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托福阅读模拟题READING COMPREHENSION 　　Question 1-10

　　 The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. "In Europe, said Thomas Jefferson, "the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant. It was in the United States, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.

　　At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs; by 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1790 Charles Newbold of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, were not interested in it, claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869 James Oliver of South Bend, Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.

　　1.What is the main topic of the passage?

　　(A) The need for agricultural advances to help feed a growing population

　　(B) The development of safer machines demanded by the labor movement

　　(C) Machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution

　　(D) New Jersey as a leader in the agricultural revolution

　　2.The word "naturally" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) unsurprisingly

　　(B) gradually

　　(C) apparently

　　(D) safely

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　　3. The expression "make the most of" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) get the best yield from

　　(B) raise the price of

　　(C) exaggerate the worth of

　　(D) earn a living on

　　4. Which of the following can be inferred from what Thomas Jefferson said (line 3-5)?

　　(A) Europe was changing more quickly than the United States.

　　(B) Europe had greater need of farm machinery than the United States did.

　　(C) The United States was finally running out of good farmland.

　　(D) There was a shortage of workers on United States farms.

　　5.The word "here" in line 4 refers to

　　(A) Europe

　　(B) United States

　　(C) New Jersey

　　(D) Indiana

　　6. What point is the author making by stating that farmers could carry nearly all their tools on

　　their backs.

　　(A) Farmers had few tools before the agricultural revolution.

　　(B) People in the United States were traditionally self-reliant.

　　(C) Life on the farm was extremely difficult.

　　(D) New tools were designed to be portable.

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　　7. When was the iron plow invented?

　　(A)In 1790.

　　(B) In the early 1800 s.

　　(C) In 1869.

　　(D) In the early 1900 s.

　　 8. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Charles Newbold is true?

　　(A) He was James Oliver s assistant.

　　(B) He was born in Europe.

　　(C) He was opposed to scientific agriculture.

　　(D) He spent his own money to promote his invention.

　　9. The word "it" in line 12 refers to

　　(A) scientific agriculture

　　(B) James Oliver s invention

　　(C) the cast-iron plow

　　(D) Charles Newbold s fortune

　　10. Why did farmers reject Newbold s plow?

　　(A) Their horses were frightened by it.

　　(B) They preferred lighter tools.

　　(C) It was too expensive.

　　(D) They thought it would ruin the land.

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Questions 1l-20 　　According to some scientists, migratory birds should be able to withstand the winter.

　　A bird s feathery coat is good insulation against the cold. BECause a bird is warm- blooded, its body temperature always remains constant, even if the temperature of its surroundings changes.

　　 The factors that trigger migratory behavior in birds are difficult to explain. This behavior seems to be instinctive, not learned. For example, many northern species leave their summer homes while the weather is still warm and the food supply plentiful. Young arctic terns born at the arctic breeding grounds will lake off with the flock for distant lands they have never seen.

　　Bird migrations are probably regulated by the glandular system. Scientists suspect that the changing length of the day is the factor that triggers migratory behavior. In an experiment, migratory birds were kept in artificially lighted rooms. It was found that if periods of darkness were lengthened proportionately, the glands of the birds became active. These glands secrete hormones, which are chemicals that control numerous body functions. Shorter periods of daylight seem to change the hormone balance of birds, so that they retain more fat. This stored fat is the fuel that provides the energy for a long flight. The same experiment revealed that the birds became more excited as the artificial night was lengthened. It is probably no coincidence that most flocks begin their migratory flights during the night.

　　11. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) Common migratory paths for birds

　　(B) Why birds migrate

　　(C) Species of birds that do not migrate

　　(D) Migration in cold climates

　　12. The word "withstand" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) prefer

　　(B) tolerate

　　(C) regulate

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　　(D) understand

　　 13. According to the passage, which of the following protects birds against cold weather?

　　(A) Glands

　　(B) Hormones

　　(C) Feathers

　　(D) Artificial light

　　14. The word "constant" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) invariable

　　(B) persistent

　　(C) predictable

　　(D) responsive

　　15. The word "its" in line 3 refers to

　　(A) temperature

　　(B) cold

　　(C) coat

　　(D) bird

　　16. In lines 7-9, the author mentions young arctic terns as an example of birds that

　　(A) do not migrate

　　(B) breed during migration

　　(C) migrate instinctively

　　(D) adapt to the cold

　　l7. The word "they" in line 16 refers to

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　　(A) glands

　　(B) birds

　　(C) body functions

　　(D) hormones

　　 18. According to the passage, birds exposed to longer periods of darkness experience all of the following changes EXCEPT

　　(A) activated glands

　　(B) excited behavior

　　(C) retention of more fat

　　(D) increased appetite

　　19. In the experiment mentioned in the passage, the scientists adjusted the birds

　　(A) food supply

　　(B) body temperatures

　　(C) exposure to light

　　(D) brain chemistry

　　20. Where in the passage does the author mention the substance that enables birds to fly long distances?

　　(A) Lines 2-4

　　(B) Lines 5-7

　　(C) Lines 10-11

　　(D) Lines 16-17

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Question 21-30 　　There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering. and the taking of censuses —— all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.

　　 Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level - variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum - orthe data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass or data. Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class ofproblems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as l00 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.

　　21. With what is the passage mainly concerned ?

　　(A) The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics

　　(B) Applications of inferential statistics

　　(C) The development and use of statistics

　　(D) How to use descriptive statistics

　　22. The word "divergent" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

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　　(A) different

　　(B) distributed

　　(C) recorded

　　(D) prominent

　　23. According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking arc associated with

　　(A) inferential statistics

　　(B) descriptive statistics

　　(C) unknown variables

　　(D) qualitative changes

　　24. Why does the author mention the "mother" and "father" in the first paragraph?

　　(A) To point out that parents can teach their children statistics

　　(B) To introduce inferential statistic

　　(C) To explain that there are different kinds of variables

　　(D) To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way

　　25. The word "squarely" in line 8 could best be replaced by

　　(A) solidly

　　(B) geometrically

　　(C) rectangularly

　　(D) haphazrardly

　　26. Which of the following is NOT given an example of a qualitative variable?

　　(A) Gender

　　(B) Height

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　　(C) College major

　　(D) Type of personality

　　27. The word "they" in line 13 refers to

　　(A) variables

　　(B) masses

　　(C) descriptive statistics

　　(D) properties

　　28. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the

　　passage?

　　(A) It reduces large amounts of data to a more comprehensible form.

　　(B) It is based on probability.

　　(C) It can be used by people with little knowledge of mathematics.

　　(D) It measures only qualitative differences.

　　29. The word "unwieldy" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

(A) unmanageable

　　(B) unpredictable

　　(C) understandable

　　(D) unreliable

　　 30. According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population?

　　(A) To compare different groups

　　(B) To predict characteristics of the entire population

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　　(C) To detect differences not observable in the whole population

　　(D) To compile more accurate dataQuestions 31-40 　　Glacier National park in Montana shares boundaries with Canada, an American Indian reservation, and a national forest. Along the North Fork of the Flathead River, the park also borders about 17,000 acres of private lands that are currently used for ranching, timber, and agriculture. This land is an important part of the habitat and migratory routes for several endangered species that frequent the park. These private lands are essentially the only ones available for development in the region.

　　With encouragement from the park, local landowners initiated a land-use planning effort to guide the future of the North Fork. The park is a partner in an interlocal agreement that calls for resource-managing agencies to work together and with the more than 400 private owners in the area. A draft plan has been prepared, with the objective of maintaining traditional economic uses but limiting new development that would damage park resources. Voluntary action by landowners, in cooperation with the park and the county, is helping to restrict small-lot subdivisions, maintain wildlife corridors, and minimize any harmful impact on the environment.

　　The willingness of local landowners to participate in this protection effort may have been stimulated by concerns that Congress would impose a legislative solution.

　　Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing character of the area.

　　Meetings between park officials and landowners have led to a dramatically improved understanding of all concerns.

　　31. The passage mainly discusses

　　(A) the endangered species in Glacier National Park

　　(B) the protection of lands surrounding Glacier National Park

　　(C) conservation laws imposed by the state of Montana

　　(D) conservation laws imposed by Congress

　　32. Why are the private lands surrounding Glacier National Park so important?

　　(A) They function as a hunting preserve.

　　(B) They are restricted to government use.

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　　(C) They are heavily populated.

　　(D) They contain natural habitats of threatened species.

　　33. The word "ones" in line 6 refers to

　　(A) private lands

　　(B) endangered species

　　(C) migratory routes

　　(D) ranching, timber, agriculture

　　34. The word "initiated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) started

　　(B) requested

　　(C) purchased

　　(D) considered

　　35. The relationship between park officials and neighboring landowners may best be

　　described as

　　(A) indifferent

　　(B) intimate

　　(C) cooperative

　　(D) disappointing

　　36. It can be inferred from the passage that a major interest of the officials of Glacier

　　National Park is to

　　(A) limit land development around the park

　　(B) establish a new Park in Montana

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　　(C) influence national legislation

　　(D) settle border disputes with Canada

　　 37. In lines 15-16, the author implies that landowners might be responding to environmental

　　concerns for which of the following reasons?

　　(A) They wish to stimulate economic growth.

　　(B) They wish to improve their public image.

　　(C) They have a tradition of cooperating with the government.

　　(D) They fear federal legislation.

　　38. The word "stimulated" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) motivated

　　(B) anticipated

　　(C) substituted

　　(D) undermined

　　39. The word "retain" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) preserve

　　(B) possess

　　(C) enjoy

　　(D) improve

　　 40. Where in the passage does the author mention the purpose of the plan developedby local landowners and park officials?

