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TNPSC GROUP I MAIN - 2019 MODEL EXAM – PAPER II (KEY POINTS)

Time: 3 hours Total marks: 250

SECTION A 15 x 3 = 45

Answer any FIFTEEN questions only out of EIGHTEEN questions. Answer not exceeding 30 words each

UNIT- I : Indian Polity and emerging political trends across the world affecting India

1. What is meant by Parliamentary Democracy? ehlhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp vd;why; vd;d?

❖ Parliamentary system, democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government

❖ Its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor. Executive functions are

exercised by members of the parliament appointed by the prime minister to the cabinet.

❖ Prime ministers may be removed from power whenever they lose the

confidence of a majority of the ruling party or of the parliament.

❖ The parliamentary system originated in Britain and India adopted it.

2. Explain the significance of UDHR. cyfshtpa kdpj chpik gpufldj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthp.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is generally agreed to be the foundation of international human rights law. Adopted in 1948, the UDHR has inspired a rich body of legally binding international human rights treaties Most important actors for implementing and monitoring human rights. The General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 December 1948. It is a unique international document. It was the first declaration about the rights and freedoms of the individual to be adopted by the United Nations.

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3. What is ‘Question Hour’? Nfs;tp Neuk; vd;why; vd;d?

The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for this. During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers. The questions are of three kinds, namely, starred, un starred and short notice. It is mentioned in the Rules of Procedure. A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow. An un starred question, on the other hand, requires a written answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow. A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.

4. What is VVPAT?

VVPAT vd;why; vd;d? VVPAT means Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail. It is an independent system attach to an EVM, that allows voters to verify that their votes are cast as intended Voter-verifiable paper audit trail was first used in an election in India in September 2013 in Noksen (Assembly Constituency) in Nagaland. 2014 – Introduced in 8 parliamentary constituency 2019 – used in all over India

5. What is Electoral Bond? Njh;jy; gj;jpuk; vd;why; vd;d? The 'electoral bonds' were introduced by the Finance Act, 2017 and the scheme was subsequently notified in 2018. Electoral bonds are bearer instruments like promissory notes i.e. in effect these are similar to a bank note that is payable to the bearer on demand and free of interest. The bonds can be purchased by an Indian citizen or a body incorporated in the country. The purchasers of these bonds need to present these to the political parties of their choice, and the parties have to redeem them within 15 days

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6. Who is Chandrani Murmu? re;jpuhdp Kh;K vd;gth; ahh;? Chandrani Murmu is currently the youngest Indian Member of Parliament Chandrani Murmu (born 16 June 1993) is an Indian politician. She was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Keonjhar, Odisha in the 2019 Indian general election as a member of the Biju Janata Dal.

UNIT- II: Role and impact of Science and Technology in the development of India

7. Who is Gagandeep Kang? Why is she in news recently? ffd;jPg; fq; vd;gth; ahh;? mth; Vd; rkPgj;jpa nra;jpfspy; ,lk;ngw;whh;?

Biologist Dr. Gagandeep Kang on April 19, 2019 made history by becoming the first Indian woman to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, Britain’s main and prestigious scientific academy.

8. Write a short note on UN Sasakawa Award 2019. I.eh. rrfhth tpUJ 2019 gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf The Sasakawa Awardee was announced at recent Award Ceremony during 6th Session of Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (GPDRR) 2019 held at Geneva, Switzerland. Pramod Kumar Mishra was awarded in recognition of his dedication to improve resilience of communities most exposed to disasters and for his personal commitment to social inclusion, which as per him acts as a critical principle to reduce inequality and enhances safety net of socially and economically marginalized section of society. About Sasakawa Award The Award will be presented during the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction on 16 May 2019. The United Nations Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction is one of three prestigious prizes established in 1986 by founding Chairman of the Nippon Foundation, Mr. Ryoichi Sasakawa It is the most prestigious international award in Disaster Risk Management (DRM) area. It is jointly organized by United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and the Nippon Foundation

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9. Why Akademik Lomonosov is in news recently? mfhlkpf; NyhNkhNdhNrht; Vd; rkPgj;jpa nra;jpfspy; ,lk;ngw;wJ? Russia’s Akademik Lomonosov, the world’s first floating nuclear power plant (FNPP) has become operational. Akademik Lomonosov is a non-self-propelled powership to be operated as the first Russian floating nuclear power station. The ship was named after Academician Mikhail Lomonosov Construction started: 15 April 2007 Launched: 30 June 2010 Acquired : 2019

10. What is Ravana – 1? ,uhthzh 1 vd;why; vd;d? Sri Lanka's first satellite 'Ravana-1', also known as BIRD LKA designed and developed by two local engineers, was successfully launched by US into orbit rom the International Space Station (ISS) along with two other BIRDS 3 satellites from Japan and Nepal.

11. Write a short note on New Standards for Basic Measuring Units mbg;gil mstPLfSf;fhd Gjpa mZFKiw ahJ? Kilogram Previous definition: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. 2019 definition: The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.62607015×10−34 when expressed in the unit J⋅s, which is equal to kg⋅m2⋅s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ΔνCs.

Ampere The definition of the ampere underwent a major revision. The previous definition, which is difficult to realise with high precision in practice, was replaced by a definition that is more intuitive and easier to realise. Previous definition: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2×10−7 newton per metre of length.

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2019 definition: The ampere, symbol A, is the SI unit of electric current. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602176634×10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A⋅s, where the second is defined in terms of ΔνCs

Kelvin The definition of the kelvin underwent a fundamental change. Rather than using the triple point of water to fix the temperature scale, the new definition uses the energy equivalent as given by Boltzmann's equation. Previous definition: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. 2019 definition: The kelvin, symbol K, is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature. It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to be 1.380649×10−23 when expressed in the unit J⋅K−1, which is equal to kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and ΔνCs. Mole Previous definition: The mole is the amount of substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. 2019 definition:The mole, symbol mol, is the SI unit of amount of substance. One mole contains exactly 6.02214076×1023elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol n, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles. The mole may be expressed directly in terms of the defining constants as: 1 mol = 6.02214076×1023/NA

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12. What is the significance of RISAT 2-B? RISAT 2-B ,d; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ?

PSLV-C46 successfully launches RISAT- 2B India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C46) successfully launched RISAT-2B satellite from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. This was the 72nd launch vehicle mission from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota and 36th launch from the First Launch pad. RISAT-2B is a radar imaging earth observation satellite weighing about 615 kg. The satellite is intended to provide services in the field of Agriculture, Forestry and Disaster Management. “With this launch, PSLV lofts 50 tonnes to space by launching 354 satellites, including national, student and foreign satellites.

UNIT- III: Tamil Society ‐ Its Culture and Heritage

13. Mention the Tamil personalities who has been awarded Sahitya Academy Award

recently rkPgj;jpy; rhfpj;a mfhnjkp tpUJ ngw;w jkpoh;fs; gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf Writers Sabarinathan and Devi Nachiappan have been conferred Sahitya Akademi’s Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar awards for 2019. While Mr. Sabarinathan has been awarded for his poetry collection ‘Vaal (Tail)’ published in 2016, Ms. Nachiappan has received the award for her contributions to children’s literature. 2018 – S. Ramakrishnan

14. What is Sorkuvai Project? nrhw;Fit jpl;lk; vd;why; vd;d? The Tamil Nadu government has launched an ambitious project to integrate all six Tamil etymological dictionaries, including Winslow and Madras University dictionaries, and create a treasury of words (Sorkuvai) for all subjects with English equivalents. Chief Minister Edappadi K. Palaniswami had announced the project in the Assembly on Thursday. The government will allot ₹1 crore every year.

தமிழ் அகராதியை உருவாக்குவதற்ககன்றற தனி இைக்ககமாகச ்

கசந்தமிழ்ச ் கசாற்பிறப்பிைல் அகரமுதலித் திட்ட இைக்ககம்

துயறத்தயலயம அலுவலகமாக (Head of the Department) 08.05.1974-ஆம் நாள்

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தமிழ்நாடு அரசால் றதாற்றுவிக்கப்பட்டது. ‘கமாழி ஞாயிறு’ றதவறநைப்

பாவாணர ் அவரக்ள் முதல் இைக்குநராகப் பணிைமரத்்தம்

கசை்ைப்பட்டார.்

இந்த இைக்ககம் தமிழில் உள்ள கசாற்கயளத் கதாகுத்து அந்தச ்

கசாற்களுக்குத் தமிழிலும் ஆங்கிலத்திலும் கபாருள் விளக்கம் கூறி,

இலக்கண இலக்கிைங்களிலிருந்து தக்க சான்றுகயள எடுதத்ுக்காட்டி,

அசக்சாற்கள் றதான்றுவதற்குக் காரணமாக உள்ள

றவரச்க்சாற்கயளயும், அதன் வழிறை மக்களின் நாகரிகம், பண்பாடு,

வாழ்க்யகமுயற, வரலாறு ஆகிைவற்யறயும் எடுத்திைம்புகிறது.

15. What is Tamil Valar Mandram?

jkpo;tsh; kd;wk; vd;why; vd;d? jkpo;nkhop fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;bd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf cyf ,e;jpa kw;Wk; jkpof mstpy; jkpof murhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLk; kd;wq;fs;.

16. What is the significance of raaga Amirthavarshini? mkph;jth;~pdp uhfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ahJ? Amr ̥tavarṣiṇi is a rāgam in Carnatic music. It is an audava rāgam. It is a janya rāgam (derived scale), as it does not have all the seven swaras. It is a common pentatonic scale of Carnatic music and is believed to produce rain. It is said that the Carnatic composer Muthuswami Dikshitar brought rain at Ettayapuram, Tamil Nadu, India by singing his composition Aanandaamrutakarshin

17. Mention any three works on Tamil Music jkpo; ,ir E}y;fs; VNjDk; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf ,ir E}y;fs;: • ,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu %yk; KJehiu> KJFUF Mfpa E}y;fs; ,Ue;jd

vd;gij mwpaKbfpwJ. ,e;E}ypd; ciug;ghapuk; rpw;wpir> Nghpir Mfpa E}y;fisg; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ngUehiu> ngUq;FUF> gQ;rghujPak;> ,e;jpufhspak; Kjyhd E}y;fisg; gw;wp mbahh;f;F ey;yhh; $Wfpwhh;. ,ir EZf;fk; vd;Dk; E}y; rae;jd; vd;Dk; ghz;ba ,sturdhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ vd;W $wpAs;shh;.

• ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif ciug;ghapuj;jpy;> FNyhj;Jq;fd; ,irE}y; vd;w E}iyg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,ir njhlh;ghd gy E}y;fspd; ngah; fpilj;j NghJk; mwptdhh; ,aw;wpa ‘gQ;rkuG’ vd;Dk; E}y; jw;NghJ ekf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sJ. g. Re;juNurdhh; vd;gth; ,e;E}iy ciuNahL ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

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18. Write a short note on Kuravaikkoothu Fuitf;$j;Jg; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf Fuitf;$j;J: • kfspuhy; Mlg;gLtJ Fuitf;$j;J> VO Kjy; xd;gJ Ngh; tl;lkhf epd;W

ifNfhj;J MLtJ. ,J Fd;wf;Fuit> Ma;r;rpah; Fuit vd ,U tifg;gLk;. Fd;wf;Fuit vd;gJ FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; thOK; kfsph; KUfDf;fhf MLk; Mly;. Ma;r;rpah; Fuit Ky;iy epyj;jpy; thOk; kfsph; jpUkhYf;fhf MLk; Mly;.

SECTION – B 10 x 10 = 100

Answer any TEN questions only out of THIRTEEN questions. 120 words each

UNIT- I : Indian Polity and emerging political trends across the world affecting India 19. Comment on River Water Disputes in India. ,e;jpahtpy; ejpePh; gq;fPl;bid tpthp. INTER-STATE WATER DISPUTES

Article 262 of the Constitution provides for the adjudication of inter-state water disputes. It makes two provisions: (i) Parliament may by law provide for the adjudication of any dispute or

complaint with respect to the use, distribution and control of waters of any inter-state river and river valley.

(ii) Parliament may also provide that neither the Supreme Court nor any other court is to exercise jurisdiction in respect of any such dispute or complaint.

