TN Governor's Task Force on Sentencing and Recidivism

7/21/2019 TN Governor's Task Force on Sentencing and Recidivism

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tn-governors-task-force-on-sentencing-and-recidivism 1/21

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_giebbgnlatfens èr IrfbfnadHustfig _gèrb fn \gnngssgg

Ygptgbogr ?;17



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\AYM @E_IG _GIEBBGNLA\FENY ................................................................................................. 6 _giebbgnlatfens te jedl e``gnlgrs berg aiieuntaodg ........................................................................... 6 _giebbgnlatfens te rgluig tjg nubogr e` rgpgat e``gnlgrs ................................................................. 19 _giebbgnlatfens te fnirgasg aiigss te rgdfaodg lata anl fnèrbatfen ................................................. 16

A_GAY @E_ ALLF\FENAD IENYFLG_A\FEN ............................................................................... ?;A[[GNLFZ A8 \AYM @E_IG BGBOG_Y ANL Y\A@@ ................................................................... ?1

\jg Cevgrner‖s \asm @erig en Ygntgnifnc anl _giflfvfsbrgigfvgl tgijnfiad assfstanig `reb tjg Pgra Fnstftutg e` Hustfigtjreucj a crant `reb tjg _eogrt S. Sfdsen Ijarftaodg \rust.[efnts e` vfgw anl rgiebbgnlatfens gxprgssgl fn tjfs rgpert argtjesg e` tjg \asm @erig anl le net rgprgsgnt tjg vfgws e` Pgra ertjg _eogrt S. Sfdsen Ijarftaodg \rust.



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Fbprevfnc puodfi sa`gty tjreucjeut tjg statg fs irftfiad te tjg dfvgs e` add \gnngssgans. \e tjatgnl, fn ?;11 Cevgrner Ofdd Jasdab irgatgl tjg [uodfi Ya`gty Yuoiaofngt. \jg Yuoiaofngt fs aunfqug, iebprgjgnsfvg anl budtfàigtgl g`èrt te lgvgdep, fbpdgbgnt anl benfter puodfi sa`gty

pedfiy. Ft fnidulgs iebbfssfengrs anl lfrgiters r̀eb 11 statg acgnifgs.

Fn ?;1?, a`tgr a ygar e` stuly, rgsgarij, anl stamgjedlgr eutrgaij, tjg Yuoiaofngt suobfttgl abudtf-ygar budtf-acgniy puodfi sa`gty aitfen pdan. Wnlgr tjat pdan, sfcnf`fiant rgèrbs wgrgunlgrtamgn fn \gnngssgg ierrgitfens, fnidulfnc, èr gxabpdg, tjg iensedflatfen e` paredg anl preoatfen supgrvfsfen wftjfn tjg \gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen (\LEI), tjg irgatfen e`tjg Yjgdoy Ieunty E``fig e` _g-gntry, anl fnirgasgl fntgr-acgniy ieddaoeratfen anl lata-sjarfnc.\jrgg ygars datgr, berg tjan :; pgrignt e` tjg <1-stgp budtf-ygar aitfen pdan jas oggn iebpdgtgl,anl tjg Yuoiaofngt fs prgpar fnc a ngw aitfen pdan èr tjg Cevgrner‖s iensflgratfen.

As an gxtgnsfen e` tjg Yuoiaofngt‖s werm, Cevgrner Jasdab appefntgl ?3 bgbogrs te tjg

Cevgrner‖s \asm @erig en Ygntgnifnc anl _giflfvfsb fn Aucust ?;1<. \jg \asm @erig fnidulglsfx bgbogrs e` tjg dgcfsdaturg, `fvg iurrgnt anl èrbgr lfstrfit atterngys cgngrad, tjrgg sjgrf``sanl pedfig ijfg`s, a ieunty bayer, `fvg gxgiutfvg oranij e``fifads, tjrgg hulcgs, eng puodfilg`gnlgr, eng vfitfb alveiatg, eng iebbunfty precrabbfnc prevflgr, anl twe rgprgsgntatfvgse` tjg ousfngss iebbunfty (sgg Attaijbgnt A èr a dfst e` \asm @erig bgbogrs oy nabg).

