Bi1:KIMLOIKIM

Thnghim1:iuchNa2CO3bngphngphpSolvayCchtinhnhvhintng:-ScCO2voerlen125mlcha50mldungdchNaClbohatrongNH3.Ngmerlentrongchunclnh,i cho n khi c tinh th trng to thnh. Lc chn khng ly tinh th (trng bng cn, khng trng bngnclnh).-Lymtttinhthtrnchovoccnc.Thmvomtgitphenolphtaleintathydungdchchuynsangmuhngnht.-Chomtttinhthvongnghim,ybngntcaosucgnngthytinh.unnngngnghimbngncn.Dnkhthotravoncvitrongtathydungdchncvitrongbcdn.Nutrongmtthigiandithncvibcstrongtrli.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:CO2bhpthtrongnctothnhH2CO3theophnng:CO2+H2O H2CO3

NH3+H2CO3 NH4++HCO3-

HCO3-+Na+ NaHCO3

C4cht:NaCl,NH4HCO3,NaHCO3vNH4ClutantrongncnhngNaHCO3hittanhnnntchradidngtinhth(dungdchbanulbohaNH3).ylscnbnggiakhnngphnngvtcphnng.NhitvaphivntckhngchmvtancaNaHCO3khnglnhntancaNaCl.TinhthNaHCO3lmuitantrongH2Octnhbazyu:H2O+HCO3- OH-+H2CO3(a)H2CO3 CO2+H2OH2CO3 khng bn phn hy to CO2 lm cn bng ca phn ng (a) dch chuyn v pha to ra OH- lmphenolphtaleinhahng.Doxyraccphnngsauy:2NaHCO3tNa2CO3+CO2+H2OCO2+Ca(OH)2CaCO3+H2OCO2+H2O+CaCO3Ca(HCO3)2tanKtlun:iuch Na2CO3 bng phng php Solvaycosth ti s dng li NaCl v CO2 vo quy trnh snxut,snphmctinhkhitcaodoNaHCO3ttanhnccsnphmcnlinndchittch.Thnghim2:Quansatmungnlakimloikim.Cchtinhnhvhintng:NhngmtumugiylcvodungdchLiClbohariavongnlancntathyngnlacmuta.LmthnghimtngtnhtrnvidungdchNaClbohatathyngnlacmuvng,cnvidungdchKClbohathtathyngnlacmutm.KhithayLiClbngLi2SO4ththymungnlakhngthayi.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch: trong ngn la, nhng electron ca nguyn tv ion kim loi kim c kch thch nhy ln cc mcnnglngcaohn.Khitrvnhngmcnnglngbanu,ccelectronnyphtrannglngdidngccbcxtrongvngkhkin.Vvy,ngnlacmuctrngchotngkimloi.Doanion24SO gi electron cht hnCl- nnnng lng t ngnla ncn khng ln kchthchelectronlntrngthikchthchnnLi+trongLi2SO4khngthhinctnhchtnhLiCl.

Ktlun:Khitchycationkimloikim(tronghpchtvianionthchhp)schongnlacmuctrng.TrongphnnhmchnhnhmIA,khiittrnxungdimuctrngcangnlaschuyntntm, nghalnng lng tngdndo bnknh nguynt tng, electron d chuynsangmc nng lngcaohn.Thnghim3:PhnngcakimloikimvincCchtinhnhvhintng:Choncvochnsnthtch,nhvo1gitphenolphtalein.DngkpstlymtmukimloiNa,dngdaonhactthnhmtmunh(1x1mm)tathyNartmm.ChomuNavactvochnstathyNaphnngvincmnhlitlmncnngln,ckhitrngbayln,ctialaxt,muNachytrnmtnc.Phnngbanurtnhanhnhngsauchmdnvdungdchchuynsangmuhng.LmlithnghimtrnnhngthayncbngdungdchCuSO40.5Mtathyphnngxyramnhlithnthnghimtrn:Nabcchykmtheotingn,ckhitrngxuthin,ckttamulamvtichbcchyctamuen.Dungdchchuynsangmuhngsaumtmuhngi.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Phngtrnhphnng:Na+H2ONaOH+12H2(a)H2+12O2H2O(b)KhitrnglhnhpcaH2vhinc.Dophnng(a)tanhitrtlntoiukinchophnng(b)xyra.DophnngsinhraNaOHlmtbazmnhnndungdchcchaphenolphtaleinhahng.MtphnNaOHsinhrabaoquanhmulmgimbmttipxccaNaviH2Onnphnngxyrachm.H2

sinhraphnbkhngngutonnlcnngvlcy,yNachytrnmtnc.Ngoiphnng(a)cncphnng:2NaOH+CuSO4Cu(OH)2+Na2SO4

xanhlamNatriphnngmnhlithnv:+TrongTNuNaOHvatothnhbaoquanhmuNalmgimbmttipxcgiaNaviH2O.+TrongTNsauNaOHvatothnhphnngngayviCuSO4nnkhnglmgimbmttipxcgiaNaviH2O.Vvy,phnngmnhlithn.Mtkhc,doNaOHmisinhraphnngtcthivilngdCuSO4nndungdchchaphenolphtaleinbanuchuynsangmuhngnhngsaumtmu.Kttamuenldonhittaracaphnng(a)lmnhitphntaCu(OH)2thnhCuOcmuen:Cu(OH)2

t

CuO(en)+H2OKtlun:Kimloikimmm,dct,rthotngvmthahc.Trongccphnngchngthhintnhkhmnh.iukinthng,trongkhngkhkhkimloithngcph1lpoxt.TrongkhngkhmthlpoxtskthpvihinctothnhcchydroxtkthpviCO2tomuicarbonatvvykimloikimthngcboquntrongbnhknhocngmtrongduha.Thnghim4:tancaccmuikimloikimCchtinhnhvhintng:Chovo2ngnghimmingkhong1mldungdchLiCl0.5Mv5gitNH4OHmc.ng1:thmvo1mldungdchN0.5M,lcuynviphttathyctatrngtothnh.KhithmNH4OHvothlngtanhiuhn.ng2:thmvo1mldungdchNaH2PO4vlcuthkhngthyhintngnhngkhichoNH4OHvothctatrngxuthinvtiptcndNH4OHthtavnkhngtan.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:NaF+LiClNaCl+LiFVNH4OHclmdungmiphncchnmLiFcmtphnlinktcnghatrnntanhiuhn.OH-+H2PO4-H2O+HPO42-

OH-+HPO42-H2O+PO43-

3Li++PO43-LiPO41Ktlun:asccmuikimloikimldtantrmtsmuicaLi.CcmuicaK+dtanhncaLi+vkhithayLiClbngKClthtrongccngukhngchintng.Thnghim5:Cchtinhnhvhintng:Lc chung hnhpgm 0.5g LiCl v0.5g KCl vi 3ml cntrongbecher50ml khong 5pht. Lc vraphnrnkhngtan3ln,milnvi1mlcn.Phncnqualcvcndngragpchungtrongmtbecher.uncchthynkhicnkhsthuc2khirn:mttrnlcvmtdoccn.Lymurntrnlohatantrong2mlncrichiathnh2ngnghimthLi+:ng1:thm1mlNaFv5gitNH4OHmc,khngchintnggxyra.ng2:thm10gitacidpiricvocxuthinkttahnhkim.LmtngtvimurnthucdoccnthtathymunycchaLi2+.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:KhihatanhnhpbngcnthdoLi+cbnknhnguyntnhnnlchthtnhnvielectronngoicnglnlmchophncctrongmuiLiClgimmcnldungmiphnyunnLiClchatanttcnKClthkhngtandotnhphnccmnh.Vvy,phnqualccchaLiClcnmurnlKCl.iunychngtchtrntrnlckhngchaionLi+mchaionK+.

Ktlun:TrongphnnhmIAkhiittrnxungthphncccamuikimloitngdn.Ccchtstanddngtrongdungmitngtvin.

