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To Preserve Wildlife

“Don’t take anything other than photographs,Don’t leave anything

other than foot prints”

Keep in mind when we enter in to a National Reserves

Presented By: M.A Daya Ranjini

What is the meaning of wild life?Plants,Animals that owe their existence to natural phenomena or to process that occur automatically

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Wild life Protected AreaAn area setup a side primarily to preserve a natural ecosystem, to maintain ecological processes and to manage population of native wildlife.Protected area covering nearly 14% of the total land area. (Total area 65,525sqkm) Wildlife protected area are broadly categorize as 1.National reserves (National reserve are embodying only crown land 2.Sanctuaries (Sanctuaries are embodying crown land and private land. Not necessary to get permit to enter. 60 Sanctuaries had been declared )

•National Reserves

National Parks

An area which provide full protection to the wild fauna and flora.

Entry for this park is subject to the condition of a permit issued on payment of a prescribed fee. There are seventeen established parks.

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National ReservesThose are embodying only crown land ,namely;

Strict Nature ReservesNational ParksNature ReservesJungle CorridorsRefugesMarine Reserves and Buffer Zones

Strict Nature Reserves (SNR)Area in which the wild fauna and flora are strictly protected and no human activities expect for scientific research are allowed in this area. There are

03 SNR

1941.11.071528.1Ritigala

1938.03.0128904.7Yala

1938.02.251141.6Hakgala

Date of DeclarationArea (Ha)SNR

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National ParksAn area, which provide full protection to the wild fauna and flora.No person may enter a National Park except to observe the fauna &flora.Entry is subject to the conditions of a permit issued on payment of a prescribed fee.Sri Lanka has 17 established National Parks.

National Parks

2002.10.08101.617.Pigen Island471429.0Total

2002.04.016900.016.Hikkaduwa

1997.08.128889.415.Kaudulla

1995.12.0823498.814.Minneriya

1993.01.046216.013.Lunugamwehera

1988.03.163159.812.Bundala

1986.09.0237645.511.Horton Place

1984.08.0717350.010.Somawathiya

1984.08.0737062.99.Foodplains

1983.11.0958849.68.Wasgamuwa

1980.10.311954.07.Maduru Oya

1972.06.3030821.06.Lahugala-Kithulana

1970.01.2018148.55.Udawalawe

1954.02.1225900.04.Yala- East(Kumana)

3.Galoya 1938.02.25131667.12.Wilpattu

1938.02.2597880.71.Ruhuna(Yala)

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Nature Reserves (NR)Areas which provides protection to the wild fauna and flora and which allow limited human activities.

2002.06.073229.01Vetahirakanda

1991.07.31824.1Flood plains

1988.02.121993.06.251995.07.071997.09.01

7529.11923.564745.38035.5

Minneriyai. Block Iii. Block IIiii. Block IIIiv. Block IV

1986.10.24 25019.3Trikonamadu

Date ofDeclaration

AreaNR(ha)

Jungle Corridors (JC)Corridors may be natural or semi natural habitat, which enable animals to move between adjacent sites. Only declared JC Nelugala.

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RefugeA place where specific species of fauna and flora are kept until released to the wild.

Ex : Udawalawa – Elephant transit home

Marine ReservesThe place where high bio diversity corral reefs, marine fishes and mammals are found.

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Buffer ZonesAn area which are around the protected area. Human activities could be practiced.

SanctuariesEmbodying crown land and private landNot necessary permit to enter inside the sanctuary60 Sanctuaries have been declared.

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Sanctuaries

1938.05.27131.5Tangamaleyi

1938.05.2756.6Gelwaes Land

1938.05.271521.6Polonnaruwa

1938.05.271003.6Katagamuwa

1938.05.274164.2Weerawila Tissa

1938.05.274273.5Ridiyagama

1938.05.271424.5Telwatta

1938.02.25632Wipattu-north

1938.02.2511149.1Chundikulam

Date of declarationArea/haSanctuary

How to make your garden wild life friendly

Follow these easy steps to preserve wild life in your back yardFirst thing identify the habitat elements that already existed. Provide following four basic elements

1. Food - Provide vegetation including native shrubs, trees and other plants that produce food.

2. Water - Make water available (bird bath, small ponds, recirculating water falls, shallow dish )

3. Cover – Provide protective cover ( densely branched shrubs, hollow logs, rock piles, stone walls)

4. Places to raise young – Build bird houses and nesting shelves, planting of shrubbery

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Importance of Conservation of fauna and flora.