　　(A) Lines 1-2

　　(B) Lines 4-6

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　　(C) Lines 10-14

　　(D) Lines 15-17Question 41-50 　　If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation —— conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.

　　The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.

　　 Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.

　　A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.

　　 In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.

　　4l. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) The elements of salt

　　(B) The bodies of water of the world

　　(C) The many forms of ocean life

　　(D) The salinity of ocean water

　　42. The word "this" in line 5 refers to

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　　(A) ocean

　　(B) evaporation

　　(C) salinity

　　(D) crystals

　　43. According to the passage, the ocean generally has more salt in

　　(A) coastal areas

　　(B) tropical areas

　　(C) rainy areas

　　(D) turbulent areas

　　44. All of the following are processes that decrease salinity EXCEPT

　　(A) evaporation

　　(B) precipitation

　　(C) runoff

　　(D) melting

　　45. Which of the following statements about the salinity of a body water can best be

　　inferred from the passage?

　　(A) The temperature of the water is the most important factor.

　　(B) The speed with which water moves is directly related to the amount of salt.

　　(C) Ocean salinity has little effect on sea life.

　　(D) Various factors combine to cause variations in the salt content of water.

　　46. The word "altered" in line 16 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) determined

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　　(B) changed

　　(C) accumulated

　　(D) needed

　　47. The world "it" in line 18 refers to

　　(A) sea ice

　　(B) salinity

　　(C) seawater

　　(D) manner

　　48. Why does the author mention the Weddell Sea?

　　(A) To show that this body of water has salinity variations

　　(B) To compare Antarctic waters with Arctic waters

　　(C) To give an example of increased salinity due to freezing

　　(D) To point out the location of deep waters

　　49. Which of the following is NOT a result of the formation of ocean ice?

　　(A) The salt remains in the water.

　　(B) The surrounding water sinks.

　　(C) Water salinity decreases.

　　(D) The water becomes denser.

　　50. What can be inferred about the water near the bottom of oceans?

　　(A) It is relatively warm.

　　(B) Its salinity is relatively high.

　　(C) It does not move.

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　　(D) It evaporates quickly.

READING COMPREHENSION As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe —— sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like modem apartment houses. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them "pueblos", which is Spanish for town. 　　The people or the pueblos raised what are called "the three sisters" —— corn, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. 　　 The way of life of less-settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. 　　The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the rocky mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make their clothing and the covering of their tents and tipis . 　　1.What does the passage mainly discuss? 　　(A) The architecture of early American Indian buildings 　　(B) The movement of American Indians across North America 　　(C) Ceremonies and rituals of American Indians 　　(D) The way of life of American Indian tribes in early North America 　　2. According to the passage the Hopi and Zuni typically built their homes 　　(A) in valleys 　　(B) next to streams 　　(C) on open plains 　　(D) against cliffs 　　3. The word "They" in line 6 refers to 　　(A) goods 　　(B) buildings 　　(C) cliffs

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　　(D) enemies4.It can be inferred from the passage that the dwellings of the Hopi and Zuni were 　　(A) very small 　　(B) highly advanced 　　(C) difficult to defend 　　(D) quickly constructed 　　5.The author uses the phrase "the three sisters" in line8 refer to 　　(A) Hopi women 　　(B) family members 　　(C) important crops 　　(D) rain ceremonies 　　6. The word "scarce" in line10 is closest in meaning to 　　(A) limited 　　(B) hidden 　　(C) pure 　　(D) necessary 　　7.Which of the following is true of the Shoshone and Ute? 　　(A) They were not as settled as the Hopi and Zuni. 　　(B) They hunted caribou. 　　(C) They built their home with adobe. 　　(D) They did not have many religious . 　　8. According to the passage which of the following tribes lived in the grasslands? 　　(A) The Shoshone and Ute 　　(B) The Cheyenne and Sioux 　　(C) The Hopi and Zuni 　　(D) The Pawnee and Inuit 　　9. Which of the following animals was most important to the Plains Indians? 　　(A) The salmon 　　(B) The caribou 　　(C) The seal 　　(D) The buffalo 　　10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as a dwelling place of early 　　North Americans? 　　(A) Log cabins 　　(B) Adobe houses 　　(C) Tipis 　　(D) Igloos 　　11 . The author gives an explanation for all of the following words EXCEPT 　　(A) adobe 　　(B) pueblos 　　(C) caribou 　　(D) bison 　　12. The author groups North American Indians according to their

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　　(A) tribes and geographical regions 　　(B) arts and crafts 　　(C) rituals and ceremonies 　　(D) date of appearance on the continentMarianne Moore (1887-1972) once said that her writing could be called poetry only because there was no other name for it. Indeed her poems appear to be extremely compressed essays that happen to be printed in jagged lines on the page. Her subjects were varied: animals, laborers, artists, and the craft of poetry. From her general reading came quotations that she found striking or insightful. She included these in her poems, scrupulously enclosed in quotation marks, and sometimes identified in footnotes. Of this practice, she wrote, " Why the many quotation marks? I am asked……When a thing has been said so well that it could not be said better, why paraphrase it? Hence my writing is, if not a cabinet of fossils, a kind of collection of flies in amber." Close observation and concentration on detail are the methods of her poetry. 　　Marianne Moore grew up in Kirkwood, Missouri, near St. Louis. After graduation from Bryn Mawr College in 1909, she taught commercial subjects at the Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Later she became a librarian in New York City. During the 1920 s she was editor of The Dial, an important literary magazine of the period. She lived quietly all her life, mostly in Brooklyn, New York. She spent a lot of time at the Bronx Zoo, fascinated by animals. Her admiration of the Brooklyn Dodgers——before the team moved to Los Angeles ——was widely known. 　　Her first book of poems was published in London in 1921 by a group of friends associated with the Imagist movement. From that time on her poetry has been read with interest by succeeding generations of poets and readers. In 1952 she was award the Pulitzer Prize for her Collected Poems. She wrote that she did not write poetry "for money or fame. To earn a living is needful, but it can be done in routine ways. One writes because one has a burning desire to objectify what it is indispensable to one s happiness to express……" 　　13. What is the passage mainly about? 　　(A) The influence of the Imagists on Marianne Moore. 　　(B) Essayists and poets of the 1920 s 　　(C) The use of quotations in poetry 　　(D) Marianne Moor s life and work 　　14. Which if the following can be interred about Moore s poems? 　　(A) They are better known in Europe than the United States. 　　(B) They do not use traditional verse forms. 　　(C) They were all published in The Dial. 　　(D) They tend to be abstract.15. According to the passage Moore wrote about all of the following EXCEPT 　　(A) artists 　　(B) animals 　　(C) fossils 　　(D) workers 　　16. What does Moore refer to as "flies in amber" (line 9)? 　　(A) A common image in her poetry

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　　(B) Poetry in the twentieth century 　　(C) Concentration on detail 　　(D) Quotations within her poetry 　　17. The author mentions all of the following as jobs held by Moore EXCEPT 　　(A) commercial artist 　　(B) teacher 　　(C) magazine editor 　　(D) librarian 　　18. The word "period" in line 13 is closest in meaning to 　　(A) movement 　　(B) school 　　(C) region 　　(D) time 　　19.Where did Moore spend most of her adult life? 　　(A) In Kirkwood 　　(B) In Brooklyn 　　(C) In Los Angeles 　　(D) In Carlisle 　　20.The word "succeeding" in line 19 is closest in meaning to 　　(A) inheriting 　　(B) prospering 　　(C) diverse 　　(D) later 　　21 . The word "it" in line 21 refers to 　　(A) writing poetry 　　(B) becoming famous 　　(C) earning n living 　　(D) attracting readers 　　22.It can be inferred from the passage that Moore wrote because she 　　(A) wanted to win awards 　　(B) was dissatisfied with what others wrote 　　(C) felt a need to express herself 　　(D) wanted to raise money for the Bronx Zoo

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What makes it rain? Rain falls from clouds for the same reason anything falls to Earth. The Earth’s gravity pulls it. But every cloud is made of water droplets or ice crystals. Why doesn’t rain or snow fall constantly from all clouds? The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small. The effect or gravity on them is minute. Air currents move and lift droplets so that the net downward displacement is zero, even though the droplets are in constant motion. 　　Droplets and ice crystals behave somewhat like dust in the air made visible in a shaft of sunlight. To the casual observer, dust seems to act in a totally random fashion, moving about chaotically without fixed direction. But in fact dust particles are much larger than water droplets and they finally fall. The average size of a cloud droplet is only 0.0004 inch in diameter. It is so small that it would take sixteen hours to fall half a mile in perfectly still air, and it does not fall out of moving air at all. Only when the droplet grows to diameter of 0.008 inch or larger can it fall from the cloud. The average raindrop contains a million times as much water as a tiny cloud droplet. The growth of a cloud droplet to a size large enough to fall out is the cause of rain and other forms of precipitation. This important growth process is called "coalescence. 　　23. What is the main topic of the passage? 　　(A) The mechanics of rain 　　(B) The weather patterns of North America 　　(C) How Earth s gravity affects agriculture 　　(D) Types of clouds 　　24.The word "minute in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following? 　　(A) second 　　(B) tiny 　　(C) slow 　　(D) steady25 .The word "motion in line 5 is closest in meaning to 　　(A) wind 　　(B) change 　　(C) movement 　　(D) humidity 　　26.Ice crystals do NOT immediately fall to Earth because 　　(A) they are kept aloft by air currents. 　　(B) they combine with other chemicals in the atmosphere 　　(C) most of them evaporate 　　(D) their electrical charges draw them away from the earth 　　27. The word "random" in line 7 is closest in meaning to 　　(A) unpredictable 　　(B) perplexing 　　(C) independent