Bi2:KIMLOIKIMTH

Thnghim1QuanstmucangnlakhikimloikimthchyCchtinhnh:-NhngmtugiylcschvodungdchCaCl2bohorihtrnngnlancn.-TinhnhtngtvidungdchSrCl2bohovdungdchBaCl2.

Hintng:-Ngnlacmudacam.-NgnlacmutingvidungdchSrCl2vmuvnglcngvidungdchBaCl2

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Hintngnycgiithchldoionkimloicamuihpthnnglngtngnla,ccelectronlpngoicngbkchthchlnmcnnglngcaohnnnkhitrvtrngthicbnnsphtrabcxcbcsngtrongvngkhkinctrngchomiionkimloivcmusckhcnhau.Thnghim2PhnngcakimloikimthvincCchtinhnhLy2ngnghimchovoming1-2gitnc,mttbtMgv1gitphenolphtalein.-ng1:nhitthng,sauunnng.-ng2:ChottdungdchNH4Clvo.

Hintng:-Khinguiphnngxyrartchm.Tibmttipxcphaxuthinmuhngnhtngthicbtkhniln.lkhhydro.-Khiunnng,btkhxuthinnhiuhn,muhngmhnvlanratonbdungdch.-KhichottdungdchNH4Clvo,phnngxyramnhlit,mudungdchnhtdnnmtmu,ngthikhthotranhiuhn.Saumuhngxuthintrli.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:-PhnngxyrachmdoMg(OH)2tothnhchephbmtcaMg:Mg+H2OMg(OH)2+H2(1)-DoTMg(OH)2=10-9.22nnvncmtphnMg(OH)2tantoionOH-khinphenolptaleinhahngtibmtphnchiagiaMgvnc.Mg(OH)2Mg2++2OH-(2)- nhit cao Mg(OH)2 tan nhiu hntrong nc nnto nhiu OH- khin mu hng dung dch m hn.ngthischephcaMg(OH)2gimnnphnng(1)xyranhanhhnbtkhthotranhiuhn.-KhichoNH4ClvothMg(OH)2bhatan,giiphngbmtMglmphnng(1)mnhlithnvkhthotranhiuhn.Mg(OH)2+NH4ClMgCl2+NH3+H2O- Do Mg(OH)2 b ha tan nn cn bng (2) b dch chuyn theo chiu thun lm gim OH- dn n mt muphenolptalein.-Muhngxuthintrlidohainguynnhn:NH3sinhraphnngtrnvOH-dophnng(2)sinhra.Ktlun:Kimloikimthtcdngmnhvinckhiunnnghoccxctcthchhp.Thnghim3 a.iuchvtnhchtcaMg(OH)2:CchtinhnhiuchMg(OH)2bngddNaOHvidungdchmuiMg2+.Lytmbphndungdchphatrnvchophnkttavo3ngnghim:-ng1:ChotcdngviHCl.-ng2:ChotcdngviNH4Cl.-ng3:ChoNaOHvo.Hintng:-KhichoddNaOHvoMg2+,xuthinkttatrngvhunhkhngtantrongnc.-TrongddHCl,kttatanvdungdchtrnntrongsut.-TrongddNH4Clkttatantoradungdchtrongsutvcmikhai.-TrongddNaOH,khngchintnggxyra.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:MgCl2+2NaOHMg(OH)2+NaClMg(OH)2+2HClMgCl2+2H2OMg(OH)2+2NH4ClMgCl2+2NH3+2H2ONaOHvaMg(OH)2eucotnhbasennkhngphnng.b.iuchvtnhchtcahydroxitkimloikimthCchtinhnh:Ly4ngnghim,minglnltcha1mldungdchmuiMg2+,Ca2+,Ba2+vSr2+0.5M;thmvoming0.5mldungdchNaOH1M;lytmvquanstktta.Hintng:-Trongccngnghimuxuthinktta.lngkttatngdntheotht:Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,Mg2+.

Nhvytancacchydroxyttngnggimdntheothttrn.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Ca2+ + 2OH- Ca(OH)2Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2 Sr2+ + 2OH- Sr(OH)2Ba2+ + 2OH- Ba(OH)2 Do i tMg en Ba th ban knh nguyen t tang len nen lc hut hat nhanvi electron ngoai cunggiamvadooxicooamienlnnenrutelectronvephanolamchophant hydroxyt phan cc manh nen tan c trong nc la dung moi phan cc. Ktlun: - Co the ieu che cac hydroxyt cua kim loai kiem tho bang cach cho muoi tan cua chung tac dung vi kim loai kiem. Hydroxyt cua kim loai kiem tho co tnh base. -Khi i t Mg,Ca,Sr, n Ba tan ca Hydroxyt tng. Thnghim4Khao sat o tan cua muoi sunfat kim loai kiem thoCchtinhnh:- Lay 4 ong nghiem, cho vao moi ong 1 ml lan lt cac dung dch MgCl2, CaCl2, BaCl2 va SrCl2, sau o nho t t dung dch H2SO4 2N vao. - Cho H2SO4 en d.Hintng:- Ong cha MgCl2 khong co hien tng - Ong cha CaCl2 b van uc do tao chat t tan. - Ong cha SrCl2 co mau trang uc. - Ong cha BaCl2 b uc nhieu. - Khi cho d H2SO4 cac ket tua khng tan . Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:CaCl2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HCl SrCl2 + H2SO4 SrSO4 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl -otancuahydroxytvamuoisunfatkhiitMgenBangcnhauvoivimuoisunfat nanglnghoathoacationlnhnnanglngmangtinhthe.HnnaitMgenBa,ban knh ion X2+ tang dan nen kha nang phan cc trong nc giam va nang lng hydrat giam dan en o tan giam t Mg en Ba. 4-5.04CaSOT= 10 4-6.49 SrSOT= 10 4-9.97BaSOT= 10

Ktlun:tanmuisunfatgimdntMg

nBa.Thnghim5XcnhcngcancCchtinhnh:-Hut10mlnccngchovaoerlen250ml,themnccatenkhoang100ml,them5mldung dchempH10vakhoang5giotchthErioTen.Laceuvachuanobangdungdch ETDA 0.02N cho en khi mau ch th chuyen t o tm sang xanh dng han. Tien hanh chuan o 2 lan.Tnhton:V1 = 18,7 (ml)V2 = 18,5 (ml) -VETDA = 18.6 ml vmau = 10 ml CN ETDA = 0.02 N Tong ham lng Mg2+ va Ca2+: X = V ETDA* CETDA * 1000/ vmau = 18.6 x 0.02 x 1000/ 10 = 37.2 (mN) Ktlun: cng ca nc l 37,2 mili ng lng gam.Thnghim6LmmmncCchtinhnh- Lay 50 ml nc cng cho vao becher 250 ml, them 5 ml dung dch Na2CO3 0.1M va 2 ml sa voi. unsoihonhptrong3phut,locbokettua.Tienhanhchuanophannctrongnhth nghiem 5.Tnhton:V1 = 8,5ml, V2 = 8,3ml ETDAV = 8,4 ml vmau = 10 ml. Tong ham lng Mg2+ va Ca2+ con lai: X' = ETDAV x CN(ETDA) x 100/ vmau = 8,4 x 0.02 x 1000/ 10=16,8 (mN) Nhan xet:X'ng3>ng1>ng2.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:NH4Cl+NaOHotNH4OH+NaCl(1)NH4OHotNH31+H2O(2)NH3+H2ONH4++OH-(3)PhenolphtaleinhahngldocOH-sinhra.Sdncbhtvoerlenlvpsuttrongerlengim.psutgimdo:+1molNH4OHkhitantrongncthnchchimkhongn5mlnhngnu1molNH4OHthhithnchimn22,4l.+NH3ngngtvtanvaonc.NH4ClNH4++Cl-