Under this provision, the Parliament has enacted two laws [the River Boards Act (1956) and the Inter-State Water Disputes Act (1956)]. The River Boards Act provides for the establishment of river boards for the regulation and development of inter-state river and river valleys. A river board is established by the Central government on the request of the state governments concerned to advise them. The Inter-State Water Disputes Act empowers the Central government to set up an ad hoc tribunal for the adjudication of a dispute between two or more states in relation to the waters of an inter-state river or river valley. The decision of the tribunal would be final and binding on the parties to the dispute. Neither the Supreme Court nor any other court is to have jurisdiction in respect of any water dispute which may be referred to such a tribunal under this Act. The need for an extra judicial machinery to settle inter-state water disputes is as follows:

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The Supreme Court would indeed have jurisdiction to decide any dispute between states in connection with water supplies, if legal rights or interests are concerned; but the experience of most countries has shown that rules of law based upon the analogy of private proprietary interests in water do not afford a satisfactory basis for settling disputes between the states where the interests of the public at large in the proper use

of water supplies are involved.”

So far (2013), the Central government has set up eight inter-state water dispute tribunals. The name of the tribunals, the years in which they were constituted and the states involved in the dispute.

20. Write the significance of tribunals. jPh;g;ghaq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vOJ.

The original Constitution did not contain provisions with respect to tribunals. The 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added a new Part XIV-A to the Constitution. This part is

entitled as Tribunals’ and consists of only two Articles—Article 323 A dealing with administrative tribunals and Article 323 B dealing with tribunals for other matters.

ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS

• The provisions regarding Administrative Tribunals did not form part of the original Constitution and were incorporated in the Constitution through the addition of two articles – Articles 323A and 323B – by the 42nd amendment in 1976.

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• Article 323 A provided for the establishment of Administrative Tribunals by a Parliament law for the adjudication or trial of disputes and complaints relating to the recruitment and conditions of service of government servants under the Central Government and the state government, including the employees of any local or their authority within the territory of India.

• In pursuance of this provision, the Parliament enacted the Administrative Tribunal was set up in November 1985.

21. List the factors that influence the making of ‘Public Opinion’. nghJf; fUj;J cUthtjpy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfis gl;baypLf Define – Public Opinion

1. Print media 2. Electronic media 3. Social media 4. Political parties 5. Education

22. Explain the organization and function of District Rural Development Agency. khtl;l Cuf tsh;r;rp epWtdj;jpd; mikg;ig tpsf;Ff.

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1. If effective programme design is critical to successful implementation of rural development programmes, so is an effective delivery agency.

2. The district Rural Development Agency is visualised as specialized and a professional agency capable of managing the anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development on the one hand and to effectively relate these to the overall effort of poverty eradication in the District.

3. The DRDAs are expected to coordinate effectively with the Panchayati Raj Instutions. Under no circumstances will they perform functions of PRIs.

4. The DRDAs will maintain their separate identity but will function under the chairmanship of the Chairman of Zill Parishad.

5. The DRDAs are expected to oversee the implementation of different anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development in the district.

6. The DRDAs shall keep the Zilla Parishad, the State and Central Government duly informed of the progress of the implementation of the progremmes through periodic reports in the prescribed formats. Special report, as and when called for, shall be provided

7. It shall be the duty of the DRDAs to oversee and ensure that the benefits specifically earmarked for certain target groups (SC/ST, women and disabled) reach them. They shall all necessary steps to achieve the prescribed norms

8. The DRDAs shall take necessary step to improve the awareness regarding rural development and poverty alleviation particularly among the rural poor.

9. Keeping in view, the substantial investment that are being made in poverty alleviation programmes, the DRDAs shall ensure financial discipline in respect of the funds received by them, whether from Central of State Governments.

10. Thus the role of the DRDA is in terms of planning for effective implementation of anti-poverty programmes; coordinating with other agencies-Governmental, non-Governmental, technical and financial for successful programme implementation; enabling the community and the rural poor to participate in the decision marking process, overseeing the

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implementation to ensure adherence to guidelines, quality, equity and efficiency; reporting to the prescribed authorities on the implementation; and promoting transparency in decision making and implementation

23. Write a note on the following questions

gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F Fwpg;G tiuf a. India and Maldives relationship

,e;jpah kw;Wk; khyj;jPTfSf;fpilNaahd cwT India, Maldives ink 6 pacts as PM Narendra Modi, President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih hold talks 1. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Maldivian President Ibrahim Mohamed

Solih held wide-ranging talks as the two countries signed six agreements to strengthen bilateral cooperation in key areas like defence and maritime security.

2. Modi arrived in the Indian Ocean archipelago on his first foreign visit after re-election as Prime Minister to strengthen the bilateral ties, reflecting the importance India attaches to its 'Neighbourhood First' policy.

3. The first Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was for cooperation in the fields of hydrography. Another was on health.

4. The other agreements included on the establishment of passenger and cargo services by sea, cooperation in customs capacity building between the central board of indirect taxes and customs of India and the Maldives customs service.

5. An MoU was also signed between the national centre for good governance, department of administrative reforms and public grievances and Maldives civil service commission on training and capacity building programme for Maldivian civil servants.

6. A technical agreement on sharing white shipping information between the Indian Navy and the Maldives national defence force was also signed

7. A coastal surveillance radar system and a composite training centre for the Maldives defence forces were jointly inaugurated by the two leaders.

8. After the talks, Prime Minister Modi said that the focus of the various projects that India is undertaking in the Maldives is to touch the lives of people.

9. He said India has agreed on the construction of a Friday Mosque in the southern part of the Maldives where an urban development centre is being built.

10. The two countries have agreed to start a ferry service between Kochi and the Maldives, he said.

11. Prime Minister Modi said that the launch of RuPay Card in the Maldives will give a boost to tourism in the island nation.

12. "There have been discussions over making the defense services stronger in Maldives. India wants a strong relationship with the Maldives and believes that a strong and prosperous Maldives will be in the interest of the region," Modi said.

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13. He said that maritime and defence ties are a top priority and the radar system will boost maritime security.

14. India is committed to help the Maldives in every way possible, he added.

b. India and SCO Summit

,e;jpah kw;Wk; ~hq;fha; khehL

INDIA AT SCO SUMMIT Prime Minister Narendra Modi arrived in Bishkek, the Kyrgyz capital for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit. He met Chinese President Xi Jinping, Afghanistan President Ashraf Ghani and Russian President Vladimir Putin on the side lines of the SCO Summit to further strengthen bilateral relations. Amid frosty relations, no pleasantries were exchanged between PM Modi and Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan. This comes as India clarified that there would be no bilateral meeting between the two leaders. PM Modi held his first meeting with Chinese President Xi Jinping to discuss ways to further strengthen the bilateral relations between the two countries. He termed the meeting as extremely fruitful. PM Modi also held a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin and said that it was “excellent”. Apart from these two meetings he also met the President of Afghanistan and the heads of the other member states. About SCO: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation or SCO is a Eurasian political, economic and

security organisation. SCO grew out of Shanghai Five founded in 1996 with China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan as its original members. After the disintegration of Soviet Union in 1991, China has a large number of undecided and disputed borders with many of the countries that became independent then. This saw the formation of Shanghai Five by these nations. Uzbekistan joined the Shanghai Five group in June 2011 and the group was henceforth named, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Its charter was signed in June 2002. India and Pakistan joined SCO as full members in June 2017 at a summit in Astana, Kazakhstan. SCO is the largest regional organisation in the world in terms of geographical

coverage and populationand has become very powerful and influential. Members of SCO in 2018: 8 member states: China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. 4 observer states: Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia

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6 dialogue partners: Armenia, Azerbaizan, Cambodia, Nepal, SriLanka and Turkey SCO was initially formed to secure relations about security. Countries were supposed to work together against terrorism, extremism and separatism. Over the years it has

become a comprehensive regional organisation. Its goals have become more widened. Main goals of SCO are:

• Promoting mutual trust and neighbourliness.

• Promoting cooperation in politics, trade, economy, research, technology and culture.

• Enhancing ties in areas like education, energy, transport, tourism, environmental protection and healthcare.

• Maintaining and ensuring peace, security and stability in the region.

• Moving towards establishment of democratic, fair and rational international political and economic order.

Heads of State Council is supreme decision-making body. It meets once a year and adopts decisions and guidelines on all important matters. Heads of Government Council is the second highest body. Meetings are also held at levels of heads of parliament, ministers of foreign affairs, economy, transport, etc. 2 permanent bodies of SCO: SCO secretariat, Beijing and Executive Committee of the Anti-Terrorist Structure, Tashkent. Highlights and Analysis: Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented a template to further SCO cooperation known as “HEALTH” which mean Health Care Cooperation, Economic Cooperation, Alternative Energy, Literature and Culture, Terrorism Free Society and Humanitarian Cooperation respectively. Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the spirit and ideals of the SCO to strengthen cooperation in the fight against terrorism.

He urged the SCO leaders to organize a global conference on terrorism. Focus was to better economic ties among SCO nations. Declaration also pressed for consensus regarding the adoption of the Comprehensive

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UNIT- II: Role and impact of Science and Technology in the development of India 24. Write a note on the following

gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F Fwpg;G tiuf a. Chandrayan 2 / re;jpuhad; 2

Chandrayaan-2 Moon-vehicle is India's second lunar exploration mission after Chandrayaan-1. Developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), the mission is planned to be launched to the Moon by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III). It includes a lunar orbiter, lander and rover, all developed indigenously. Chandrayaan-2 will attempt to soft land a lander and rover in a high plain between two craters, Manzinus C and Simpelius N, at a latitude of about 70° south. The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface and will perform on-site chemical analysis. The data can be relayed to Earth through the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter as well as lander, which will fly on the same launch. Launch of Chandrayaan-2 is scheduled for 14 July 2019 at 21:21 UTC, and a successful landing would make India the 4th country to soft-land on the Moon, a feat achieved only by the space agencies of the US, USSR, and China.[18] If successful, Chandrayaan-2 will be the second mission to soft land near the lunar south pole after the Change 4, a Chinese spacecraft, which landed in such a region on 3 January 2019

b. GROWTH

❖ GROWTH-India’s First Robotic Telescope India’s first robotic telescope and the

first one designed to observe dynamic or transient events in the universe have started observing the skies.

❖ The telescope is located at the Indian Astronomical Observatory (IAO) at Hanle in Ladakh.

❖ The telescope is a joint project of the Bangalore- based Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB).

❖ It is fully funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) under the Partnerships for International Research and Education (PIRE) project, administered by Indo US Science and Technology Forum.

❖ The primary goal of PIRE is to support high quality projects in which advances in research and education could not occur without international collaboration.

❖ Called GROWTH-India, the facility at Hanle is part of a multi-country collaborative initiative known as Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen (GROWTH) to observe transient events in the universe.

❖ The telescope also has the badge of being housed in the one of the world’s highest astronomical observatories at 4,500 meters.

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❖ The 70 cm robotic telescope joins other larger facilities at IAO in Hanle - the Himalayan Chandra Telescope, the gamma-ray array telescope (HAGAR), and the imaging Cherenkov telescope (MACE).

Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen (GROWTH)

❖ The GROWTH program is a 5 year project, funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). NSF is a United States government agency whose mission includes support for all fields of fundamental science and engineering, except for medical sciences

❖ It is an international collaborative network of astronomers and telescopes dedicated to the study of short-lived cosmic transients and near-earth asteroids.

❖ Cosmic transients are energetic flashes of light that are millions to billions of times the brightness of the sun, e.g. explosive deaths of massive stars, white dwarf detonations, etc.

❖ Key follow-up observations of fast-fading or fast-moving events must occur at night promptly after discovery but before the sun rises.

❖ Therefore, a relay or network of telescopes spanning multiple longitudes (time-zones) on earth is required to pass the baton amongst each other to effectively extend the night-time darkness.

❖ GROWTH enables detailed monitoring of events that would otherwise vanish before the next night.

❖ Its goals are threefold:

• Search for explosions in the optical regime whenever Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) group detects a Binary Neutron Star merger.

• Study nearby young supernova explosions.

• Study nearby asteroids. ❖ Universities and research institutes from the US, the UK, Japan, India,

Germany, Taiwan and Israel are part of the initiative!

25. Write a note on the following

a. India’s Nuclear Doctrine / ,e;jpahtpd; mZf;nfhs;if

❖ India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974 and the second ❖ nuclear test in 1998. ❖ India declared herself a nuclear weapon state in 1998 and ❖ came forward with Nuclear Doctrine in 2003. ❖ India's Nuclear Doctrine consist of the following major ❖ points: ❖ India will build and maintain a credible minimum deterrence.

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❖ India will follow a No First Use policy, i.e., India will use the weapon only in retaliation to a nuclear attack on Indian territory or against Indian forces anywhere.

❖ Nuclear retaliation to a first strike will be massive to inflict unacceptable damage.

❖ Retaliatory attacks will be authorized only by the civilian political leadership through the Nuclear Command Authority members.

