To be a concerned and active global citizen by being more internationally aware and having a deep understanding of the present. Demonstrate understanding

To be a concerned and active global citizen by being more internationally aware and having a deep understanding of the present.

Demonstrate understanding through answering Psychology’s essential questions.Assess prior knowledge of the socio-cultural perspective.

HW Assigned

Read page 101-104. Stop at errors in attribution

Entry Task: Give the aim, procedure and findings of a study that supports the Atkinson and Shiffron MSM.

Agenda

1. Start the SLA

2. Go over Attribution theory

Exit Ticket: What are the IB Psychology targets?

Socio Cultural Level of Analysis

To what degree is our behavior determined by those around us?

Basic principles of the socio-cultural perspective

Human beings are social animals and we have a basic need ‘to belong.’


The social and cultural environment influences individual behavior.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=YPhEYaZf27hYfM&tbnid=dchYeIrX4BRGcM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://blog.sistla.com/&ei=gczmUeLYAazviQKdtIGABw&bvm=bv.49478099,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNFSTuOAP808Fj32BsONnpqdC_Moiw&ust=1374166463978176


We construct our conceptions of the individual and social self (as in a concept of ourselves as part of larger groups).


Person’s view of the world is resistant to change

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=aHMu_rsax6w7OM&tbnid=cxtMZWa5QcMZBM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/w/world_peace.asp&ei=AM_mUffdDs3MigKItYG4AQ&bvm=bv.49478099,d.cGE&psig=AFQjCNGGo095M3GBZ_Aq33osWKuoHDeOOw&ust=1374166955364184

True or false?

1. In order to change people’s racist behaviors, we need to change their racist attitudes.

2. Most people would refuse to obey an authority figure who told them to hurt an innocent person.

3. Individuals pull harder in a team tug-of-war than when they pull in a one-on-one tug of war.

4. The higher the morale and harmony of a social group, the more likely are its members to make a good decision.

5. Those who keep a gun in the house are more likely to be murdered than those who do not.

6. From research on liking and loving, it is clear that opposites do attract.

7. We are less likely to offer help to a stranger if other bystanders are present.

I think I’m pretty cool !

Essential questions we will answer:

How do we influence each other—both in attitudes and in actions?

In what ways are a person’s behavior shaped by those around them?

Inquiring minds want to know . . . Do we always think

rationally about other people?

Why do other people have such power over what we think and do, how we feel about ourselves?

What role does our attitude have in what we think and do?

How can we apply these and other concepts from social psychology to ‘the real world?’

Socio cultural cognition

To what extent does our ‘thinking’ about others impact our behavior.

Attribution theory Errors in Attribution Social identity theory Formation of Stereotypes

All of these concepts are involved in the process of prejudice and discrimination.

Explain how one hormone influences human behavior

Hormone is a chemical messenger that is part of the endocrine system.

Hormones are triggered by stimuli in the outside world. Testosterone: Male sex hormone that is correlated with

aggression in males. Studies

Prisoners studies Chess Study Monkey Study

Testosterone is correlated with aggression but there is strong evidence that the aggression might be the byproduct of competition and dominance rather than the main result of high testosterone.


You will know the principles of the SLAYou will understand situational and dispositional factors.Will be able to support them with studies

HW Assigned

Entry Task: Aim, procedure and findings of a study on Schema.

Agenda

1. Principle Quiz

2. Review what we did last class

3. Attribution theory

4. Crutchfield experiment

5. Watch film Clip

6. Zimbardo’s experiment


Write down as many principles as you can for each of the LOAs.

Quiz

Underlying principles to remember with regard to the biological perspective:

Behavior can be innate—because it is genetically based, therefore evolution plays a key role in behavior.

Animal research gives insight into human behavior—thus much of biological research is done on animals

There are ‘biological correlates of behavior’—meaning that there are specific links between physiology and behavior

Reductionist approach to research —studying the parts gives insight to the whole—this is also a criticism.

Cognitive Principles

Cognitive psychologists recognize there is a biological basis to all behavior, but focus research on how the brain translates into the mind.

Mental processes ‘the mind’ can be studied scientifically

Cognitive processes are influenced by social and cultural factors

Humans are active processors of information

Human beings are social animals and we have a basic need ‘to belong.’

The social and cultural environment influences individual behavior.

We construct our conceptions of the individual and social self (as in a concept of ourselves as part of larger groups).