PhnngnylmnngNH4+tnglnlmcnbng(3)dchchuyntheochiulmgimOH-nnmuhngnhtdn.Nhngmuhngkhngmthnvbncht(3)vnlphnngthunnghch.H++OH-H2OAcidvotrunghalngOHtrongdd.KhichondacidthhontonhtOHnnmuhngcaddmthn.KhiunnngthNH3bayhilmcnbngphnng(3)dchchuyntheochiulmgimlngOH-nnmuhngcaddnhtdn.Ktlun:-NH3tannhiutrongnc.-DungdchNH3lmtbazoyu Thnghim5NhitphnmuiamoniCchtinhnh-Hintng:ChomtttinhthNH4Clvongnghim,unnng.Quansttathytrnthnhngnghimctinhthtrngbmln.Lmtngtnhtrnnhngtacnthnxuahimrakhingthkhngxyrahintngthnghoavtl.Lm li th nghim trn nhng thay NH4Cl bng (NH4)2SO4. Ta thy khi t giy tm phenolphtalein th giyxut hinnhng vt hng, ng thi dd cn li totatrng vi dd Ba2+ vtrnthnh ng nghim khng ctinhthtrngtothnh.ylhintngthnhhoahahc.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:-DoNH4Cl cnhit phnhy lnhnnhit thng hoanns thnghoatrc. Khi gpnhit thpvhincsnglitrnthnhngnghim.NH4ClNH31+HCl1NH3+HCl2HONH4Cl(r)ylhintng thng hoavt l v trc khi t nhit phn hy th NH4Cl thng hoav khng bbinicht.(NH4)2SO4

ot2NH31+H2SO4(1)Ba2++SO42-BaSO41ylhintngthnghoahahcv(NH4)2SO4bphnhytheophnng(1),khngthkthplivinhau.Ktlun:Muiamonikhngbn,dbnhitphn,phnngphnhyphthucvogcacidtothnhmuiamoni. Bai 6: HYDROOXILUHUNH

Thnghim1ieu che H2 Cchtinhnh:- Lap he thong thu kh. -Chovaoongnghiem3hatkem+5mlHClamac.Thukhsinhrabangongnghiemnho cha ay nc up ngc trong chau. - Cham la ot kh hydro thoat ra au ong dan - Lay thanh pheu thuy tinh kho cha len ngon la.

Hintng: -Co sui bot kh rat manh liet va sinh nhieu nhiet.-Co tieng no nhe. Ngon la mau vang, ong thi toa nhieu nhiet. -Ta thay co hi nc ong tren thanh pheu.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Zn+ 2HClZnCl2 +H2 + Q Do hydro tac dung vi oxi co lan trong ong nghiem va trong he thong dan kh nen co tieng no. Ban au lng oxi nhieu nen co tieng no ln. t le 2:1 ot kh se phat ra tieng no ln nhat va sinh ra nhieu nhiet nhat: 2H2 +O2 0tH2O +Q Hi nc tao thanh gap thanh thuy tinh lanh nen ngng tu. Ktlun:- ieu che hydro bang cach cho kim loai manh tac dung vi acid. - Hon hp hydro va oxi la hon hp no va manh nhat khi t le 2:1 tao hi nc. Do o khi ot H2 tranh t le nay. Thnghim2Hoat tnh cua hydro nguyen t va hydro phan t Cchtinhnh:Cho8mldungdchH2SO410%+2mlddKMnO40.1Mvaoongnghiem.Lac kyroichialam 3 ong. - Ong 1: Dung lam ong chuan. - Ong 2:Cho luong kh hydro luong qua. - Ong 3:Cho vao vai hat kem. Hintng:- Ong 2: dd ch nht mu mt t. - Ong 3: Dung dch nht mu r rt ri trong suot, ong thi co sui bot kh. Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:-Hydrovaoong2lahydrophantkhongcotnhkhmanhnenkhongtacdungvi KMnO4.Dd b nht mu mt t l do trong dng kh cn tn ti nguyn t H mi sinh cha kt hp thnh phn t. -Hydromisinhlahydronguyent,cotnhkhmanhnenphanngviKMnO4lammat mau dung dch.Kh sinh ra la do hydro nguyen t cha phan ng ket hp thanh hydro phan t . Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + 2[H] 5[H] + MnO4- + 3H+ Mn2+ + 4H2O Ktlun:Hydro nguyen t co tnh kh manh hn hydro phan t.Thnghim3ieu che Oxi Cchtinhnh: - Tron eu 4g KClO3 + 1g MnO2 bang coi va chay s, cho vao ong nghiem that kho. Lap he thong thu kh. -unnongongnghiemvathukhthoatratrongmotongnghiemlnchaayncup ngc trong chau nc.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:2KClO3 02,t MnO2KCl + 3O2 MnO2 ong vai tro la xuc tac. Ktlun:KClO3 de b nhiet phan khi co xuc tac thch hp va sinh ra Oxi. Thnghim4TnhchtcaOxy Cchtinhnh:- Dung tha kim loai lay mot t lu huynh ang chay vao mieng ong nghiem cha Oxi . - a mot om than vao ong nghiem cha kh Oxi th 2.- Nung o si day ong va a vao ong nghiem cha kh Oxi th 3Hintng:- Ngon la bung len co mau lam nhat. - Than bung chay co tia la, phan ng toa nhiet manh. - Day ong b en lai

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:- Lu huynh co ai lc ln oi vi oxi nen no co the chay ngoai khong kh cho ngon la mau xanh va phat nhieu nhiet.S + O2 0t SO2 va tao nen mot ty le rat be SO3 S + O2 0tSO3 ong nghiem lng oxi nhieu lam tang van toc cua phan ng.- nhiet o cao Cacbon co tnh kh manh nen khi gap Oxi se phan ng manh liet: C + O2 0t

CO2 - Lp mau en la do ong b oxi hoa bi oxi tao oxit ong. 2Cu+O2 0t 2CuO Ktlun:- Oxi la chat oxi hoa manh (ac biet nhiet o cao), de oxi hoa kim loai va phi kim tao oxit. - Oxi duy tr va kch thch s chay. Thnghim5Tnh chat cua H2O2 Cchtinhnh:a.Tnh oxi hoa cua H2O2 : Cho vao ong nghiem 4 giot KI 0.5N + 3 giot H2O2 3% + vai giot H2SO4 2N. b.Phan huy H2O2 : Cho vao ong nghiem 10 giot H2O2 + lng nho MnO2

Hintng:a. Dung dch co mau nau at, lam xanh ho tinh bot. b. Sui bot manh, co kh thoat ra. a om than vao gan ta thay om than sang hn. Chng to o la kh Oxi.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:a. 2I- + H2O2 + 2H+ I2 + 2H2O I2 sinh ra lam hoa xanh ho tinh bot. Mau nau at cua dung dch la do I2 tao phc vi KI d. I2 + KI KI3 ( nau at) b. H2O2 + 2H++ 2e =2H2OE0=+1.77(V) H2O2 + 2e = 2OH- E0=+0.87(V) MnO2 ong vai tro la xuc tac cho s phan huy H2O2. 2H2O2 2MnO 2H2O + O2 Ktlun:H2O2 la chat oxi hoa manh nen khong ben. Thnghim6PhnnggiaSvCu Cchtinhnh:- Cho vao chen s 1g lu huynh, un soi. Dung kep a si day ong vao mieng chen .Hintng:- Si day ong chuyen sang mau en, co khoi trang bay len.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Cu +S CuS ( en) - Khoi trang la lu huynh b boc hi.Ktlun:Lu huynh co tnh oxi hoa manh nhiet o cao.Thnghim7Tnhkhcatiosunfat Cchtinhnh:Cho vao 2 ong nghiem, moi ong 2 giot dung dch Na2S2O3 0.5N. - Ong 1: them tng giot hon hp dung dch KMnO4 0.5N va H2SO4 2N (t le 1:2). - Ong 2: them tng giot Iot. Thay I2 bang Cl2 hoac Br2 .Hintng:- Ong 1: Phan ng xay ra nhanh, DD mat mau.Sau mot thi gian th dung dch b uc. - Ong 2: Mau tm than cua I2 mat dan en khong mau.Mau vang luc cua kh Clo va mau o cua Brom mat mau. Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:8MnO4+5S2O32-+14H+ 10SO42- +8Mn2++7H2O S2O32- + 2H+ SO2 + S+ + H2O -S sinh ra lam uc dung dch. 2S2O32- + I2 2I- + S4O62- 5H2O+S2O32-+4Br2 HSO4- + 8Br- + 8H+ 5H2O+S2O32-+4Cl2 HSO4- + 8Cl-+8H+ Ktlun: Thiosunfat co tnh kh manh va de phan huy trong moi trng axit tao lu huynh.