❖ Nuclear weapons will not be used against non-nuclear weapon states. ❖ India can retaliate with nuclear weapons in the event of an attack against on

it with biological or chemical weapons. ❖ India is committed to the goal of a nuclear weapons-free world, through

global, verifiable and non-discriminatory disarmament.

b. India’s Deep Ocean Mission / ,e;jpahtpd; Mo;f;fly; jpl;lk;

❖ Union Ministry of Earth Sciences, has also launched a 'Deep Ocean Mission' for exploration of polymetallic nodules in Central Indian Ocean Basin.

❖ Polymetallic nodules contain multiple metals like copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, lead, zinc, aluminium, silver, gold, and platinum etc. in variable constitutions and are precipitate of hot fluids from upwelling hot magma from the deep interior of the oceanic crust,

❖ Of these, cobalt, copper, and nickel are of much importance and in great demand in India as cobalt is used extensively in medical treatment and nickel in batteries,

❖ It will reduce India's dependence on imports of cobalt and other rare earth metals.

26. Write a note on The Black Hole

fUe;Jis gw;wp Fwpg;G tiuf A team of astronomers on April 10, 2019 unveiled the first photo of a Black Hole, at the heart of the galaxy called Messier 87 or M87. The massive galaxy M87 is near the Virgo galaxy cluster 55 million light-years from Earth. This is the first direct visual evidence that Black Holes exist. Named as Powehi, this supermassive Black Hole has a mass that is 6.5 billion times that of our sun. Evidence of the existence of black holes - mysterious places in space where nothing, not even light, can escape - has existed for quite some time, and astronomers have long observed the effects on the surroundings of these phenomena. In the popular imagination, it was thought that capturing an image of a black hole was impossible because an image of something from which no light can escape would appear completely black. For scientists, the challenge was how, from thousands or even millions of light-years away, to capture an image of the hot, glowing gas falling into a black hole.

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An ambitious team of international astronomers and computer scientists has managed to accomplish both. Working for well over a decade to achieve the feat, the team improved upon an existing radio astronomy technique for high-resolution imaging and used it to detect the outline of a black hole - featured with the glowing gas that surrounds its event horizon, the precipice beyond which light cannot escape. Learning about these mysterious structures can help students/scholars and others to understand gravity and the dynamic nature of our universe. When the first-ever direct picture of a black hole was unveiled, scientists around the world were almost clueless over finally getting a chance to see one of the most mysterious objects in the universe. HOW SCIENTISTS REVEALED BLACK HOLE? Although many scientists had theorised that they could imagine or recreate black holes by general theory of gravitation. However the glowing surroundings, the ability to image ah object so distant was still far away from them. A global team of scientists formed to take on the challenge, creating a network of telescopes known as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). They set out to capture an image of a black hole by improving upon a technique that allows for the imaging of far-away objects, known as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). The new image is the stunning achievement of the Event Horizon Telescope project, a global collaboration of more than 200 scientists using an array of observatories scattered around the world, from Hawaii to the South Pole. Combined, this array acts like a telescope the size of Earth, turn the Earth into one giant telescope to focus on the same object at the same time and create an image of an object thousands of trillions of kilometres away. It was able to collect more than a petabyte of data while staring at M87’s black hole in April 2017. It then took two years for scientists to assemble the snapshots. EVENT HORIZON TELESCOPE Event horizon telescope consists of eight radio observatories around the world, including telescopes in Spain, the USA and Antarctica. In 2006, an international team of more than 200 researchers, led by Harvard University astronomers, launched the EHT project with a sole aim : to capture a direct shot of a black hole. Thirteen partner institutions worked together to create the EHT, using both pre-existing infrastructure and support from a variety of agencies. Key funding was provided by the US National Science Foundation (NSF), the EU’s European Research Council (ERC), and funding agencies in East Asia. The EHT observations use a technique called Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), which synchronises telescope facilities around the world and exploits the

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rotation of our planet to form one huge, Earth-size telescope observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Each telescope in the array focuses on the target, in this case the black hole, and collects data from its location on Earth, providing a portion of the EHT’s full view. The more telescopes in the array that are widely spaced, the better the image resolution. WHAT IS A BLACK HOLE? A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light cannot get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying. Because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can see how stars that are very close to black holes act differently than other stars. A black hole cannot be seen because strong gravity pulls all of the light into the middle of the black hole. But scientists can see how the strong gravity affects the stars and gas around the black hole. When a black hole and a star are close together, high-energy light is made. This kind of light cannot be seen with human eyes. Scientists use satellites and telescopes in space to see the high-energy light. HOW BIG ARE BLACK HOLES? According to theory, there are probably three types of black holes: miniature, stellar and supermassive black holes - depending on their mass. Scientists think the miniature black holes are as small as just one atom. These black holes are very tiny but have the mass of a large mountain. Mass is the amount of matter, or ‘stuff, in an object. Another kind of black hole is called ‘stellar’. Its mass can be up to 20 times more than the mass of the sun. There may be many, many stellar mass black holes in Earth’s galaxy'. Earth’s galaxy is called the Milky Way. The largest black holes are called ‘supermassive’. These black holes have masses that are more than 1 million suns together. Scientists have found proof that every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the ’center of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A * (An asterisk is the astronomical standard for denoting a black hole). It has a mass equal to about 4 million suns and would fit inside a very large ball that could hold a few million Earths.

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Sagittarius A*, interested the team of scientists because it is in our galactic backyard - at the center of our Milky Way galaxy, 26,000 light-years away. Though not the only black hole in our galaxy, it is the black hole that appears largest from Earth. Nevertheless, because df the black hole’s local interest and relatively large size, the EHT team chose Sagittarius A* as one of its two targets. The second target was the supermassive Black Hole M87*. It is located at the center of the gargantuan elliptical galaxy Messier 87, or M87, 53 million light-years away. COULD A BLACK HOLE DESTROY EARTH? Black holes do not go around in space eating stars, moons and planets. Earth will not fall into a black hole because no black hole is close enough to our solar system. Even if a black hole the same mass as the sun were to take the place of the sun, Earth still would not fall in. The black hole would have the same gravity as the sun. Earth and the other planets would orbit the black hole as they orbit the sun now. The sun will never turn into a black hole. The sun is not a big enough star to make a black hole. CONCLUSION The Event Horizon Telescope’s first run prove that Black Hole really exist. Astronomers now hope to carry out further observations of M87 to deduce the shape and depth of the shadow region more accurately. With the image in hand, scientists can now start to probe some of the deeper mysteries of the physics of black holes, including confirming their foundational underpinnings. After the discovery, so far, it’s looks like Einsteyi was right regarding his general Theory of Relativity. Solutions to his equations for the general theory of relativity, which he published in 1915, predicted that ‘if the extra-massive objects populated the universe, they should be spherical, resembling a dark shadow embedded in a ring of light’.

27. Write a note on the following gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;F tpilasp a. Nammazhvar / ek;kho;thh;

G. Nammalvar was a supporter and expert of organic farming. He was an agricultural scientist, environmental activist celebrated for his work on spreading Ecological farming & Organic farming. He was against the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. He trained hundreds of farmers in natural farming.

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Nammalvar was the author of several Tamil and English books on natural farming, pesticides & fertilisers and was featured in magazines & television programs. He founded the Nammalvar Ecological Foundation for Farm Research and Global Food Security Trust or simply Vaanagam at Karur, Tamilnadu. He developed social forest at Ammankurai and the Kolunji Ecological Farm in Pudukottai. He and his friends made a 10-acre barren land into fertile cultivable land in the dry Pudukottai district. He planted 52 varieties of trees in the same waste land extending in 20 acres. His organization ‘Kudumbam’ preserves and regenerates hundreds of native flora and fauna, in order to ensure a sustainable livelihood.

b. Nel Jayaraman / ney; n[auhkd; Nel Jayaraman: Mr. Jayaraman, hails from Adirangam village in Tiruvarur district. He was a disciple of Dr.Nammalvar and state co-ordinator of ‘Save our rice campaign, Tamil Nadu. He strived hard for conservation of traditional rice varieties. He had trained a team of farmers and regularly update them on the current issues that affect them.

In 2005, he organized a first ever traditional paddy seed festival in his farm as an individual. The seed festival in May 2016 at Adhirangam was 10th in a row and in which 156 different traditional varieties were distributed to more than 7000 farmers across Tamil Nadu. He was invited by the Philippines Government to give a talk at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) on his work and mission. In 2011, he received the State Award for best organic farmer for his contribution to organic farming, and in the year 2015, he received the National Award for best Genome Savior.

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UNIT- III : Tamil Society ‐ Its Culture and Heritage 28. What are the differences between Pallava’s sculpture and Chola’s sculpture?

gy;yth;fhy rpw;gj;jpw;Fk; Nrhoh;fhy rpw;gj;jpw;Fk; cs;s NtWghLfs; ahit?

gy;yth; fhyk; • gy;yht; fhyk;> Nfhapy; rpw;gf;fiyapd; njhlf;f fhyk; vdyhk;. gy;yt kd;dd;

Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kd; fhyj;Jf; Nfhapy;fspy; cs;s Jthughyfh;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; thapw;fhtyh;fspd; cUtq;fs; Gilg;Gr;rpw;gq;fshf cs;sd. ,itNa jkpofj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kjy; fw;rpw;gq;fshFk;. ,th; fhyj;jpy; thapw;fhtyh;fspd; rpw;gq;fs; kl;LNk fw;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lit. fUtiwapy; cs;s rpw;gq;fs; kuj;jhNyh RijahNyh nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; flTs; NghyNt murd; murp cUtq;fisAk; caukhfr; nrJf;Fk; tof;fk; ,Ue;jJ.

• khky;yGuj;jpy; Nfhth;j;jd kiy kz;lgj;jpd; mUfpy; 96 mb mfyKk; 43 mb cauKk; nfhz;l ghiw cs;sJ. ,g;ghiwapd; ,ilapy; ,aw;ifahfNt fPo; Nehf;fpa gs;sk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. rpw;gpfs; ,e;j ,aw;ifahd tbtikg;igg; gad;gLj;jpj; jk; fw;gidiaAk; fye;J ‘gfPujd; jtk;’ vd;w rpw;gj;njhFjpahf tbtikj;Js;sdh;. fq;if G+kpf;F tu gfPujd; rptngUkhid Nehf;fpj; jtkpUf;Fk; fhl;rpAk;> me;jj; jtj;jpd; gadhff; fq;if G+kpf;F tUk; epfo;itAk; mg;ghiwg; gFjpapy; tbtikj;Js;sdh;. ,th;fs; fhyj;jpy; Guhzr;nra;jpfisr; rpw;gq;fshf tbtikj;Js;sdh;. ehkf;fy;ypy; cs;s kiyf;Nfhl;ilapd; ,UGwKk; kNfe;jputh;kd; fhyj;Jf; Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kiyapd; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; gs;sp nfhz;l ngUkhs; NfhapYk; Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; eurpk;kg; ngUkhs; NfhapYk; cs;sd. xNu kiyapy; ,uz;L Filtiuf; Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sik ,jd; rpwg;G mk;rkhFk;. ,jd; rpw;gq;fs; Ez;zpa Ntiyg;ghl;Lld; $bait. ,q;Fj; jpUkhypd; gj;J mtjhuq;fSk; rpw;gq;fshfr; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gy;ythf;s; fhyj;J xw;iwf;fy; ,ujq;fs;> Nfhapy; rpw;gq;fs; Nghd;wit jdpj;Jtkhditahf cs;sd.

Nrhoh; fhyk;: • gy;yth; fhyr; rpw;gq;fspd; tsh;r;rpAw;w epiyNa Nrhoh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fshf

,Ue;jd. gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; jho;e;j Gilg;Gg;rpw;gq;fshf mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jit> Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; cah;e;j Gilg;Gr;rpw;gq;fshfTk; KO cUtr;rpw;gq;fshfTk; mikf;fg;gl;ld. Nrhoh; fhyj;jpy; ,r;rpw;gf;fiy cah;e;j epiyia mile;jJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; kl;Lkpd;wp f[PuhNfh> cjaGhp> GtNd~;th; Mfpa gFjpfspYk; rpw;gf;fiy tsh;e;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. Caukhd kFlq;fs;> nky;ypa neba clyikg;G Nghd;wit Nrhoh; fhyr; rpw;gq;fspd; rpwg;ghFk;. gpw;fhyr; Nrhoh;fspd; rpw;gq;fspy; mzpfyd;fSk; myq;fhuq;fSk; kpFe;J fhzg;gl;ld. NkYk;> tl;lkhd Kf mikg;Gk; rw;W jbj;Jk; Fl;ilahdJkhd cly; mikg;GfSlDk; rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

• ,uh[uh[ Nrhod; vOg;gpa jQ;ir gpufjPRtuh; Nfhapypd; njw;F Nehf;fp thapypd; fPo;g;Gwk; Gj;jhpd; rpw;gKk; ,f;Nfhapypd; tpkhdj;jpd; tyg;gf;fk; rkzh; cUtq;fSk; cs;sd. ,f;Nfhapypd; ee;jp rpw;gk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s ee;jpr; rpw;gq;fspy; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa rpw;gkhFk;.