People’s views of the world are resistant to change—as in our ‘world view’— the way we believe it is ‘supposed’ to work, why it works the way it does, and what values are essential in the world community.

SLOA Principles

POPs #2

To what extent do situational and dispositional factors explain behavior?

Attribution theory

A replication of an experiment Handout 34-4

Complete the survey in thinking about yourself

Now complete the survey thinking about Mr. Bouchard

Now compare your attribution with yourself with the one you did of me. What do you notice?

Why would I likely attribute my behavior to the situation more?

Attribution theory.

What is ‘attribution theory’?

Humans have a need to understand why things happen. We need to see the cause and effect relationship.

Traffic must be bad or maybe she missed the bus or she values work

over time with me

Heider (1958)- humans are naturally interested in assessing the personality characteristics and attitudes of other humans they encounter. (Gray, 476)

Evolutionary explanation: we survive by being able to decide if people can help or harm us in our life endeavors.

Forming Impressions

Attribution—the what?

We either attribute the behavior to the situation or

We attribute it to the person- But, generally we all make the fundamental

attribution error.

Dispositional and Situational Factors of Behavior

Dispositional factors of behavior: The cause of behavior are factors occuring inside the individual (e.g. personality, childhood experience, cognitive schemas, biological factors)

Situational factors of behavior: The cause of behavior are factors occuring outside the individual (e.g. situation and context)


Distinguish between dispositional and situational factors.Be able to explain how attributions are made with either factor and support that explanation with studies.

HW Assigned

POP #2 Due Wednesday

Entry Task: Pull out your review sheet. You need to follow-up on two studies that you did not give a four on. Use your classmates, notes, etc.

Agenda

1. Finish Attribution Theory

2. Assign POP


Attribution theory

In another way ‘attribution’ is…

a long word for something you do everyday

when you think about the causes of a behavior you make an attribution—i.e., you ‘attribute’ the cause of that behavior to something.

Example: you might ‘attribute’ a classmate’s good grades to either his superior intelligence or to his ability to guess correctly.

Theories

Correspondent Inference Theory

Match behavior with qualities of the person.

1. Need to understand intention then attribute disposition.

2. More likely dispositional if it is out of the ordinary and less desirable.

Kelley’s Co-variation Model

We make situational dispositions of people we know as we look at their history and how their behavior compares to others.


Understand Attribution Theory and Error

HW Assigned


Entry Task: What is the important terms and definitions to explain Genetics? What studies would you use? (7 minutes)

Agenda

1. Go over studies for factors

Exit Ticket:

Dispositional Factors

Conformity: To change our actions to fit with the group.Why do we conform?- two types- Informational Influence- Normative Influence- Crutchfield (1955)- Experiment on conformity Read the experiment

Why does this focus on Dispositional Factors- Found that people conform because of personality

traits

Situational FactorsWatch video on the power of the situation.

Zimbardo (1973)

22 college students

Be able to articulate the key features of two errors in attributionBe able to evaluate research for two errors in attribution

HW Assigned

Entry Task: Write a paragraph on your opinion on the policy of a closed campus. (turn this in to me) Do not put your name on it.

Agenda

1. Go over POP #2

2. FAE


POP #2

To what extent do situational and dispositional factors explain behavior.

Your assertion needs to be precise about the extent of how the factors explain behavior.

Remember to start with definition of terms. Then after going through the experiment explicitly

show how it answers the question and how it does not answer the question. “however, although, yet, but…”

Rank this person’s intelligence on a scale of one to five, with five being very intelligent

rank

Answer the following Questions for these three actors

Attribution Error

Attribution (psychology): How individuals explain causes of events, other’s behavior, and their own behavior

Attribution error: When individuals make faulty assumptions of the causes of events, other’s behavior, and their own behavior.

FAE

Fundamental Attribution Error: Tendency for people to make internal, dispositional

attributions for another person rather than external ones even when there may be equally convincing evidence for both types of cause

Why does this happen? May be due to the tendency of western

culture to hold individuals accountable for their behavior or because we have too little information about the person’s situation

Studies: Jones and Harris (1967): Aim: To find out if people were more likely to attribute

freely chosen behaviors to disposition, and chance-directed behaviors to situation.

Asked to rate the writer as pro Castro

1st: told the writers

chose their position

2nd: told the writers were given

their position

Findings

In both conditions, subjects rated writers who spoke in favor of Castro as having a more positive attitude towards him.