Effect of rain fallBio diversity and gene reserve Effect of earth slipsShelter for animalsAs a source of medicineAs a source of natural resources -honey, medicine, trickle, (except timber)Control earth warming Catchment areas

Sinharaja Forest Reserve(One of the least disturb and biologically unique lowland rain forest remaining in Sri Lanka. Approximate extent of 11187 ha. )

Initially declared a Man & Bio sphere Reserve ( MAB)in1978, as representative of Tropical Humid Evergreen Forest eco system in Sri Lanka and recognized by UNESCO as part of its International Network of Bio Sphere Reserves and declared in 1988 as a World Heritage Site.The vegetation of Sinharaja may be described either as a Tropical Lowland Rain Forest or Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest. It is surrounded by 22 villages appr.5000 people in fact compound the problem of managing and concerning the forest. Warukandeniya and Kolonthotuwa are located within the reserve.

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PlantsThe average height of trees varies between 35-40m. Some individuals rise even up to 50m. The total vegetation density including trees, shrubs, herbs and seedings has been estimated to be around 240,000 individuals per ha. (95% comprise individuals of the ground layer below 1m in height.

Striking Characteristics of Sinharaja

Plant diversityBurutha (Choloroxylonswietenia)Halmilla (Berryacordifolia)Kaluwara (DiospyrosEbenum)Ehela (Cassia fistula)Kolong (Adina cordifolina)

Milla (Vitex pinata)Kong (Schleicheraoleosa)Nelli ( Phillanthusemblica)Bulu ( TerminaliaBelerica)Kumbuk ( Terminalia

arjuna)

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Animals High degree of endemism among the butterflies, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. ( 95% of endemic birds of Sri Lanka are recorded here.). Endemism among mammals and butterflies are also greater than 50%.

Natural Forest in SL-1.58hamn and it reduces rapidly with population growth. In 1900 forest 4.6hamn,and reduction as follows.From1956-1992 lost of forest is 40,000ha.

23.9171992

26.6151983

508.11953

703.51900

Forest %Population( mn)Year

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Udawalawa National Park ( land area 30821 ha)

Declared as a National Park on 30.06.1972.Seenukgala and Muwan Pelessa are located with in the reserve.About 165 km away from Cololmbo. Ratnapura Pelmadulla EmbilipitiyaThimbolketiya Junction Thanamalwila Udawalawa.High Plant diversity

1. Burutha (Choloroxylon swietenia)2. Halmilla (Berrya cordifolia)3. Kaluwara (Diospyros Ebenum)4. Ehela (Cassia fistula)5. Kolong (Adina cordifolina)6. Milla (Vitex pinata)7. Kong (Schleichera oleosa)8. Nelli ( Phillanthus emblica)9. Bulu ( Terminalia Belerica)10. Kumbuk ( Terminalia arjuna)

Endemic species found in Udawalawa National Park

Haban kukula – ( Galloperdix bicalcarata)Malkoha - ( Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus)Alu Kedeththa – ( Ocyceros gingalenis)Suduhelapenda – (Moticilla alba)Dam Pilihuduwa – (Halcyon pileata)

About 50 species of Butterflies

About 50 elephants live in this park.

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Animal Diversity MammalsElephant (Elephasmaximus maximux )Samber (Cervusunicolour)Spotted Deer – (Axixaxix ceylonenis)Welimuwa –( Mumtiacusmuntjak)Meeminna – (Tragulusmeminna)

Reptiles Garakatussa (Calotesversicolor)Crocodile – (Crocodyluspalustris)Monitor (Varanus Monitor)Lizard (Varanus bengalensis)

Endangered Wildlife Definition

What is the definition of an endangered species?