• ,jd; cauk; 12 mb> ePsk; 19.5 mb> mfyk; 8.25 mbahFk;. ,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d; fl;ba jhuhRuk; Nfhapypy; ehad;khh;fspd; tho;f;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; 90 rpw;gq;fs; cs;sd.

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29. Write the significance of Bull Taming which is one of the heroic games of Ancient Tamils goe;jkpoh; tPutpisahl;Lfspy; VWjOTjypd; rpwg;gpid njhFj;J vOJf

VWjOTjy;: • kQ;Rtpul;L my;yJ VWjOTjy; vd;gJ jkpoh;fspd; tPu tpisahl;Lfspy; xd;W.

Ky;iyf;fypapy; VWjOTjy; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjdhy; ,t;tpisahl;L> gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy; cs;sJ vd;gij mwpayhk;. tPuj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,t;tpisahl;LfSs; ,J Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

• fhisapd; nfhl;Nlwp vd;Dk; jpkpiyg; gpbj;J mlf;FtJ rq;f fhy Kiw. nfhk;igg; gpbj;J KWf;fp mlf;FtJk; cz;L. ehzaq;fs; mlq;fpa igiaf; fhisapd; nfhk;gpy; itj;Jf; fl;btpLk; gof;fk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpaJ. ehzaj;ijr; ry;yp vd;W $Wth;. Mjdhy; ,t;tpisahl;ilr; ry;ypf;fl;L vd;Wk; miog;gh;.

• thb thry;> jpl;b thry; Kjyhd gFjpfisf; nfhz;l ,t;tpisahl;L Ntyp kQ;Rtpul;L> thbthry; kQ;Rtpul;L> tlk; kQ;Rtpul;L vd tl;lhuj;jpw;F Vw;whw; Nghy; elj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

• rpWnja;t topghl;Lld; njhlh;GilajhfTk; ,t;tpisahl;ilf; fUJfpd;wdh;. mk;ik. it#hp Nghd;w nfhba Neha;fs;> kioapd;ik Kjypa Fiwfs; ePf;fg;gl;lhy; nghq;fy; ehsd;W ry;ypf;fl;L tpLfpNwhk; vd;w Ntz;Ljypd; mbg;gilapYk; ,t;tpisahl;L elj;jg;gLfpwJ.

• ,t;tpisahl;by; fye;Jnfhs;Sk; fhisiar; ry;ypkhL vd;wiog;gh;. ,f;fhisiaf; fd;Wg; gUtj;jpypUe;Nj rpW Jz;bidf; fhl;bg; gha;r;rYf;Fg; gof;Fth;. ,r;nray; ‘ch;hp fhl;Ljy;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

• VWjOty; tpisahl;Lf;Ff; fhisiag; gytiffspy; xg;gid nra;th;. fhy;> fOj;J Kjypa gFjpfspy; ryq;iffs; fl;lg;gLk;. new;wpapy; fhRkhiyAk; nfhk;gpy; rpWtisaKk; mzpag;gLk;. jpkpy; gFjpapy; tz;zg; nghl;L ,l;Lk; xg;gid nra;ag;gLk;. ,t;thW xg;gid nra;ag;gl;l fhisapd; nfhk;gpy; fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk; ry;ypf;fl;Lj; Jzpia kPl;gtNu ntw;wp ngw;wtuhth;.

30. Write a note on Periyar and S.P. Adhithanar’s contribution in the field of reforming

Tamil letters. nghpahh; kw;Wk; rp.gh. Mjpj;jdhhpd; vOj;J rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf

nghpahhpd; vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jk;:

cyfpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s ngUk;ghyhd nkhopfs; Xir> FwpaPL> tbtk;>

vOj;Jfs; Fiwg;G> Njitahd vOj;Jfs; Nrh;g;G Mfpa nray;fshy; njhlh;e;J

khWjy; mile;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wd. tsh;e;J tUk; etPd fhyfl;lj;jpd;

Njitf;Nfw;gj; jkpo; nkhopapy; Fwpg;ghf> mjd; vOj;JUf;fspy; khw;wq;fs; Njit

vd;W nghpahh; fUjpdhh;.

jkpiof; fw;Nghh; kw;Wk; gad;gLj;JNthh;f;F vspikahfTk; Rik ,y;yhkYk;

vOj;JUf;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; jkpio tpiuthfTk; tbt xOq;NfhLk;

mr;rpLtjw;F vOj;JUf;fspy; khw;wk; nra;a Ntz;ba Njitia mth; typAWj;jpdhh;.

nghpahhpd; vOj;Jr; rPh;jpUj;jg; ghpe;Jiu:

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caph;nka; vOj;Jfshd 18 vOj;JfspYk; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; cs;s ,-fuk;> < - fhuk;>

c – fuk;> C – fhuk; Mfpa ehd;F Xirfs; fye;j vOj;Jfs; jdpj;jdp tbtj;jpy;

mjhtJ fp> fP> F> $ vd;wike;j Kiwapy; jdpj;jdpahf (18 ×4) 72 vOj;JUf;fshf

,Ue;J tUfpd;wd.

,e;jj; jdpj;jdp tbtq;fs; Njitapy;iy midj;J caph;nka; vOj;JfSlDk; M –

fhuk;> V – fhuk; Mfpa XirfSf;F h> N Mfpa FwpaPLfisr; Nrh;j;J> fh> Nf vd;W

Mf;fpf;nfhs;tJ Nghy fp> fP> F> $ Mfpa XirfSf;Fk; ehk; jdpg;gl;l xU

FwpaPl;ilr; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

vOj;Jf;fhl;lhf [> ~> ] Nghd;w tl nkhop vOj;JfNshL c- fhu> C – fhu

XirfSf;F F> $ Nghd;w jdp vOj;Jfs; ,y;yhky; c – fuj;Jf;F _ vd;w

FwpiaAk; gad;gLj;jp [{> [_> ~{> ~_> ]{> ]_> `{> `_ vd;wthW

Vw;gLj;jpapUf;fpwhh;fs;.

mJNghy; jkpo; vOj;JfspYk; fp> fP F> $ Nghd;wtw;NwhL {> _ vd;w Fwpfisr;

Nrh;j;jhy; mr;rpy; 72 jdp vOj;Jfs; Njitapy;iy vd;gNjhL jkpo; fw;Fk;

khzth;fSf;Fk; Rik FiwAk; vd;W nghpahh; $wpAs;shh;.

nghpahh; eilKiwg;gLj;jpa vOj;JU khw;wk;:

nghpahh; jhk; elj;jpa gFj;jwpT ,jopy; (30.12.1934) jhk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;NghFk; vOj;JU

khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J mwptpj;jhh;. mjw;F mLj;j ,jopypUe;J ml;ltizapy; cs;sgb

vOj;JUf;fis khw;wk; nra;J gjpg;gpj;jhh;.

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rp.gh. Mjpj;jdhh; (1905- 1981)

nkhop eil

xU nra;jpj;jhs; vd;gJ> nkj;jg; gbj;jth;fSf;F kl;Lky;yhJ rhjhuz thrfDf;Fk;

nrd;W Nru Ntz;Lnkd;why; mJ vspa nkhopeilapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ

,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. Ngr;Rj;jkpiof; nfhr;ir ePf;fp> kf;fspd; nkhopapy; vOjNtz;Lk;

vd;gJ> Mjpj;jdhh; jkJ ehspjo;fSf;fhf Vw;gLj;jpa nghd;tpjp.

[t`h;yhy; NeUtpd; tpag;G:

1951 – 52 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; nghJj; Njh;jy; eilngw;wNghJ jpdj;je;jp ehspjo;

3 ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf tpw;gidahdJ. gj;jphpifg; gjpthshpd; mwpf;ifapy; ,e;j

tptuq;fisg; gbj;j NeU tpag;gile;J> ‘jkpo; xU khepy nkhop> mg;gbapUe;Jk;

,e;jpag; gj;jphpf;iffistplj; jkpo;g; gj;jphpiffs; mjpfk; tpw;gidahfpd;wd’.

,jw;Ff; fhuzk; vd;d vd;W mYtyh;fsplk; tprhhpj;jdh;. “jpdj;je;jp> uhzp Mfpa

rp.gh. Mjpj;jdhhpd; ,jo;fs; midtuhYk; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sf;$ba Ngr;Rj; jkpopy;

elj;jg;gLfpd;wd. MfNt mit mjpfkhf tpw;gid Mfpd;wd” vd;W NeUtplk;

njhptpj;jhh;fs;.

mjd;gpd; ele;j gj;jphpif Mrphpah;fs; khehl;by; ,Jgw;wp NeU Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ>

“jkpo;g; gj;jphpiffs; vspa eilapy; vOjg;gLtjhy; mjpfkhf tpw;gidahfpd;wd.

,e;jpag; gj;jphpiffs; fbdkhd ,yf;fpa eiliaf; ifahs;tjhy; Fiwthf

tpw;gidahfpd;wd. mth;fs; vOJtij vd;dhy; $lg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;s Kbtjpy;iy.

mth;fs; fbd eiliaf; iftpl;L vspa eiliag; gpd;gw;wp vOjNtz;Lk;” vd;whh;.

,jd;gpwF> ,e;jpa ehspjo;fs; rp.gh.Mjpj;jdhhpd; nkhopeiliag; gpd;gw;w Muk;gpj;jd.

Mjpj;jdhhpd; vOj;Jeil gw;wp vOj;jhsh; R[hjh:

nra;jpj;jhs; thrpj;jy; vd;gJ> ed;F gj;jth;fSf;fhd nray; vd;fpw fhyk; khwpr;

rw;Nw jkpo; njhpe;jth;fSk; gbf;FkhW jkpio vspikg;gLj;jp> nfhQ;rk; gug;gug;Gr;

Nrh;j;J> Fog;gk; ,y;yhj tifapy; nra;jpiaj; jUk; cj;jpiaj; jkpo;ehl;by; Kjypy;

nfhz;L te;jth; Mjpj;jdhh;. mth;> vOj;Jeil Fwpj;Jg; gj;jphpif vOj;jhsh;

ifNaL vd;w ngahpy; xU topfhl;b E}iy ntspapl;bUf;fpwhh;. Ngr;Rj;jkpiof;

nfhr;ir ePf;fp vOJ vd;gNj ,f;ifNal;bd; nghd;tpjp. ‘ehd;khlf;$liy

ez;zpNdhk;’ vd;W nrhy;tjw;Fg; gjpy; ‘kJiuf;Fg; NghNdhk;’ vd;W nrhy;yNtz;Lk;.

Ghpfpw jkpopy; kl;Lk; vOjpdhy; NghjhJ> NgRfpw jkpopy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

Mjpj;jdhh; vOj;Jf;$l;bg; gbg;gth;fisAk; kdj;jpy; itj;Jj;jhd; ,jo; elj;jpdhh;.

MfNtjhd;> fiyr;nrhw;fisj; jtph;j;Jg; Ngr;Rnkhopr;nrhw;fis kpFjpahfg;

26 | Page

gad;gLj;jpdhh;. “nre;jkpopy; vOJtJ ngUikahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. mt;thW

ehspjopy; vOjpdhy; mJ gyUf;Fg; GhpahJ. Ngr;Rj;jkpioNa vOjNtz;Lk;. ,JNt

jkpo; ciueil tsh;r;rpf;F xU ehspjo; nra;aNtz;ba njhz;L” vd;W Mjpj;jdhh;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

gapw;rpaw;w thrfh;fspd; gbg;gwpit tsh;g;gijj; jk; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l mth;> jkJ

jpdj;je;jp ehspjopd; nkhopeilia mth;fSf;F Vw;whw;Nghy; vspikahf mikj;Jf;

nfhz;lhh;. ,t;thW jkJ nkhopeilahy; ghkuiuAk; ehspjo; gbf;fitj;jd; %yk;

Mjpj;jdhh; ,e;jpag; gj;jphpif Mrphpah;fSf;F topfhl;bahfj; jpfo;fpwhh;.

31. Write a note on Marriage System of Sangam Age

rq;ffhy jpUkz Kiw Fwpj;J vOJf

1. அகத்திணை மரபு

புணரத்ல் – குறிஞ்சி

இருதத்ல் – முல்யல

ஊடல் – மருதம்

இரங்குதல் – கநை்தல்

பிரிதல் – பாயல

அன்பின் ஐந்தியன – தமிழா ் தம் வாழ்வியன அகம் புறம் என இருவயகைாக

பிாித்தனா.் அகவாழ்வு களவு மற்றும் கற்பு எனவும் பிாிதத்னா ்

2. ஒருவனும் ஒருத்தியும் தம்முள் காதல் ககாண்டு இன்புறும் ஒழுக்கம் – அகம்

ஒரு மன்னனின் வீரம், கவற்றி, ககாயட, கல்வி, ஒழுக்கம் ஆகிை பண்புகயள

எடுத்துக் கூறுவது – புறம் வாழ்க்யக – கவளிப்பயடைானது.