Stand up and find a partner Younger partner explain how this study illustrates the FAE. Younger person is 1 and older person is 2. Now 1s find 2s

and now 2s explain the how this study illustrates the FAE The subjects were unable to see the influence of the

situational constraints placed upon the writers; they could not refrain from attributing sincere belief to the writers.


Understand two errors in attribution

HW Assigned

Quiz tomorrow on factors.

Long Timed write Next Friday

Entry Task: What is the theory behind sleep helping memory? (focus here first) What are two studies that support it?

Agenda

1. Finish FAE.

2. Go through illusory correlation


Aim: Would students make the FAE even though they know actors are just simply

playing a role.

Ross et al (1977)

University

Students

Students were either selected to be

contestants or audience

The host was told to

create their own questions and then asked the contestants.

After it was over the audience was asked to rate the participants in

intelligence.

Findings

Audience ranked the host as the most intelligent even though he was told to come up with the questions.

Audience failed to attribute the role to the person’s situation.

Why it matters?

A study compared people’s attributions to three groups: Those without eating disorders People with bulimia People with anorexia nervosa

People gave attributions that implicated people in their own disorder.

Why does this matter?

The real world and the FAE?

To what degree should children be held accountable for their actions with regard to criminal behavior—given what you know about the brain, cognitive processes and the FAE?

Illusory correlation

Storytime: My Dad and his judgment of certain types of

drivers. When people tend to overestimate a link

between two variables or see a relationship where no relationship exists (e.g. handwriting and personality, the end of the world and the year 2012, palm lines and personality, astrology sign and personality, stereotypes)

Illusory correlation

Illusory correlation is thought to occur because we are more likely to form connections between factors that easily comes to our mind and are easily imaginable (e.g. rare events)

Illusory correlation can also be explained by confirmation bias. Individuals tend to favor information that confirms their hypotheses and disregard information that doesn’t

Introduction

This demonstration was created by Jackson (2000) and is based on an actual study by Hamilton and Gifford (1979).

Instructions

You will see a series of statements, each describing a person performing some type of behavior.

Each person belongs to either Group A or Group B.

After all statements have been presented, you will respond with your impressions.

John visited a friend in the hospital.

Allen dented the fender of a parked car and didn’t leave his name.

Bill is rarely late for work.

Bob helped a child.

Tom shared his lunch with a co-worker.

Scott cheated on an exam.

Alan planted seedlings in a park.

Henry went out of his way to return a lost wallet to the owner.

Nathan took neighborhood kids swimming.

John is considered a very dependable co-worker.

Chad always talks about himself and his problems.

Josh finished his homework on time.

Lane is well-like by his colleagues.

Davis read a story to his daughter.

Ron made prank phone calls to his teacher.

Bruce never returns library books on time.

Ken helped a lost child in a supermarket.

David converses easily with people he doesn’t know well.

Fred gave blood to the Red Cross.

Alex kicked a dog.

Devin donated his clothes to charity.

Mark learned how to fly an airplane.

Gary earned an “A” on his research paper.

Ted ran a red light.

Jeff volunteered to tutor needy students.

Richard yelled at a boy who bumped into him.

Eric drove his elderly neighbor to the grocery store.

Vincent forgot about his job interview.

Keith organized a birthday party for a friend.

Colin works out to keep himself in good shape.

Robert talks with food in his mouth.

Scott received a promotion at work.

Norman often tailgates when he is driving

Eliot sings in the church choir.

William rarely washes his car.

Pete is recognized as an excellent musician.

Don took a hurt stray dog to the vet.

Roger repaired his neighbor’s lawnmower.

Craig helped a friend move.

Done!

Group Ratings

Construct the table below on a scrap piece of paper.

Group RatingsAttribute: Group A Group B

PopularLazyUnhappyIntelligentHonestIrresponsibleHelpfulUnpopular

Group RatingsAttribute: Group A Group B

PopularLazyUnhappyIntelligentHonestIrresponsibleHelpfulUnpopular

Group Ratings

Your next task is to rate each of the groups. Use the scale below:

1: Strongly Disagree 7: Strongly Agree

You should use intermediate values as well as these two extremes.