WWF doesn't determine which species are considered endangered. The IUCN (the World Conservation Union) is the organization that WWF and other conservation groups, government agencies, scientists and academics look to for that information. IUCN brings together the world's leading scientists, including those from WWF, to assess the conservation status of species, subspecies, varieties and subpopulations on a global scale, highlighting species threatened with extinction and promoting their conservation.

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Why Should We Save Endangered Species?

Biodiversity Under AttackMedicinal BenefitsCommercial BenefitsEcological Benefits Aesthetic and Spiritual Benefits

White Bengal TigersWhite tigers are NOT

albinos, as evidenced by their blue eyes. Bengal tigers originate in India, can reach up to 9.5ft (2.9m) head-to-tail, and weigh up to 500lbs. All of the five remaining subspecies of tigers are on the verge of extinction.

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The King of the Jungle...The African Lion African Lions are native

to the expansive grassy plains of Africa. Known as the king of the beasts, the males develop prominent manes around their head and neck. Living in groups called prides, of up to 30 individuals, the females do most of the hunting. Their favorite foods: antelope and zebra.

African Wild Dog African Wild Dogs, also known as Cape Hunting Dogs, were once numerous and widespread in Africa. To increase their declining numbers zoo have established a breeding program known as a Species Survival Plan to insure that they do not become extinct.

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Maned Wolf

The Maned Wolf from pampas areas of South America looks more like a fox on stilts. The long legs help them find birds and small mammals in the tall grasslands of their environment.

Dromedary Camels

Dromedary Camels are native to the North African and Middle Eastern desert. They have been used for centuries as transport animals in these regions, where they are well suited for survival in the harsh climates.

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Zebra Zebras are found in large herds on the open plains of Africa. Their distinct black and white pattern helps disguise their outline, especially at dusk when they are most vulnerable to attack by lions. These stripes are unique to individuals and may even help herd members recognize each other.

White Rhinoceros The five species of Rhinoceros, two from Africa and three from Asia, are highly endangered. White rhinos from Africa are poached for their horn, which some cultures believe can be used in making medicine. Like our fingernails the horn is keratin and grows continuously.

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Ring Tailed Lemurs

The ring-tailed lemur is distinguished by its long striped tail. Lemurs live in family groups and are found only on the island of Madagascar.

Sable Antelope

Sable Antelope occur in Southern Africa and are one of the largest of all antelope. Their huge horns can reach up to 48 inches in length on adult bulls.

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White-throated Sparrow

This common backyard bird is known for its distinctive song "Old Sam Peabody, Peabody, Peabody" or "My Sweet Canada, Canada, Canada."

It spends the summer in Canada, New England states, northern New York and around the Great Lakes. It winters in the southern United States. It fills forests of both countries with its melody.

On both sides of the Atlantic Ocean the salmon has a rich cultural heritage based on recreational fishing and its own mystique. Flashing silver as it jumps a 10-foot waterfall, the Atlantic salmon has become a symbol of survival and of healthy river systems. A world traveler, the wild Atlantic salmon is an anadromous fish - one that spawns in fresh water but spends much of its life at sea. According to the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the Atlantic salmon is in danger of extinction.

Atlantic Salmon

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Corals

Coral reefs are marine animals with the most biologically diverse ecosystems of the ocean and are rivaled only by the tropical rainforests on land. beautiful fish, mollusks and urchins Species of Corrals

Mushrooms moos antlers cabegers table tops ,wire stands fluted pullers, and wrinkled brains.

corals themselves are also marine animals. Almost a thousand coral species currently exist in fantastic shapes ranging from mushrooms to moose antlers, cabbages, tabletops, wire strands, fluted pillars, and wrinkled brains.

Coral reefs contribute about 25 percent of the total fish catch in developing countries, providing food for one billion people in Asia alone

ElephantsElephants are the

largest living land animals, with adults sometimes weighing six tons or more. Of the two species, the African elephant is larger and more plentiful than the Asian elephant.