3. ஊரறிைாத வயகயில் வைது வந்த ஆணும் கபண்ணும் புணரந்்து இன்புறும் பகுதி

களவு வாழ்க்யக. சுற்றதத்ார ் அறிை, ஊரறிைத் திருமணம் கசை்து ககாண்டு

வாழும் வாழ்க்யக கற்பு வாழ்க்யக.

4. களவு, கற்பு காலம் – தயலவன் – ஓதல், பயக, தூது, கபாருள், அகப்புறக் காவல் –

பிரிந்து கசல்வான்.

5. அ) அலர ்– வதந்தி

ஆ) இற்கசறிப்பு – வைது வந்த கபண் – கபற்றறார ்– வீடட்ில் இருக்கச ்கசை்தல்.

இ) உடன்றபாக்கு – காதலுக்குத்தயட – காதலனுடன் காதலி கசல்லல் – தாை்

றதடுதல்.

ஈ) அறதக்தாடு நிற்றல் – தயலவி றமனிவாடல் – தாை் குறிபாரத்்தல் – தயலவி

காதல் – றதாழி தாயிடம் கூறல்.

உ) மடறலறுதல், கசம்புலப்கபைல் நீர,் கபாருத்தம் பாரத்த்ல், பரிசளிதத்ல்.

ஊ) திருமணச ்சடங்குகள்.

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எ) சிலம்பு கழித்தல்.

ஏ) மலரணிதல்.

6. மடலேறுதே் – மகள் காதல் – தாை் அறிதல் – காதலனுக்குத் திருமணம் கசை்து தரப்

கபற்றறார ்மறுத்தல் – தயலவன், தயலவி படத்யத எழுதிக் யகயில் யவத்திருத்தல் –

பயனமட்யட– கழுயத மீறதறுதல் – ஊரறிைத் றதான்றுதல் – கபற்றறார ் திருமணம்

கசை்து தருவர ்எனக் காதலன் நம்புதல்.

7. செம்புேப்சபயே் நீர ்

1) சான்று – குறுந்கதாயக 40 ஆவது பாடல்.

2) தயலவன், தயலவி ஒருவயர கைாருவர ் நன்கு அறிந்தவரக்ள் – தம்முள் உறவு

உயடைவரக்ள் – தாை்வழி, தந்யத வழி உறவுகள். தாை்மாமன் மகயளயும், அத்யத

மகயளயும் மணக்கும் வழக்கம் கநடுங்காலம் – தமிழ்நாட்டில் இருதத்ல்.

3) இரு வழியில் உறவில்லாத ஆண், கபண் – காதல் ககாளல் – தம் காதலின் சிறப்யப –

காதலுக்குத் தயலவன் கூறுவான்.

8. சபொருத்தம் பொரத்்தே்

1) கதால்காப்பிைர ்காலம் முதல் இன்று வயர இவ்வழக்கம் உள்ளது.

2) பிறப்பு – குலத்யதக் குறிக்கும்; காம வாயில் – றைானிப் கபாருத்தம்.

3) குடிக்கு ஏற்ற ஒழுக்கம், வைது, றதாற்றம், இரு குடும்பத்தார ் கபாருளாதார

நியலப் பாரத்்தல். பிறப்பு – ஒத்திருக்க றவண்டும்.

4) கபண் – மணமகன் பரிசு தரும் வழக்கம் – தமிழர ்மரபு.

9. திருமைெ ்ெடங்குகள்

1) கபண்ணின் கபற்றறார ் ககாடுக்க மணமகன் ஏற்றுக் ககாள்ளுதல் – கற்பு

வாழ்வின் கதாடக்கம்.

2) உழுத்தம் பருப்பு – சயமத்த குயழவான கபாங்கல் – விருந்தினர ் பரிமாறல்.

இயடவிடாமல் மக்கள் உண்ணல்– வரியசைாக – கால்கள் நிறுத்தி அயமதத்

பந்தல் – மணல் பரப்பல் – விளக்குகள் ஏற்றல் – மாயலகள் கதாங்கவிடல்.

உறராகிணி விண்மீன் கூடும் நன்னாள் – இருள் நீங்க – கபாழுது புலரத்ல்.

3) முதிை மங்கல மகளிர ்– தயலயில் நீர ்நிரம்பிை குடங்கள் சுமந்து வருதல். புதிை,

அகன்ற மட்கலங்கள் ஏந்தி வருதல்.

4) மக்கயள ஈன்கறடுதத் மகளிர ்நால்வர ்வாழ்தத்ுவர.்

5) அழகிை மலரக்யள கநல்றலாடு கலந்து மணமகள் கூந்தலில் தூவுவர.்

6) சுற்றத்தினர ் ஆரவாரத்துடன் சூழ்ந்து நின்று, வாழ்த்தி, ஓர ் அயறயில் இருத்தி,

அவள் கணவனுடன் கூட்டினர.்

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7) கி.பி.10 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் தான் தாலி இடம் கபற்றது என

டாக்டர.்மா.இராசமாணிக்கனார.் ‘தமிழர ் திருமணத்தில் தாலி’ என்னும் நூலில்

குறிப்பிடட்ுள்ளார.்

8) கண்ணகியின் திருமணம் அந்தணர ்மயறவழி காட்டிட நயடகபற்றது. மணமக்கள்

இருவரும் தீவலம் வந்தனர.் ஆனால் தாலி கட்டிைதாகக் கூறவில்யல. அக்காலத்தில்

வயளைல், மங்கலச ்சின்னமாக அணிவிக்கப்பட்டது.

9) கபரிைபுராணதத்ில் சுந்தரர,் திருஞானசம்பந்தர ் திருமணச ் சமைத்தில் தாலி

அணிவிதத்தற்குச ்சான்றில்யல.

10) சீவக சிந்தாமணியில் மணமகள் நீராட்டு, கல் பதித்த றதாடு நீக்கல், துடிப்பு

அணிவிதத்ல், மாயல சூட்டல், கபண்ணின் தந்யத நீர ்அட்டிக் ககாடுத்தல் ஆகிையவ

மட்டும் இடம் கபறுகின்றன.

11) சூளாமணியில், கபண்ணின் தந்யத தாயர வாரத்்தல், தீவலம் கசை்தல், அம்மி

மிதித்தல், அருந்ததி காட்டல் ஆகிையவ இடம் கபற்றுள்ளன. தாயர வாரத்்துக்

ககாடுப்பது இதில்தான் முதன்முயறைாக இடம் கபற்றுள்ளது.

சிேம்பு கழித்தே்

1) திருமணத்திற்கு முன்பு இளயமக் காலம் கதாட்றட தயலவி அணிந்திருந்த

காற் சிலம்யபக் கழற்றுதல் மரபுச ் கசை்திைாகும். இதயன ஒரு விழாவாகப்

கபற்றறார ்ககாண்டாடினர.்

2) கசல்வமிக்க, தன் வீட்டில் நயடகபற றவண்டிை தன் மகளின் சிலம்பு கழி

றநான்பு வறுயமமிக்கத் தயலவன் வீட்டில் நயடகபறுவயத எண்ணி

இன்கனாரு தாை் வருந்துகிறாள். (அகம் 369)

மேரைிதே்

1) கபிலர ் இைற்றிை ‘குறிஞ்சிப்பாட்டில்’ தயலவியும், றதாழியும் நூறு வயகைான

மலரக்யளப் பறிதத்ுத் தம் தயலயில் சூடிக் ககாண்டதாகப்பாடுகின்றனர.்

2) தயலவி தன் தாை் தன் கூந்தயல வகுத்து மலர ் சூட்டுவயத மறுத்து அடம்

பிடிப்பாள். அதத்யகைவள் தயலவன் சூடிை பூயவ முடித்துச ் சயட தாழ

அவனுடன் கசன்றனர.்

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SECTION – C 7 x 15 = 105

Answer any SEVEN question only out of TEN questions. Answer not exceeding 250 words each

UNIT- I: Indian Polity and emerging political trends across the world affecting India 32. “Directive Principles of State Policy is considered as the philosophy of democratic

socialism with a touch of Gandhian idealism” – Discuss. “mur nfhs;iff;F topfhl;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfs; fhe;jPa yl;rpaj;ij jOtpa [dehaf rkj;Jt jj;Jtk; nfhz;lit” - tpthjp.

The Directive Principles of State Policy: Manifesto of Aims and objectives:

Part IV of the constitution provides the DPSP. These principle may be classified

under several groups.

a. Certain ideals, particularly economic, which according to the framers of the constitution, the state should strive for.

b. Certain direction of the legislature and the executive intended to show in what manner the state should exercise their legislative and executive powers.

c. Certain rights: of the citizen which shall not be enforceable by the courts like the Fundamental Rights but which the state shall aim at securing by regulation of its legislative and administration policy.

Philosophical Bases of the Directive principles: -

The framers of the constitution were in this respect influenced mostly by the

constitution of the Irish Republic which embodies a chapter on “DPSP”

The maters of the constitution were equally influenced by the liberal

philosophy of the 19th century. The idea of Jeremey Bentham, the political and social

studies of the liberal and radical parties of western Europe, the major principle of

Fabian socialism and some extent those of guild socialism, are all source to much of

what is embodied in the constitution. It is wrong to say that the DPSP are all foreign

borrowings. In fact a number of these principle are entirely Indian and Gandhian in

Nature like setting up of village panchayat, cottage industries prohibition, protection

against cow slaughter.

Directive principle: Meaning & Notions

The Directive principles of state polity was aptly described by Dr. Ambekar as

a novel feature of the constitution of India. They embody the objective and ideals

which the state governments must bear in mind while formulating policy and making

laws.

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As Dr. Ambedkar says “The Directive principles are like the instruments of

instructions directed towards the legislature and executive. These principles are

directive to the various governments and government agencies to be followed as

fundamental in the government of the country. It shall be the duty of the state to

apply these principles in making laws. Thus, they place an ideals before the

legislature of India while they frame new legislation for the country administration.

They lay down a mode of conduct for the administrators of India while they

discharge their responsibilities as agents of sovereign power of the nation.

They guide the path which will lead the people of India to achieve the noble

ideals which the preamble of the constitution proclaim. Justice – social, economic and

political liberty – equality & fraternity.

Sir Ivor Jeanings claims that this part of the constitution expresses, Fabian

socialism without the word socialism.

Important Directive principles:

Economic or socialist :

These principles aim at providing social and economic justice and ushering in a

welfare state. They require the state.

1. To provide adequate means of livelihood to all citizens 2. To prevent concentration of wealth and means of production and ensure

equitable distribution of wealth and material resources 3. To secure equal pay for equal work to men as well as women 4. To ensure a decent standard of living and leisure for all workers

Gandhian principles:

These principles are the embodiment of the Gandhian programme for reconstruction.

These include

1. The establishment of village panchayats powerful enough to function as units of self-governance.

2. The promotion of educational and economic interests of weaker sections of society.

3. the promotion of cottage industries. 4. the prohibition of intoxicating drugs and drinks and 5. prevention of the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch cattle, etc

3. Liberal principles

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These principles are based on liberal thinking and emphasise the need for

1. a uniform civil code for the country 2. free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 years. 3. separation of the judiciary and executive 4. provision of free legal aid to economically backward classes, to ensure that

opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic as other disabilities.

Directive principles in practice

Though the Directive principles are not enforceable through courts, the

government has given due consideration to these principles while enacting laws. Both

the central and the state governments have tried their best, within their limited

resources to implement the various Directive principles.

1. It has abolished the old institution of hereditary proprietorship such as zamindari and jagirdari and made the tillers of the soil the real owners of land.

2. It also enacted laws for the improvement of the condition of cultivators. 3. Minimum wages have been fixed for the workers and labour laws

modernized to improve the condition of labour 4. Panchayats have been established all over the country and they have been

given effective powers in various fields. 5. For the promotion of cottage industries, various boards have been set up.