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　　(D) abnormal 　　28.What can be inferred about drops of water larger than 0.008 inch in diameter? 　　(A) They never occur. 　　(B) They are not affected by the force of gravity. 　　(C) In still air they would fall to earth. 　　(D) In moving air they fall at a speed of thirty -two miles per hour. 　　29 How much bigger is a rain drop than a cloud droplet ? 　　(A) 200 times bigger 　　(B) 1,000 times bigger 　　(C) 100,000 times bigger 　　(D) l,000,000 times bigger 　　30. In this passage, what does the term "coalescence" refer to 　　(A) The gathering of small clouds to form larger clouds 　　(B) The growth of droplets 　　(C) The effect of gravity on precipitation 　　(D) The movement of dust particles in the sunlight

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People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skill of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy——one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons, and forks on the table and, a hit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment. 　　Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped——or ,as the case might be, bumped into——concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers—— the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table—— is itself far from innate. 　　31.What does the passage mainly discuss? 　　(A) Trends in teaching mathematics to children 　　(B) The use of mathematics in child psychology 　　(C) The development of mathematical ability in children 　　(D) The fundamental concepts of mathematics that children must learn 　　32.It can be inferred from the passage that children normally learn simple counting 　　(A) soon after they learn to talk 　　(B) by looking at the clock 　　(C) when they begin to be mathematically mature 　　(D) after they reach second grade in school 　　33.The word "illuminated in line 11 is closest in meaning to 　　(A) illustrated 　　(B) accepted 　　(C) clarified 　　(D) lighted34 . The author implies that most small children believe that the quantity of water changes when it is transferred to a container of a different

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　　(A) color 　　(B) quality 　　(C) weight 　　(D) shape 　　35 .According to the passage, when small children were asked to count a pile of red and blue pencils they 　　(A) counted the number of pencils of each color 　　(B) guessed at the total number of pencils 　　(C) counted only the pencils of their favorite color 　　(D) subtracted the number of red pencils from the number of blue pencils 　　36. The word "They" in line 17 refers to 　　(A) mathematicians 　　(B) children 　　(C) pencils 　　(D) studies 　　37. The word "prerequisite" in line 19 is closest in meaning to 　　(A) reason 　　(B) theory 　　(C) requirement 　　(D) technique 　　38. The word "itself" in line 20 refers to 　　(A) the total 　　(B) the concept of abstract numbers 　　(C) any class of objects 　　(D) setting a table 　　 39. With which of the following statements would the author be LEAST likely to agree? 　　(A) Children naturally and easily learn mathematics . 　　(B) Children learn to add before they learn to subtract. 　　(C) Most people follow the same pattern of mathematical development 　　(D) Mathematical development is subtle and gradual. 　　 40. Where in the passage does the author give an example of a hypothetical experiment ? 　　(A) Lines 3-6 　　(B) Lines 7-9 　　(C) Lines 11-14 　　(D) Lines 17-20

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Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. 　　For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food, oyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of "knowledge" at all . 　　Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture : cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild—— and the accumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away. 　　 41 . Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage? 　　(A) They probably had extensive knowledge of plants. 　　(B) They divided knowledge into well-defined fields . 　　(C) They did not enjoy the study of botany. . 　　(D) They placed great importance on ownership of property. 　　42. The word "peculiar" in line 1 is closest in meaning to 　　(A) clear 　　(B) large 　　(C) unusual 　　(D) important 　　43. What does the comment "This is logical" in lines 5-6 mean ? 　　(A) There is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancestors knowledge of plan

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ts. 　　(B) It is not surprising that early humans had a detailed knowledge of plants . 　　 (C) It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behaved very much like people in preindustrial societies . 　　(D) Human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed. 　　44. The phrase "properties of each" in line 10 refers to each 　　(A) tribe 　　(B) hundred 　　(C) plant 　　(D) purpose45.According to the passage, why has general knowledge of botany declined? 　　(A) People no longer value plants as a useful resource . 　　(B) Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science. 　　(C) Research is unable to keep up with the increasing number of plants. 　　(D) Direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased. 　　46. In line 15, what is the author s purpose in mentioning" a rose, an apple, or an orchid"? 　　(A) To make the passage more poetic 　　(B) To cite examples of plants that are attractive 　　(C) To give botanical examples that most readers will recognize 　　(D) To illustrate the diversity of botanical life 　　47. According to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practice of agriculture ? 　　(A) The invention of agricultural implements and machinery 　　(B) The development of a system of names for plants 　　(C) The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted 　　(D) The changing diets of early humans 　　48. The word "controlled" in line 19 is closest in meaning to 　　(A) abundant 　　(B) managed 　　(C) required 　　(D) advanced 　　 49. The relationship between botany and agriculture is similar to the relationship between zoology (the study of animals) and 　　(A) deer hunting 　　(B) bird watching 　　(C) sheep raising 　　(D) horseback riding 　　50. Where in the passage does the author describe the benefits people derive from plants? 　　(A) Line 1 　　(B) Lines 6-8 　　(C) Lines 10-11 　　(D) Lines 13-15

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Section 3

READING COMPREHENSION

Question 1-10

The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the inventionof labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. Labor-savingmachinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. "In Europe,'' said ThomasJefferson, "the object is to make the most of their land, labor being abundant: here it is tomake the most of our labor, land being abundant.'' It was in the United States, therefore,that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.

At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude plow, farmers could havecarried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs; by 1860,most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The mostimportant of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1790 Charles Newboldof New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entirefortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, were not interested in it,claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, manypeople devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869 James Oliver of South Bend,Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow.

1.What is the main topic of the passage?(A) The need for agricultural advances to help feed a growing population(B) The development of safer machines demanded by the labor movement(C) Machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution(D) New Jersey as a leader in the agricultural revolution

2.The word "naturally" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) unsurprisingly(B) gradually(C) apparently(D) safely

3. The expression "make the most of" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) get the best yield from(B) raise the price of(C) exaggerate the worth of(D) earn a living on

4. Which of the following can be inferred from what Thomas Jefferson said (line 3-5)?

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(A) Europe was changing more quickly than the United States.(B) Europe had greater need of farm machinery than the United States did.(C) The United States was finally running out of good farmland.(D) There was a shortage of workers on United States farms.

5.The word "here" in line 4 refers to(A) Europe(B) United States(C) New Jersey(D) Indiana

6. What point is the author making by stating that farmers could carry nearly all their tools ontheir backs.(A) Farmers had few tools before the agricultural revolution.(B) People in the United States were traditionally self-reliant.(C) Life on the farm was extremely difficult.(D) New tools were designed to be portable.

7. When was the iron plow invented?(A)In 1790.(B) In the early 1800's.(C) In 1869.(D) In the early 1900's.

8. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Charles Newbold is true?(A) He was James Oliver's assistant.(B) He was born in Europe.(C) He was opposed to scientific agriculture.(D) He spent his own money to promote his invention.

9. The word "it" in line 12 refers to(A) scientific agriculture(B) James Oliver's invention(C) the cast-iron plow(D) Charles Newbold's fortune

10. Why did farmers reject Newbold's plow?(A) Their horses were frightened by it.(B) They preferred lighter tools.(C) It was too expensive.(D) They thought it would ruin the land.

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Questions 1l-20

According to some scientists, migratory birds should be able to withstand the winter.A bird's feathery coat is good insulation against the cold. Because a bird is warm-blooded, its body temperature always remains constant, even if the temperature of itssurroundings changes.

The factors that trigger migratory behavior in birds are difficult to explain. Thisbehavior seems to be instinctive, not learned. For example, many northern species leavetheir summer homes while the weather is still warm and the food supply plentiful. Youngarctic terns born at the arctic breeding grounds will lake off with the flock for distantlands they have never seen.

Bird migrations are probably regulated by the glandular system. Scientists suspectthat the changing length of the day is the factor that triggers migratory behavior. In anexperiment, migratory birds were kept in artificially lighted rooms. It was found thatif periods of darkness were lengthened proportionately, the glands of the birds becameactive. These glands secrete hormones, which are chemicals that control numerous bodyfunctions. Shorter periods of daylight seem to change the hormone balance of birds, sothat they retain more fat. This stored fat is the fuel that provides the energy for a longflight. The same experiment revealed that the birds became more excited as the artificialnight was lengthened. It is probably no coincidence that most flocks begin their migratoryflights during the night.

11. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Common migratory paths for birds(B) Why birds migrate(C) Species of birds that do not migrate(D) Migration in cold climates

12. The word "withstand" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) prefer(B) tolerate(C) regulate(D) understand

13. According to the passage, which of the following protects birds against cold weather?(A) Glands(B) Hormones(C) Feathers(D) Artificial light

14. The word "constant" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

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(A) invariable(B) persistent(C) predictable(D) responsive

15. The word "its" in line 3 refers to(A) temperature(B) cold(C) coat(D) bird

16. In lines 7-9, the author mentions young arctic terns as an example of birds that(A) do not migrate(B) breed during migration(C) migrate instinctively(D) adapt to the cold

l7. The word "they" in line 16 refers to(A) glands(B) birds(C) body functions(D) hormones

18. According to the passage, birds exposed to longer periods of darkness experience all of the following changes EXCEPT(A) activated glands(B) excited behavior(C) retention of more fat(D) increased appetite

19. In the experiment mentioned in the passage, the scientists adjusted the birds'(A) food supply(B) body temperatures(C) exposure to light(D) brain chemistry

20. Where in the passage does the author mention the substance that enables birds to fly long distances?(A) Lines 2-4(B) Lines 5-7(C) Lines 10-11(D) Lines 16-17

Question 21-30

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There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statisticalmethods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records ofgovernmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and agentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playingthe odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, isrepresented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering. and the taking ofcensuses --- all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence ofthe father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.

Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data.These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level -variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum - or the data may representqualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of datamust generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they arecomprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing orreducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass or data.

Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general classof problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample ofobservations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportionof children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have beenvaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendentwould know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportionfor the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as l00children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristicsof a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.

21. With what is the passage mainly concerned ?(A) The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics(B) Applications of inferential statistics(C) The development and use of statistics(D) How to use descriptive statistics

22. The word "divergent" in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) different(B) distributed(C) recorded(D) prominent

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23. According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking arc associated with(A) inferential statistics(B) descriptive statistics(C) unknown variables(D) qualitative changes

24. Why does the author mention the "mother" and "father" in the first paragraph?(A) To point out that parents can teach their children statistics(B) To introduce inferential statistic(C) To explain that there are different kinds of variables(D) To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way

25. The word "squarely" in line 8 could best be replaced by(A) solidly(B) geometrically(C) rectangularly(D) haphazrardly

26. Which of the following is NOT given an example of a qualitative variable?(A) Gender(B) Height(C) College major(D) Type of personality

27. The word "they" in line 13 refers to(A) variables(B) masses(C) descriptive statistics(D) properties

28. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by thepassage?(A) It reduces large amounts of data to a more comprehensible form.(B) It is based on probability.(C) It can be used by people with little knowledge of mathematics.(D) It measures only qualitative differences.

29. The word "unwieldy" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) unmanageable(B) unpredictable(C) understandable(D) unreliable

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30. According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population?(A) To compare different groups(B) To predict characteristics of the entire population(C) To detect differences not observable in the whole population(D) To compile more accurate data

Questions 31-40

Glacier National park in Montana shares boundaries with Canada, an American Indian reservation, and a national forest. Along the North Fork of the Flathead River, the parkalso borders about 17,000 acres of private lands that are currently used for ranching,timber, and agriculture. This land is an important part of the habitat and migratory routesfor several endangered species that frequent the park. These private lands are essentiallythe only ones available for development in the region.

With encouragement from the park, local landowners initiated a land-use planningeffort to guide the future of the North Fork. The park is a partner in an interlocalagreement that calls for resource-managing agencies to work together and with the morethan 400 private owners in the area. A draft plan has been prepared, with the objective ofmaintaining traditional economic uses but limiting new development that would damagepark resources. Voluntary action by landowners, in cooperation with the park and thecounty, is helping to restrict small-lot subdivisions, maintain wildlife corridors, andminimize any harmful impact on the environment.

The willingness of local landowners to participate in this protection effort may havebeen stimulated by concerns that Congress would impose a legislative solution.Nevertheless, many local residents want to retain the existing character of the area.Meetings between park officials and landowners have led to a dramatically improvedunderstanding of all concerns.

31. The passage mainly discusses(A) the endangered species in Glacier National Park(B) the protection of lands surrounding Glacier National Park(C) conservation laws imposed by the state of Montana(D) conservation laws imposed by Congress

32. Why are the private lands surrounding Glacier National Park so important?(A) They function as a hunting preserve.(B) They are restricted to government use.(C) They are heavily populated.(D) They contain natural habitats of threatened species.

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33. The word "ones" in line 6 refers to(A) private lands(B) endangered species(C) migratory routes(D) ranching, timber, agriculture

34. The word "initiated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) started(B) requested(C) purchased(D) considered

35. The relationship between park officials and neighboring landowners may best bedescribed as(A) indifferent(B) intimate(C) cooperative(D) disappointing

36. It can be inferred from the passage that a major interest of the officials of GlacierNational Park is to(A) limit land development around the park(B) establish a new Park in Montana(C) influence national legislation(D) settle border disputes with Canada

37. In lines 15-16, the author implies that landowners might be responding to environmentalconcerns for which of the following reasons?(A) They wish to stimulate economic growth.(B) They wish to improve their public image.(C) They have a tradition of cooperating with the government.(D) They fear federal legislation.

38. The word "stimulated" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) motivated(B) anticipated(C) substituted(D) undermined

39. The word "retain" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) preserve(B) possess

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(C) enjoy(D) improve

40. Where in the passage does the author mention the purpose of the plan developedby local landowners and park officials?(A) Lines 1-2(B) Lines 4-6(C) Lines 10-14(D) Lines 15-17

Question 41-50

If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from placeto place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basicprocesses that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of waterfrom the ocean by means of evaporation --- conversion of liquid water to water vapor. Inthis manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to theextreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.

The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added tothe ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This mayoccur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thussalinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by theaddition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.

Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity issomewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as muchevaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhatlower than in other oceanic areas.

A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation andmelting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. Inthis manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than itdid before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease thesalinity of the surrounding water.

In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as aresult of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavywater sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.

4l. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The elements of salt

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(B) The bodies of water of the world(C) The many forms of ocean life(D) The salinity of ocean water

42. The word "this" in line 5 refers to(A) ocean(B) evaporation(C) salinity(D) crystals

43. According to the passage, the ocean generally has more salt in(A) coastal areas(B) tropical areas(C) rainy areas(D) turbulent areas

44. All of the following are processes that decrease salinity EXCEPT(A) evaporation(B) precipitation(C) runoff(D) melting

45. Which of the following statements about the salinity of a body water can best beinferred from the passage?(A) The temperature of the water is the most important factor.(B) The speed with which water moves is directly related to the amount of salt.(C) Ocean salinity has little effect on sea life.(D) Various factors combine to cause variations in the salt content of water.

46. The word "altered" in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) determined(B) changed(C) accumulated(D) needed

47. The world "it" in line 18 refers to(A) sea ice(B) salinity(C) seawater(D) manner

48. Why does the author mention the Weddell Sea?(A) To show that this body of water has salinity variations(B) To compare Antarctic waters with Arctic waters

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(C) To give an example of increased salinity due to freezing(D) To point out the location of deep waters

49. Which of the following is NOT a result of the formation of ocean ice?(A) The salt remains in the water.(B) The surrounding water sinks.(C) Water salinity decreases.(D) The water becomes denser.

50. What can be inferred about the water near the bottom of oceans?(A) It is relatively warm.(B) Its salinity is relatively high.(C) It does not move.(D) It evaporates quickly.

Section 3


As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe -- sun-baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like modem apartment houses. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them "pueblos", which is Spanish for town.

The people or the pueblos raised what are called "the three sisters" -- corn, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain.

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The way of life of less-settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as rabbits and snakes.In the Far North the ancestors of today's Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou.

The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the rocky mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison

commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make their clothing and the covering of their tents and tipis .

1.What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) The architecture of early American Indian buildings (B) The movement of American Indians across North America (C) Ceremonies and rituals of American Indians (D) The way of life of American Indian tribes in early North America

2. According to the passage the Hopi and Zuni typically built their homes (A) in valleys (B) next to streams (C) on open plains (D) against cliffs

3. The word "They" in line 6 refers to (A) goods (B) buildings (C) cliffs (D) enemies

4.It can be inferred from the passage that the dwellings of the Hopi and Zuni were (A) very small (B) highly advanced (C) difficult to defend (D) quickly constructed

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5.The author uses the phrase "the three sisters" in line8 refer to (A) Hopi women (B) family members (C) important crops (D) rain ceremonies

6. The word "scarce" in line10 is closest in meaning to (A) limited (B) hidden (C) pure (D) necessary

7.Which of the following is true of the Shoshone and Ute? (A) They were not as settled as the Hopi and Zuni. (B) They hunted caribou. (C) They built their home with adobe. (D) They did not have many religious .

8. According to the passage which of the following tribes lived in the grasslands? (A) The Shoshone and Ute (B) The Cheyenne and Sioux (C) The Hopi and Zuni (D) The Pawnee and Inuit

9. Which of the following animals was most important to the Plains Indians? (A) The salmon (B) The caribou (C) The seal (D) The buffalo

10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as a dwelling place of early North Americans? (A) Log cabins (B) Adobe houses (C) Tipis (D) Igloos

11 . The author gives an explanation for all of the following words EXCEPT (A) adobe (B) pueblos (C) caribou (D) bison

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12. The author groups North American Indians according to their (A) tribes and geographical regions (B) arts and crafts (C) rituals and ceremonies (D) date of appearance on the continent

Marianne Moore (1887-1972) once said that her writing could be called poetry only because there was no other name for it. Indeed her poems appear to be extremely compressed essays that happen to be printed in jagged lines on the page. Her subjects were varied: animals, laborers, artists, and the craft of poetry. From her general reading came quotations that she found striking or insightful. She included these in her poems, scrupulously enclosed in quotation marks, and sometimes identified in footnotes. Of this practice, she wrote, "'Why the many quotation marks?' I am asked......When a thing has been said so well that it could not be said better, why paraphrase it? Hence my writing is, if not a cabinet of fossils, a kind of collection of flies in amber." Close observation and concentration on detail are the methods of her poetry.

Marianne Moore grew up in Kirkwood, Missouri, near St.Louis. After graduation from Bryn Mawr College in 1909, she taught commercial subjects at the Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Later she became a librarian in New York City. During the 1920's she was editor of The Dial, an important literary magazine of the period. She lived quietly all her life, mostly in Brooklyn, New York. She spent a lot of time at the Bronx Zoo, fascinated by animals. Her admiration of the Brooklyn Dodgers---before the team moved to Los Angeles ---was widely known.

Her first book of poems was published in London in 1921 by a group of friends associated with the Imagist movement. From that time on her poetry has been read with interest by succeeding generations of poets and readers. In 1952 she was award the Pulitzer Prize

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for her Collected Poems. She wrote that she did not write poetry "for money or fame. To earn a living is needful, but it can be done in routine ways. One writes because one has a burning desire to objectify what it is indispensable to one's happiness to express......."

