Today’s AgendaToday’s AgendaToday’s AgendaToday’s AgendaCredibilityCredibilityHow to Give an How to Give an

Argumentative SpeechArgumentative SpeechConflictConflict

Framing the Argumentative SpeechFraming the Argumentative SpeechFraming the Argumentative SpeechFraming the Argumentative Speech

Time limit: six minutes maximum Time limit: six minutes maximum Evaluation: outline graded by instructor;Evaluation: outline graded by instructor;

Feedback on oral performance by class in Feedback on oral performance by class in small groupssmall groups

Instructor Evaluation SheetInstructor Evaluation Sheet Add a “so-what?” stepAdd a “so-what?” step Follow stock issues for policy propositionFollow stock issues for policy proposition Delivery: eye contact and poiseDelivery: eye contact and poise

Topic SelectionTopic SelectionTopic SelectionTopic Selection Choose a topic of interest to youChoose a topic of interest to you Phrase the proposition as a Phrase the proposition as a

proposition of policy according to proposition of policy according to chapter 15, pp. 375-376 and the chapter 15, pp. 375-376 and the standards covered in classstandards covered in class

Title Title Purpose StatementPurpose Statement

Organizing Organizing QuestionQuestion

John Doe A Chance for Education

P.S.: I want my audience to believe that the federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high

school graduates.O.Q.: Why should the federal government pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates?

A Sample OutlineA Sample OutlineA Sample OutlineA Sample Outline

Specify Specify ActionAction

Not:Not:something should be done to halt illegal something should be done to halt illegal

immigration from Cubaimmigration from Cuba

But: But: all illegal immigrants from Cuba should be all illegal immigrants from Cuba should be

repatriated repatriated

Specify the AgentSpecify the Agent Not:Not:

we should guarantee a minimum annual we should guarantee a minimum annual cash income to U.S. citizenscash income to U.S. citizens

But:But:the federal government should guarantee a the federal government should guarantee a

minimum annual cash income to U.S. minimum annual cash income to U.S. citizens citizens

Identify Desired Future Action Identify Desired Future Action

Not:Not:trying juveniles as adults is necessarytrying juveniles as adults is necessary

But:But:juveniles should be tried as adultsjuveniles should be tried as adults

Exclude Rationale for Exclude Rationale for PropositionProposition

Not:Not:child day care should be free to help child day care should be free to help

women find workwomen find work

But:But:– the federal government should provide the federal government should provide

free child day care to U.S. citizensfree child day care to U.S. citizens

Remember This Remember This Advice?Advice?

Remember This Remember This Advice?Advice?

Wording Propositions EffectivelyWording Propositions Effectively

Full sentences Statement, not a question Avoid figurative language One idea at a time Neither vague nor general

Stock issues for Propositions of PolicyStock issues for Propositions of Policy

Is there a need for a change? (need) Why can’t the present system solve the need?

(inherency) Would the proposed plan of action solve the

need? (solvency)

Do the advantages of change outweigh the disadvantages?

cover the first three

Title Title

Purpose StatementPurpose StatementOrganizing Organizing

QuestionQuestion

(Need)(Need)

(Inherency)(Inherency)

(Solvency)(Solvency)

John Doe A Chance for Education

P.S.: I want my audience to believe that the federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates.O.Q.: Why should the federal government pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates?

I. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because denial of opportunities for higher education to qualified high school graduates on the basis of finances is a significant national problem.

II. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because present financial aid programs cannot guarantee opportunities for higher education

III. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because government financing of higher education would guarantee opportunities for higher education

A Sample OutlineA Sample OutlineA Sample OutlineA Sample Outline

Requirement of Quality Evidence and Requirement of Quality Evidence and ArgumentsArguments

Requirement of Quality Evidence and Requirement of Quality Evidence and ArgumentsArguments

Support each main point with evidenceSupport each main point with evidence State: source nameState: source name

qualificationsqualifications

publicationpublication

date date

A New ElementA New ElementA New ElementA New Element

A So-What? StepA So-What? Step

Examples:Examples:

Social Security reformSocial Security reform

Increases in education tax creditsIncreases in education tax credits

U.S. withdrawal from IraqU.S. withdrawal from Iraq

Title Title

Purpose StatementOrganizing

Question

Introduction

(So-what?)(Preview)

(Need)

Evidence

Transition(Inherency)

Evidence

Transition(Solvency)

Evidence

Summary Conclusion

John Doe A Chance for Education

P.S.: I want my audience to believe that the federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high

school graduates. O.Q.: Why should the federal government pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates?

