To Study the Different Loss Reduction of Transmission and

International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering 692

Available Online at www.ijecse.org ISSN- 2277-1956

ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-692-699

To Study the Different Loss Reduction of Transmission and Distribution Line Using GSM

Technology

Pooja J. Jari

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering SSGB College of Engineering & Technology, Bhusawal, Maharashtra(India)

Email- [email protected]

Prof. Girish A. Kulkarni Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SSGB College of Engineering & Technology, Bhusawal, Maharashtra(India) Email- [email protected]

Abstract- Designing and implementing commercial as well as industrialized systems based on Wireless. Robust communication has always been a important field of interest among many researchers and developers. Many special protection systems are available based on volume of power distributed and often the load changes without calculation required an advanced and special communication based systems to control the electrical parameters of the generation. Most of the existing systems are reliable on various applications but not perfect for electrical applications. Electrical environment will have lots of disturbance in nature, Due to natural disasters like storms, cyclones or heavy rains transmission and distribution lines may lead to damage. The electrical wire may cut and fall on ground, this leads to very harmful for human beings and may become fatal. So, a inflexible, dependable and robust communications like GSM technology instead of many communication techniques used previous. This technology saves human life from this electrical danger by providing the fault detection and automatically stops the electricity to the damaged line and also conveys the message to the electricity board to clear the fault. A powerful GSM networking is designed to send data from a network to other network. Any change in parameters of transmission is sensed to protect the entire transmission and distribution.

Keywords – transmission and distribution line, GSM, Power Line Communication (PLC)

I. INTRODUCTION

In Indian Power sector cost of energy and demand is rapidly increasing with respect to other countries. The losses in India are about 20 – 40 % or even more as against 8 – 12 % in the developed countries. Main priorities now days for the Indian power sector are to reduce energy losses in Transmission & Distribution systems so that they can be competitive to the best in the world. Energy losses can occur during supply of electricity to consumers the technical losses is due to energy dissipated in the conductors and equipment used for transmission, transformation, sub- transmission and distribution of power. These technical losses are inherent in a system and can be reduced to an optimum level. Pilferage, defective meters, and errors in meter reading and in estimating un-metered supply of energy are causes of commercial losses. It is possible to reduce the losses in a short span of time, if the magnitude of technical and commercial losses is estimated and energy auditing can do this. By a proper monitoring and effective communication system, we can automate the fault-finding system of the transmission and distribution to improve the utility factor, uninterruptible power, reduce losses and save the time thereby saving the cost. A real time implementable model design suitable for all kinds of transmission lines and could be installed irrespective of the operating conditions need to be designed with robust communication techniques.

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ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-692-699

Utilizing power network for data transcentury. Power line communicaticommunication for meter reading, When ever there is disconnection bwhich leads to reduction of utility A Robust GSM technology is open, digital cellular technology kHz channel into eight 25 kHz timcarry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates. The visual basic (VB 6.0) version is usbetween human and GSM.

A. Electric Power Supply Systems - Electric power supply system intransmission lines that transport electricityconsumers; substations that connectof the components.

The Figure 1 shows a simple electricfrom electricity sources to end-use

Figure

B. Transmission and distribution lineThe power plants typically produce

ages between 11kV and 33kV. At transmission on cables strung ontransmission is the next stage from 220 kV & 400 kV. Where transmissionpreferential to minimize the losses.

Sub-transmission network at 132 kDistribution at 11 kV / 6.6 kV / 3.3

IJECSE,

data transmission is not a new idea. It started as early astion is used in many applications like automatic

ading, power thefting, power system protection etc., It etween two ends of transmission line, the commuy factor and plant efficiency. introduced in this paper to overcome the above my used for transmitting mobile voice and data serme-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz rates. rsion is used to interface hardware and computer for lucid way

- in a country comprises of generating units that produceelectricity over long distances; distribution lines that

connect the pieces to each other; and energy control centers to

electric supply system with transmission and distribution networkuser.

e 1. Typical Electric Power Supply Systems

nsmission and distribution line- produce 50 cycle/second (Hertz), alternating-current (AC) the power plant site, the 3-phase voltage is stepped

on cross-country towers. High voltage (HV) and extrafrom power plant to transport A.C. power over long

transmission is over 1000 KM, high voltage direct current

network at 132 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV or 33 kV constitutes the next link3.3 kV constitutes the last link to the consumer, who

IJECSE, Volume2, Number 2 Pooja J. Jari et al.