TRA LI CAU HOI:

Cau 1:- Th nghiem 2 cho thay hydro nguyen t co hoat tnh manh hn hydro phan t. - Nguyen nhan: Trong cac phan ng hoa hoc, hydro phan t trc het phai phan huy thanh hydro nguyen t ma qua trnh phan huy o oi hoi thu nhiet nhieu nhiet. H2 = 2H mol kJ H / 436 = ATrong khi o oi vi hydro nguyen t th khong can thiet. Chnh v vay ma hydro nguyen t co hoat tnh cao hn. Phng trnh phan ng: 10[H] + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4K2SO4 +2MnSO4 + 8H2O Cau 2:Phan ng quan trong cua oxi la phan ng oxi hoa, ac biet la phan ng chay, sinh nhieu nhiet: C + O2CO2 + Q C6H12O6 +6O26CO2 + 6H2O + Q Oxi co nhieu ng dung trong thc te: duy tr s song, san xuat cac hoa chat c ban, dung trong y te, en x Cau3:e gi cho H2O2 ben ta phai: -ng trong cac lo thuy tinh mau nau sam, e cho ram mat. -Cho them chat c che nh acid photphoric hay acid sunfuric. Cau 4:- Phng trnh ien t the hien tnh oxi hoa cua lu huynh: S0 +2e S2- VD: H2+ SH2S - Phng trnh ien t the hien tnh kh cua lu huynh: S0 4e S4+ S0 64e S6+ VD: S + O2 0tSO2 S + 6HNO3 H2SO4 + 6NO2 | + 2H2O. Cau 5: Muoi thiosunfat co tnh kh v trong ion S2O32- ngoai mot nguyen t S co so oxi hoa +6 con mot nguyen t S co so oxi hoa -2 nen thiosunfat co tnh kh. 2 S2O32- + I2 2I- + S4O62- 5H2O + S2O32- + 4Br2 HSO4- + 8Br- + 8H+ 5H2O + S2O32- + 4Cl2 HSO4- + 8Cl- + 8H+ 8MnO4- +5S2O32- +14H+ 10SO42- + 8Mn2+ +7H2O. Bi8:KIMLOINHMIB

Thnghim1iuchCuSO4.5H2O Cchtinhnh:Cn2gCuOchovochns+15mlH2SO44Nd20%.unnh,khuyu.Lc,ddqualcccnnkhixuthinvngtinhth.ynchokttinhnhitphng.Lctinhthbngphulcchnkhngthuckhilngm=4,65g.Hintng:MuCuOtantoddmuxanhlamTinhthcmuxanhlndn.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:MuenlmucaCuO.CuO+H2SO4=CuSO4+H2OCu2+tophc[Cu(H2O)6]2+lmddcmuxanh.Tinhthtothnh:CuSO4.5H2O.CuSO4+5H2O=CuSO4.5H2OHiusutphnng:

4 2uSO .5* 6.25CuOlt C HOCuOmm M gM= = *100%ltmHm= =74,4%Ktlun:Cu2+dtophc.MuiCu2+thngdnghydrat.DDCu2+cmuxanh.TnhchtcaCu(OH)2

Thnghim2 Cchtinhnh:Chovo3ngnghimming0.5mlddCuSO45M+vigitNaOH2M.*ng1:unnng.*ng2:thmHCl.*ng3:cholngdNaOH40%,unnh.

Hintng:-Tokttamulam.-ng1:Xuthintamuen.-ng2:Tatantoddmuxanhlc.-ng3:Tatantoddmuxanhtm.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:CuSO4+2NaOH=Cu(OH)2!+Na2SO4

Cu(OH)2tCuO+H2O.Cu2+tophcviCl-toddmuxanhlc.Cu(OH)2+2HCl=CuCl2+2H2O.CuCl2+2Cl-=[CuCl4]2-.Muxanhtmlca[Cu(OH)4]2-.Cu(OH)2+2NaOH=Na2[Cu(OH)4].Ktlun:Cu(OH)2khngtantrongnc,mtnckhiunnngvctnhlngtnh(yu).Thnghim3Cchtinhnh:Cn0.1gCuchovoddCuCl22M+1mlHCl2M.unnngkhong3pht.ngui,thmncHintng:Xuthinkttatrngc.Tatantoddmuxanhru.DDcmuxanhlamvxuthintatrng.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Cu+CuCl2=2CuCl!CuCl+Cl-=[CuCl2]-.[CuCl2]-cmuentrongnnlamnntoddmuru.[CuCl2]-khngbnbthyphn.[CuCl2]-=Cl-+CuCl!trng.Ktlun:Cu2+ctnhoxihayu.HCllmmitrngphnng.Thnghim4Cchtinhnh:Chovo5ngnghimming5gitddHCHO40%.unnng.ThmNaOH.unnng.Hintng:KhiunxuthinkhcmixclHCHOXuthinkttagch.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Cu2++HCHO+H2O=Cu++HCOOH+H+.2Cu++2OH-=Cu2(OH)2!vng.Cu2(OH)2=Cu2O!+H2O.Ktlun:Cu2+ctnhoxihayu.Thnghim5Cchtinhnh: Ly2ngnghim.*ng1:5mlddCuSO40.5M+vigitKI.unnh.*ng2:5gitAgNO30.1M+vigitKI.unnh.Hintng:ng1Xuthinkttavng.Hitmxuthinlmxanhhtinhbt.DDcmunuvxuthintatrng.ng2Xuthintavng.Tavngkhngbini.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Cu2++I-=CuI2.CuI2khngbnCuI2=CuI!vng+I2.HitmxuthinlI2.DDcmunudotophcI3-.I-+I2=I3-Ag+

+I-=AgI!vng.Ktlun:Ag+ltrngthioxihabncaAg.

