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Today’s Goal:

• Reinforce your knowledge of cellular transport, energy and genetics.

1. Locate your Final Exam Study Guide and laptop.

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OutsOuts

• Bring ALL 10 Ch. Tests for 5 Extra Credit points.

OR

• Bring ≤ 10 Unit Guides

OR

• Bring BOTH for 8 points.

Learning Goal:

Demonstrate your knowledge of cellular transport, energy and

genetics.

Ch. 3 Cell Structure and FunctionCell Membrane = homeostasis Active vs Passive Osmosis vs diffusion

Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

???

- Requires Energy (ATP)

– Uses Transport Protein

Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

???– Does not require energy– Particles move from _____ concentration to

_______concentration.

???????

Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

Passive Transport Movement of water through a semi-

permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

?????

Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

Passive Transport

–??? Movement of particles through a cell membrane by

means of a transport protein. Down the concentration gradient Does NOT require energy.

Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

???– “Cell eating”– A cell takes in macromolecules or other

substances when regions of the plasma membrane surround the substance, pinch off, and form a vesicle within the cell.

Methods of Transport Across a Cell Membrane

??????????????????– A cell secretes macromolecules –waste,

hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.

Ch. 4 Cells and EnergyChemical energy and ATP

(structure and energy creation)

Distinguish between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Lactic acid Fermentation relative to the amount of ATP produced

Respiration and Photosynthesis ???

–C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP

–Occurs in ____________

Respiration

???

Occurs in Cytoplasm

Steps 1-3- A glucose molecule is energized,using ATP.

GlucoseStep

Glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) PGAL

Step 4 A six-carbonintermediate splits into two three-carbon PGAL molecules

Step 5 A redoxreaction generatesNADH. 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid

(2 molecules)Step 6-9 Two ATP and 2 molecules of pyruvic acidare produced.

3-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)

2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)

2-Phosphoglyceric acid(2 molecules)

(2 moleculesper glucose molecule)

Pyruvic acid

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate

Energy In: 2 ATP

Energy Out: 4 ATP

NET 2 ATP

???

Intermembranespace

Innermitochondrialmembrane

Mitochondrialmatrix

Proteincomplex

Electroncarrier

Electronflow

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

ATP

SYNTHASE

For each glucose molecule that enters cellular respiration, this produces up to 32 ATP molecules

Respiration and Photosynthesis

???– Process of using energy from the sun to

produce sugars (glucose)

– 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy C6H12O6 +6O2

– Occurs in ____?_______of plants and some algae

– Part 1 and Part 2 ?

Photosynthesis

???

???

How are photosynthesis and respiration related?

Respiration and Photosynthesis

Where and how are excess sugars stored in plants?

Excess sugars are stored as ?????? in the roots.

This is a polymer of glucose.

Where and how are excess sugars stored in animals?

Excess sugars are stored as glycogen in the liver of animals.

Glycogen is a polymer of glucose.

 Ch. 5 Cell Growth and Division

Define the phases of the cell cycle.What factors regulate the cell cycle?Binary Fission compared to Mitosis Mitosis compared to Meiosis e.g. haploid and diploid

5.4 Asexual Reproduction

Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types.

• Cells• Tissues• Organs• Organ systems

CELL TISSUE ORGAN vascular tissue

leaf

stem

lateralroots primary

root

SYSTEMS

roo

t sy

stem

sho

ot

syst

em

1 2 3

4

5.4 Asexual Reproduction

Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis.

• ??? forms a new organism from a small projection growing on the surface of the parent.

bud

Hydra

Yeast

Cell Division

Mitosis–Purpose–Types of Cells–What is produced?

Characteristics?

Cell Division

A B

C D E

Steps of Mitosis– Prophase

Steps of Mitosis

Steps of Mitosis

– Anaphase

Steps of MitosisTelophase

Meiosis

Why is meiosis required for sexual reproduction?

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis:

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis:

Genetics/ DNA

Heredity and Mendelian Genetics– Genetics: The study of heredity (the passing of

traits from parents to offspring)

– ???????: The father of genetics.

