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Italiano IIOra IITo Be, or Not To Be?
The Verb Essere in ItalianEssere: 1 to be: La bambina è piccola The child is small; Chi è? - Sono io Who is it? - It's me; Siamo noi it's us 2 to be: Che ore sono? - Sono le quattro What time is it? It is four o'clock;
And on and on, for more than a page, in the Harper Collins Sansoni Italian Dictionary. As in English, essere is used in myriad grammatical and linguistic situations. Learning the many conjugations and uses of the verb is crucial to the study of the Italian language.
Essere is an irregular verb (un verbo irregolare); it does not follow a predictable pattern of
conjugation. Note that the form sono is used with both io and loro.
Grammatical Notes:
Essere is used with di + name of a
city to indicate city of origin (the city someone is from). To indicate country of origin, an adjective of nationality is generally used: He is from France + He is French = È francese.
Io sono di Chicago: tu di dove sei? (I'm from Chicago; where are you from?)
Essere + di + proper name is used to indicate possession. No apostrophe s is used in Italian to
indicate possession: It is Anna's = It is of Anna = È di Anna.
Questa chitarra è di Beppino; non è di Vittoria. This guitar is Beppino's; it's not Vittoria's.)
To find out who the owner of something is, ask Di chi è + singular or Di chi sono + plural.
Di chi è questo cane? Di chi sono questi cani? (Whose dog is this? Whose dogs are these?)Essere is also used as an auxiliary verb in the following cases:
Reflexive verbs: those verbs whose action reverts to the subject, as in the following examples: I wash myself. They enjoy themselves.
Impersonal form: as in the English equivalents one, you, we, they, or people + verb. Si mangia bene in
Italia - People (They) eat well in Italy.
Passive voice: in a passive construction the subject of the verb receives the action instead of doing it, as in the sentence: Caesar was killed by Brutus.
The present tense (il presente) of essere is as follows:
CONJUGATING THE ITALIAN
VERB ESSERE IN THE PRESENT TENS
SINGOLARE PLURALE(io) sono I am (noi) siamo we
are(tu) sei you are
(fam.)(voi) siete you
are (fam.)(Lei) è you are
(form.)(Loro) sono you
are (form.)(lui) è he is (loro) sono they
are (fam.)
stare - to beto stay
io sto
tu stai
Lei /egli (lui) /ella (lei
noi stiamo ("we stay")
voi state
Loro/essi
Note that the conjugations for Lei (you), egli (he), ella/lei (she) and esso(-a) (it) use the same form of the verb. The same goes for their plurals (though the singular and the plural use different forms).
* - You will note there are formal and familiar forms for the second person, unlike English where forms like "thou" are in disuse. It is important to use the proper one otherwise you'll look uneducated. In the singular form you use tu when addressing to a relative, a friend, a colleague or a child.
It is felt uneducated and unkind to use tu when addressing a person you do not know. In such cases the form now preferred in modern Italian is Lei (literally, she, and verbs are conjugated like in the third person singular). I'll write this Lei with a capital L to make it clear. This is not necessary, although it is used e.g. in commercial letters. Note that the feminine form is used also when addressing to men : this is because "she" is "your Lordship" and the word Lordship in Italian is of feminine gender. In the popular speech in Northern Italy this is felt strange, and sometimes you'll hear Lui (literally, he) as a courtesy form for "you" when addressing a man. This usage is not recommended.
Another courtesy form used to address a person instead of tu is Voi (literally, "you", i.e. the plural form, like in English, and using the same conjugation of the plural form). This form is felt somewhat archaic (it might be used in the South or in the countryside, and was favoured by the Fascist regime).
In the plural, nowadays use goes for voi both as a familiar and as a formal form. You would sound unusually formal, if you'd use Loro (literally, they) when addressing more than one persons. However sometimes it is used.
Italian Definite and Indefinite articles
ITALIAN ARTICLES
In Italian, as well as all the other Romance languages (French, Spanish, etc), all nouns have a gender and a number associated with them. The article indicates gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) of the noun."il"-"lo" are the definite article that corresponds to masculine nouns. Examples:
il professore » the teacher.
il telefono » the phone. il vecchio zio » the old uncle.