13. What is the passage mainly about? (A) The influence of the Imagists on Marianne Moore. (B) Essayists and poets of the 1920's (C) The use of quotations in poetry (D) Marianne Moor's life and work

14. Which if the following can be interred about Moore's poems? (A) They are better known in Europe than the United States. (B) They do not use traditional verse forms. (C) They were all published in The Dial. (D) They tend to be abstract.

15. According to the passage Moore wrote about all of the following EXCEPT (A) artists (B) animals (C) fossils (D) workers

16. What does Moore refer to as "flies in amber" (line 9)? (A) A common image in her poetry (B) Poetry in the twentieth century (C) Concentration on detail (D) Quotations within her poetry

17. The author mentions all of the following as jobs held by Moore EXCEPT (A) commercial artist (B) teacher (C) magazine editor (D) librarian

18. The word "period" in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) movement (B) school (C) region (D) time

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19.Where did Moore spend most of her adult life? (A) In Kirkwood (B) In Brooklyn (C) In Los Angeles (D) In Carlisle

20.The word "succeeding" in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) inheriting (B) prospering (C) diverse (D) later

21 . The word "it" in line 21 refers to (A) writing poetry (B) becoming famous (C) earning n living (D) attracting readers

22.It can be inferred from the passage that Moore wrote because she (A) wanted to win awards (B) was dissatisfied with what others wrote (C) felt a need to express herself (D) wanted to raise money for the Bronx Zoo

What makes it rain? Rain falls from clouds for the same reason anything falls to Earth. The Earth's gravity pulls it.But every cloud is made of water droplets or ice crystals. Why doesn't rain or snow fall constantly from all clouds? The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small.The effect or gravity on them is minute. Air currents move and lift droplets so that the net downward displacement is zero, even though the droplets are in constant motion.

Droplets and ice crystals behave somewhat like dust in the air made visible in a shaft of sunlight. To the casual observer, dust seems to act in a totally random fashion, moving about chaotically without fixed direction. But in fact dust particles are much larger than water droplets and they finally fall. The average size of a cloud droplet is only 0.0004 inch in diameter. It is so small that it would take sixteen hours to fall half a mile in perfectly still air,and it does

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not fall out of moving air at all. Only when the droplet grows to diameter of 0.008 inch or larger can it fall from the cloud. The average raindrop contains a million times as much water as a tiny cloud droplet. The growth of a cloud droplet to a size large enough to fall out is the cause of rain and other forms of precipitation. This important growth process is called "coalescence.''

23. What is the main topic of the passage? (A) The mechanics of rain (B) The weather patterns of North America (C) How Earth's gravity affects agriculture (D) Types of clouds

24.The word "minute'' in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A) second (B) tiny (C) slow (D) steady

25 .Thc word "motion'' in line 5 is closest in meaning to (A) wind (B) change (C) movement (D) humidity

26.Ice crystals do NOT immediately fall to Earth because (A) they are kept aloft by air currents. (B) they combine with other chemicals in the atmosphere (C) most of them evaporate (D) their electrical charges draw them away from the earth

27. The word "random" in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) unpredictable (B) perplexing (C) independentI (D) abnormal

28.What can be inferred about drops of water larger than 0.008 inch in diameter? (A) They never occur. (B) They are not affected by the force of gravity.

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(C) In still air they would fall to earth. (D) In moving air they fall at a speed of thirty -two miles per hour.

29 How much bigger is a rain drop than a cloud droplet ? (A) 200 times bigger (B) 1,000 times bigger (C) 100,000 times bigger (D) l,000,000 times bigger

30. In this passage, what does the term "coalescence" refer to (A) The gathering of small clouds to form larger clouds (B) The growth of droplets (C) The effect of gravity on precipitation (D) The movement of dust particles in the sunlight

People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skill of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy---one plate, one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons, and forks on the table and, a hit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.

Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle froms of daily learning on which interllectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped---or ,as the case might be,bumped into---concepts that adults take for granted, as they refuseed, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of

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blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers--- the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table--- is itself far from innate.

31.What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Trends in teaching mathematics to children (B) The use of mathematics in child psychology (C) The development of mathematical ability in children (D) The fundamental concepts of mathematics that children must learn

32.It can be inferred from the passage that children normally learn simple counting (A) soon after they learn to talk (B) by looking at the clock (C) when they begin to be mathematically mature (D) after they reach second grade in school

33.The word "illuminated'' in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) iliustrated (B) accepted (C) clarified (D) lighted

34 . The author implies that most small children believe that the quantity of water changes when it is transferred to a container of a different (A) color (B) quality (C) weight (D) shape

35 .According to the passage, when small children were asked to count a pile of red and blue pencils they (A) counted the number of pencils of each color (B) guessed at the total number of pencils (C) counted only the pencils of their favorite color (D) subtracted the number of red pencils from the number of blue pencils

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36. The word "They" in line 17 refers to (A) mathematicians (B) children (C) pencils (D) studies

37. The word "prerequisite" in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) reason (B) theory (C) requirement (D) technique

38. The word "itself" in line 20 refers to (A) the total (B) the concept of abstract numbers (C) any class of objects (D) setting a table

39. With which of the following statements would the author be LEAST likely to agree? (A) Children naturally and easily learn mathematics . (B) Children learn to add before they learn to subtract. (C) Most people follow the same pattern of mathematical development (D) Mathematical development is subtle and gradual.

40. Where in the passage does the author give an example of a hypothetical experiment ? (A) Lines 3-6 (B) Lines 7-9 (C) Lines 11-14 (D) Lines 17-20

Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of preindustrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food, oyramid for all living things, even for other plants. They

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have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. To them botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of "knowledge" at all .

Unfortunalely, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge,and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple,or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture : cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild--- and the accumulated knoweldge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.

41 . Which of the following assumptions about early humans is expressed in the passage? (A) They probably had extensive knowledge of plants. (B) They divided knowledge into well-defined fields . (C) They did not enjoy the study of botany. . (D) They placed great importance on ownership of property.

42. The word "peculiar" in line 1 is closest in meaning to (A) clear (B) large (C) unusual (D) important

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43. What does the comment "This is logical" in lines 5-6 mean ? (A) There is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancetors' knowledge of plants. (B) It is not surprising that early humans had a detailed knowledge of plants . (C) It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behaved very much like people in preindustrial societies . (D) Human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed.

44. The phrase "properties of each" in line 10 refers to each (A) tribe (B) hundred (C) plant (D) purpose

45.According to the passage, why has general knowledge of botany declined? (A) People no longer value plants as a useful resource . (B) Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science. (C) Research is unable to keep up with the increasing number of plants. (D) Direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased.

46. In line 15, what is the author's purpose in mentioning" a rose, an opple, or an orchid"? (A) To make the passage more poetic (B) To cite examples of plants that are attractive (C) To give botanical examples that most readers will recognize (D) To illustrate the diversity of botanical life

47. According to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practice of agriculture ? (A) The invention of agricuitural implements and machinery (B) The development of a system of names for plants (C) The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted (D) The changing diets of early humans

48. The word "controlled" in line 19 is closest in meaning to (A) abundant (B) managed (C) required (D) advanced

49. The relationship between botany and agriculture is similar to the relationship between zoology (the study of animals) and (A) deer hunting (B) bird watching

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(C) sheep raising (D) horseback riding

50. Where in the passage does the author describe the benefits people derive from plants? (A) Line 1 (B) Lines 6-8 (C) Lines 10-11 (D) Lines 13-15

S ection 3


Questions 1-10

Alice Walker makes her living by writing, and her poems short stories, and novelshave won many awards and fellowships for her. She was born in Eatonton, Georgia. Shewent to public schools there, and then to Spelman College in Atlanta before coming toNew York to attend Sarah Lawrence College, from which she graduated in 1966. For atime she lived in Jackson, Mississippi with her lawyer husband and small daughter.About Langston Hughes, American Poet, her first book for children, she says ,"After myfirst meeting with Langston Hughes I vowed I would write a boot about him forchildren someday. Why? Became I, at twenty-two, knew next to nothing of his work,and he didn't scold me; he just gave me a stack of his book. And he was kind to me; Iwill always be grateful that in his absolute warmth and generosity he fulfilled mydeepest dream (and need) of what a poet should be.

"To me he is not dead at all. Hardly a day goes by that I don't think of him or speakof him. Once, just before he died, when he was sick with the flu, I took him a sack fullof oranges. The joy I felt in giving that simple gift is undiminished by time. He said heliked oranges, too."

1. What is the main topic of the passage?(A) Alice Walker's reflections on Langston Hughes(B) The influence of Alice Walker on the writing of Langston Hughes(C) Langston Hughes' book about Alice Walker(D) A comparison of the childhoods of Alice Walker and Langston Hughes

2. In the passage, Alice Walker is described as(A) a research fellow at Spelman College(B) a professor at Sarah Lawrence College(C) a prize-winning writer of prose and poetry(D) an author of plays for children

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3. Before attending college, Alice Walker went to school in(A) Atlanta, Georgia(B) Eatonton, Georgia(C) Jackson, Mississippi(D) Lawrence, Massachusetts

4. The word "vowed" in line 7 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Confided(B) Believed(C) Denied(D) Promised

5. It can be inferred from the passage that Alice Walker was twenty-two years old when(A) she moved to Jackson, Mississippi(B) she moved to New York(C) she first met Langston Hughes(D) Langston Hughes died

6. It can be inferred from lines 9-11 that Alice Walker's first impressions of LangstonHughes were derived mostly from(A) talking with his friends(B) reading his autobiography(C) studying his poetry(D) meeting him

7. The word "dream" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) nightmare(B) expectation(C) sleep(D) misconception

8. what does Alice Walker imply when she says Langston Hughes "is not dead at all"(Line 12)?(A) Langston Hughes believed in eternal life.(B) She had not been informed of Langston Hughes' death.(C) For her, Langston Hughes had never really existed.(D) Langston Hughes is still present in her thoughts.