Debriefing

Group A (n = 26 members) 18 positive

statements 8 negative

statements 9:4 ratio of positive

to negative statements

Group B (n = 13 members) 9 positive statements 4 negative

statements 9:4 ratio of positive

to negative statements

Debriefing

The ratio of positive and negative events was exactly the same for Group A and Group B!

Did we rate the Groups the way we should have?

Are our ratings of the Groups exactly equal?


Understand two errors in attributionBe able to give a specific explanation of 4 studies on attribution error.

HW Assigned

POP Due Friday

Entry Task: Quiz

Agenda

1. Finish Attribution Error.

2. Assign POP

3. Assertion check


Quiz- 20 minutes

Describe the role of situational and dispositional factors in explaining behavior.

(Make sure to clearly define the role)

Illusory Correlation

This demonstration illustrates an Illusory Correlation – the perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists. Another way to think of it – a false impression that two variables correlate.


Examples: It always rains on the week-end It always rains after you wash the car The phone always rings when you are in the

shower Librarians are quiet Doctors are wealthy

Research explaining illusory correlation Hamilton & Gifford (1976):

Aim: To investigate if rare events are more likely to

be linked because they are more memorable.

Participants read statements about individuals behavior

Some positive: visited a sick friend at the hospital

Some negative: cheated on an exam

Group AMajority Group

Group BMinority Group

Findings Participants were more likely to associate

unfavorable statements with the minority group when asked about their first impression of the majority and minority groups despite the fact that the ratios were the same

Findings


The joint occurrence of two distinctive events (minority member – Group B & distinctive event - negative behavior) probably attracted more attention and caused faulty impressions.


The Illusory correlation may be one reason individuals become prejudiced.

Research has shown that White Americans overestimate the arrest rate of African Americans (Hamilton & Sherman, 1996). African Americans = minority Arrest Rate = distinctive event


At the end of today you will be able to explain the experiments for Social Identity theory.

HW Assigned

IA due

Entry Task: How does serotonin impact behavior? Give two studies that support it.

Agenda

1. Continue work with Social Identity theory

2. Go over big experiments

Exit Ticket: Explain the key experiments for Social Identity Theory?

Research supporting the illusory correlation phenomenon

Chapman & Chapman (1967): Aim: To investigate the illusory

correlation phenomenon.

Beginning Clinician StudentsDrawing of people were

randomly paired with symptom statements

Findings

Although the relationship between symptoms and drawings were absent, participants rated a high associative strength between symptom and drawing characteristics

Evaluation of concepts - Strengths

Empirical support Can be supported by schema theory Usefulness (reliability of diagnosis, formation

of stereotypes)

Evaluation of concepts - Limitations

Methodological problems of the studies (e.g. generalisability, ecological validity)

Cross-cultural studies in India (Miller 1984) and Japan (Weiss 1984) show that the fundamental attribution error is less common in collectivistic cultures

Details of the processes underlying illusory correlation are still largely unknown

Assign POP #3-

To what extent do errors in attributions affect behavior? (Use two errors) Form an assertion that answers the question Make sure to cover Key Terms Make sure to use each study to make a specific

point. Make sure to have at least two studies in your

POP.

The Power of the Situation

Do people act differently when in groups?

How is a person’s behavior shaped by those around them? attribution theory fundamental attribution error

More Social Cognition Concepts

Social identity theory POP #4: Evaluate social identity theory,

making reference to relevant studies. So what is ‘evaluating’ asking you to

do?

Questions for discussion

1. List all the social categories that you belong to (e.g. father, American, 39, teacher)

1. How many social categories did you come up with? Which of these categories do you identify with the most?

2. Why do we have pep rallies at school?3. Are we more likely to help people who are

like us than different from us?4. Would you rather ask a American person

than a person from Cambodia to watch your luggage at the airport? Why or why not?


At the end of today you should be able to explain tyour own behavior using social identity theory At the end of today you will be able to explain two key experiments for social identity theory.

HW Assigned

Entry Task: What are the three stores of the multi-store memory model? What is the evidence that it exists?

Agenda

1. Doll Study

2. Finish components on Group membership


Social Identity Theory:

Theory is that we have not one ‘personal self’ but several selves that correspond to widening circles of group membership.

Different social contexts may trigger us to think, feel and act on the basis of personal, family or national ‘level of self.”

Essentially multiple ‘social identities.’ SIT operationally defined as: the individual’s self

concept derived from your perception of group membership.