“la” is the definite article that corresponds to feminine nouns. Examples:
la casa » the house. la tavola » the table. la finestra » the window.
When using nouns, you must make sure that you use the correct gender and number when using an identifier. The identifiers are il, lo, la, i, gli, le, un, uno and una. Il, lo and la are singular definite articles, which means you are talking about a specific thing. Examples:
La sedia » the chair (you are talking about a specific chair)
Il telefono è verde » The telephone is green. La parete è brutta » The wall is ugly.
The use of these identifiers is identical to the way you would say it in English - if you want to say "a table", use una, and if you want to say "the table", use la.
"i" and "gli" are the plural of "il" and "lo", and "le" is the plural of "la". You use these plural definite articles when you are talking about several specific members of a group. There are no plural forms of uno and una, and to translate "some" when used in sentences, one must use indeterminate pronouns. Examples
Le stanze sono grandi » The rooms are big. Delle sedie sono in cucina » Some chairs are in
the kitchen. Gli stessi ragazzi » the same boys Dei tavoli » some tables.
Italian Definite Article: la - lo - il Italian Indefinite Article: una - uno - un
For singular nouns: lo-LO: is used for all
masculine nouns beginning with s+consonant or z.
il-IL: is used for all masculine nouns starting in a consonant, except the case where you use "lo".
la-LA: is used with feminine nouns starting with any consonant
l’-L’: This is the elision of lo or la is used before masculine or femenine nouns beginning with a vowel.
Examples:
º o zucchero » the sugar
º il vecchio zio » the old uncle
º lo zio » the uncle
º l'impatto » the impact (masculine)
º il castello » the castle
º l'acqua » the water (feminine)
º la scatola » the box
For plural nouns: gli-GLI: It is used whith
masculine nouns starting with vowels, the consonant z , cluster gn or clusters made of s+consonant.
i-I: It is used whith masculine nouns starting with consonants which do not belong to the previous case:
le-LE: It is used before any plural feminine noun
Examples:
º gli artisti » the artists
º gli elefanti » the elephants
º le ali » the wings
º i ragazzi »the boys
º i cavalli » the horses
º gli stessi ragazzi » the same boys
ITALIAN INDEFINITE ARTICLESThe Italian indefinite article (l'articolo indeterminativo) corresponds to English a/an and is used with singular nouns. It also corresponds to the number one.When the noun to which the article applies is a masculine noun then "a/an" can be translated as "un", or "uno",
if the article applies to a feminine noun then the article that has to be used is "una". As the definite articles, there are some rules to understand the use of these articles:
uno-UNO: It is used for masculine words beginning with z or s + consonant.
un-UN: It is used for all other masculine words, except the cases where you have to use "UNO"
una-UNA: it is used with feminine nouns starting with any consonant.
un'-UN': It is the elision of una, used when feminine nouns start with any vowel.
Examples:
When plural nouns are
º un treno e una bicicletta
A train and a bicycle
ºun aeroplano e un’automobile
An airplane and a car
º uno stadioe una stazione
One(an) stage and one(a) station
indefinite, they simply do not use an article, or they use the partitive form: i.e. cats (no article) or some cats (partitive), coins or some coins (partitive), etc. Partitive will be dealt with further on, so for the time being simply disregard its use.
COMPITI
Per il primo di febbraio
In bocca al lupo!