– DNA: Consists of many ???

– ???: Alternate version of a gene

????????– Make up most of the

body’s tissues and organs

– 2 of each chromosome for a total of 46

????????– Sperm cell (male) or

egg cell (female)– Only 1 kind of each

chromosome; – Half #

chromosomes in body cells (23)

Genetics/ DNA

Dominant and Recessive Traits ?????? Allele

– Gene that is fully expressed.– Masks/ “speaks louder than” a recessive allele.

?????? Allele– Masked/not expressed if dominant allele is

present.– Only expressed if dominant allele is absent.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism– ??? : having two of the same allele BB bb– ??? : having two different alleles. Bb

_____ ______: having two dominant alleles BB_____ ______: : having two recessive alleles bb______ : having one of each allele Bb

?????

The physical and physiological traits of an organism

How the genes are expressed What you would see in a photograph

Example:

In peas, Y is a dominant allele that instructs for yellow seeds; y is a recessive allele that produces green seeds.

DNA/ Genetics A __________ can be used to predict the

genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring produced by a given genetic cross.

Generations– ??? (P): The organisms involved in the initial cross– ????? (F1): The offspring of the Parental Generation– ???(F2): The offspring of First Filial Generation

Example: A chicken and a rooster mate. The chicken has

white feathers and the rooster has brown feathers. Brown is dominant, and white is recessive. Assuming the rooster is heterozygous, predict the frequency of each genotype and phenotype in their offspring.

What is the cellular process that determines which alleles an offspring will receive from their parents? Meiosis

Practice: 1. A plant that is homozygous dominant for height

is crossed with a plant that is homozygous recessive. (T = tall; t = short).

Use a Punnett Square to predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the F1 generation.

Practice:

2. Using question number 1, what would be the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross of two F1 individuals?

DNA/ Genetics

Determining Sex

Human male: ?? Human female: ??

Which parent determines the

sex of a human offspring? ????

What is the probability of having a boy? A girl? ???

DNA/ Genetics

Sex linked traits

Typically carried on the X chromosome

Example: hemophilia, color blindness.

Disorders occur more often in males than females. Why?

Males have one X chromosome, so if one is defective, they do not have a backup copy as do females.

DNA/ GeneticsMutation Definition?

A change in DNA can lead to a change in the __?____ coded for by that gene.

A change in the protein structure can lead to certain disorders, for example, sickle cell anemia.

Genetic Exceptions to the rules!

???Both alleles contribute to

the phenotype

Example: A red cow crossed with a white cow results red cows with white blotches.

Genetic Exceptions to the rules!???

A gene has more than one alleleThe result is various expressions of the gene.Example: various hair colors in mice.

Genetic Exceptions to the rules!???

Traits controlled by more than one geneEx. Human skin color

More than 4 different genes control this trait, which is why we all look so different!

7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

• An ??? gene can interfere with other genes.

7.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Learning Goal:

Demonstrate your knowledge on the nature of biology, chemistry of life,

cellular division and energy.

Semester Final ExamCh 1 Biology in the 21st Centurybiodiversity scientific methodindependent variable dependent variablecharacteristics of life homeostasis Ch 2 Chemistry of LifeDescribe the properties of water4 Organic compound that make up life. Enzymes and chemical reactions

Ch 3 Cell Structure and Function3 parts of the cell theoryIdentify the structure and function of organelles in both plant and animal cellsHow does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis? Active vs Passive and osmosis vs diffusion Ch 4 Cells and EnergyChemical energy and ATP (structure and process of energy creation)Distinguish between the chemical reaction of photosynthesis and cellular respirationLactic acid Fermentation relative to the amount of ATP produced. Ch 5 Cell Growth and DivisionDefine the phases and characteristics of the cell cycle.What factors regulate the cell cycle?Binary Fission compared to Mitosis Mitosis compared to Meiosis e.g haploid and diploid