\jg Cevgrner ijarcgl tjg \asm @erig at tjgfr `frst bggtfnc fn Ygptgbogr ?;1< wftj a bfssfen8

\e fbprevg puodfi sa`gty fn \gnngssgg oy flgntf`yfnc (1) stratgcfgs tergluig rgiflfvfsb abenc fnlfvfluads dgavfnc prfsens anl hafds anl (?)ijancgs te sgntgnifnc daws anl praitfigs tjat wfdd berg g``gitfvgdy usgirfbfnad hustfig rgseurigs te rgluig irfbg anl allrgss tjg crewtj e` tjg prfsen anl hafd pepudatfen.

\e aijfgvg fts bfssfen, tjg \asm @erig was suppertgl oy tjg Pgra Fnstftutg e` Hustfig (Pgra) anlfts sta`` tjat travgdgl tjg statg sedfiftfnc stamgjedlgr epfnfens, ercanfzgl prgsgntatfens èr \asm@erig bggtfncs, anl àifdftatgl èur wermfnc creups8 Ygntgnifnc Ytruiturg, YgntgnifncIdassf`fiatfens anl Gnjanigbgnts, Iebbunfty Yupgrvfsfen, anl [recrabbfnc anl \rgatbgnt.

Serm creup sgssfens wgrg ienluitgl oetj lurfnc anl fn ogtwggn \asm @erig bggtfncs (aoeut 7-3 tfbgs pgr werm creup). As gxpgrfgnigl àifdftaters e` tasm èrig werm creups, Pgra sta``gxpesgl \asm @erig bgbogrs te a varfgty e` stamgjedlgr epfnfens oy sgdgitfnc gxpgrts anl praitftfengrs te bamg prgsgntatfens te tjg bgbogrs, arrancfnc `fgdl trfps (g.c. prfsens, preoatfenanl paredg e``figs, nenpre`ft rggntry ercanfzatfens) anl adse prevflfnc suostantfvg rgperts anlbgberanlubs te assfst werm creups fn arrfvfnc at rgiebbgnlatfens. Enig lra`tgl, tjgrgiebbgnlatfens wgrg prgsgntgl te berg tjan ??; pgepdg (f.g. hulcgs, puodfi lg`gnlgrs, lfstrfitatterngys, sjgrf``s, ijfg`s e` pedfig, lebgstfi vfedgnig stamgjedlgrs) èr `ggloaim.

\jgsg rgiebbgnlatfens arg new rgaly èr tjg iensflgratfen e` tjg Yuoiaofngt anl CevgrnerJasdab te og fnidulgl fn a ngw budtf-ygar aitfen pdan.



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1. Fnstftutg trutj fn sgntgnifnc èr `gdeny ienvfitfens tjat rgsudt fn fniarigratfen tjreucjtjg gstaodfsjbgnt e` a idgar bfnfbub pgrfel e` fniarigratfen tjat fs ienvgygl te addfntgrgstgl partfgs at tjg tfbg e` sgntgnifnc.

?. Gnjanig sgntgnigs èr (a) tjfrl er suosgqugnt lruc tra``fimfnc e``gnlgrs anl (o) tjfrler suosgqugnt accravatgl ourcdary (jebg ourcdary) e``gnlgrs.

9. Gnjanig sgntgnigs èr rgpgat lebgstfi vfedgnig e``gnlgrs oy bamfnc tjfrl anlsuosgqugnt ienvfitfens èr lebgstfi vfedgnig assaudt a `gdeny ratjgr tjan abfslgbganer, as fs tjg iasg iurrgntdy.

<. @er lebgstfi vfedgnig iasgs, addew (a) daw gnèrigbgnt te sggm gbgrcgniy erlgrs e`

pretgitfen anl (o) autebatfi erlgrs e` pretgitfen fn iasgs wjgrg tjgrg fs an arrgst anllgaldy èrig fs usgl.

_GIEBBGNLA\FENY \E _GLWIG \JG NWBOG_ E@ _G[GA\ E@@GNLG_Y

7. Lgvgdep allftfenad adtgrnatfvgs tjat arg swf`t, igrtafn, anl prepertfenatg rgspensgs èrnen-iebpdfanig wftj ienlftfens e` preoatfen anl paredg wjgn suij nen-iebpdfaniglegs net rfsg te tjg dgvgd e` a ngw irfbfnad presgiutfen er aosienlfnc `rebsupgrvfsfen.