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Great Apes Considered humans' closest relatives, great apes are among the world's most fascinating species. Unfortunately, they are also among its most threatened. Africa’s great apes – Gorillas, Chimpancies and bonobos live in war-torn regions and are threatened by hunting for the commercial bush meat trade.

Gorillas The largest of the great apes, the gorilla is among our most endangered species. Having endured decades of civil war in Central and East Africa, gorillas are confronted by the devastating consequences of increased habitat loss, poaching for the bushmeat trade and the spread of dangerous diseases like Ebola.

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Gorillas > Subspecies There are four subspecies of

gorilla - two categorized as eastern gorillas and two as western gorillas - all of which are found only in Africa and all threatened with extinction in the wild. Gorillas face threats from hunting for the pet and bushmeat trades, and habitat loss caused by logging, mining and human encroachment. These majestic great apes vary in population and distribution across their range states, yet share a common need: Each of the four subspecies requires active conservation measures and commitment to ensure their future survival in the wild.

Marine Turtles

Having traveled the seas for over 100 million years, marine turtles have outlived almost all of the prehistoric animals with which they once shared the planet. Marine turtles survived the extinction of the dinosaurs and are still present in the world's oceans today.

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Polar Bears Majestic creatures of the far north, polar bears are the world's largest terrestrial carnivore. They are excellent swimmers and hunt for their preferred prey - seals - from the sea ice. In fact, polar bears are considered marine mammals because they spend most of the year - and much of their lives - on the frozen seas of the Arctic. As the southern edge of the Arctic ice cap melts in summer, polar bears follow the retreating sea ice and spend their summers fasting on land, living off body fat stored from hunting in the spring and winter.

Pandas

The lovable and charismatic panda is one of the most popular animals in the world. Unfortunately, it is also one of the most endangered.

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Whales and Dolphins

Whales, dolphins and porpoises belong to the family of marine mammals known as cetaceans. Unlike fish, cetaceans are air-breathing, warm-blooded mammals that bear live young and nurse them on milk. Cetaceans play an important role in the life of the ocean, serving as flagships for the health and well-being of the whole marine ecosystem.

WWF InvolvedWWF is active around the world, saving wildlife, protecting habitats, and addressing global threats. But conservation begins with each of us - and each of us can make a difference. Whether you choose to get involved by making environmentally-conscious consumer decisions and green choices in your daily life; taking action for sound environmental policy through WWF's

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Global Challenges

Agriculture and AquacultureClimate ChangeConservation FinanceEducating Future LeadersFreshwaterForest ConservationOcean RescueToxic ChemicalsWildlife Trade

Why Do Species BecomeBecome Endangered?

1. Habitat Loss and Degradation1. Habitat Loss and Degradation

Species survival is directly tied to habitat Species survival is directly tied to habitat -- the environment the environment that supports a species' life cycle. Humankind's attempts to that supports a species' life cycle. Humankind's attempts to make the planet more inhabitable and productive to support make the planet more inhabitable and productive to support the world's everthe world's ever--increasing population, however, have increasing population, however, have transformed or degraded significant portions of the land transformed or degraded significant portions of the land and water on earth. These transformations can cause and water on earth. These transformations can cause species populations to decline. Habitat loss and degradation species populations to decline. Habitat loss and degradation is the leading threat to species, implicated in the decline of is the leading threat to species, implicated in the decline of threethree--fourths of the species that are protected or have been fourths of the species that are protected or have been proposed for protection under the Endangered Species Actproposed for protection under the Endangered Species Act

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2. Invasive Species

Invasive alien species are harmful, nonInvasive alien species are harmful, non--native plants, native plants, animals, and microorganisms that are introduced into an animals, and microorganisms that are introduced into an environment in which they did not evolve. Usually, they environment in which they did not evolve. Usually, they have no natural enemies to limit their reproduction and have no natural enemies to limit their reproduction and therefore spread rampantly. therefore spread rampantly. The consequences of invasive species for the economy The consequences of invasive species for the economy and environment are profound. Exotic invaders comprise and environment are profound. Exotic invaders comprise the second largest threat to global biodiversity after the second largest threat to global biodiversity after habitat loss, threatening 46 % of species listed under the habitat loss, threatening 46 % of species listed under the Endangered Species Act. The damages they inflict upon Endangered Species Act. The damages they inflict upon agriculture, forestry, fisheries, property, and human health agriculture, forestry, fisheries, property, and human health are estimated at $137 billion annually. are estimated at $137 billion annually.