Some BASIC REVIEW and new materialItalian Lesson 2
Lesson 2 - La Casa (the house)NOUNS
la casa - house
la cucina - kitchen
la stanza - room
il bagno - bathroom
la tavola - table, board
il tavolo - table, desk
la parete - wall
il muro - wall
la porta - door
la sedia - chair
il telefono - telephone
la televisione - television
la finestra - window
VERBS
stare - to stay (seldom, to be)
essere - to be
PREPOSITIONS
di - of (belonging to, sometimes equiv. to English from)
da - from
in - in (something)
ADJECTIVES
antipatico(-a) - unpleasant
carino(-a) - pretty
buono(-a) - good/well
comodo(-a) - comfortable
contento(-a) - happy/glad
malato(-a) - sick, ill
brutto(-a) - ugly
grande - big
pulito(-a) - clean
cattivo(-a) - bad
nervoso(-a) - nervous
simpatico(-a) - sympathetic (person, situation)
sporco(-a) - dirty
tranquillo(-a) - calm, quiet
vecchio(-a) - old
Numbers 11-99
11 undici
12 dodici
13 tredici
14 quattordici
15 quindici
16 sedici
17 diciassette
18 diciotto
19 diciannove
20 venti
21 ventuno
22 ventidue
23 ventitre
24 ventiquattro
25 venticinque
26 ventisei
27 ventisette
28 ventotto
29 ventinove
30 trenta
40 quaranta
50 cinquanta
60 sessanta
70 settanta
80 ottanta
90 novanta
Colors bianco(-a) - white
giallo(-a) - yellow
arancione - orange
rosa - pink
rosso(-a) - red
azzurro(-a) - blue
verde - green
marrone - brown
grigio(-a) - grey
nero(-a) - black
Pronunciation
Most of the Italian alphabet is exactly like the English alphabet. Here are some exceptions from words in this lesson.
c, ci, ch
The Italian c has 2 possible sounds. It can sound like the ch in chip, or like the k in kite. Unlike English, there are very strict rules about when the Italian c sounds like a ch or a k. If the c precedes (comes before) an e or an i, the c will have a ch sound. For example, undici. If the group ci precedes an a, o or u, it is also pronounced as ch AND the i is mute : ciao sounds as English chao. If the c precedes any other letter (a, o, u, or a consonant, although the latter is very rare), then it will have a k sound, as in comodo. If the group ch precedes an i, or an e, it is pronounced as k : chi sounds as English kee. The word cucina has both types of c in it - the first c makes the k sound, and the second c makes the ch sound.
g, gi, gh
The Italian g has 2 possible sounds. It can sound like the g in got, or like the j or dg in judge. The rules are similar to the ones described above for c. Thus getto is pronounced as English jet-toh, and gioia as English joy-ah. While gotto and ghetto are pronounced as English got-toh and get-toh.
j y
In Italian j and y are not used, and when they occur (in foreign or arcaic words), they are pronounced as an Italian i.
w
In Italian w is not used, and when it occurs (in foreign words), a native Italian would pronounce it as a v.
rr and all other double consonants.
All times a double consonant is written, it is actually pronounced twice. It takes practice to do it well.
v
Sounds exactly like in English.
s
The Italian s may have two pronounciations. One of them is like English z or s : rosa is pronounced similarly to English rose with a terminal ah. The other one is like English s e.g. in set : sette is pronounced like set-teh. There are no definite rules on two pronounciations (although some dictionaries report the "correct" one), and there are regional variations in the pronounciation of the same word. In general you will be understood, even if your pronounciation
may sound strange. As a rule of thumb, s followed by
vowel in the second or further syllable of a word, has the z sound (e.g. rosa, casa), while s followed by vowel or consonant (usually t or p) at the beginning of a word is an s sound : sette, stare.
z
The Italian z is pronounced much harder than an English, like sound ts, or tz, like in word tzar. There are actually two variant of the z sound in Italian, which are marked in dictionaries, but are subject to regional variations and make little difference for the
everyday speaker.
Two (not so) confusing verbs - essere and stareIf you have already read the New Words section, you probably noticed that the two verbs introduced this week sometimes may mean both "to be". In fact
however essere is the proper verb corresponding to "to be". Stare means "to stay", and is used where an English speaker would expect to use "to be" only in two cases. Confusing the two verbs is proper of popular speech in Southern Italy but feels somewhat uncouth.
Verb Conjugation
As in English, verbs are conjugated, or take various forms, in Italian. In the present tense, there are 6 verb forms ("persons"), depending on who the subject of the verb is. Here are the conjugations for essere and stare:
essere - to be io sono ("I am")
tu sei ("you are")
Lei /egli (lui) /ella (lei) /esso(-a) è ("you (formal)/he/she/it is")
noi siamo ("we are")
voi siete ("you (plural) are")
Loro/essi(-e)/loro sono ("you (old formal plural)/they (things and persons)/they (persons) are")
stare – to be - to stay io sto ("I stay")
tu stai ("you stay")
Lei /egli (lui) /ella (lei) /esso(-a) sta ("you (formal)/he/she/it stays")
noi stiamo ("we stay")
voi state ("you (plural) stay")
Loro/essi(-e)/loro stanno ("you (old formal plural)/they (things and persons)/they (persons) stay")
Note that the conjugations for Lei (you), egli (he), ella/lei (she) and esso(-a) (it) use the same form of the verb. The same goes for their plurals (though the singular and the plural use different forms).