Thnghim6Cchtinhnh:Ly4ngnghim:*ng1v2:5gitCuSO40.5M+vigitNaOH.Lytm.*ng1:thtaviHNO3.*ng2:thtaviNH4OH2M.*ng3v4:5gitAgNO30.1M+vigitNaOH.Lytm.*ng3:thtaviHNO3.*ng4:thtaviNH4OH2M.Hintng:ng1v2Xuthinkttamulam.*ng1Tatantoddmuxanhl.*ng2Tatanchmtodungdchmuxanhm.*ng3v4:Xuthintamuxm.*ng3:Tatantoddkhngmu.*ng4:Tatantoddkhngmu.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:TamulamlcaCu(OH)2.Cu(OH)2+2HNO3=Cu(NO3)2(muxanh)+2H2O.Cu(OH)2+4NH4OH=[Cu(NH3)4](OH)2(xanhm)+4H2O.AgNO3+NaOH=AgOH!+NaNO3.AgOHkhngbn2AgOH=Ag2O!+H2O.Ag2O+HNO3=AgNO3+H2O.Ag2O+4NH4OH=2[Ag(NH3)2]OH+3H2O.KtlunCckimloiIBctnhlngtnhyu,dtophcbnviddammoniac.:Thnghim7 Cchtinhnh:Chovo3ngnghimmIng5gitAgNO30.1M.*ng1:Thm10gitNaCl0.1M.ThmtnggitndNH4OH.*ng2:Thm10gitNaBr0.1M.ThmtnggitndNH4OH.*ng3:Thm10gitNaI0.1M.ThmtnggitndNH4OH.Hintng:*ng1:Xuthintatrng.Tatantoddkhngmu.*ng2:Xuthintavngnht.Tatanmtphn.*ng3:Xuthintavng.Tagnnhkhngtan.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Ag++Cl-=AgCl!trng.AgCl+NH4OH=[Ag(NH3)2]Cl+H2O.Ag++Br-=AgBr!vngnht.AgBr+NH4OH=[Ag(NH3)2]Br+H2O.Ag++I-=AgI!vng.Ktlun:MucatamdntClont.tantrongdyAgCl,AgBr,AgIgimdndobnknhaniontng,khnngbcchatng.Thnghim8 Cchtinhnh:Chovongnghim5gitAgNO30.1M+tnggitNH4OH10%.Thm5gitddHCHO40%,unnng.Hintng:Taxuthinsautandn.Xuthintatrngsng.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:AgNO3+NH4OH=AgOH!+NH4NO3.2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O.Ag2O+4NH4OH=2[Ag(NH3)2](OH)+3H2O.4[Ag(NH3)2](OH)+HCHO=4Ag+(NH4)2CO3+6NH3+2H2O.TRLICUHI.Cu1:KimloiIAvIBucccu1electronlpngoicngmtnhchtlirtkhcnhaudohiungchncaccnguyntnhmIBkmhnIAdolmtngnnglngionhathnhtcaccnguyntnhmIBvvykimloiIBkmhotnghnkimloiIA.Cu2:iuchCukimloitqungmalakitCuCO3.Cu(OH)2.CuCO3.Cu(OH)2=CuO+CO2+H2O.CuO+C=Cu+CO.

Bi9:KIMLOINHMIIB(ZnCdHg)Thnghim1Cchtinhnh-Hintng:Ly1mlddH2SO410%chovongnghim,chovomthtkmkimloi.Tathycbtkhxuthinbmquanhhtkmnhngphnngchm.Khichothm2gitddCuSO40,1Mtathykhthotranhiuhn,phnngnhanhhn,ctatothnh.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H21Khhydrothotrabmquanhhtkmlmgimdintchtipxcgiakmvacidnnphnngchm.KhichoCuSO4vothZnstcdngviCuSO4tongbmtrnbmthtkm:Zn+CuSO4ZnSO4+Cu1Khihtkmthnhmtpininha.Trong,CungvaitrlccmnnH+nhnintchuynthnhkhhydrothotraCu.ChnhvvykhnggycntrstipxcgiaZnvH2SO4nnphnngxyranhanh.Ktlun:kmctnhkh,nykimloihotngyuhnrakhimuican.Thnghim2Cchtinhnh-Hintng:LmschbmtkmbngcchchotcdngviHClctrc.Sauchokmlnlttcdngtrongiukinunnng:ViH2O:khngchintnggxyra.

ViH2SO4long:cbtkhquanhhtkm,todungdchkhngmu.ViH2SO4c:thycsibtkh.Khiunnngphnngnhanhhnvckhmisc.ViHNO3long:sibtkhkhngmu,phnngdinrachmvtanhit.ViHNO3c:phnngdinramnhlit,tanhitmnh,ckhmunubayra.ViNaOHlong:mingkmtrnghnvcbtkhtrnbmthtkm,ctocchtrnnhmuen.ViNaOHc:xuthinbtkhlitinhngrtt.ViNH4OHc:cxuthinnhngbtkhlitinhngrtt.ViNH4Clboha:khinguikhngthyhintngg.Cnkhiunnngphnngxyrartchm,cbtkhlitibmquanhmingkm.ViZnCl2boha,unnng:crttbtkhthotra.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:-TheolthuytthkmtcdngcvinctohydroxitkmnhngtrnthctthkmbbaophbimtlpoxitZnObnngncnstipxccaZnvinc.Dophnngkhngxyra.Zn+H2SO4longZnSO4+H21Zn+H2SO4

otZnSO4+SO21+H2O5Zn+12HNO3long5Zn(NO3)2+N21+6H2OZn+4HNO3cZn(NO3)2+NO21+H2OZn+2H2O+OH-[Zn(OH)4]2-+H21Cchtrnnhmuenldokmchuyndngthhnh.Doddcnnlmchoddkhuchtnchmnnphnngxyrachm.Zn+4NH3+2H2O[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2+H21Zn+H2OZn(OH)21+H21Zn(OH)2+4NH4Clot[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2+4HClZn+H2OZn(OH)21+H21Zn(OH)2+ZnCl2

otZn[Zn(OH)2Cl2]Ktlun:Znlkimloilngtnhckhnngphnngviacidvbasechokhhydrobayra.ZntophccviddNH3vNH4Clboha.Thnghim3Cchtinhnh-Hintng:Ly vo 4 ng nghim, mi ng 5 git dd mi loi ln lt l: Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Hg22+. Thm tng git ddNaOH2Nnkhitothnhktta.ngnghimchaZn2+:xuthinkttamutrng.- KhichodNaOHtathykttatanra.- KhichoHClvothtacngtanvtannhanhhntrongNaOHd.ngnghimchaCd2+:xuthinkttamutrng.- KhichodNaOHvothtavnkhngtan.- KhichoHClvothtatannhngchm.ngnghimchaHg2+:xuthinkttamuvng.- KhichodNaOHvothtavnkhngtan.- KhichodHClvothtatanra.ngnghimchaHg22+:xuthintaen.- KhichodNaOHvothtavnkhngtan.KhichodNaOHvothtaentanvtotamimuvng.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Zn2++2OH-Zn(OH)21Zn(OH)2+NaOHNa2ZnO2+2H2OZn(OH)2+2HClZnCl2+H2OCd2++2OH-Cd(OH)21Cd(OH)2+2HClCdCl2+H2OHg2++2OH-Hg(OH)21Hg(OH)2HgO1vng+H2OHgO+2HClHgCl2+H2OHg22++2OH-HgOH1(kmbn)HgOHHg2O1en+H2OHg2O+2HClHg2Cl21trng+H2OKtlun:Zn(OH)2thhintnhlngtnhvtnhlngtnhgimtZnnHg.CchydroxitcakimloiIIBcbngimkhiitZnnHg.HydroxitcaHg2+vHg22+khngbn,dphnhychooxittngng.Thnghim4Cchtinhnh-Hintng::Lnltchovo3ngnghim,ming4gitdungdchmui:ng1:ZnCl20,5M.ng1:CdCl20,5M.ng1:HgCl20,5M.ThmtnggitNH4OHmcnd.Tathy:ng1:xuthinkttatrng,chodNH4OHthtatantoddkhngmu.ng2:xuthinkttatrng,chodNH4OHthtatantoddkhngmu.ng3:xuthinkttavngvkhngtankhichoNH4OHd.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:ZnCl2+2NH4OHZn(OH)21+2NH4ClZn(OH)2+4NH4OH[Zn(NH3)4](OH)2+H2OCdCl2+2NH4OHCd(OH)21+2NH4ClCd(OH)2+4NH4OH[Cd(NH3)4](OH)2+H2OHgCl2+2NH4OHHg(OH)21+2NH4ClHg(OH)2HgO1vng+H2OKtlun:TZnnHgthkhnngtophcamiacatgimdn.Hgkhngtophcamiacat.Thnghim5:iuchthucthNesterCchtinhnh-Hintng:Ly2gitddHg2+0,1M.ThmtnggitddKI.Tathyckttacamxuthin.TiptcchoKInd,tathytatandntoddmuvngtrong.Thm5-6gitddNaOH20%.Tathymucaddchuynsangvngsm.ThtcdngcathucthNesterviddNH4+hayddNH3.Tathyxuthinkttagch.NukhngthmddNaOH20%mthmdungdchNH4+hayddNH3thkhngchintnggxyra.ChngtNaOHlmmitrngchophnngcathucth.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Hg(NO3)2+2KIHgI21cam+2KNO3