3. Global Warming

Global warming threatens endangered species because:1. As global warming alters temperatures, humidity, soil and

vegetation, it can ruin a habitat for an endangered species that has a very limited range.

2. Endangered species tend to have lowered genetic diversity because of their small numbers, which limits their ability to adapt to different climates.

3. Endangered species often depend on one or a few species for food, some of which are also vulnerable to global warming.

4. Endangered species live in at-risk habitats such as the Arctic or coastal habitats that could be subject to sea level rise.

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4. Pollution4. PollutionPollution from agricultural, industrial, and urban Pollution from agricultural, industrial, and urban development threatens both terrestrial and aquatic species. development threatens both terrestrial and aquatic species. Chemicals used in agriculture, such as fertilizers and Chemicals used in agriculture, such as fertilizers and pesticides, are absorbed by surrounding plants, animals, pesticides, are absorbed by surrounding plants, animals, and soils. These chemicals can alter soil and water and soils. These chemicals can alter soil and water composition and prove harmful, if not fatal, to numerous composition and prove harmful, if not fatal, to numerous species. Runspecies. Run--off from agricultural fields and fertilized off from agricultural fields and fertilized yards pollute waterways, adding unnaturally high doses of yards pollute waterways, adding unnaturally high doses of nutrients and chemicals to nearby rivers, lakes, and nutrients and chemicals to nearby rivers, lakes, and streams. Urban and industrial centers are also responsible streams. Urban and industrial centers are also responsible for releasing pollutants into adjacent waterways. These for releasing pollutants into adjacent waterways. These pollutants can build up in aquatic food chains, directly pollutants can build up in aquatic food chains, directly poisoning many species. They can also alter the water's poisoning many species. They can also alter the water's chemical composition, triggering harmful reactions such chemical composition, triggering harmful reactions such as increased algal growth that prevents adequate amounts as increased algal growth that prevents adequate amounts of oxygen from reaching fish. Pollutants, such as silt, that of oxygen from reaching fish. Pollutants, such as silt, that are released into waterways are a primary threat to aquatic are released into waterways are a primary threat to aquatic species. species.

5. Pesticides

The threats to wildlife posed by pesticides are numerous. Over 1The threats to wildlife posed by pesticides are numerous. Over 1 billion pounds of billion pounds of pesticides are used each year on farms, ranches, lawns and golf pesticides are used each year on farms, ranches, lawns and golf courses across the courses across the United States. United States. The adverse effect of pesticides on nonThe adverse effect of pesticides on non--targeted wildlife is well targeted wildlife is well documented. For example, endocrinedocumented. For example, endocrine--disrupting pesticides such as disrupting pesticides such as dieldrindieldrin, , alachloralachlor, and , and atrazineatrazine can undermine neurological and behavioral development in can undermine neurological and behavioral development in mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Pesticides have mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Pesticides have also contributed also contributed in part to a major threat to our agricultural sector, termed thein part to a major threat to our agricultural sector, termed the "impending pollinator "impending pollinator crisis" by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is highly likecrisis" by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is highly likely that a main cause ly that a main cause of population decline of the leopard frog and other amphibians iof population decline of the leopard frog and other amphibians is pesticide use. s pesticide use. Herbicides such as Herbicides such as amitroleamitrole may be hazardous to mammalian reproduction, causing may be hazardous to mammalian reproduction, causing small mammals to have reduced litter sizes and deformed young. Dsmall mammals to have reduced litter sizes and deformed young. Despite its espite its acknowledgment of this threat, EPA stated that it would not impoacknowledgment of this threat, EPA stated that it would not impose any limitations se any limitations on the use of on the use of amitroleamitrole or initiate consultation with the Services regarding its or initiate consultation with the Services regarding its impacts on endangered wildlife.impacts on endangered wildlife.