* - You will note there are formal and familiar forms for the second person, unlike English where forms like "thou"
are in disuse. It is important to use the proper one otherwise you'll look uneducated. In the singular form you use tu when addressing to a relative, a friend, a colleague or a child.
It is felt uneducated and unkind to use tu when addressing a person you do not know. In such cases the form now preferred in modern Italian is Lei (literally, she, and verbs are conjugated like in the third person singular). I'll write this Lei with a capital L to make it clear. This is not necessary, although it is used e.g. in commercial letters. Note that the feminine form is used also when addressing to men : this is because "she" is "your Lordship" and the word Lordship in Italian is of feminine gender. In the popular speech in Northern Italy this is felt strange, and sometimes you'll hear Lui (literally, he) as a courtesy form for "you" when addressing a man. This usage is not recommended.
Another courtesy form used to address a person instead of tu is Voi (literally, "you", i.e. the plural form, like in English, and using the same conjugation of the plural form). This form is felt somewhat archaic (it might be used in the South or in the countryside, and was favoured by the Fascist regime).
In the plural, nowadays use goes for voi both as a familiar and as a formal form. You would sound unusually formal, if you'd use Loro (literally, they) when addressing more than one persons. However sometimes it is used.
I will include with all verb conjugations all the 6 main forms.
A further note regarding the third person. Egli and ella, for he and she, are literary forms, which in spoken Italian are usually replaced by lui and lei (literally him and her). These are the masculine and feminine forms for persons. Esso and essa are the forms for "it", and have a masculine and feminine form according to grammatical gender of the noun of the thing to which they refer. In the plural, essi and esse are respectively the masculine and feminine form for "they" for persons and things. However nowadays spoken Italian prefers loro (literally, them) for persons.
Now that you have this pretty little conjugation, what does one do with it? Make sentences, of course. The conjugation of a verb tells you which form of the verb to use depending on who is the subject of the verb. In English we conjugate without thinking about it - I am, you are, he is, etc. You don't (normally) say "I are" or "you is", because it's gramatically incorrect. Likewise in Italian, you don't say "io sei", because it's just plain wrong. Here are some examples of using essere and stare:
Io sono vecchio. ("I am old.")
Tu sei carina. ("You are pretty.")
Noi siamo nervosi. ("We are nervous.")
Lei sta sulla sedia. ("She is on the chair.") Note that
Lei e' seduta. (literally "She is seated") is the form for "She is in the chair."
Essi sono sporchi. ("They (the males) are dirty.")
Now it's time to explain the differences between essere and stare, before we go any further. Essere means "to be" or "to exist", while stare usually means "to stay" but can be used where English idiomatics use "to be". The rules are summarized here:
essere is used to indicate more permanent aspects of people or things, such as -
1.Identity - Io sono Carla. ("I am Carla") 2.Profession - Egli è un professore. ("He is a
professor.") 3.Origin - Noi siamo di Milano. ("We are from
Milan.")
4.Religious or political affiliation - Tu sei cattolico? ("You are Catholic?")
5.Time of day or date - Sono le otto. ("It is 8 o'clock.")
6.Possession - La casa è di Giovanna. ("It is Giovanna's house.")
7.Nationality - Sono Italiano. ("I am from Italy.") 8.Physical aspects or characteristics of something
- Le sedie sono verdi. ("The chairs are green.") 9.Essential qualities of something or someone -
Sono vecchio. Sei antipatico. ("I am old. You are unpleasant.")
10. Location - La sedia è in cucina. ("The chair is in the kitchen.")
11. but also, more rarely - La sedia sta in cucina. ("The chair is in the kitchen.")