0. Ientfnug te suppert rgievgry (lruc trgatbgnt) anl etjgr spgifadty ieurts, suij as

bgntad jgadtj er vgtgran, wftj ùnlfnc èr fnlfvfluad ieurts oasgl en an g``gitfvggvaduatfen systgb.

3. Gstaodfsj fnlfvfluadfzgl iasg banacgbgnt pdans èr `gdeny e``gnlgrs en iebbunftysupgrvfsfen (oetj preoatfen anl pest-prfsen), tjgrgoy rgluifnc tjg nubogr e` stanlarlanl spgifad ienlftfens anl tafderfnc tjg ienlftfens e` supgrvfsfen te `ft gaij e``gnlgr‖s

fnlfvfluad rfsms anl nggls.

:. Fnvgst fn gvflgnig-oasgl, iest g``gitfvg, anl ieerlfnatgl transftfenad precrabbfnc anltrgatbgnt sgrvfigs oetj lurfnc anl a`tgr fniarigratfen.

6.

Gnsurg tjat add fniarigratgl `gdeny e``gnlgrs wje arg rgdgasgl wfdd javg a systgb e` pest-rgdgasg iebbunfty supgrvfsfen.

1;. Lgvgdep anl fbpdgbgnt a systgb e` pesftfvg fnigntfvgs èr tjesg en iebbunftysupgrvfsfen, fnidulfnc out net dfbftgl te a rgluitfen fn tjg tfbg pgrfel e` supgrvfsfen.

11. Fnirgasg tjg gbpdeyaofdfty e` tjesg wftj irfbfnad ienvfitfens oy tamfnc stgps te jgdptjgb mggp er eotafn lrfvgr ‖s dfignsgs er statg pjete flgntf`fiatfens.



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1?. Gxabfng tjg banacgbgnt anl trgatbgnt e` sgx e``gnlgrs te rgluig rgiflfvfsb anl pretgit seifgty.

19. _afsg tjg `gdeny prepgrty irfbg tjrgsjedl te $1,;;;.

1<. Yuppert a Yeifad Fbpait Oenl belgd e` fnvgstbgnt as a way e` ùnlfnc prebfsfnc rg-gntry precrabs.

_GIEBBGNLA\FENY \E FNI_GAYG AIIGYY \E _GDFAODG LA\A ANL

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17. Gstaodfsj a irfbfnad hustfig rgsgarij ieunifd te prevflg nen-partfsan, pre`gssfenadstatgwflg rgsgarij anl fnèrbatfen lgvgdepbgnt.

10. Gnsurg tjat vadflatgl rfsm anl nggls assgssbgnts arg unfèrbdy usgl as a part e`lgifsfen-bamfnc fn `gdeny iasgs, fnidulfnc prg-trfad lgifsfens, sgntgnifnc lgifsfens,

lgifsfens en precrabbfnc anl trgatbgnt eptfens, anl pest-prfsen supgrvfsfenienlftfens èr tjesg wje javg oggn fniarigratgl.



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\jg dgvgd e` irfbg fn \gnngssgg ientfnugs te og e` ienigrn te tjg statg‖s dgalgrs. \jg ceel ngwsfs tjat, evgradd, irfbg fs en a lewnwarl trgnl. Fn ?;1<, rgpertgl Creup A irfbgs (<0 baheriatgcerfgs e` irfbg) jal lreppgl 6.< pgrignt iebpargl te ?;1;. 1 Vgt, ft fs idgar tjat

\gnngssgg‖s baher irfbg ratg (oasgl upen burlgrs, accravatgl rapgs, reoogrfgs , accravatglassaudts, ourcdarfgs, aute tjg`ts, anl etjgr `gdeny tjg`t e``gnsgs), èr wjfij lata fs ieddgitgl anltraimgl berg iargùddy tjan fn sebg etjgr statgs, jas rgbafngl iensfstgntdy aoevg tjg natfenadavgracg. E` partfiudar ienigrn fs tjg baher vfedgnt irfbg ratg (oasgl upen rgpertgl burlgrs,accravatgl rapgs, re oogrfgs, anl accravatgl assaudts). Fn ?;19, \gnngssgg‖s baher vfedgnt irfbgratg was 7:?.0 pgr 1;;,;;; fnjaoftants iebpargl te 903.6 pgr 1;;,;;; fnjaoftants natfenwflg.?