693

as the beginning of the last c meter reading, wireless also has some drawbacks.

munication can’t be possible,

mentioned drawback’s is an services. It divides each 200

bands. It has an ability to

lucid way of communication

produce electricity; high voltage that deliver the electricity to

to coordinate the operation

distribution network and linkages

(AC) electricity with volt- stepped up to a higher voltage for

extra high voltage (EHV) distances at voltages like;

current transmission is also

link towards the end user. who is connected directly or

694 To Study the Different Loss Reduction of Transmission and Distribution Line Using GSM Technology

ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-692-699

through transformers depending upon the inflection level of service. The transmission and distribution network include sub-stations, lines and distribution transformers. High voltage transmission is used so that smaller, more economical wire sizes can be employed to carry the lower current and to reduce losses. Sub-stations, containing step-down transformers, reduce the voltage for distribution to industrial users. The voltage is further reduced for commercial facilities. Electricity must be generated, as and when it is needed since electricity cannot be stored virtually in the system.

There is no difference between a transmission line and a distribution line except for the voltage level and power handling capability. Transmission lines are usually capable of transmitting large quantities of electric energy over great distances. They operate at high voltages. Distribution lines carry limited quantities of power over shorter distances.

Figure 2-transmission and distribution line

C. Power Line Communication (PLC) - It offers the possibility to use the well-developed infrastructure of the electrical energy distribution grid for data

transmission. For the time being, there is no harmonized international standard for broadband PLC but IEEE started standardization of PLC physical and MAC layer in June 2005. In Europe, broadband PLC is limited to frequencies between 1 and 30 MHz, because of restrictions regarding electromagnetic compatibility. Future communication systems are expected to use much higher data rates as today’s wireless local area networks (WLANs). In this paper, we study an approach to boost high data rate wireless communications by using existing power lines in a flexible and cost-efficient way.

In wireless networks, spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing gains are achieved by multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Using cooperative relaying strategies these gains are also possible for single-antenna nodes. Spatial multiplexing is mandatory to achieve the high bandwidth efficiency that is necessary for future Gigabits wireless communication system .

D. Proposed Methodology - The proposed me t hod o l og y is based on Robust GSM technology meets safety reliability and fastest in

ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-692-699

operation. It consists of a sensing systmiddle level computing, a powerfulabove said system can able to commAdvanced intelligent Electronic devicesystem. The system design is shown The Sub elements of proposed system• Sensing Transformers. • Signal Conditioners. • Embedded based electronic Hard• GSM technology for Data transfer.• Powerful software to generate con

Figure 3 - Block diagram

Control switchgear refers to the comelectrical equipment. The purpose oallow work to be carried out furth

Signal conditioners are essentialamplification. It consumes very Frequency sensing. The voltage segiven to PIC shown in Figure 5.

IJECSE,

sing system, signal conditioning electronic circuits, advanceul computer network for further transmission of datamunicate with one grid and its subsequent related actionvice (AIED). The Whole system must be employed ton figure 3.

d system are

dware. sfer. control signal

Block diagram of robust communication based SPS for power system

mbination of circuit breakers, fuses and other electrical discof switchgear is to shut down or reenergize specific eq

rther down the line. It is shown in Figure4.

Figure 4 -Control switchgear tial to improve receive signals. Removing the unw low current from the source. It consists of voltage ssensing will senses any changes in the input voltage and


695

ed embedded hardware for data to various places. The

ons. This system is an o make perfect grid control

system

r electrical disconnections to isolate equipment, which will then

unwanted frequencies during f voltage sensing, current sensing,

ltage and output of the circuit is


ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-692-699

Current Sensing will senses any chin Figure 6.

Frequency Sensing will sense anySchmitt trigger is used to convertfrequency Shown in Figure 7.


Figure5: Block Diagram of voltage sensing

hanges in the input current converted in to voltage and

Figure6 - Block Diagram of current sensing

changes in the frequency is converted into voltagert any waveform in to square waveform. XOR gate

Figure 7- Block Diagram of Frequency sensing

Figure 8- PIC Block diagram


and given to the PIC shown

ge and given to the ADC. gate is used to double the


697

ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-692-699

E. Design Features - Fig 7 shows the block diagram of PIC 16F877A. Individual power supply for Analog and Digital circuits is required to avoid drift on analog portion. Double regulated filtered reference source is needed to ensure safest ADC operation. External clock source must be used which enables the user to design the required speed. External CPU Synchronous circuit must be Designed incase of PC requirement. External RS-232 is used for data transmission. Power Supply Unit to Embedded consist of step down transformer to reduce the voltage, rectifier to convert AC to DC, filter to remove unwanted AC signal and voltage regulator to avoid the incoming voltage fluctuation and Keeps the output voltage(5V) as constant for embedded controller. To perform the various operations and conversions required to switch, control and monitor the devices a processor is needed. The processor may be a microprocessor, micro controller or embedded controller. In this work an embedded controller has been preferred because of its industrial advantages in power electronics like built in ADC, RAM, ROM, ports, USART, DAC. And also the speed of embedded controllers is more compared to other processors. The embedded controller selected for this work is PIC16F877A due to its various features.