12. Condition or emotion that is subject to change - Sono malato. ("I am sick.")
13. Personal observations or reactions, how something "seems" or "feels" - La cucina è pulita. ("The kitchen is (seems) clean.")
stare is used to indicate precise locations, in idioms and as auxiliary, such as -
1.Idiomatic sentences - Sto bene.("I am well.") 2.Idiomatic sentences - Sto male.("I feel bad.") 3.Location - La sedia sta in cucina. ("The chair is in
the kitchen.") 4.Continuous tense - Sto correndo.("I am
running.")
Notes: Notice that the verb form used for things like la sedia is the egli/ella/esso(-a) form. A chair is an "it" (below, you'll see that it's actually a "she"), which uses the egli/ella/esso(-a) form of the verb.
Also notice that you can make sentences like Sono Italiano, without including the pronoun. To English speakers this may seem like saying "Am from Italy", which we would never do, but in Italian, because the subject can be figured out by the form of the verb used (since the sentence used sono, the subject must be io, or I), there is no confusion about who the subject of the sentence is and the pronoun can be left out. If it would be unclear what the subject of the sentence is, then the pronoun has to be included.
The above lists of when to use essere and stare have to be memorized - using them incorrectly means you will be less likely to be understood, and people will definitely know you are not a native speaker. The same goes for the conjugations of essere and stare. Every Italian verb has a conjugation, and memorizing them just goes along with learning the language.
Il, lo, la, un, uno and una (definite and indefinite articles)
In Italian, as well as all the other Romance languages (French, Spanish, etc), all nouns have a gender associated with them. "Chair" is feminine, "telephone" is masculine. The way to tell whether a noun is masculine or feminine is to look at the il/lo or la that precedes the noun in the New Words section of these lessons. Il is the definite article that corresponds to masculine nouns - il professore, il telefono. La is the definite article that corresponds to feminine nouns - la casa, la tavola, la finestra.
Whether a noun is considered feminine or masculine is generally based on the last letter of the noun. If the noun ends with an "a", as in sedia or cucina, then it is most probably a feminine noun. If it ends with an "o", such as muro or orologio (wristwatch), then it is always a masculine noun. Exceptions do exist to this rule - poeta (poet) is masculine - but the majority of Italian nouns behave normally. Nouns ending with an "e", can be masculine or feminine, usually according to the meaning (like padre (father) and madre (mother) - but e.g. parete is feminine). The exceptions just have to be memorized as you come across them.
When using nouns, you must make sure that you use the correct gender and number when using an identifier. The identifiers are il, lo, la, i, gli, le, un, uno and una. Il, lo and la are singular definite articles, which means you are talking about a specific thing. La sedia means "the chair" - you are talking about a specific chair. Un, uno and una are singular indefinite articles, which means you are taking about any member of a group of things. Una sedia means "a chair" - you are talking about any chair in general. The use of these identifiers is identical to the way you would say it in English - if you want to say "a table", use una, and if you want to say "the table", use la. i and gli are the plural of il and lo, and le is the plural of la. You use these plural definite articles when you are talking about several specific members of a group - i tavoli means "the tables". There are no plural forms of uno and una, and to translate "some" when used in sentences, one must use indeterminate pronouns - dei tavoli means "some tables".Note however that for uncountables nouns, where English uses no article ("Wine is red"), Italian will use an article (Il vino e' rosso).
You may wonder why there are two forms for the masculine articles (il and lo, and their plurals i and gli, as well as un and uno). The first form is used when a noun begins with a consonant (il telefono), the second form is used when a noun begins with a vowel (un Italiano), or with s followed by a consonant, or with z, gn, ps or x.
As a further complication, if a (masculine or feminine) noun begins with a vowel, the articles lo and la) are not written in full form (Lo Italiano, "the Italian man", or "Italian language") unless a new line starts across the two words, but in abbreviated form (L'Italiano) separated by an apostrophe. The apostrophe means something has been elided (left out). Even trickier (but this is how one recognizes who knows Italian !), with indefinite articles, the apostrophe is needed only for the feminine form (since for the masculine one REPLACES uno with un which is a valid existing form, thus : un Italiano ("an Italian man") but un'Italiana ("an Italian woman").
Here are some examples using these articles:
Le stanze sono grandi. ("The rooms are big.")
Delle sedie sono in cucina. ("Some chairs are in the kitchen.")