These include the All india Khadi and Village Industries Board, Small Scale Industries Board, Silk Board

6. Slaughter of cows and calves has been prohibited in several states. 33. Discuss the relationship between Governor and Chief Minister with the recent

developments rkPgj;jpa epfo;Tfis fUj;jpy; nfhz;L MSeh; kw;Wk; Kjy;tUf;fpilNa cs;s cwtpid tpthjpf;f Relationship with the Governor

1. Article 163: There shall be a council of ministers with the chief minister as the head to aid and advice the governor on the exercise of his functions, except in so far as he is required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion. 2. Article 164: The chief minister shall be appointed by the governor and other ministers shall be appointed by the governor on the advise of the chief minister;

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The ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the governor; and The council of ministers shall be collectively responsible to the legislative assembly of the state. 3. Article 167: It shall be the duty of the chief minister: To communicate to the governor of the state all decisions of the council of ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the state and proposals for legislation; To furnish such information relating to the administration of the affairs of the state and proposals for legislation as the governor may call for; and If the governor so requires, to submit for the consideration of the council of ministers any matter on which a decision has been taken by a minister but which has not been considered by the council. Recent Developments Recently there was a tussle between the Chief Minister of Delhi and Lieutenant Governor and in Puducherry too same problem prevailed. Supreme Court gave its observation on both cases. In the case of Delhi Supreme Court declared that elected government accountable to people supreme in all areas of governance except three – land, police and public order which are with the centre. In the case of Puducherry The apex court said that the Lieutenant Governor “cannot interfere in the day to day affairs of the elected government” In both cases it can be observed that peoples elected government is supreme under Indian Constitution.

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34. Discuss merits and demerits of Rank and Position Classification. Which one is suitable for Indian context? jug;gFg;G kw;Wk; epiyikg; gFg;gpd; ed;ik jPikfs; gw;wp tpthjp. ,e;jpa #oYf;F ,tw;Ws; nghUe;JtJ vJ? Position Classification:

• This system of classification is also known as the duties classification. It involves the grouping of positions on the basis of duties, responsibilities, and qualifications. In other words, a position is classified in accordance with the nature of the job rather than the person holding the position.

• To explain it further, ‘position’ or ‘post’ is the lowest/basic unit in this system of classification. A position connotes a set of duties and responsibilities assigned to an employee. a distinction

▪ Title of the class ▪ Description of duties and responsibilities ▪ Examples of work to be performed, or typical tasks ▪ Description of minimum qualifications ▪ Scales of pay ▪ lines of promotion

• Glenn Stahl mentions the following four steps in the development of position classification.

1. "Analysing and recording the duties and other distinctive characteristics of the positions to be classified (job analysis and description):

2. Grouping the positions into classes on the bases of their similarities: 3. writing such standards or specification for each class of positions as will

indicate its character, define its boundaries, and serve as a guide in allocating individual positions to the class and in recruitment and examinations: and

4. Installation by allocating individual positions to the classes thus described."

The advantages of the system of position classification are

1. It provides for a high degree of specialization. Hence, it is suitable for specialist services like engineering, geological, and so on.

2. It upholds the principle of equal pay for equal work. This is due to fact that the employees in this system are paid according to the difficulty and responsibility of their job.

3. It defines the contents of any job in detail. Hence, the performance appraisal of an employee can be objective and rational.

4. It is conductive to the formulation of scientific standards on which various aspects of personnel administration like recruitment, training, promotion, manpower planning, career development can be organised.

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5. It lays more emphasis on merit than seniority. This is because, it induces competitiveness in the totality of civil service.

6. There is a match between the requirements of a job and the qualifications of the incumbent.

7. There are well defined lines of responsibility for the individual worker and top management.

8. It facilitates the lateral entry into the government service from the private sector.

9. It puts an end to discriminations in service matters on political and personnel considerations. This is because, all the employees of a class are treated similarly.

10. It facilitates the adoption of uniform nomenclatures. The disadvantages of the system of position classification are:

1. It brings an element of rigidity in personnel administration. Thus, it hinders horizontal and vertical mobility.

2. It is a detailed system of classification having many classes. Hence, its preparation consumes more time and money.

3. The classification plan under this system tends to get outdated in a short period. Hence, it has to be revised continuously to keep it updated.

4. It makes the employees feel insecure about his status and compensation. Hence, there is a constant pressure from the employees to seek more favourable job descriptions for themselves, to upgrade their positions.

5. It is not suitable for developing societies undergoing speedy socio-economic transformation. This is because, the duties and responsibilities of many officials like District Collector in India, cannot be defined precisely.

6. It is difficult to administer as it requires various types of sophisticated technical skills.

Rank Classification: As against the position classification system, the bases of the rank classification system is the rank and the personal status of the incumbent. In other words, the employees are classified in a hierarchical order according to their rank. It this system, the employees are classified, and not the job. Each employee is placed in a particular class. Thus, civil service is organised around the incumbent, who is a member of a broadly defined group or service, and not on posting. In other words, the status and salary and salary of an employee are determined with reference to the service he is assigned after recruitment. For example, a member of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) may serve either in the Central Secretariat or in the state Secretariat or in any India Services (IAS, IPS and IFS) are the classic examples of the system of rank classification.

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The advantages of the system of rank classification are: 1. It brings an element of flexibility in personnel administration. Thus,

interdepartmental transfers can be made easily.

2. It is more suitatable for the generalist cadres of civil services. This is because, it lays more emphasis on the generalist qualities in an employee, and not on the specialist qualities.

3. It is a general or less detailed scheme of classification having fewer number of

classes. Hence its preparation consumes less time and money. 4. It promotes loyally to the civil service as a whole, rather than to a post/position

in it.

5. The classification plan under this system can be used for a longer period Hence, frequent revision of the plan is not necessary.

6. It makes the employees feel more secure about their status and salary, because they are independent of posting and are not affected by the changes in the duties and responsibilities of a post/position.

7. Unlike position classification system, it is easy to understand as well as administer.

8. It emphasises on the career opportunities of civil servants and hence, promotes mobility in the services.

9. It attracts competent personnel to the services. The disadvantages of the system of rank classification are: 1. It does not promote much specialization in the civil servants. Hence, it is not

suitable for specialist services. 2. It violates the principle of equal pay for equal work. This is because, employees in

this system are paid regardless of the difficulty and responsibility of their job. 3. It does not specify the contents of any job in detail. Hence, the performance

appraisal of an employee can be subjective. 4. It smacks of class distinctions and feudal tendencies as it revolves around the

individual not the position. 5. It is not Conducive to the preparation of scientific and objective standards on

which various aspects of personnel administration like recruitment, promotion, training, manpower planning, and career development can be Organised. Hence, it makes the entire field of personnel management subjective.

6. There is no match between the requirements of a job and the qualifications of the

incumbent.

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35. Trace the significance of various General Elections and what the challenges faced

by Election System of India gy;NtW nghJj; Njh;jy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Muha;f. NkYk; ,e;jpa Njh;jy; re;jpf;Fk; rthy;fs; ahit? Write about General elections in India 1951-2019

❖ 1st Lok Sabha Election - 1951 ❖ 17th Lok Sabha Election - 2019 ❖ Congress won

1 to 5, 7 to 10, 14 and 15

❖ Janata Dal - 6th Lok Sabha Election - 1977

❖ BJP won 11 – 13, 16 & 17

❖ Write about the Achievements of 17th Lok Sabha Election

Challenges faced by Election System of India Issues with Election Commission of India Election commission is a constitutional three member body which is vested with the powers to superintend, direct and conduct elections in a free and fair manner under Article 324.

1. Constitutional Challenges 2. Administrative Challenges 3. Electoral Reforms 4. Electoral Funding 5. Delimitation Reforms 6. Social Dynamics 7. Evms, NOTA, VVPAT etc. 8. Suggestions

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UNIT- II: Role and impact of Science and Technology in the development of India 36. Write a short note on the following

gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F Fwpg;G tiuf a. Nipah Virus / ep/gh itu];

Nipah virus is a zoonotic virus (it is transmitted from animals to humans) and can also be transmitted through contaminated food or directly between people. In infected people, it causes a range of illnesses from asymptomatic (subclinical) infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis.

b. Swine Flu / gwitf;fha;r;ry; Swine Flu is so termed because the virus that first caused the disease had originated from pigs. People with weak immune system are at high risk of contracting swine flu. It is an acute respiratory virus which is contagious and spreads through air. Swine flu is caused by virus that affects pigs and has started infecting humans as well.

c. Malaria / kNyhpah Malaria continues to be one of the major health problems of developing countries. Malaria is caused by protozoan parasite Plasmodium. Four diff erent species of Plasmodium namely, P.vivax, P.malariae, P.falciparum and P.ovale cause malaria. Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is malignant and fatal. Approximately 300 million people around the world get infected with Malaria every year. It may be fatal to human beings, but cure is available.

d. Chikungunya / rpf;Fd;Fd;ah Chikungunya, which is caused by single stranded RNA virus, is transmitted in humans by the bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquito during the day time. It causes severe and persistent joint pain, body rashes, headache and fever. Joint pains can last for a very long time. Incubation period of the virus is usually 2-12 days. Chillness, high fever, vomiting, nausea, headache, persistent joint pain and difficulty in walking are the common symptoms associated with this disease. Th e joints get inflamed and the person finds it difficult to walk. Paracetamol is given to relieve pain and reduce fever.

e. Dengue / nlq;F Dengue is known as break bone fever. Th e name break bone fever was given because of the contortions caused due to the intense joint and muscle pain. Dengue haemorrhagic fever is more severe form and can be life threatening or fatal.

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37. Write a short note on the following gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;F rpWFwpg;G tiuf a. Medical Tourism / kUj;Jtr; Rw;Wyh

Medical Tourism Medical tourism (also called 'Medical Travel', 'Health Tourism' or 'Global Health Care') is a term used to describe the rapidly growing practice of travelling across international borders to seek medical services. Services typically sought by travellers include elective and essential procedures as well as complex surgeries etc. In other words, it may be defined as ‘activities related to travel and hosting a foreign tourist who stays at least one night at the destination region for the purpose of maintaining, improving or restoring health through medical intervention'. Such medical intervention may be broadly classified into following three

categories: Medical Treatment: Treatment for curative purpose that may include cardiac surgery, organ transplant, hip and knee replacement etc. Wellness & Rejuvenation: Offerings focused on rejuvenation or for aesthetic reasons such as cosmetic surgery, stress relief, spas etc. Alternative Medicine: AYUSH would be the major category under it. Of late, medical tourism is transitioning towards 'Medical Value Travel' (MVT). MVT, as a term, has started to gain currency in order to define visits by overseas patients for availing medical treatment. The reason behind MVT’s popularity may be attributed to the fact that it captures patient’s healthcare seeking behavior as well as the wider economic impact of such travel on nations hosting them. Medical Tourism Industry in India According to the Ministry of Tourism, the provisional estimates of total Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE) through medical tourism during 2015, 2016 and 2017 were INR 1,35,193 crore, INR 1,54,146 crore and INR 1,77,874 crore, respectively. Furthermore, NITI Aayog in its report has identified MVT as a major source of FEE. India currently has around 18 per cent of the global medical tourism market. According to a report by FICCI and IMS Health. India's MVT was pegged at $3 billion in 2015 and is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 15%. It has been estimated that by 2020, India’s medical tourism industry could be worth $9 billion and account for 20% of the global market share.

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A rare combination of advanced facilities, skilled doctors and low cost of treatment has made India a popular hub of medical tourism, attracting a large number of foreign patients every year. The total number of such visitors in 2017 was 4.95 lakh. This number had stood at around 2.34 lakh in 2015 and 4.27 lakh in 2016. Bangladesh and Afghanistan continued to be the top countries from where the maximum number foreign tourist arrivals (for medical purpose) were seen. In 2017, about 2.21 lakh tourists from Bangladesh are estimated to have come to India for medical reasons, compared to 1.20 lakh in 2015 and 2.10 lakh in 2016. Likewise, the number of medical tourists from Afghanistan stood at 27,505 in 2015 and 61,231 in 2016. The number declined to 55,681 in 2017. Other countries from where large numbers of medical tourists came to India include Iraq, Oman, Maldives, Yemen, Uzbekistan and Sudan. The report pointed out that in curative care, India was the preferred destination for cardiology, orthopaedics, transplants, and ophthalmology. India also enjoyed high credibility in wellness, preventive, and alternative medicine (AYUSH). Dental tourism is another area under medical tourism and accounts for 10% of the medical tourism. The government is keen to promote it. Factors Driving Health Tourism in India India holds an advantage as a medical tourism destination due to the following factors: India has over 500+ Accredited Healthcare providers (JCI & NABH) and uses world-class technologies at par with the western world. Indian Doctors are known for their excellence across the globe, one of the studies reveals that over 10 per cent of the doctors practising in the UK and US are Indian. High quality nursing capability providing high or equivalent standards of medical care as in patients home country. The cost of quality of medical procedures and services are low in India when compared to other competitors in the field. Use of modern medical technology, high-quality implants and internationally accepted medical supplies. Diverse geography with numerous tourism destinations to suit the patients schedule. Modern hospital and hotel facilities, good air and surface transport, developed tele-communications network and improving tourism infrastructure.