9. The word "undiminished" in line 14 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Not exaggerated(B) Not lessened(C) Disappointed(D) Unequaled

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10. According to the passage, what did Alice Walker give Langston Hughes before he died?(A) A job(B) An award(C) Some oranges(D) A stack of books

Question 11-21

Human vision, like that of other primates, has evolved in an arboreal environment. Inthe dense, complex world of a tropical forest, it is more important to see well than todevelop an acute sense of smell. In the course of evolution, members of the primate linehave acquired large eyes while the snout has shrunk to give the eye an unimpeded view.Of mammals, only humans and some primates enjoy color vision. The red flag is blackto the bull. Horses live in a monochrome world. Light visible to human eyes, however,occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Ultravioletrays are invisible to humans, though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humanshave no direct perception of infrared rays, unlike the rattlesnake, which has receptorstuned into wavelengths longer than 0.7 micron. The world would look eerily different ifhuman eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation. .Then, instead of the darkness of night,we would be able to move easily in a strange, shadows world where objects glowedwith varying degree of intensity. But human eyes excel in other ways. They are, in fact ,remarkably discerning in color gradation. The color sensitivity of normal human visionis rarely surpassed even by sophisticated technical devices.

11. What does the passage mainly discuss?.(A )Ultraviolet rays(B) Human vision(C) Sight and smell(D)The environment of primates

12. Why does the author mention the "tropical forest", in line 2 ?(A) To explain why primates have developed keen vision(B) To suggest that primates need to see only the color green(C)To give an example of environmental change(D)To indicate where large-eyed primates can be found

13. What does the author mean by stating that "the red flag is black to the bull"(lines 5-6)?(A) Bulls are attracted to red objects.(B) Bulls do not notice flags.(C) Bulls attack all flags.(D) Bulls do not see the color red

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14. The word "monochrome" in line 6 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Monotonous(B) Ultraviolet(C) One-dimension(D) One-color

15 In line 8 ,"them" refers to which of the following?(A) Human eyes(B) Ultraviolet rays(C) Humans(D) Wavelengths

16. According to the passage, which of the following can detect wavelengths of lightlonger than 0.7 micron?(A) Bulls(B) Ants(C) Horses(D) Rattlesnakes

17. The word "eerily'' in line 10 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Strangely(B) Increasingly(C) Slightly(D) Superficially

l8. It can be inferred from the passage that humans could move more easily at night if they(A) had a narrower field of vision(B) were color-blind(C) had infrared vision(D) lived in an arboreal environment

l9. The word "surpassed'' in line 15 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Recorded(B) Exceeded(C) Found(D) Provided

20. According to the passage, the ability of humans to distinguish color differences is(A) average(B) weak(C) excellent(D) variable

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21. Where in the passage does the author mention the development over time of certainphysical changes among primates ?(A) Lines 3-4(B) Lines 5-6(C) Lines 7-10(D) Lines 13-15

Questions22-31

Ancient people made clay pottery because they needed it for their survival. .Theyused the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place toplace, Pottery was so important to early cultures that scientists now study it to learnmore about ancient civilizations. The more advanced the pottery in terms of decoration,materials, glazes, and manufacture, the more advanced the culture itself .

The artisan who makes pottery in North America today utilizes his or her skill andimagination to create items that are beautiful as well as functional, transformingsomething ordinary into something special and unique.

The potter uses one of the Earth 's most basic materials, clay. Clay can he foundalmost anywhere. Good pottery clay must be free from all small stones and other hardmaterials that would make the potting process difficult. Most North American artisan-potters now purchase commercially processed clay, but some find the clay they needright in the earth, close to where they work. .

The most important tools potters use are their own hands; however, they also usewire loop tools, wooden modeling tools, plain wire, and sponges. .Plain wire is used tocut away the finished pot from its base on the potter's wheel.

After a finished pot is dried of all its moisture in the open air, it is placed in a kilnand fired. The first firing hardens the pottery, and it is then ready to be glazed andfired again.

For areas where they do not want any glaze, such as the bottom of the pot, artisanspaint on melted wax that will late burn off in the kiln. They then pour on the liquidglaze and let it run over the clay surface, making any kind of decorative pattern thatthey want.

22. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Different kinds of clay(B) The training of an artisan(C) The making of pottery(D) Crafts of ancient civilizations.

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23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancientpeople used pottery?(A) To hold food(B) To wash clothes(C) To cook(D) To transport objects.

24. The word "it" in line 3 refers to(A) clay(B) culture(C) survival(D) pottery

25. According to the passage, which of the following can be learned about an ancientcivilization by examining its pottery?(A) Its food preferences(A) Its developmental stage(C) Its geographic location(D) Its population

26. The word "functional" in line 7 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Useful(B) Strong(C) Inexpensive(D) Original

27. The word "basic'' in line 9 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Familiar(B) Fundamental(C) Versatile(D) Dirty

28. According to the passage, how do most North American potters today get theclay they need?(A) They buy it.(B) They make it.(C) They dig it from the earth.(D)They barter for it.

29. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is processed commercially in order to(A) make it dry more evenly(B) remove hard substances(C) prevent glaze from sticking

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(D) make it easier to color

30. According to the author, what do potters use to remove the pot from the wheel?(A) Melted wax(B) A wire loop(C) A sponge(D) Plain wire

31. The word "pattern" in line 22 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Model(B) Color(C) Puzzle(D) Design

Questions 32-41

The status of women in colonial North America has been well studied and describedand can be briefly summarized. Throughout the colonial period there was a markedshortage of women, which varied with the regions and was always greatest in thefrontier areas. This favorable ratio enhanced women's status and position and allowedthem to pursue different careers. The Puritans, the religious sect that dominated theearly British colonies in North America, regarded idleness as a sin, and believed that lifein an underdeveloped country made it absolutely necessary that each member of thecommunity perform an economic function. Thus work for women, married or single,was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic duty. Puritan town councils expectedwidows and unattached women to be self-supporting and for a long time providedneedy spinsters with parcels of land. There was no social sanction against marriedwomen working; on the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands in theirtrade and won social approval far doing extra work in or out of the home. Needychildren, girls as well as boys, were indentured or apprenticed and were expected towork for their keep.

The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor producedmost articles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothingand partially that of shoes was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations,women were found in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers,silversmiths, gunsmiths, upholsterers. They ran mills, plantations, tanyards, shipyards,and every kind of shop, tavern, and boardinghouse. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers,sextons, journalists, printers, apothecaries, midwives, nurses, and teachers.

32. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Colonial marriages(B) The Puritan religion(C) Colonial women's employment

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(D) Education in the colonies

33. The word "marked" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) underlined(B) graded(C) prolonged(D) distinct

34. According to the passage, where in colonial North America were there the fewestwomen?(A) Puritan communities(B) Seaports(C) Frontier settlements(D) Capital cities

35. The word "enhanced'" in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Supplemented(B) Confirmed(C) Improved(D) Determined

36. It can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans were(A) uneducated(B) hardworking(C) generous(D) wealthy

37. According to the passage, Puritans believed that an unmarried adult woman should be(A) financialIy responsible for herself(B) returned to England(C) supported by her family(D)trained to be a nurse

38. The phrase "unattached women" line 10 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Women without high social status(B) Women without property(C) Unmarried women(D) Unemployed women

39. According to the passage, what did the Puritans expect from married women ?(A) They should adopt needy children.(B) They should assist in their husbands' trade or business.

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(C) They should work only within their own homes.(D) They should be apprenticed.

40. According to the passage, which products were made entirely by women?(A) Gunpowder and bullets(B) Cups and plates(C) Paper and books( D) Cloth and clothing

41.The lists in lines l9-22 are intended to show which of the following ?(A) The influence of the Puritans in the colonies(B) The limits of job opportunities in the colonies(C) The main industries of the colonial economy(D) The variety of work done by colonial women

Questions 42-50

Beneath the deep oceans that cover two-thirds of the Earth are concealed some ofthe most tantalizing secrets of our planet. There the crust of the Earth is thinner and theunknown mantle--the layer beneath the crust - lies closest, tempting scientists todrill into it. The first such attempt, the ambitious Project Mohole, got under way duringthe 1960's and proved the value of deep-sea drilling by making several test holes in themantle beneath the crust before spiraling costs led to its cancellation.

Soon afterward, however, work began on the more modest Deep Sea DrillingProject, which is not aimed at reaching the mantle but at exploring the crust itself. Thisventure uses a special ship, the Glomar Challenger, which can be held precisely inposition in the sea--without any anchor--by sound--wave guiding systems and computer-controlled propellers. From this stable platform, scientists lowered drillingpipes into waters four miles deep to scoop up cores of ocean sediment and bedrock.Analysis of the fossil contents has indicated that the ocean floors spread, movingcontinents around the Earth .