Il telefono è verde. ("The telephone is green.")
La parete è brutta. ("The wall is ugly.")
Di, da and inDi is Italian for of (or from, in the way sometimes used in English). La casa di Teresa means "Teresa's house" (literally, "the house of Teresa"). Sono di Milano means "I am from Milan". Di is used most often to show posession or origin, as per the preceding examples. When di is followed by an il, as in la casa di il professore, the di and il are combined into del. So the only and correct way to say "The (male) professor's house" would be la casa del professore.
Da is Italian for from, in all cases this indicates a motion. Since we haven't seen any verbs of motion, we can't make examples yet.
In is Italian for ... in, as in inside something (not necessarily inside a physical object). It can be used to mean that something is inside something else, as in la sedia sta in cucina ("the chair is in the kitchen"), or that someone is somewhere, Marco è in Italia ("Mark is in Italy").
Adjectives
AgreementAdjectives are words that describe things, words like "red", "fast", and "pretty". In English, there isn't much to using adjectives because they never change - "the fast car" or "the cars are fast". In Italian, the adjective has to agree, in both gender and number, with whatever it is describing. If the adjective modifies a feminine noun, then the adjective uses a feminine ending. If the adjective modifies a masculine plural noun, then the adjective uses a masculine plural ending. Here are some adjectives with their various endings:
carino - pretty
singular masculine - carino
singular feminine - carina
plural masculine - carini
plural feminine - carine
comodo - comfortable
singular masculine - comodo singular feminine - comoda plural masculine - comodi plural feminine - comode
brutto - ugly
singular masculine - brutto singular feminine - brutta plural masculine - brutti plural feminine - brutte
sporco - dirty
singular masculine - sporco singular feminine - sporca plural masculine - sporchi plural feminine - sporche
bianco - white
singular masculine - bianco singular feminine - bianca plural masculine - bianchi plural feminine - bianche
nero - black
singular masculine - nero singular feminine - nera plural masculine - neri plural feminine - nere
The above rules are good for any adjective that ends in an -o or -a. Adjectives like grande and verde, that end in -e, do not have separate masculine and feminine forms and make plural in -i. So, you would say la stanza e' grande ("the room is big"), and il muro e' grande ("the wall is big"), as well as le sedie sono grandi ("the chairs are big"). There are exceptions to this rule, but that will be addressed in another lesson.
Placement of adjectivesIn Italian, adjectives generally (poetry is different !) go after the noun they are describing. For example, il telefono rosso ("the red telephone"), and le professoresse vecchie ("the old (female) professors"). If you want to say that "something is something", then the sentence structure is the same as in English, using the correct forms of essere: il telefono è rosso ("the telephone is red"); le professoresse sono vecchie ("the (female) professors are old").
Numbers 11-99
The numbers 11-16, like the numbers 1-10 in Lesson 1, have slightly irregular forms - however they follow some patterns, much like they do in English. 17-19 follow another pattern. Eleven is undici, which is actually a contraction (shortening) of uno e dieci, or "1 and 10". Seventeen is Diciassette, or "10 and 7", and so on. Much like the "teens" in English - fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, etc.
Twenty in Italian is venti. Twenty-one is ventuno (a contraction of venti e uno or "twenty and one"), 22 is ventidue ("twenty and two"), and so on. Thirty is trenta, 31 is trentuno, 38 is trentotto ("thirty and 8"). This pattern holds for all of the numbers 11 through 99 - first learn the base (such as venti ("twenty"), quaranta ("forty"), or ottanta ("eighty")), then to make numbers in-between the bases, add the word for the second number onto the end (ventidue ("twenty-two"), quarantacinque ("forty-five"), ottantanove ("eighty-nine")). If two vowels meet, the first one is dropped like in vent(i)uno ("twenty-one"). Isn't that easy?
Examples
Here are some examples of sentences you can now make, using the words and grammar from these 2 lessons:
Sono di Milano Tino è in cucina. La signorina è carina. Tu sei antipatico. La sedia è comoda. Milano è in Italia. Il professore vecchio è malato. Il telefono verde è sporco. Il bagno è in casa. La casa di Maria è arancione. (what a funny
colour ?)
Fine di tutto oggi!
Studiate!
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