Social Identity Theory

Social Identity Theory was developed by Tajfel and Turner . One of the main theories in European social psychology.

The theory was originally developed to understand the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination—Tajfel attempted to identify the minimal conditions that would lead members of one group to discriminate in favor of another.

Important definitions

In-groups: Groups that we belong to Out-group: Groups that we do not belong to

Me

Social identity theory:

In a nutshell—we as individual people have more than one ‘self concept’, but rather several that correspond with widening circles of group membership.

If ‘self concept’ is operationally defined as your sense of identity with corresponding ways of thinking, feeling and behaving, is this true?

Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner 1979)

Our social identity, a part of our identity is derived from the social groups that we belong to and that we do not belong to (defining who we are by who we aren’t)

We derive self esteem by positively differentiating our in-group from out-groups (“us” and “them”)

We therefore tend to categorize our social environment into groups

We tend to favourize our in-group over out-groups

you

Psychological ‘mechanisms’(processes) involved:

Categorization which refers to the process whereby objects, events and people are classified into categories as a means of distinguishing ourselves from others.

Social Identification: We identify with some categories and not others as a means of building self-esteem.

In this process, we tend to exaggerate the similarities of those in the same group and exaggerate the differences between those in different groups.

Doll Test Modern Doll Test

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64rSgf0iOhQ&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcAuO0PNnrs&feature=related

Quiz

Outline two errors in attribution.


Demonstrate a knowledge of social identity theory through being able to connect the studies with the theory.

HW Assigned

No homework

Entry Task: Review Activity. Get into two rows facing each other.

Agenda Take the test

Exit Ticket:

Discuss the study or concept

Brain Plasticity Rosenwig and Bennett Schema Brewer and Treyens Localization HM

Social comparison

The process of comparing one’s own social group with others. Some social groups have more power, prestige or

status than others and therefore members of a group will compare their own groups with others and determine the relative status of their own group.

Then members of a group to distance themselves from membership of a group which does not share the same beliefs and ideas of their group and take more account of the beliefs and ideas of their social group.

Research Breakwell (1978) studied teenage soccer fans,

some of whom went to most games, whilst others did not go to games. Those who did not go to games were the most vehement about their loyalty and showed most in-group bias, presumably as they had a greater need to prove themselves as fans.

Tajfel et al (1970) attempted to identify the minimal conditions that would lead members of one group to discriminate in favor of the ingroup to which they belonged and against another outgroup.

Tajfel study: Handout

Study Analysis:Aim:Concept it supports: Methodology used:Procedure:Findings:Evaluation: Strengths/weaknesses:

Trials

Trial #1 AA or BB

Trial #2 AB or BA

Trial #3 BB or AA

Reward 1

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Reward 2 9 8 7 6 4 3 2 1


At the end of today you should be able to explain tyour own behavior using social identity theory At the end of today you will be able to explain two key experiments for social identity theory.

HW Assigned

Pop#4 Due Thursday

Entry Task: Look through your timed write and set a goal for the next timed write.

Agenda Go over Timed Write. Go over the Yuki Study Assign POP #4


Line Review

Neurotransmitters- what role do they play in behavior

Serotonin Mehlman Study Mirror Neurons Iacoboni Study Caspi- MAOA One behavior explained by Evolutionary

Psychology SIT Theory Tajfel

Group membership enhances self-esteem

Have you ever been picked last for a team? Have you ever been excluded from a group?

Have you ever been chosen and then excluded others? The tendency for people to use group

membership as a source of positive self esteem. Self Esteem

is a basic need

Join a Group

Social Identity Theory--summary

When we belong to a group, we are likely to derive our sense of identity, at least in part, from that group. We also enhance the sense of identity by making comparisons with out-groups.

Social identity is different from personal identity, which is derived from personal characteristics and individual relationships.

Example

When abroad, especially in countries which have particularly different languages and cultures, we feel our nationality far more keenly than when we are at home. We will tend to band together in national groups, perhaps making comments about the strangeness of the natives.

Yuki et al (2005)

Aim: To determine if people automatically categorized themselves and favor in their groups across cultures. The experiment was to compare U.S. and Japanese university student in three scenarios.

Research method: Two laboratory experiment were done.