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6. Human Population Growth

The U.S. population continues to grow rapidly. Between 1990 and 2000, the U.S. population grew by 32.7 million people, the largest census-to-census increase in American history.Human population growth and ever-increasing consumption rates are causing:

severe deforestation habitat fragmentation species extinction water scarcity climate change loss of biodiversity pollution

7. Agriculture

Farming requires converting native prairie, grassland, forests and wetlands to croplands. Water sources that are vital to native species are often diverted away or dried up entirely. Pesticides and fertilizers pollute and degrade habitat. Cattle and goats can overgraze grasses and plants that are critical to the survival of native species.

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8. Logging and Fire Suppression

Besides eliminating forest habitat, logging can increase streambank erosion, making waterways uninhabitable for aquatic species. For years, humans have been suppressing fires. But we now know that frequent small fires can be beneficial, clearing out forest understory, preventing the spread of large, intense fires that can reach the tops of adult trees and kill them. Regular fires also trigger seed germination for many species and restore nutrients to the soil.

9. Mining and Drilling

Mining, oil and gas extraction, and geothermal exploration not only destroy pristine habitats - they also pollute surrounding areas with acidic mine run-off, silt, noise and debris. Furthermore, to get to the mines and drills, roads have to be built. These roads can destroy habitats, inhibit migrations and increase soil erosion.

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10. Poaching

Despite many national and international protections, endangered species are still taken from the wild. Body parts of endangered animals are used in clothing, accessories, jewelry, decorative items and traditional medicines. Endangered species cannot possibly sustain such demand, and in many cases, poaching has driven populations to near extinction.

11. Over fishing

Over fishing has contributed to the dramatic decline of wild salmon and many other fish. The global fishing industry nets an estimated 60 billion pounds of non-targeted species annually. An estimated 150,000 sea turtles alone drown in shrimp trawl nets each year.

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12. Urbanization

Increasing human population requires building factories, housing and roads where none previously existed. This fragments habitats and forces species into shrinking areas.

13. Damming and Canalizing Rivers

Dams impede many species' migration routes and alter water levels, temperatures, gas concentrations and sedimentation. They also inhibit natural flooding, which is necessary to replenish nutrients in soils. Channelizing rivers destroys streamside areas.

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Gal-Oya National Park (25900 ha)

On 12th Feb.1954 declared as a National Park. Catchment area for Senanayake reservoir. Annual rainfall 1700 mmSeveral types of eco systemRain forestSavanaGrass lands

Gal Oya National ParkPlant DiversityAralu (Teminalia Chebula)Bulu (Teminalia belerica)Nelli (Phykkabthu enblica)Gammalu (Pterocarpus marsupium)Kaluwara ( Diospyrus ehenum)Mora ( Euphoria longana)Milla ( Vitex alticima)Halmilla ( Burriaya cordifolia)Burutha ( Chlorozylon switania)

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Animal Diversity Elephant ( Elephas maximus)Leopard ( Panthera paradus kotiya)Bear ( Melurus Ursinus)Stag ( Cerves Unicolor)Spoted Deer ( Axix axis)Wild Buffalo ( Babalus babalis)Monkey ( Macca Sinica)Wild Pig ( Sus scrofa)Porcupine ( Histrix indica)Squirrel (Ratufa macroura)

Mangrove Ecosystem(8600 ha)Confined to salt water areas of tidal regionsFlora and Fauna are tolerant of high salt concentration.Adaptation for the environment.

1. Prop roots2. Pneumatophores (to overcome oxygen

deficiency)3. Viviparity (Increase survival rate)

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Important CharacteristicsLargest Mangrove Eco system-Puttlam(3385 ha)Other areas includes Batticola,Trinco,Kalamatiya,Negombo.This ecosystem provide food and shelter for marine fishes and prawns.Provide protection for migratory birds

Think about importance of Conservation of Fauna and Flora

It is not what we inherit from our forefathers that is important but what we leave to our children.

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End