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Medical visa norms have been simplified to ensure hassle-free visa for medical patient and attendant. India is known for offering alternative medicines and has certified and accredited wellness and ayurveda centres. Medical Tourism in Tamilnadu Advantages for Medical Treatment in Tamil Nadu include : International Standard Hospitals, Departmental experts to take care of everything this required, reduced costs, availability of latest Technologies, Specially qualified Medical Practitioners, Emergency treatment or treatment at short notice, availability of Linguistic interpreters to make it more comfortable for patients puts the State of Tamil Nadu on top of this segment's list. This has recently spurred a new wave of medical tourism. As consumers are becoming aware of the high quality of these procedures in Tamil Nadu and India, insurance corporations have started offering medical cover in a multi dimensional format, hence the flow of medical tourists have increased in Tamil Nadu. Projection of future development aims at very big targets Chennai, a low-cost medical tourism destination The South Indian city of Chennai has become the hub of medical tourism in India. Challenges While the government has taken several progressive steps concerning medical visas, more can be done to ease the travel of medical tourists to India. Additionally, the market continues to be largely unregulated, with several informal agents and intermediaries connecting prospective patients to health facilities. Domestic or international accreditation has been acquired by a relatively small number of health facilities, primarily hospitals. Most importantly perhaps, there is considerable lack of awareness in target markets about India’s capabilities, infrastructure and cost advantage in the health and wellness space. In many countries, there are misconceptions about India’s traditional systems of medicine such as Yoga and Ayurveda which are often perceived to be exclusive to Indian culture or even related to religion, instead of means for promoting healthy living. Government Initiatives Government is promoting the emergence of India as a medical destination to the world. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has taken several steps towards boosting medical tourism such as extending e-Visa to 161 countries. Besides, the MHA has extended the duration of stay on e-Visa from 30 to 60 days and also allowed triple entry in e-Medical Visa cases.

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The Ministry of Tourism has recently released revised guidelines for the promotion of wellness and medical as niche tourism product. As per the guidelines, the ministry offers financial support to accredited medical and wellness tourism service providers, Chambers of Commerce and other organisations as marketing development assistance, for publicity, organising workshops/events/seminars and for organising wellness and medical tourism promotion shows. Recent Developments India has already emerged as one of the major hubs for provision of care to MVT patients. With the given scale of healthcare infrastructure and the projected growth, India can further strengthen its standing among the current popular MVT destinations like Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Mexico etc. In order to strengthen its position on medical tourism, India would need to focus on dual objectives of ‘tourism friendliness’ and ‘patient centricity’. However, achieving the stated vision of being ‘The Provider to the World’ would necessitate coordinated efforts by all key stakeholders be it government, providers, facilitators, regulators, insurers and soon. The Indian medical tourism industry is growing at 18% CAGR year on year and is expected to be worth 9 billion by 2020. Currently, it has nearly 18% of the global medical tourism market share and is expected to be 20% by 2020. India received 4.95 medical travellers in 2017. The country offers a complete bouquet of healthcare services at an affordable price to the world. Highly skilled doctors and medical professionals, world class hospital infrastructure, cost-effective treatment and personalized care are some of the reasons for the fast growth of medical tourism industry in India.

b. Organ Transplantation / cWg;G khw;W mWitrpfpr;ir

Organ Transplantation

• One may need an organ transplant if one of their organs has failed. This can happen because of illness or injury. In an organ transplant, doctors remove an organ from another person and place it in the recipient's body. The organ may come from a living donor or a donor who has died. The organs that can generally be transplanted include Heart, Intestine, Kidney, Liver, Lung, and Pancreas.

• Often a recipient has to wait a long time for an organ transplant. Doctors must match donors to recipients to reduce the risk of transplant rejection. Rejection happens when one's immune system attacks the new organ. If a recipient has a transplant, that person must take drugs the rest of his/her life to help keep the body from rejecting the new organ.

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• In India, the Transplantation of Human Organ Act (THOA) was passed by the Indian Parliament in 1994 and subsequent amendments were made in 2011. According to THOA the donor can be: (a) First relative or grand parent (b) Spouse (c) Altruistic.

Donor & Recipient

• Identifying an ideal live related donor is not an easy task, due to problems like nuclear family, prevalence of life style-related diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension etc. Hence the role of deceased donor transplantation programme is invaluable and offers a ray of hope for patients with no chance of obtaining live related donors.

Benefit

• Two kidneys, liver, heart, lung, and pancreas can give life to six persons waiting for the respective organs. Corneas may give light to two persons living in darkness. Other organs/tissues may also be used for transplantation in future.

Retrieval Surgery

• Organ retrieval surgery may take three to four hours. Transplant surgery may have to be done at hospitals where the recipients are waiting. This necessitates the transportation of organs from the donor hospital to the recipient.

Mortality Rate

• In India about 5 lakh people are dying due to non-availability of organs every year.

Kidney Transplantation

• When the function of the kidneys becomes as low as 10%, the state is called End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Transplantation or lifelong dialysis are the treatment options for ESRD patients.

• Donor and recipient surgeries are done simultaneously. Donor kidney is placed inside the lower abdomen and not in the position of the native kidneys (whose artery is interjoined to internal iliac artery, vein to external iliac vein and ureter to recipient's urinary bladder). Transplanted kidney will usually start functioning immediately producing large amounts of urine. Lifelong periodic check-up is indispensable after discharge from the hospital. The rate of survival of the graft after one year is 95% in case of live donation and 90% for graft from deceased donors.

Liver Transplantation

• Unlike kidneys, a part of the liver from living donors or whole organ from a deceased donor is transplanted in cases of liver failure. Acute liver failure or chronic liver disease going for end stage is the usual indications for liver

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transplantation. Contraindications include non-correctable heart and lung disease, malignancy, alcohol and drug abuse.

Heart Transplantation

• This is useful to patients who remain symptomatic even after optimum medical therapy. Usual indications are non ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Coronary Artery Disease. It is contraindicated if their life expectancy is less than 2 years due to non cardiac illness, severe lung, kidney and liver diseases, infections like AIDS and other multi-organ diseases. The most important aspect here is to minimise the heart transportation time to donor site (maximum of 4 hours).

Lung/Pancreas Transplantation

• The organs like lungs and pancreas are not so commonly transplanted in our country. In cases with more than one organ failure, multiple or dual organ transplantations can be considered, but the success rate is not commendable as very few cases have been tried as to date. Bone Transplantation

• Every year lakhs of people in India require bone grafts due to cancer, infection or injury. Though the bone tissues taken from one's own body is the best, it may not be enough for reconstruction. For general purposes, residual bones collected from routine surgeries are used. Bone grafts from dead people can serve the purpose.

Transplant Authority Of Tamil Nadu Transplant Authority of Tamil Nadu; a registered society, was formed in.2014 under the Chairmanship of the Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. The General Body consists of 21 members including the Hon’ble Minister for Health and Family Welfare and Hon’ble Minister of Finance. TRANSTAN also functions as Regional Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (ROTTO) and State Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization (SOTTO) by GOI order and was registered as a society on 18th March 2015. Cadaver Transplant Program is one of the programs run by TRANSTAN and will also coordinate and supervise entire range of transplant activities including live transplants, cadaver transplants and tissue transplants. Functions of TRANSTAN include the following :

1. Streamlining all procedures related to Cadaver and Living Organ Transplantation,

2. Helping hospitals identify brain stem death and maintain, 3. Distributing organs in a transparent manner, maintaining a online waitlist

registry 4. Transmitting soft skills related to donor maintenance,

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5. Helping hospitals in medical legal procedures, 6. Liaison with Police in providing Green Corridor for transporting organs

Compile a state and regional database, liaising with neighbouring States in organ sharing, liaising with the Govt of India on issues related to transplants.

Tamilnadu remains first in Organ Transplantation and Organ Donation for the past several years. Recently Tamilnadu government received award for the same.

38. Write a short note on the following

gpd;tUtdtw;wpw;F Fwpg;G tiuf a. Write a note on PM-STIAC Nine Missions

PM-STIAC xd;gJ jpl;lq;fs; gw;wp rpWFwpg;G tiuf

PM-STIAC Identifies Nine Missions The Prime Minister’s Science, Technology and Innovation Council (PM-STIAC) has identified nine national missions to address major scientific challenges to ensure India’s sustainable development. Through the nine missions, the PM-STIAC aims to facilitate collaboration to solve complex problems Nine Missions Identified Natural Language Translation Through a combination of machine and human translation, the mission aims to enable access to teaching and research material bilingually i.e. in English and one’s native Indian language. Quantum Frontier This mission aims to initiate works in control of the quantum mechanical systems, with a large number of degrees of freedom, as one of the great contemporary challenges in fundamental science and technology. Artificial Intelligence The mission focuses on eorts that will benet India in addressing societal needs in areas such as healthcare, education, agriculture, smart cities and infrastructure, including smart mobility and transportation National Biodiversity Mission This mission involves Comprehensive documentation of India’s biodiversity with the potential for cataloguing and mapping all life forms in India including associated cultural and traditional practices. Assessment of the distribution and conservation status of India’s biodiversity. Development of a cadre of professionals adept at handling large sets of environmental data for management and monitoring of biodiversity.

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Expansion of knowledge in ecosystem functioning that will inform restoration efforts. Establishment of a vibrant biodiversity based economy on a solid foundation of reliable information, engagement with the public. Enhanced options for agricultural production and livelihood security and the general well-being of society. Electric Vehicles The mission aims to reduce India’s fossil fuel emissions and mitigate emissions by making Electric Vehicles economical and scalable through focused research, development and innovation and building of indigenous capacity. Bio Science for Human Health The mission through the use of healthy and disease samples aims to understand the impact of nature and nurture on health. The mission aims to construct comprehensive reference maps of genomes and to understand the dynamics of how exposure to dierent environments have an impact on our bodies. Waste To Wealth The mission aims to identify, develop and deploy technologies to treat waste to generate energy, recycle materials and extract worth. The mission will work to identify and support the development of newtechnologies that hold promise in creating a clean and green environment. Deep Ocean Exploration The mission aims to scientically explore the deep oceans towards improving our understanding of the blue frontier. The information from this mission will address issues arising from long term changes in the ocean due to climate change.

b. ISRO’s Seven Mission Plan

,];Nuhtpd; VO njhiyNehf;F jpl;lq;fs; ISRO`s Seven Mega Missions

• ISRO has planned seven mega missions, including Chandrayaan-2, to be conducted over a period of 10 years.

• Of the 7 mega missions, three missions have been defined-

• Chandrayaan-2, to

• XPoSat

• Aditya-L1.

• The four other undefined missions, which are in the planning stage, are Mangalyan-2, Venus mission, Lunar Polar Exploration Exoworlds.

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UNIT- III : Tamil Society ‐ Its Culture and Heritage

39. Discuss the contributions of Anna to Tamil Language, Culture and its society

jkpo; rKjhak;> jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk; Mfpatw;Wf;F mz;zh Mw;wpa njhz;Lfs; ahit? jkpo;nkhopf;F mz;zh Mw;wpa njhz;Lfs;

❖ mz;zhtpd; ,yf;fpa gilg;Gfs; - ftpij> rpWfij> Gjpdk;> ehlfk; ❖ mz;zhtpd; fbjq;fs; ❖ ftpauq;fk;> Nkil nrhw;nghopTfs; Mfpatw;wpy; jkpoh; gz;ghL ehfhpfk;

Mfpatw;iw nghJkf;fs; mwpAk;gb nra;jy; ❖ ,Unkhopf;nfhs;if ❖ ,uz;lhtJ cyfj;jkpo; khehL ❖ jkpo; mwpQh;fSf;F rpiy vLj;jy; ❖ muR mYtyfq;fSf;F jkpopy; ngah; #l;ly; ❖ mz;zhtpd; Kaw;rpahy; Mfh~;thzp thndhyp vd toq;fg;gly; ❖ rj;aNkt n[aNj vd;gij tha;ikNa nty;Yk; vd nkhopahf;fk; nra;jy;

அறிஞர் அை்ைொவின் ெொதணனகள்

❖ 15.05.1967 இல் ‘ரூபாை்க்கு ஒருபடி அரிசி’ வழங்கல்

❖ புன்கசை் நிலங்களுக்கு நிலவாி ரத்து

❖ றபருந்துகள் அரசுடயம ஆதல்

❖ ஏயழகளுக்கு இலவச கல்வி

❖ கலப்புத் திருமண உதவிதக்தாயக

❖ சுைமாிைாயத திருமணத்யத அங்கீகாித்து சட்டமாக்குதல்

❖ குடியச மாற்று வாாிைம்

❖ 14.04.1967 அன்று கசன்யன அரசு தமிழ்நாடு அரசு என கபைா ்மாற்றம்

கசை்து, கசயின்ட் ஜாாஜ்் றகாடய்ட தமிழக அரசின் தயலயம

கசைலகமாக அறிவித்தல்

❖ றசலம் எஃகு கயலயும், தூத்துக்குடி துயறமுகமும் உடனடிைாகக்

ககாண்டு வருவதற்கான முைற்சி றமற்ககாள்ளப்பட்டது. மத்திை

அரசாங்கத்தின் கவனத்யதத் தமிழகத்திற்கு ஈரக்்கும் வயகயில் 1967

ஜுயல மாதம் ‘கதாழில் எழுசச்ி நாள்’ ககாண்டாடப்பட்டது.