Yuki et al (2005) Experiment One Subjects: 171 males and female from Ohio State University ,

171 males and female from Hokkaido University. Also 28 male and female from Hokkaido Education University

3 scenarios #1 some is from an in-group; #2 someone is from out-group with potential connection

between the out-group members through the participants’ acquaintance;

#3 some is from the out-group that suggested with no potential connection.

The questionnaires were given to participants about asking someone to watch luggage in an airport, allowing someone to borrow money at a restaurant and buying concert tickets online from an individual. Later they were told to decide which person you would trust from any of the scenarios defined above.

Findings: The results are U.S. and Japanese participants trusted the unknown person from the in-group more than they trusted either out-group person. In addition, the Japanese sample was more likely to trust the out-group member with a potential connection. But the U.S. sample did not trust either out-group person.

Yuki et al (2005)

Experiment two Subjects: It replicated the first experiment, except it

used a real money allocation game to test trust in risky situation where participants were told they would receive money based on their decisions to trust unknown others.


Understand how to explain and evaluate social identity theoryBe able to apply two of the concepts we have learned to the formation of stereotypes.

HW Assigned

Entry Task: Meet with your assigned partner and go through the following. What is social identity theory? What are the two studies that demonstrate this theory and how it impacts behavior?

Agenda

1. Social cognition

2. Steriotypes


Why does SIT Matter

Doll Test Modern Doll Test

In what ways does SIT play a role in the development of stereotypes?



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcAuO0PNnrs&feature=related

POP #5

Explain the formation of stereotypes and their effect on behavior.

Socio cultural cognition

Attribution theory Attribution error-illusory correlation Social identity theory

How are these concepts involved in the process of formation of stereotypes?

Social Cognition

In what ways does our ‘thinking’ (cognition’) about others influence our behavior?

Today: In what ways does the way we think about others impact how we behave? Attribution theory—how we ‘explain’ the causes

of both our own behavior or the behavior of others

Social identity theory—how we tend to associate in groups, categorize others based on their groups, compare our own groups to others, ultimately resulting in higher self-esteem.

What is a stereotype?

Operationally defined: a social perception of an individual in terms of group membership or physical attribute. A generalization that is made about the group and then attributed to each member.

A form of social categorization that affects the behavior of those who hold the stereotype

In what ways?

Attribution theory FAE (Lee, et. al—game show) Illusory correlation- make a false connection

between the behaviors of a few with a whole group of people. (Hamilton and Gifford)

Social identity theory Social categorization—in group vs. outgroup Social comparison—in group bias--

discrimination against outgroup (Tajfel--groups) All of which lead to stereotypical thinking


Be able to apply two of the concepts we have learned to the formation of stereotypes.

HW Assigned

Entry Task: Find your last timed write and read through it.

Agenda

1. Self Assessment

2. Stereotype Threat

Exit Ticket:

How do stereotypes develop?

Tajfel—natural cognitive process of social categorization Exaggerate the differences between groups in

order to feel better about the group you are in and yourself.

Campbell 1967—explains how Personal experience with individuals & groups Gatekeepers—media, parents, other members of

our culture Grain of truth hypothesis: individual attributes

generalized to the group (attribution error here)

How do stereotypes develop?

We are cognitive misers—lazy thinkers Personal experience with individuals and groups

as well as gatekeepers Hamilton & Gifford (1976): illusory correlation—

people see relationships between variables even when there are none. Women & math – cognitive bias

After illusory correlation, people seek out or remember info that supports the relationship: called ‘confirmation bias.’ Overlook info that contradicts what they believe Confirmation bias is difficult to change

Methodological issue:

How does SOCIAL DESIRABLITY EFFECT impact research on stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination? It is a confounding variable—do people

withhold prejudicial statements to be ‘politically correct?’

Research on stereotyping, prejudice, etc. is therefore difficult as people don’t want to admit their stereotypical thinking.


Be able to apply the three concepts we have learned to the formation of stereotypes.

HW Assigned

POP #5 Due Monday

Entry Task: Review Activity- get into two lines facing each other.

Agenda

1. Review

2. Finish Stereotype Threat.

3. Work on POP


Review

Genetic influence on Depression Influence of sleep on memory Illusory Correlation Fundamental Attribution Error Situational Factors Dispositional Factors SIT Social categorization

Stereotyping develops b/c:

Stereotype Threat Example

Operational Definition: When Culturally-shared stereotypes that suggest poor performance of certain groups can, when made clear in a context involving the stereotype, disrupt performance of an individual who identifies with that group.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGEUVM6QuMg

Aim: to create a condition of stereotype threat for multiple groups in one condition.