Intro: story of Heinrich Heine and knowledge(So what? – all of us are affected by college expenses) PreviewI.The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because denial of opportunities for higher education to qualified high school graduates on the basis of finances is a significant national problem. --quotation from Newsweek, March 21, 1994(Transition)II. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because present financial aid programs cannot guarantee opportunities for higher education

A. Government programs structurally exclude manyB. Burdensome loan programs cannot guarantee higher

education opportunities to all

--James Humes-Prof. of Education at USC, Higher Education, September 1983(Transition)III. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because government financing of higher education would guarantee opportunities for higher education

--quotation from James Froude--Prof. of Public Finance at M.I.T., Financing Education, 1992Summary Conclusion

John Doe A Chance for Education

Intro: story of Heinrich Heine and knowledge

(so-what? – all of us are affected by college expenses) (Preview all mainpoints)

I. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because denial of opportunities for higher education to qualified high school graduates on the basis of finances

is a significant national problem. (transition)II. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates

because present financial aid programs cannot guaranteeopportunities for higher education

A. Government programs structurally exclude many

B. Burdensome loan programs cannot guarantee higher education opportunities to all

(transition)III. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because government financing of higher education would guarantee opportunities for higher education

Summary Conclusion

John Doe According to the lead editorial appearing in the March 21, 1994 issue of Newsweek, “Increases in college costs have become so extreme that at least one-third of qualified high school graduates cannot attend college due to lack of money. In the future, this uneducated group may well be a drain on the economy as a whole.”

James Humes, Prof. of Education at USC, published his research on the subject in the professional journal, Higher Education, in September 1983. He concluded: “Loan programs do not encourage students to attend college since the high financial burdens they place on students seem to put college opportunities beyond any but those whose careers are the very highest paid.”

Writing in his 1992 book Financing Education, James Froude--Prof. of Public Finance at M.I.T., explained: “Careful examination of state finances and the likely prospects for private programs to expand convincingly reveal that only the federal government is in a position to assure access to college to all qualified high school graduates.”

John Doe According to the lead editorial appearing in the March 21, 1994 issue of Newsweek, “Increases in college costs have become so extreme that at least one-third of qualified high school graduates cannot attend college due to lack of money. In the future, this uneducated group may well be a drain on the economy as a whole.”

James Humes, Prof. of Education at USC, published his research on the subject in the professional journal, Higher Education, in September 1983. He concluded: “Loan programs do not encourage students to attend college since the high financial burdens they place on students seem to put college opportunities beyond any but those whose careers are the very highest paid.”

Wrriting in his 1992 book Financing Education, James Froude--Prof. of Public Finance at M.I.T., explained: “Careful examination of state finances and the likely prospects for private programs to expand convincingly reveal that only the federal government is in a position to assure access to college to all qualified high school graduates.”

John Doe According to the lead editorial appearing in the March 21, 1994 issue of Newsweek, “Increases in college costs have become so extreme that at least one-third of qualified high school graduates cannot attend college due to lack of money. In the future, this uneducated group may well be a drain on the economy as a whole.”

James Humes, Prof. of Education at USC, published his research on the subject in the professional journal, Higher Education, in September 1983. He concluded: “Loan programs do not encourage students to attend college since the high financial burdens they place on students seem to put college opportunities beyond any but those whose careers are the very highest paid.”

Wrriting in his 1992 book Financing Education, James Froude--Prof. of Public Finance at M.I.T., explained: “Careful examination of state finances and the likely prospects for private programs to expand convincingly reveal that only the federal government is in a position to assure access to college to all qualified high school graduates.”

John Doe A Chance for Education

Intro: story of Heinrich Heine and knowledge

(so-what? – all of us are affected by college expenses) (Preview all mainpoints)

I. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because denial of opportunities for higher education to qualified high school graduates on the basis of finances is a significant national problem.

(transition)II. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because present financial aid programs cannot guaranteeopportunities for higher education

A. Government programs structurally exclude many

B. Burdensome loan programs cannot guarantee higher education opportunities to all

(transition)III. The federal government should pay for higher education for all qualified high school graduates because government financing of higher education would guarantee opportunities for higher education

Summary Conclusion

ProblemsProblemsProblemsProblems

Mainpoints not parallelMainpoints not parallel Main points worded differently on speaking notes Main points worded differently on speaking notes

and formal outlineand formal outline Purpose Statement and Organizing Question either Purpose Statement and Organizing Question either

dealt with more than one idea or did not deal with dealt with more than one idea or did not deal with the same exact matterthe same exact matter

Writing out transitions and conclusions Writing out transitions and conclusions