42. The passage mainly discusses(A) analysis of fossils in the ocean(B) exploration beneath the ocean bottom(C) the composition of the Earth's crust(D) the construction of the Glomar Challenger

43. According to the passage, one of the objectives of Project Mohole was to(A) increase public support for underwater experimentation(B) test the ocean bottom for unusual ocean sediment(C) estimate the age of the Earth's crust(D) study the Earth's mantle

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44. The word "spiraling'' in ling 6 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Rising(B) Necessary(C) Unpredictable(D) Circular

45.It can be infered from the passage that Project Mohole originally was intended to(A) involve deeper drilling than the Deep Sea Drilling Project(B) cost less than the Deep Sea Drilling Project(C) employ fewer scientists than the Deep Sea Drilling Project(D) yield more fossil discoveries than the Deep Sea Drilling Project

46. The expression"more modest'' in line7 is closest in meaning to(A) more sophisticated(B) more timid(C) less ambitious(D) less controversial

47.The word "precisely'' in line 9 is closest in meaning to which of the following?(A) Exactly(B) Clearly(C) Economically(D) Practically

48. According to the passage, computers are used on the Glomar Challenger in order to(A) measure the spread of the ocean floors(B) lower its drilling pipes into the water(C) keep it in one place(D) detect the location of the Earth's mantle

49. The Phrase "stable platform" in Line 11 refers to(A) the Glomar Challenger(B) a ship's anchor(C) sound-wave guiding systems(D) computer-controlled propellers

50. For which of the following terms does the author supply a definition?(A) "mantle'' (line 3)(B) "anchor'' (line 10)(C) "sound-wave guiding systems'' (line 10)(D) "bedrock''(line l2)

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ناهفصا 31 / 31نومزآ TEST1 Ancient people made clay pottery because they needed it for their survival. .They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place, Pottery was so important to early cultures that scientists now study it to learn more about ancient civilizations. The more advanced the pottery in terms of decoration, materials, glazes, and manufacture, the more advanced the culture itself .The artisan who makes pottery in North America today utilizes his or her skill and imagination to create items that are beautiful as well as functional, transforming something ordinary into something special and unique. The potter uses one of the Earth ’s most basic materials, clay. Clay can he found almost anywhere. Good pottery clay must be free from all small stones and other hard materials that would make the potting process difficult. Most North American artisan-potters now purchase commercially processed clay, but some find the clay they need right in the earth, close to where they work. .The most important tools potters use are their own hands; however, they also use wire loop tools, wooden modeling tools, plain wire, and sponges. .Plain wire is used to cut away the finished pot from its base on the potter’s wheel. After a finished pot is dried of all its moisture in the open air, it is placed in a kiln and fired. The first firing hardens the pottery, and it is then ready to be glazed and fired again. For areas where they do not want any glaze, such as the bottom of the pot, artisans paint on melted wax that will late burn off in the kiln. They then pour on the liquid glaze and let it run over the clay surface, making any kind of decorative pattern that they want. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Different kinds of clay (B) The training of an artisan (C) The making of pottery (D) Crafts of ancient civilizations. 2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery? (A) To hold food (B) To wash clothes (C) To cook (D) To transport objects. 3. The word "it" in line 3 refers to (A) clay (B) culture (C) survival (D) pottery 4. According to the passage, which of the following can be learned about an ancient civilization by examining its pottery? (A) Its food preferences (A) Its developmental stage (C) Its geographic location (D) Its population

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5. The word "functional" in line 7 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A) Useful (B) Strong (C) Inexpensive (D) Original 6. The word "basic’’ in line 9 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A) Familiar (B) Fundamental (C) Versatile (D) Dirty 7. According to the passage, how do most North American potters today get the clay they need? (A) They buy it. (B) They make it. (C) They dig it from the earth. (D)They barter for it. 8. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is processed commercially in order to (A) make it dry more evenly (B) remove hard substances (C) prevent glaze from sticking (D) make it easier to color 9. According to the author, what do potters use to remove the pot from the wheel? (A) Melted wax (B) A wire loop (C) A sponge (D) Plain wire 10. The word "pattern" in line 22 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A) Model (B) Color (C) Puzzle (D) Design TEST2 The status of women in colonial North America has been well studied and described and can be briefly summarized. Throughout the colonial period there was a marked shortage of women, which varied with the regions and was always greatest in the frontier areas. This favorable ratio enhanced women’s status and position and allowed them to pursue different careers. The Puritans, the religious sect that dominated the early British colonies in North America, regarded idleness as a sin, and believed that life in an underdeveloped country made it absolutely necessary that each member of the community perform an economic function. Thus work for women, married or single, was not only approved, it was regarded as a civic duty. Puritan town councils expected widows and unattached women to be self-supporting and for a long time provided needy spinsters with parcels of land. There was no social sanction against married women working; on the contrary, wives were expected to help their husbands

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in their trade and won social approval far doing extra work in or out of the home. Needy children, girls as well as boys, were indentured or apprenticed and were expected to work for their keep. The vast majority of women worked within their homes, where their labor produced most articles needed for the family. The entire colonial production of cloth and clothing and partially that of shoes was in the hands of women. In addition to these occupations, women were found in many different kinds of employment. They were butchers, silversmiths, gunsmiths, upholsterers. They ran mills, plantations, tanyards, shipyards, and every kind of shop, tavern, and boardinghouse. They were gatekeepers, jail keepers, sextons, journalists, printers, apothecaries, midwives, nurses, and teachers. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Colonial marriages (B) The Puritan religion (C) Colonial women’s employment (D) Education in the colonies 2. The word "marked" in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) underlined (B) graded (C) prolonged (D) distinct 3. According to the passage, where in colonial North America were there the fewest women? (A) Puritan communities (B) Seaports (C) Frontier settlements (D) Capital cities 4. The word "enhanced’" in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A) Supplemented (B) Confirmed (C) Improved (D) Determined 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the Puritans were (A) uneducated (B) hardworking (C) generous (D) wealthy 6. According to the passage, Puritans believed that an unmarried adult woman should be (A) financialIy responsible for herself (B) returned to England (C) supported by her family (D)trained to be a nurse 7. The phrase "unattached women" line 10 is closest in meaning to which of the following? (A) Women without high social status

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(B) Women without property (C) Unmarried women (D) Unemployed women 8. According to the passage, what did the Puritans expect from married women ? (A) They should adopt needy children. (B) They should assist in their husbands’ trade or business. (C) They should work only within their own homes. (D) They should be apprenticed. 9. According to the passage, which products were made entirely by women? (A) Gunpowder and bullets (B) Cups and plates (C) Paper and books ( D) Cloth and clothing 10.The lists in lines l9-22 are intended to show which of the following ? (A) The influence of the Puritans in the colonies (B) The limits of job opportunities in the colonies (C) The main industries of the colonial economy (D) The variety of work done by colonial women KEY: TEST1 CBDBA BABDD TEST 2 CDCCB ACBDD

As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni indians of

North america were building with adobe – sun-baked brick plastered with mud. There homes

looked remarkably like modern apartement houses some were four stories high and contained

quartersfor perhaps thousand people. Along with store rooms for grain and other goods. This

building were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense

against enemies. They were really villages in them selves as later spanish explorers must have

realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is spanish for towns.

The people of the pueblos raised what are called ”the three sister”—corn, beans, and

squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they

could hold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The

Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches.

Water was so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborate

ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain.

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The way of life of les-settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by

nature. Small tribes such as the Shosone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands

between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted seals,

walruses, ang the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos

built of blocks of packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the

lordly caribou.

The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the

grassland between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison,

commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used

to make their clothing and the covering of their tents and tipis.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The architecture of early American Indian buildings

(B) The movement of American Indians across North America

(C) Ceremonies and rituals of American Indians

(D) The way of life of American Indian tribes in early North America

2. According to the passage, the Hopi and Zuni typically built their homes

(A) In valleys

(B) Next to streams

(C) On open plains

(D) Agains cliffs

3. The word “They” in line 6 refers to

(A) Goods

(B) Buildings

(C) Cliffs

(C) Enemies

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the dwellings of the Hopi and Zuni were

(A) Very small

(B) Highly advance

(C) Difficult to defend

(D) Quickly constructed

5. The author uses the phrase “the three sisters” in line 8 to refer to

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(A) Hopi women

(B) Family members

(C) Important crops

(D) Rain ceremonies

6. The word “scarce” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) Limited

(B) Hidden

(C) Pure

(D) Necessary

7. which of the following is true of the Shoshone and Ute?

(A) They were not as settled as the Hopi and Zuni

(B) They hunted caribou

(C) They built their homes with adobe

(D) They didn’a have many religious ceremonies

8. According to the passage, which of the following tribes lived in the grassland?

(A) The Shoshone and Ute

(B) The Cheyenne and Sioux

(C) The Hopi and Zuni

(D) The pawnee and Inuit

9. Which of the following animals was most important to the Plains Indians?

(A) The Salmon

(B) The Caibou

(C) The seal

(D) The buffalo

10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as adwelling place of early North

Americans?

(A) Log cabins

(B) Adobe houses

(C) Tipis

(D) Igloos

11. The author gives an explaination for all of the following word EXCEPT

(A) Adobe

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(B) Pueblos

(C) Caribou

(D) Bison

12. The author groups North American Indians according to their

(A) Tribes and geographycal regions

(B) Arts and crafts

(C) Rituals and ceremonies

(D) Date of apperanmce of the continent

Marianne Moore (1887-1972) once said that her writting could be called poetry only

because there was no other name for it. Indeed her poems appear to be extremely compressed

essays that happen to be printed in jagged lines on the page. Her subjects were varied:

animals, labores, artist, and the craft of poetry. From her general reading came quotations that

she found striking or insightful. She included these in her poems, scrupulously enclosed in

quotation marks and sometimes identified in footnotes. Of this practice, she wrote, “ ‘why the

many quotation marks?’ I am asked. . . when a thing has been said so well that it could not be

said better, why paraphrase it?Hence my writting is, if not a cabinet of fossils, a kind of

collection of flies in amber.” Close observation and consentration on detail are the methods of

her poetry.

Marianne Moore grew up in kirkwood, Missouri, near St. Louis. After graduation from

Bryn Mawr College in 1909, she taught commercial subjects at the Indian school in Carlisle,

Pennsylvannia. Later she became a librarian in New York City. During the 1920’s she was

editor of The Dial, an importan literary magazine of the period. She lived quietly all her life,

mostly in Brooklyn, New York. She spent a lot of time at the Bronx Zoo, fascinated by animals.