Stone (2002)

Black & White College Students

Condition 1

Condition 2

Findings: Blacks did perform better on the task when it was described as reflecting natural sports ability than when it was based on athletic

intelligence, and Whites showed the opposite pattern

Natural Sports ability

Athletic Intelligence

Conclusions This study show that stereotype threat is a

general phenomenon that can affect performance when a stereotype of poor performance implicates a valued social identity.

Stone (2002)

Outline the social identity theory.

Pyramid

Depth of Processing Episodic memory Clive Wearing Schacter and Singer Theory Explicit Memory Semantic Memory Reconstructive Memory Cognitive Interview Restorative Sleep Theory Wilhelm

Pyramid

Cognitive Maps Insight Loftus Flash Bulb Memory Short Term Memory Selective Attention Cognitive Appraisal Dutton and Aron (Bridge study)

Stereotype threat:

Do stereotypes affect an individual’s performance? (Do people of various groups consider themselves less capable, etc.?)

Stereotype threat turns on spotlight anxiety which can cause emotional distress & pressure that may undermine performance.

Your studies: Stone (2002) Steele (1995)

Experiment 1 Aim: To investigate the idea of Stereotype

threat.

Steele and Aronson

Black & White College Students

Condition 1

Diffi cult test based on the GRE verbal test

Condition 2

good indicator of their underlying intellectual abilities

test was simply a problem solving exercise

and was not diagnostic of ability

Findings: African American performed less well than their white counterparts in con1 but performed the same in con2

Control:Self report of SAT

Experiment 2 provided a replication that showed African Americans did not perform well under stereotype threat.

These studies established the existence of stereotype threat and provided evidence that stereotypes suggesting poor performance, when made salient in a context involving the stereotypical ability, can disrupt performance, produce doubt about one's abilities, and cause an individual to dis-identify with one's ethnic group.

Steel and Aronson

Intro Paragraph

1st sentence: What is the SCLOA all about? 2nd and 3rd sentences: What principles does

this prompt address? 4th Which principle most closely addresses

the prompt? 5th Assertion



HW Assigned


Entry Task: What did you learn from the conversations on stereotypes yesterday?

Agenda

1. Stereotype Threat Studies

2. Review

Exit Ticket: Explain the key experiments for stereotype threat



What is coming up?

Timed Write on POP 2,3 or 4

HW Assigned

POP #5 Due Tuesday

Entry Task: What are my assertions for each of the prompts for tomorrow’s timed write? (get your POPs from your portfolio) Share them with your group.

Agenda

1. Finish Stereotype Threat Studies.

2. How to reduce prejudice.

Exit Ticket: Explain the key experiments for stereotype threat

Prejudice. . . Breaking it down

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

Prejudice can be defined as: “an unjustifiable and

usually negative attitude toward a group—typically a different cultural, ethnic or gender group” Vocab

Discrimination Prejudice: an attitude,

leads to: Belief about overweight

people To believe they eat too

much Emotion that develops

To feel dislike Predisposition to

action=Discrimination To not hire/ not date, etc.

How do you reduce prejudice

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/divided/etc/view.html

Read the Sherif Study.



What is ‘beautiful?’

Know your limits . . .

http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/resource/1060/



Gender in the home

What is the stereotype of the father and mother you think the author is testing?

Do you see these stereotypes in your family? In what ways do you find this outdated? If so

how would change it?

Gender Exercise

Silently read the instructions and then fill out the questionnaire. (You may write on it)

Turn it over and repeat the instructions on the other side.

Bring your questionnaire to me when you are finished.

Gender Exercise

1,4,5,7,10- Female 2,3,6,8,9-male

1. Very Emotional2. Very active3. Very objective4. Very religious5. Very tactful6. Very logical7. Very neat8. Very ambitious9. Very loud10.Very talkative

How do we ‘represent’ Male vs. Female

1. % kind2. % not easily influenced3. % competitive4. % aware of others’ feelings5. % dominant6. % makes decisions easily 7. % independent8. % helpful9. % aggressive10. % warm11. % self-confident12. % stands up well under pressure

Documents

To be a concerned and active global citizen by being more internationally aware and having a deep understanding of the present. Demonstrate understanding