzung in der Raucher-Gruppe

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Raucher-Gruppe

Anteil (Z)-Lycopin am Gesamtlycopin [%]

prozentualer (Z)-Lycopinanteil

Conclusions Lycopene (Z)-isomers might be formed after absorption within the body Smokers showed a different absorption time course for lycopene and a different isomer pattern compared to non-smokers Further ongoing studies will look on the metabolism of lycopene more in detail (kinetic studies, oxidation products, etc.)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


AcknowledgementsAntje Schmid Karin Kaufmann Doreen ReuterKati FrhlichHeike Schmidt Irmtraut SchmuckDr. J. SchlenzkaDr. Th. SickerDr. U. KuhnDr. Th. FrankeVolunteers of the human studiesProf. Steven SchwartzTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONDr. Dietmar BreithauptDr. Jrgen Conrad1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29


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