HgI2+2KIK2[HgI4]phctanmuvng2K2[HgI4]+3KOH+NH37KI+2H2O+Hg2NI.H2O1gch

ngdng:thucthNesterdngnhtnhvinhlngtpchtNH3vmuiamonitrongcccht.Thnghim6 Cchtinhnh-Hintng:Ly4ngnghim,chovoming5gitddmuiHg2+v1gitddSnCl2.Tathyckttamutrng.Lytmc4ngnghimtrn,chtbphndungdch.ng1:tiptcchothmvigitSnCl2tathykttachuynsangmuxmen.ng2:thm1mlHCllong,unnng.Tathytatanchmtoddmuvngnht,ngthixuthinkttaxmdiyngnghim.ng3:thm1mlHClc,unnng.Tathytatannhanhhnsoving2.ng4:thm1mlddNaClboha,unnng.Tathykttatanchmvtoddmuvngnht,diyngnghimclptamuxm.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:2HgCl2+SnCl2Hg2Cl21trng+SnCl4

DoSn2+ctnhkhnnkhHg22+thnhHg:Hg2Cl2+SnCl2SnCl4+2Hg1xmHg2Cl2+HClH2[Hg2Cl4]PhctanmuvngTaxmdiyngnghimlHgdotrongddionHg22+ccnbngphnhy:

Hg22+

Hg+Hg2+

Hg2Cl2+2NaClNa2[Hg2Cl4]Phctanmuvng

Ktlun:Hg22+vactnhkhvactnhoxyha. Bi 10:NHM VIB (CRM) Thnghim1iuchvtnhchtcaoxytcrmIII Cchtinhnh:Cn2.5gK2Cr2O7v1gngsaccarotrnvnghinmntrongci,chovochnst.Thm3mlcn,tnkhicnchyht.Nung600oCkhong1h.ngui,hatanbngnc,lclyphnrn,sykh,cnckhilngm=0.8gHintng:Phancdungdchmuxanh,khilcdungdchsaulcmuvng.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Trnvnghinmnnhmtngdintchtipxc,tngtcphnng.Cnngvaitrldungmihatanttng,lmncbayhinhanhhn.C12H22O11=12C+11H2O.K2Cr2O7+2C=Cr2O3+K2CO3+CO.SnphmthuclCr2O3.Hiusut:2 2 72 32 2 7( )* ( )( )ltmK Cr Om MCr OMK Cr O= *100%ttltmHm==1.0682.01%1.29 ~ Thnghim2iuchphnCrmCchtinhnh:Chovobecher5gK2Cr2O7vI25mlncct,unnng,khuyu.Thmtt6mlddH2SO4.ngui,ngmbechervonc,thm3mlcn95o.ngui,khikttinhhontonlcvcnckhIlngm=9,85gHintng:Dungdchcmucam.Muddmhn,tonhit.DDchuynsangmuxanh,xuthinkhmiscvchua.Tinhththuccmutm.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:MucamlmucaddK2Cr2O7.K2Cr2O7+H2SO4=2CrO3+K2SO4+H2O.H2SO4vCrO3lynccaddlmmuddmhn.CrO3+H2SO4+C2H5OH=Cr2(SO4)3+CH3CHO+CH3COOH.MisclcaCH3CHO.MichualcaCH3COOH.MuxanhlmucaCr3+.Trongddcmt2muICr2(SO4)3vK2SO4.SnphmkttinhthuclphnCrm[Cr2(SO4)3.K2SO4.24H2O]Hiusut:100%ltmH xm= =

58.03%Thnghim3TnhchtcaCr+3

Cchtinhnh:Chovo2ngnghimmIng1mlddCr3+,thmttddNaOHlong.*ng1:ChoNaOHnd.*ng2:Thmacidlong.Hintng:Xuthinkttamuxmxanh.*ng1:Tatantoddmulcnht.*ng2:Tatantoddmuxanhtm.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Cr3++3OH-=Cr(OH)3!xanhxm.Cr(OH)3+3NaOH=[Cr(OH)6]Na3

lcnht.

Cr(OH)3+3H3O+

=[Cr3(H2O)6]3+

Ktlun:Cr(OH)3ctnhlngtnh.

Thnghim5CnbnggiaioncromatvbicromatCchtinhnh:Ly2ngnghim.*ng1:3-4gitK2CrO4+tnggitH2SO42N.*ng2:3-4gitK2Cr2O7+tnggitNaOH2N

Hintng:*ng1:DDchuyntmuvngsangcam.

*ng2:Mudungdchchuyntcamsangvng.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:2H+

+2CrO42-Cr2O72-+H2O.Cr2O72-+2OH-2CrO42-+H2O.Ktlun:-CnbnggiaCr2O72-vCrO42-schuyndchtytheopHcamitrngtothnhdngbn:-Cr2O72-bntrongacid.-CrO42-bntrongbase. Thnghim6MuicromatttanCchtinhnh:Cho1vo5ngnghimmIng3gitK2CrO40.5N.*ng1:2gitBaCl20.5N.*ng2:2gitSrCl20.5N.*ng3:2gitCaCl20.5N.*ng4:2gitPb(NO3)20.5N.*ng5:2gitAgNO30.5N.Lytm,thmvota1mlddCH3COOH2N.Hintng:*ng1:Kttavngnht.*ng2:Kttavng.*ng3:Khngchintngg.*ng4:Kttavngm.*ng5:KttanuKttang(2)tannhanh,ng(1)tan1phn,ng(4),(5)gnnhkhngtantrongCH3COOH.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Ba2++CrO42-

=BaCrO4!Sr2++CrO42-

=SrCrO4!Pb2++CrO42-

=PbCrO4!Ag++CrO42-

=Ag2CrO4!Tacthttchstan:

3,15 4.444 411.95 13.752 4 4( ) 10 ( ) 10( ) 10 ( ) 10TCaCrO TSrCrOTAg CrO TPbCrO = > = >= > =

DoCaCrO4khngtotatrongmitrngtrungtnh.Ly1pcaacidvmuikhngtan:'24 2 4 2 2 2 72 ( )KSrCrO H H CrO H O H Cr O Sr+ ++ + +

24.44 3.04 01,2 0,98 ( 6.5)1' * *10 10 1010stSrK T |+ + = = = > Tngt: 2 22.45 4.47 6.27' 10 ' 10 ' 10Ba Ag PbK K K+ + + = = =

VvySrCrO4tannhiutrongH3COOH,BaCrO4tanrttvcctacnlignnhkhngtan.Ktlun:-TrmuiCromatkimloikim,aomoni,magie,canxi,ccmuicromatttannhngdtantrongmitrngacid.-Trongmtphnnhmtangimdnttrnxung. Bi 11:NHM VIIIB (MANGAN)

Thnghim1iuchKMnO4:

Cchtinhnh-Hintng:Chothtnhanh3gKOHchovochnstritrnvi2,5gKClO3.Chottnht1,5gMnO2.unhnhp600oCkhong20pht.Lyranguithysnphmcmuxanhlc.Hatansnphmbng50mlncctrichovobecher250mltathyddcmuxanh.ChoHCl2Nvotrunghachotikhiddcmutmhn.yndd3phtrilclyddquaphulcchnkhng.Thtchdungdchthucl76ml.Ly25mlddnychovoburet.Dngnghtbuhtchnhxc10mlFeSO40,1Nchovoerlen250ml,thmvo 50ml nc ct v6 ml H2SO4 m c. Nh KMnO4 xung t t cho nkhidd chyunsanhmu hngnhtthdng.ThtchKMnO4dngl3.1ml.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:KClO3+3MnO2+6KOHot3K2MnO4+KCl+3H2OMuxanhlclmucaK2MnO4.3K2MnO4+H2O2KMnO4+MnO2+4KOH(1)