A Relay driver is an Electro-magnetic Switch which is useful for a low voltage circuit. The relays used in this work are compact, self- contained devices, which respond to abnormal conditions.

II ALGORITHM USED IN PROGRAM A.Algorithm without GSM -

Step1: Initializing the PIC values i.e analog and digital values Step2: Get voltage, Temp, Freq from PIC Step3: Analog values from PIC will be read and display in the system Step4: Plot voltage, Temp, Freq values

Step 5: Press the switch either in Kit or System Step 6: If it checks for switch1 is pressed or not if sw1 is pressed then it is on otherwise it goes for switch2 conditions Step7: Plot current values Step8: It will check for overload condition, if it is overload and the circuit is tripped and shows the corresponding message in the system Step9: If it is exists then end otherwise it goes to the step2 B.Algorithm with GSM - Step1: Initializing the PIC values i.e. analog and digital values Step2: Initializing the corresponding components of the GSM settings Step3: Get voltage, Temp, Freq from PIC Step4: Analog values from PIC will be read and display in the system Step5: Plot voltage, Temp, Freq values Step 6: Press the switch either in Kit or System Step 7: If it checks for switch1 is pressed or not if sw1 is pressed then it is on otherwise it goes for switch2 conditions Step8: Plot current values Step9: It will check for overload condition, if it is overload and the circuit is tripped and then send the corresponding message to the mobile through the GSM Step10: If it is exists then end otherwise it goes to the step2.

III.RESULT AND DISCUTION


ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-692-699

Figure 9- shows with out GSM when the feeder1 is ON, in green color and the corresponding values are displayed

Figure 10 - shows with GSM when the feeder2 is ON, in the green color and the corresponding values are displayed.

Fig 11- shows with GSM when the feeder2 is Tripped; it shows in pink color and the message will be send to the mobile through the GSM when feeder2 is over loaded.

IV. CONCLUSIONS


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ISSN 2277-1956/V2N2-692-699

This paper shows that a GSM technique can be successfully apply to the earlier developed communication based special protection systems to increase its reliability during network interruptions. The GSM enhances speed of communication with distance independency. A suitable authenticated hardware is designed to meet the credibility of the networking An Embedded based hardware is designed to acquire data from electrical sensing system, it sends from one network to other and change in parameters of transmission to be sensed to protect the entire transmission and distribution. GSM enables bi-directional communication as a message or data. Visual Basic software is used as interpreter among various tools and systems.

V. REFERENCES

[1] Luis A.Oquendo Class, Kenneth M.Hopkinson,,Member IEEE, Xiaoru Wang,Senior Member,Ieee.Told R.Andel,And Ryan W.Thomas “A Robust Communication Based Special Protection Systemize Transactions On Power Delivery,Vol 25 No. 3,July 2010. [2] Tokay Shono Katsuhiko Sekiguchi, Tatsuji Tanaka Member, IEEE, And Shigeki Katayama. A Remote Supervisory System For A Power System Protection And Control Unit Applying Mobile Agent Technology. [3] Electrical energy conservation modules of AIP-NPC, Chennai. [4]. Anatory J., Theethayi N. and Mvungi N. H. 2009.Power Line Channel Models: Comparisons between different Modeling Adopted

in BPLC Systems. 3rd

Workshop on Power Line Communications,October 1-2, Udine, Italy [5] K. Hopkinson, G. Roberts, X. Wang, And J. Thorp, “Quality Of Service Considerations In Utility Communication Networks,” IEEE Trans Power. [6] Kenneth Hopkinson,Member,Ieee.Xiaoru Wang,Member, Ieee,Renan Giovanini,Jame Thorp,Life Fellow, Ieee,Kenneth Birman,And Denis Coury,Member, , Ieee Epochs:A Platform For Agent-Based Electric Power And Communication Simulation Built From Commercial Off The Shelf Components Ieee Transactions On Power System,Vol.21,No.2,May 2006. [7] “All India Electricity Statistics”, Central Electricity Authority, Ministry Of Power Government Of India, New Delhi, March, 2005. [8] Electricity Sector In India. “Key World Energy Statistics”, 2011. [9] M. Gebhardt, F. Weinmann, And K. Dostert, “Physical And Regulatory Constraints For Communication Over The Power Supply Grid,” Ieee Commun. Mag., Vol. 41, No. 5, May2003. [10] Proc. Ieee Special Issue On Gigabitwireless, Vol. 92, No. 2, Feb. 2004. [11] H.L.Bajaj And D. Sharma, “Power Sector Reforms In India”, Government Of India, New Delhi, India. [12] Technology Menu on Energy Efficiency – NPC

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