Her admiration of the Brooklyn Dodgers – before the team moved to Los Angeles- was widely

known.

Her first book of poems was published in London in 1921 by a group of friends

associeted with the imagist movement. From that time on her poetry has been read with

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interest by succeeding generations of poets and readers. In 1952 she was awarded the Pulitzer

Prize for her Collected Poems. She wrote that she did not write poetry “for money or fame. To

earn a living is needful, but it can be done in routine ways. One writes because one has a

burning desire to objectivy what it is indispensable to one’s happiness to express...”

13. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The influance of the imagist on Marianne Moore

(B) Essayists and poets of the 1920’s

(C) The use was quotations in poetry

(D) Marianne Moore’s life and work

14. Which of the following can be inferred about Moore’s poems?

(A) They are better known in Europe than the United States

(B) They do not use traditional verse forms

(C) They were all published in The Dial

(D) They tend to be abstract

15. According to the passage Moore wrote about all of the following EXCEPT

(A) Artists

(B) Animals

(C) Fossils

(D) Workers

16. What does Moore refer to as “flies in amber” (line 9)?

(A) A common image in her poetry

(B) Poetry in the twentieth century

(C) Concentration on detail

(D) Quotations within her poetry

17. The author mentions all of the following as jobs held by Moore EXCEPT

(A) Commercial artist

(B) Teacher

(C) Magazine editor

(D) Librarian

18. The word “period” in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) Movement

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(B) School

(C) Region

(D) Time

19. Where did Moore spend most of her adult life?

(A) In Kirkwood

(B) In Brooklyn

(C) In Los Angeles

(D) In Carlisle

20. The word “succeeding” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) Inheriting

(B) Prospering

(C) Diverse

(D) Later

21. The word “it” in line 21 refers to

(A) Writing poetry

(B) Becoming famous

(C) Earning a living

(D) Attracting readers

22. It can be inferred from the passage that Moore wrote because she

(A) Wanted to win award

(B) Was disatisfied with what others wrote

(C) Felt a need to express herself

(D) Wanted to raise money for the Bronx Zoo

Questions 23-30

What makes it rain?Rain falls from clouds the same reason anything falls to Earth. The

Earth’s gravity pulls it. But every cloud is made of water droplets or ice crystals. Why doesn’t

rain or snow fall constantly from all clouds? The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are

exceedingly small. The effect of gravity in them is minute. Air currents move and lift droplets so

that the net down ward displacement is zero, even though the droplets are in constant motion.

Droplets and ice crystals behave somewhat like dust in the air made visible in a shaft

of sunlight. To the casual observer, dust seems to act in a totally random fashion, moving about

chaotically without fixed direction. But in fact dust particles are much larger than water droplets

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and they finally fall. The average size of a cloud droplest is only 0,004 inch in diameter. It is so

small that it would take sixteen hours to fall half a mile in perfectly still air,and it does not fall out

of moving air at all. Only when the droplet grows to a diameter of 0,008 inch or larger can it fall

from the cloud. The average raindrop contains a million times as much water as a tiny cloud

droplet. The growth of a cloud to a size large enough to fall out is the cause of rain and other

forms of precipitation. This important growth is called” coalescence”.

23. What is the main topic of the passage?

(A) The mechanics of rain

(B) The weather patterns of North America

(C) How Earth’s gravity affects agriculture

(D) Types of clouds.

24. The word “ minute “ in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

(A) Second

(B) Tiny

(C) Slow

(D) Steady

25. The word “ motion “ in line 5 closest in meaning to..

(A) Wind

(B) Change

(C) Movement

(D) Humidity

26. Ice crystals do not immediately fall to Earth because,

(A) They are kept aloft by air currents

(B) They combine with other chemicals in the atmosphere

(C) Most of them evaporate

(D) Their electrical charges draw them away from the earth.

27. The word “ random “in line 7 is closest in meaning to..

(A) Unpredictable

(B) Perplexing

(C) Independent

(D) Abnormal

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28. What can be inferred about drops of water larger than 0,008 inch in diameter?

(A) they never occur

(B) They are not affected by the force of gravity

(C) In still air they would fall to earth.

(D) In moving air they fall at a speed of thirty-two miles per hour.

29. How much bigger drop than a cloud droplet?

(A) 200 times bigger

(B) 1000 times bigger

(C) 100000 times bigger

(D) 1000000 times bigger

30. In this passage, what does the term “ coalescence” refer to?

(A) The ghatering of small clouds to form larger clouds

(B) The growth of droplest

(C) The effect of gravity on precipitition

(D) The movement of dust particles in the sunlight

Questions 31-40

People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early

and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding

their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive

accuracy – one plate, one knife,one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are

capable of nothing that they have placed five knives, spoons, and forks on the table and, a bit

later, that this amounts to fivteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they

move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a

desert island at birth and retrevied seven years later, he or she could enter a second – grade

mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjusment.

Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists

has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends.

Children were observed as they slowly grasped-or, as the case might be, bumped into-concept

that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is

unchanged as water pours from q short stout glass into a tall thin one. Psychologists have

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since demonstrated that young children asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the

number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have

suggested that the rudiments if mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have

also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers- the idea of oneness, a twoness, a

threeness taht applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more

mathematically demanding than setting a table- is itself from innate.

31. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Trends in teaching mathematics to children.

(B) The use of mathematics in child psychology

(C) The development mathematical ability in children

(D) The fundamental concepts of mathematic that children must learn.

32. It can be inferred from the passage that children normally learn simple counting?

(A) Soon after they learn to talk

(B) By looking at the clock

(C) When they begin to be mathematically mature

(D) After they reach second grade in school.

33. The word “ illuminated “ in line 11 is closests in meaning to ...

(A) illustrated

(B) accepted

(C) clarified

(D) lighted

34. The author implies that most small children believe that the quantity of water changes when it

is transfered to a container of a different ...

(A) color

(B) quality

(C) weight

(D) shape

35. According to the passage , when small children were asked to count a pile of red and blue

pencils they..

(A) counted the number of pencils of each color.

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(B) guessed at the total number of pencils.

(C) counted only the pencils of their favorite color.

(D) subtracted the number of red pencil from the number of blue pencils.

36. The word “ they “ in line 17 refers to ...

(A) mathematicians

(B) children

(C) pencils

(D) studies

37. The word “ prerequisite “ in line 19 is closest in meanin g to ...

(A) reason

(B) theory

(C) requirement

(D) technique

38. The word “itself “ in line 20 refers to ...

(A) the total

(B) the concept abstract numbers

(C) any class of objects

(D) setting a table

39. With which of the following statements would the author be LEAST likely to agree?

(A) children naturally and easily learn mathematics.

(B) children learn to add before they learn to subtract

(C) most peolple follow the same pattern of mathematical development

(D) mathematical development is subtle and gradual.

40. Where in the passage does the author give an example of a hypothetical experiment?

(A) lines 3-6

(B) lines 7-9

(C) lines 11-14

(D) lines 17-20

Questions 41-50

Botany, the study of plants,occupies a peculiar position in the history of human

knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which

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humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just

what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of

preindustrial societies that still exists, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be

extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food piramid for all living things,

even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people,

not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools,dyes,medicines,shelter,and a great many

other purpose. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of

plants and know many properties of each. To them botany,as such,has no name and is

probably not even recognized as a special branch of “ knowledge” at all.

Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct

contact with plants, and the list distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes

unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will file to

recognize a rose,an apple,or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East

about 10.000years ago, discovered that certain grasses couls be harvested and their seeds

planted for richers yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and

humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture :

cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled

production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little their from many varieties

that grew wild- and the acculumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience

and intimacy with plants in the wile would begin to fade away.

41. Which of the following assumptions about early humans expressed in the passage?

(A) They probably had extensive knowledge of plants

(B) They divided knowledge into well-defined fields

(C) They did not enjoy the study of botany

(D) They placed great importance on ownership of property

42. The word “ peculiar” in line 1 is closest in meaning to ...

(A) Clear

(B) Large

(C) Unusual

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(D) Important

43. What does the comment “ this is logical” in lines 5-6 mean?

(A) There is no clear way to determine the extent of our ancestors knowledge of plants

(B) It is not suprising that early humans had a detailed knowldege of plants

(C) It is reasonable to assume that our ancestors behaved very much like people in preindustrial

societies

(D) Human knowledge of plants is well organized and very detailed.

44. The phrase “properties of each” in line 10 refers to each..

(A) Tribe

(B) Hundred

(C) Plant

(D) Purpose

45. According to the passage,why has general knowledge of botany declined?

(A) People no lorger value plants as a useful resource

(B) Botany is not recognized as a special branch of science

(C) Research is unable to keep up with the increasing number of plants

(D) Direct contact with a variety of plants has decreased

46. In line 15, what is the author’s purpose in mentioning a rose,an apple,or an orchid”?

(A) To make the passage more poetic

(B) To cite examples of plants that are attractive

(C) To give botanical examples that most readers will recognize

(D) To illustrate the diversity of botanical life.

47. According to the passage, what was the first great step toward the practise of agriculture?

(A) The envention of agricultural implements and machinery

(B) The development of a system of names for plants

(C) The discovery of grasses that could be harvested and replanted

(D) The changing diets of early humans

48. The word “ controlled”in line 19 is closest in meaning to..

(A) Abundant

(B) Managed

(C) Required

(D) Advanced

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49. The relationship between botany and agriculture is similar to the relatiinship between zoology (

the study of animals) and...

(A) deer hunting

(B) bird watching

(C) sheep raising

(D) horseback riding

50. Where in the passage does the author describe the benefits people derive from plants?

(A) line 1

(B) line 6-8

(C) line 10-11

(D) line 13-15

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