HCl+KOHKCl+H2OKhichoHClvoslmcnbngphnng(1)dchchuyntheochiutoraKMnO4.nhphnFeSO4:2KMnO4+10FeSO4+8H2SO45Fe2(SO4)3+2MnSO4+K2SO4+8H2O ) ( 3226 , 01 , 31 , 0 . 10) (4N CKMnO N= = SmolKMnO4thct:0049 , 051. 076 , 0 .1 , 31 , 0 . 10= =ttn (mol)SmolKMnO4lthuyt:2 1,5x 0, 01153 87ltn = = (mol)Hiusut: % 6 , 42 % 100 .0115 , 00049 , 0~ = H Thnghim2TnhchtcacchpchtMnCchtinhnhHIntng:a)ChoNaOH2NvoddMn2+trong3ngnghimtathyctaMn(OH)2trngxuthin.ng1:KhitaMn(OH)2ngoikhngkh,kttashanuen.ng2:ThtaviHCl2Nthtatannhngsautotamnmuen.ng3:ThtaviddNaOHmcdththytakhngtan.b)Chovongnghim2gitddMnSO4longv3gitddNaOH2N,ckttatrngtothnhsauhanumtphntrongkhngkh.Thmvo5-6gitH2O23%.Tathyckttanuentothnhvcbtkhxuthin.c)Chovongnghim1mlddmuiMn2+,thmvo1nhmbtK2S2O8v1mlNaOHcriunnhngnghim.Khichaunpxyranhanhchng,xuthintamuen,phnngtanhit.Saukhiunnhthddchuynsangmutm.Nutiptcunthddchuynsangmuxanh.

d)Chovongnghim1mlKMnO4long,thmvo3gitKI0,5Nv3gitH2SO42N.Tathyctatmthantothnh.KhichothmKIthtatantoddmunut.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Mn2++2OH-Mn(OH)21- Do oxy trong khng kh oxyha Mn(OH)2 thnh Mn(OH)4. Nhng Mn(OH)4 khng bn thy phn toMnO2munuen.2Mn(OH)2+O2+2H2O2Mn(OH)4

Mn(OH)4MnO2+2H2OMn(OH)2+2HClMnCl2+2H2OTamnmuenlMnO2sinhratheocchtrn.- Mn(OH)2

ch tan t trong dung dch kim rt c, to phc. Phc ny khng bn, phn hy ngay trongdungdchkimcnnxemnhkhngphnngMn(OH)2+NaOH=Na[Mn(OH)3]Ktlun:MuiMn2+thbnnhnghydroxitthkhngbndboxyha.Mn(OH)2ctnhbazyu.Mn2++OH-Mn(OH)21trngMn(OH)2hanuenmtphndotcdngvioxytrongkhngkh.2Mn(OH)2+O2+2H2OMn(OH)4

Mn(OH)4MnO21nuen+2H2OKhichoH2O2vo:H2O2H2O+[O]2[O]O21Btkhloxy.Oxynguyntsinhranhiuchakptcdngnnkthpvinhauthanhoxyphntbayra.Mn2++S2O82-+4OH-MnO21en+2SO42-+H2OMutmcaddldoshindincaionMnO4-.Mn2++S2O82-+16OH-2MnO4-+10SO42-+8H2OMuxanhcaddldoionMnO42-tothnhvbunmtnc.2MnO4-+MnO2+OH-3MnO42-+2H2O2KMnO4+10KI+8H2SO46K2SO4+2MnSO4+5I2+8H2OTaI2bhatantrongKId:I2+KIKI3nut

TRLICUHI:

Cu1:giithchccgiaioniuchKMnO4:unnnghnhpgmKOH,KClO3,MnO2600oCKOHnngchytostipxcphatt,thunli cho phn ng v oxyhaMnO2 bng KClO3 trongmi trng KOH nng chy toK2MnO4 (do MnO42-

bntrongmitrngOH-).Ha tan sn phm vo nc ri cho HCl vo trung ha KOH v to mi trng trung ho choK2MnO4thyphnthnhKMnO4.3KMnO4+2H2O=2KMnO4+MnO2+4KOH ChmthtrngiylcnkhicmutmhnmboK2MnO4chuynhontonthnhKMnO4.LcbrndchaphnngthuddKMnO4.nh phn KMnO4 bng FeSO4 xc nh nng ca KMnO4. T tnh c hiu sut ca qutrnh.

Cu2:vaitrcaKClO3vKOH:KClO3ngvaitrlchtoxyha.KClO3+3MnO2+6KOHot3K2MnO4+KCl+3H2OCl5++6e=Cl-

KOHngvaitrlmitrngvltcchtcaphnng: KClO3+3MnO2+6KOH ot3K2MnO4+KCl+3H2O(1)3K2MnO4+H2O=2KMnO4+MnO2+KOH(2)T2phnngtrntathysphntKOHchontrlinhhnsphntphnng.VvyKOHltcchtphnng.

Cu3:McchcavicthmHCl2NltrunghaKOHnhmlmcnbng(2)dchchuyntheochiutoraKMnO4vtomitrngchoK2MnO4thyphnthnhKMnO4. KOH+HClKCl+H2O

Cu4:phngtrnhphnngnhphngiaKMnO4vFeSO4chun: 2KMnO4+10FeSO4+8H2SO45Fe2(SO4)3+2MnSO4+K2SO4+8H2O

Cu5:tnhoxyhacaKMnO4phthucvonhiumitrng:Trongmitrngacid:Mn2+bn.MnO4-+8H++5eMn2++4H2O Vd:2KMnO4+10FeSO4+8H2SO45Fe2(SO4)3+2MnSO4+K2SO4+8H2OTrongmitrngtrungtnh:Mn4+bnchyulMnO2.MnO4-+2H2O+3eMnO2+4OH-

Vd:2KMnO4+3Na2SO3+H2O2MnO2+3Na2SO4+2KOHTrongmitrngbazo:Mn6+bn.MnO4-+1eMnO42-

Vd:2KMnO4+K2SO3+KOH2K2MnO4+2K2SO4+H2O

Bi12:KIMLOICHUYNTIPNHMThnghim1Cchtinhnh:Becher:25mlddH2SO44N+2.5gvbost.unsitrongthtchonkhisttanht.Khiunlungiuchothtchddkhngi.Lclydungdch.Thmvoddqualc7g(NH4)2SO4rn,unnkhixuthinvngtinhth.nguivchokttinhnhitphng.Lcchnkhngthucsnphmckhilngm=15,2g

Hintng:Khthotra.Dungdchcmuen.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:KhthotralhydroFe+H2SO4=FeSO4+H2

DDcmuendostbnhimbn.MuxanhlmucaddFeSO4.SnphmkttinhthuclmuiMorh(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.Hiusut:*100%ltmHm= =

.100%=86,9%Thnghim2TnhchtcchpchtcaFe2+

vFe3+.Cchtinhnh:Fe2+:Cho muI Morh tc dng ln lt vi :K3[Fe(CN)6],H2O2/H2SO4,K2Cr2O7/H2SO4,KMnO4/H2SO4,(NH4)2S,NaOH2N.Fe3+:Chovongnghim2gitFeCl30.5N+2gitH2SO42N+ttKI0.5N.Chovo2ngnghimming5gitFeCl30.5N:ng1:2gitNH4SCNng2:1gitK4[Fe(CN)6]0.5NHintng:Fe2+:

K3[Fe(CN)6]:Xuthintamuxanhdng.H2O2/H2SO4:DDcmuvngnht,ckhthotra.K2Cr2O7/H2SO4:DDcmuxanhru.KMnO4/H2SO4:DDcmuvngnht.(NH4)2S:Xuthinkttaen.NaOH2N:Xuthinkttaxanh,hanungoikhngkh.Fe3+Xuthintamutmthan.Tatantoddmunutlmxanhhtinhbt.ng1:DDchuynsangmumu.ng2:Kttamuxanhm.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch: Fe2+ Fe2++K3[Fe(CN)6]=KFe[Fe(CN)6]!+2K+.2Fe2++3H2O2+2H+=2Fe3++4H2O+O2.6Fe2++Cr2O72-+14H+=6Fe3++2Cr3(xanhru)+7H2O5Fe2++MnO4-+8H+=5Fe3+(vng)+Mn2++4H2O.Fe2++S2-=FeS(en)Fe2++OH-=Fe(OH)2!(trngxanh).4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=2Fe(OH)3!nu.Fe3+

2Fe3++I-=Fe2++I2!tmthanKhidKII2+KI=KI3(nu

Fe3++3SCN-=Fe(SCN)3

(mu)Fe3++K4[Fe(CN)6]=KFe[Fe(CN)6]!(xanhberlin)

Ktlun:Fe2+dboxiha.MuiFe3+bntrongkhngkh,ctnhoxihatrongacid.Thnghim2Cchtinhnh:a.Chovo2ngnghimming5gitddCoCl2long.ThmvigitNaOH2N.*ng1:unnng.ngoikhngkh.*ng2:ThmvigitH2O23%.b.Chovo2ngnghimming5gitNiCl2+2gitddNaOH2N*ng1:tangoikhngkh.*ng2:ThmvigitH2O23%.c.Ly4ngnghim.*ng1:5gitFe2+vvigitNaOH.Chiatathuclm2:+HCl+NaOH*ng2:5gitFe3+vvigitNaOH.Chiatalm2:+HCl+NaOH

ng3:5gitCo2+vvigitNaOH.Chiatalm2:+HCl+NaOHng4:5gitNi2+vvigitNaOH.Chiatalm2:+HCl+NaOH

Hintng:DungdchCoCl2cmuhng.DDchuynsangmuxanhvxuthintamu.Mukttanhti.Kttanhanhchngchuynsangxmvxuthinbtkh.Xuthinkttatrngxanh.TakhngbimuXuthinbtkhXuthintatrngxanh.Tatantoddmuvng.Takhngtan.Xuthintamunu.Tatantoddmuvng.Takhngtan.Xuthintamuhng.Tatanttoddmuhngnht.Takhngtan.Xuthintamuxanhlc.Tatanttoddmuhngnht.Takhngtan.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Muhnglmucaphc[Co(H2O)6]2+.NaOHhtncmnh,trliCo2+cmuxanh.Co2++OH-=Co(OH)2!()4Co(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Co(OH)3!(xm)Co(OH)2+H2O2=Co(OH)3!(xm)Ni2++OH-=Ni(OH)2!(trngxanh)KhsinhraloxidoH2O2phnhyFe2++OH-=Fe(OH)2!(trngxanh).

Fe(OH)2+H+

=Fe2++H2O.Fe3++OH-=Fe(OH)3!(nu)Fe(OH)3+H+=Fe3++2H2OCo2++OH-

=Co(OH)2!(hng)Co(OH)2+H+=Co2++H2O.Ni2++OH-

=Ni(OH)2

!(xanhlc)Ni(OH)2+H+=Ni2++H2O.

Ktlun:Co2+dboxiha.bncchpchthatrIIccnguyntchuyntipnhm8tngdn,bncchpchthatrIIIgimdntFenNi.Cchidroxytctnhbasetrihnvkhngtantrongkim.Thnghim4Cchtinhnh:a.DngddCoCl2bohavitlntgiylc.Htrnngnlancn.

b.PhnngTsugaepcaNi:Chovongnghim5gitNiCl2+1gitNH4OH2N.Thm1gitdemethylglioxyme.Hintng:Chcmuhng.Muhngbinmt,xuthinmuxanhtm.Xuthinkttamuxanhlc,sautanratoddxanhm.Xuthintamumu.Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Dophc[Co(H2O)6]2+khiunnngbmtnctophc[Co(H2O)4]2+nhhnnncmuxanhtm.Ni2++OH-=Ni(OH)2!(xanhlc)Ni(OH)2+6NH3=[Ni(NH3)6](OH)2(xanhm)

Thnghim5Cchtinhnh:a.Ly2ngnghim,chovoming0,5mlCoCl2.*ng1:thmttdungdchNH4OHmcnd.*ng2:thmHClmcd.b.ThayCoCl2bngNiCl2

ng1:Thmttnd.ng2:ThmHCld.Hintng:Tahngxuthinritanratodungdchmunu.DDcmuxanhKttaxanhlcvtanngaytoddxanhm.DDkhngimuPhngtrnhphnngvgiithch:Co2++OH-

=Co(OH)2!(hng)Co(OH)2+6NH3=[Co(NH3)6](OH)2(nu)MuxanhldoNH4OHmchtnccaphc[Co(OH)6]2+[Co(OH)6]2++4Cl-=[CoCl4]-(xanh)+6H2ONi2++OH-=Ni(OH)2!(xanhlc)Ni(OH)2+6NH3=[Ni(NH3)6](OH)2(xanhm)

Ktlun:Ni(OH)2vCo(OH)2tantrongNH3dockhnngtophcbn.

TRLICUHI.Cu1:Tstkimloi:iuchmuIFe(II)Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2

iuchmuiFe(III)bngcchchotcdngvIH2SO4hocHNO3cnng.Fe+6HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2++3H2O.Cu2:skhcnhaugiamuikpvmuiphcMuikp MuiphcLhhca2muikttinhngthi.LinkttrongmuikpllclkVanDerWaalsgiaccphntmui.Lmthpcht.Linkttrongphcllkgiacciontrungtmvccphit.

Cu3:XcnhccioncmttrongmuiMorh.

TrongddmuiMorh:(NH)Fe(SO).6OHchaccionNH,Fe2+,SOCu4:GiithchccqutrnhiuchmuiMorh:HotanFetrong6H2OlongtoFe2+.unnnggipphnnghotandinranhanhhn.NcnglmH2SO4chn,nsoxihoFe2+

lnFe3+.VvyphithngxuynthmnclmlongH2SO4hnchFe3+tothnhvgiFedchuynFe3+thnhFe2+.KhiFedgnht,lcloibtpcht.Thmngay(NH4)2SO4rnvobercherthunclcvkhuyunhmtodd2muingboho2muikttinhngthi.(NH4)2SO4lchtkhsgichoFe2+khngboxiholnFe3+trongmuikp.Ngmberchertrongnclnhqutrnhkttinhthunlihn.Cu5:NhngphnngtmraionFe2+vionFe3+: NhnbitFe2+:Fe2++K3[Fe(CN)6]=KFe[Fe(CN)6]!Xanhdng+

2K+.2Fe2++3H2O2+2H+=2Fe3++4H2O+O2.6Fe2++Cr2O72-+14H+=6Fe3++2Cr3(xanhru)+7H2O5Fe2++MnO4-+8H+=5Fe3++Mn2+

(vng)+4H2O.Fe2++S2-=FeS(en)

Fe2++OH-=Fe(OH)2!(trngxanh).4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=2Fe(OH)3!(nu)NhnbitFe3+:PhnngviKId2Fe3++I-=Fe2++I2!tmthan

I2+KI=KI3

(nu)Fe3++3SCN-=Fe(SCN)3

(mu)

Fe3++K4[Fe(CN)6]=KFe[Fe(CN)6]!(xanhberlin)

Cu6:PhnngTsugeap.PhnngTsugeaplphnngtophc:Ni2++OH-=Ni(OH)2!(xanhlc)Ni(OH)2+6NH3=[Ni(NH3)6](OH)2(xanhm) PhnngnysdngnhnbitscmtcaionNi2+.