❖ 1967 – வீராணம் குடிநீா ்திட்டம்

❖ றதசிை மாணவரப்யட (NCC) முதலிை அணியில் பைன்படுத்தப்படட்ு

வந்த இந்தி ஆயணசக்சாற்கள் நீக்குதல்

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40. Estimate the emergence of regional political parties and its impact on Tamil Nadu politics jkpof murpaypy; khepy murpay; fl;rpfspd; Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjd; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J vOJf

• ePjpf;fl;rp - 1916 • jpuhtpl fofk; - 1882 • jpuhtplh; fofk; - 1944 • jp.K.f - 1949 • m.jp.K.f – 1972 • tpLjiy rpWj;ijfs; • CPI

• CPI(M)

jhf;fk;

• ,d czh;T • Rakhpahij • r%f ePjp • ,l xJf;fPL • rkj;Jtk; • ,e;jp vjph;g;G • jypj;jpa Nkk;ghL • ngz;zpa Nkk;ghL • ciof;Fk; th;f;fj;jpw;F ghJfhg;G

41. Give a detailed note on World Tamil Conferences

cyf jkpo; khehLfs; gw;wp tphpthf vOJf உலகத் தமிழாராை்சச்ி மாநாடு என்பது உலகில் பல்றவறு நாடுகளில் பணிைாற்றி

வரும் தமிழறிஞரக்யள ஒருங்கியணதத்ு தமிழ் ஆராை்சச்ியை ஒருமுகப்படுதத்வும்,

வளப்படுத்தவும் தமிழறிஞரக்ள் கூடி நடத்தும் உலக மாநாடு ஆகும்.

தவத்திரு தனிநாைகம் அடிகளாரின் முைற்சிைால் 1964-ம்

ஆண்டு, தில்லியில் ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்ட உலகத் தமிழாராை்சச்ி மன்றம் 2

ஆண்டுகளுக்கு ஒருமுயற உலகத் தமிழ் மாநாடு நடத்த றவண்டுகமன்று

வயரைறுத்துக் ககாண்டது.

வரேொறு

1964 சனவரியின் ஆரம்பத்தில் புதுதில்லியில் நடந்த 26வது அகில உலகக்

கீயழதற்தைக் கல்வி ஆை்வாளர ் மாநாட்டின்றபாதுதான் அயனதத்ுலகத்

தமிழாராை்சச்ி மன்றம் உருவாகிைது. தமிழ், திராவிட ஆை்வுகளில் ஈடுபாடுள்ளவரும்

மாநாட்டிற் கலந்து ககாண்டவரக்ளுமான இருபதத்ாறு றபர,் றபராசிரிைர ்தனிநாைக

அடிகளாரும் றபராசிரிைர ்வ. ஐ. சுப்பிரமணிைமும் விடுத்த அயழப்பியன

ஏற்றுச ்ஜனவரி 7 ஆம் நாள் உத்திறைாகப் பற்றற்ற முயறயிறல புதுதில்லியிற் கூடி

அயனத்துலகத் தமிழ் ஆராை்சச்ி மன்றதத்ியன றதாற்றுவித்தனர.்

முதே் மொநொடு

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தனிநாைக அடிகளார ் அப்கபாழுது (1961-1970) மறலசிைப் பல்கயலக்கழகத்திறல

இந்திைக் கல்விைாை்வுகள் துயறயிறல தயலயம வகுத்துக் ககாண்டிருந்தார.் அவர ்

ஏற்கனறவ தனது 'தமிழ் கல்சச்ர'் எனும் இதழ் மூலம் உலகம் முழுவதிலுமுள்ள தமிழ்,

திராவிட ஆரவ்லயர ஒன்றுறசரக்்க முற்பட்டு ஓரளவு கவற்றியும் கண்டவர.் அவர ்

மறலசிை அரசு தமிழ்ச ் சமூகத்திற்கு அளித்த ஆதரவின் துயணறைாடு

பிரம்மாண்டமான முயறயிறல முதல் மாநாடு றகாலாலம்பூரிறல 1966ஏப்ரல் 16-

23 றததிகளில் நடதத்ப்பட்டது. இந்த மாநாட்டில் அன்று தமிழிைல் ஆை்வில்

பங்ககடுத்த பல்லின ஆை்வாளரக்ளும் ஆரவ்லரக்ளும் கலந்து சிறப்பித்தனர.்

இரை்டொம் மொநொடு

1967 இல் சி.என்.அண்ணாத்துயர தயலயமயிலான திமுக கவற்றிகபற்றுத் தமிழ்நாட்

டிறல அரசயமதத்து. எம். பக்தவத்சலம் முன்பு றகாலாலம்பூரிறல விடுத்த

அயழப்பியன ஏற்றுச ்கசன்யனயிறல திமுக இரண்டாவது அயனத்துலகத ்

தமிழாராை்சச்ி மாநாட்டியன நடதத் முன்வந்தது. அது 1968 ஆம் ஆண்டு சனவரி 3-

10ஆம் நாட்களில் கசன்யனயிறல நடந்தது. அறதகாலத்திறல 'பூம்புகார'்

கபாதுமக்கள் விழாவும் முக்கிைத்துவம் கபற்றது.

மூன்றொவது மொநொடு

றபராசிரிைர ்ஜீன் பிலிறைாசா பாரிசிறல மூன்றாவது அயனதத்ுலகத் தமிழாராை்சச்ி

மாநாட்டியன 1970 இறல நடத்தினார.் முன்யனை இரு மாநாடுகளுக்கும் பாரீஸ்

மாநாட்டிற்கும் கபரும் வித்திைாசம். சலசலப்பின்றி வழயம றபால் நயடகபறும்

கருத்தரங்கு றபான்று அது அயமந்திருந்தது. இம்மாநாடு 1970 சனவரி 15-

18 காலப்பகுதியில் நயடகபற்றது.

இம்மூன்று மாநாடுகளும் 2 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு ஒரு முயற திட்டமிட்டபடி நயடகபற்றன.

நொன்கொவது மொநொடு

1972 இறல நான்காவது மாநாடு இலங்யகயிறல நயடகபற றவண்டியிருந்தது.

ஆனாலும் 1970 ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஐக்கிை முன்னணி என்ற றசாசலிசக் கூட்டணி அரசு

ஆட்சிையமத்த றபாது இலங்யக முற்றபாக்கு எழுத்தாளர ்சங்கம் மீண்டும் தயழதத்ு

அரச ஆசிகறளாடு வலம் வந்து ககாண்டிருந்தவரக்யள முகாயமச ் சயபயிறல

றசரத்்துத் தமிழாராை்சச்ி மாநாட்டியன நடாத்த முடிவு கட்டினர.் ஆனால் அத்திட்டம்

தடம் புரண்டு றபாயிற்று. அரசு சாரப்ு பிரதிநிதிகள் ககாழும்பில்மாநாட்யட நடத்தத ்

திட்டமிட்டனர.் ஆனாலும் அரசின் பலத்த எதிரப்்பின் மத்தியிலும்

மாநாட்யட ைாழ்ப்பாணத்தில் நடத்துவதற்கு றபராசிரிைர ்சு.

வித்திைானந்தன் தயலயமயிலான குழு தீரம்ானித்து அதன் படி 1974 சனவரி 3-

9 காலப்பகுதியில் மாநாட்யட ைாழ்ப்பாணத்தில் கவகு விமரியசைாக நடத்திைது.

மாநாடும் கருத்தரங்குகளும் நியறறவறிை மறுநாள், சனவரி 10 ஆம் நாள்,

பரிசளிப்பும் விருந்தினருக்கு உபசாரமும் கசை்ை ஒழுங்கான கபாதுக்கூட்டத்தில்

காவல்துயறயினரும் குண்டரக்ளும் கபாதுமக்கயளத் தாக்கிைதில் 11 றபர ்

ககால்லப்பட்டனர.்

5 வது முதே் 8 வது மொநொடு வணர

முதலில் நயடகபற்ற 4 மாநாடுகள் தனிநாைகம் அடிகளாரின் முைற்சிைால்

நயடகபற்றயவ. அவரது மயறவுக்குப் பிறகு, 5-வது மாநாட்யடத் கதாடரந்்து நடத்தப்

றபாதிை வசதியில்லாமல் மன்றத்தின் றவகம் குயறயைத் கதாடங்கிைது. பிற

நாடுகளில் இருந்தும், இந்திைாவின் பல்றவறு மாநிலங்களிலிருந்தும் வரும்

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தமிழறிஞரக்ளுக்குத ் றதயவைான வசதிகயளச ் கசை்து ககாடுக்க முடிைாதறத

இதற்குக் காரணமாகத் கதரிகிறது

ஐந்தாவது மாநாடு 7 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு 1981-ம் ஆண்டு சனவரி 4-

10 இல் மதுயரயில் நடத்தப் கபற்றது. பின்னர ்றகாலாலம்பூரில் 6-வது

மாநாடு 1987 நவம்பர ் 15-19 இலும், ஆப்பிரிக்காவில் கமாரீசிைசில் 7-வது

மாநாடு 1989 டிசம்பர ்1-8 இலும், எட்டாவது மாநாடு தஞ்சாவூரில் 1995 சனவரி 1-5 இலும்

நடத்தப் கபற்றன.

ஒன்பதொவது மொநொடு

எட்டாவது மாநாடு இடம்கபற்று 14 ஆண்டுகள் கழிந்து விட்ட நியலயில் ஒன்பதாவது

மாநாடு கபப்ரவரி 2010 இல் றகாயவயில் நடத்தப்படும் என்று தமிழக

முதலயமசச்ர ்மு. கருணாநிதி கசன்யன தயலயமச ்கசைலகத்தில் 2009 கசப்டம்பர ்

17 ஆம் நாள் நயடகபற்ற மாவட்ட ஆட்சிைரக்ள், காவல்துயற அதிகாரிகள்

மாநாட்டில் அறிவிதத்ார.் பின்னர ்உலகத் தமிழராை்சச்ி மாநாட்யட நடத்தப் றபாதிை

கால அவகாசம் இல்யல என்று கூறி உலகத் தமிழாராை்சச்ி மன்றம் ஒப்புதல் தர

மறுதத்ு விட்டது. இதனால் உலகத் தமிழ்ச ் கசம்கமாழி மாநாடு என்று கபைர ்

மாற்றப்பட்ட ஒரு மாநாடு 2010 சூயலயில் றகாயவயில்நயடகபற்றது.

அதிகாரபூரவ்மான 9-வது உலகத் தமிழாராை்சச்ி மாநாடு 2015 சனவரி 29 முதல்

பிப்ரவரி 1 வயர மறலசிைத் தயலநகரான றகாலாலம்பூரில் நயடகபற்றது.

றகாலாலம்பூரில் உள்ள மலாைாப் பல்கயலக்கழகத்தில் நயடகபற்ற இந்த

மாநாட்யட உலகத் தமிழ் ஆராை்சச்ி நிறுவனம், மறலசிை உலகத் தமிழ் ஆராை்சச்ி

நிறுவனம், மலாைாப் பல்கயலக்கழக இந்திை ஆை்விைல் துயற ஆகிையவ கூட்டாக

ஒழுங்கு கசை்திருந்தன. இம்மாநாட்டுக்கான கருப்கபாருள் "உலகமைக்

காலகட்டத்தில் தமிழாை்வுக்கு வளம் றசரத்்தல்" என்பதாகும்.

10 ஆவது மொநொடு

பத்தாவது உலகத் தமிழாராை்சச்ி மாநாடு 2019 சூயல 3 முதல் 7 வயர ஐக்கிை

அகமரிக்காவில் சிகாறகா நகரில் நடக்கப் றபாவதாக அறிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. உலகத்

தமிழாராை்சச்ி மன்றம் வட அகமரிக்கத ்தமிழ்ச ்சங்கப் றபரயவ, சிகாறகா தமிழ்ச ்

சங்கம் ஆகிை அயமப்புகளுடன் இயணந்து இம்மாநாட்யட நடத்தவிருக்கின்றது.