_gluifnc rgiflfvfsb fn \gnngssgg fs irftfiad te fbprevfnc puodfi sa`gty. \jg \asm @erig ogdfgvgstjat tjg statg ian fbprevg tjg way ft banacgs `gdeny e``gnlgrs unlgr fts iustely anl supgrvfsfente rgluig rge``gnlfnc anl vfitfbfzatfen. Yfnig 16:1, \gnngssgg‖s fbprfsenbgnt ratg jas

fnirgasgl oy ?70 pgrignt.9 Fn tjg best rgignt statgwflg stuly e` rgiflfvfsb, `reb ?;1;, <0

pgrignt e` pgepdg rgdgasgl `reb prfsen er hafd fn \gnngssgg wgrg rgfniarigratgl wftjfn tjrggygars, anl tjfs ratg rgbafngl rgdatfvgdy `dat èr tjesg rgdgasgl fn ygars ?;;1 te ?;;7.< Bergevgr,<; pgrignt e` albfssfens te \LEI prfsens arg pgepdg wje javg vfedatgl tjg tgrbs e` preoatfener paredg (sebgtfbgs mnewn as —tgijnfiad vfedatfens‒

7) ratjgr tjan iebbfttgl a ngw irfbfnade``gnsg.

Fn rgignt ygars tjg natfenad prfsen pepudatfen jas ogcun te lgidfng, anl statgs areunl tjg ieuntryjavg aijfgvgl sfbudtangeus rgluitfens fn tjgfr prfsen pepudatfens, tjgfr rgiflfvfsb ratgs, anltjgfr irfbg ratgs. Fn ?;19, a nubogr e` statgs fn tjg Yeutj saw tjgfr tetad prfsen anl hafd pepudatfen lgirgasg `reb tjg prgvfeus ygar8 Cgercfa (-?.0%), Mgntuimy (-<.6%), Deufsfana(-?.?%), Bfssfssfppf (-1.0%), Nertj Iaredfna (-;.0%), anl Yeutj Iaredfna (-1.7%).0 Lurfnc tjatsabg tfbg, \gnngssgg‖s prfsen pepudatfen crgw oy ;.< pgrignt. Ogtwggn ?;;: (wjgn tjg natfenad prfsen pepudatfen rgaijgl fts pgam) anl ?;19, tjg 1; statgs wftj tjg darcgst lgirgasgs fn tjgfrfbprfsenbgnt ratg adse gxpgrfgnigl an avgracg 19 pgrignt lgidfng fn tjgfr irfbg ratgs.3

\jgsg fssugs “ jfcj rgiflfvfsb ratgs, an unaiigptaody jfcj vfedgnt irfbg ratg, anl crewfnc prfsen pepudatfen “ wgrg tjg fbpgtus èr tjg irgatfen e` tjg \asm @erig. \jg \asm @erig‖s

rgiebbgnlatfens arg lgvfsgl te allrgss tjgsg fssugs.

1 Lata prevflgl oy tjg \gnngssgg Ourgau e` Fnvgstfcatfen.? Lata prevflgl oy tjg @glgrad Ourgau e` Fnvgstfcatfen.9 G. Ann Iarsen, [rfsengrs fn ?;19 (Sasjfncten, LI8 W.Y. Lgpartbgnt e` Hustfig, Ourgau e` Hustfig Ytatfstfis, ?;1<,

NIH ?<3?:?), 3= Ytgpjanfg Bfner-Jarpgr, [rfsengrs fn 16:1 (Sasjfncten, LI8 W.Y. Lgpartbgnt e` Hustfig,

Ourgaue` Hustfig Ytatfstfis, 16:?, NIH :??0?), ?.< Lr. Bary Marpes, \gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen _giflfvfsb Ytuly @gden _gdgasgs ?;;1-?;;3 (Nasjvfddg, \N8

\gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen, ?;1;), <.7 Fn tjfs _gpert, tjg \asm @erig avefls tjg tgrb tgijnfiad vfedatfen, gvgn tjeucj ft‖s wflgdy usgl oetj wftjfn anl

wftjeut \gnngssgg, prg`grrfnc nen-iebpdfanig, vfedatfen, er fn`raitfen. \jat fs ogiausg ft legs net aiiuratgdy rg`dgittjg puodfi sa`gty fbpdfiatfens e` nen-iebpdfanig (suij as tjreucj a pesftfvg lruc tgst) gvgn f` suij nen-iebpdfaniglegs net rfsg te tjg dgvgd e` a ngw irfbfnad e``gnsg.0 Iarsen, [rfsengrs fn ?;19, p. 9.3 [gw Ijarftaodg \rusts, Best Ytatgs Iut Fbprfsenbgnt anl Irfbg (Sasjfncten, LI8 [gw Ijarftaodg \rusts, ?;17).



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\gnngssgg‖s prgsgnt sgntgnifnc anl ierrgitfens systgb was lgsfcngl fn tjg 16:;s wjgn tjg statggxpgrfgnigl a prfsen evgrirewlfnc irfsfs, wjfij dgl te `glgrad evgrsfcjt anl tjg gvgntuad passacg e` tjg \gnngssgg Irfbfnad Ygntgnifnc _gèrb Ait e` 16:6.: \jat dgcfsdatfen irgatgl tjgiurrgnt ierrgitfenad struiturg wjgrgoy `gdeny e``gnlgrs arg gftjgr —deiaddy sgntgnigl‒ er

sgntgnigl te \LEI iustely.6 —Deiaddy sgntgnigl‒ e``gnlgrs arg tjesg wftj `gdeny sgntgnigs

ogtwggn eng anl tjrgg ygars (anl up te sfx ygars fn tjg darcgst ieuntfgs) wje arg fniarigratgl fndeiad hafds er ieunty wermjeusgs. Add etjgr `gdeny e``gnlgrs sgrvg tjgfr prfsen sgntgnigs fn\LEI iustely.1; Iurrgntdy, \gnngssgg jas ?6,916 pgepdg fniarigratgl èr `gdenfgs. E` tjesg,06.: pgrignt arg fn a \LEI prfsen, 10.: pgrignt sjeudl og fn a \LEI àifdfty out arg iurrgntdy part e` \LEI — oaimup‒ fn a deiad ierrgitfenad àifdfty (tjat fs, awaftfnc spaig fn a \LEI prfsen), anl 19.< pgrignt arg deiaddy sgntgnigl.11

\jg Ygntgnifnc _gèrb Ait e` 16:6 adse sgt eut tjg iurrgnt sgntgnifnc batrfx tjat lgtgrbfngssgntgnig dgnctj anl tjg abeunt e` tfbg an e``gnlgr wfdd sgrvg fn prfsen, oasgl en (1) tjge``gnlgr typg anl (?) tjg `gdeny e``gnsg idass. \jfs batrfx idassf`fgs e``gnlgrs oy ienvfitfenjfstery (—gspgifaddy bftfcatgl‒, —stanlarl‒, —budtfpdg‒, — pgrsfstgnt‒ er —iarggr e``gnlgr ‒) anl

assfcns a sgntgnig rancg èr gaij `gdeny idass (A tjreucj G). Gaij typg e` e``gnlgr anl `gdenyidass fs assfcngl a sgntgnig wftj a pgrigntacg tjat rgprgsgnts tjg abeunt e` tjg sgntgnig rgqufrglte og sgrvgl ogèrg tjg e``gnlgr fs gdfcfodg èr paredg iensflgratfen (a —rgdgasg gdfcfofdfty latg‒ er

—_GL‒ latg). Fn cgngrad, gspgifaddy bftfcatgl e``gnlgrs‖ _GL latgs arg at ?; pgrignt e` tjgfrsgntgnig, stanlarl e``gnlgrs‖ arg at 9; pgrignt, budtfpdg e``gnlgrs‖ arg at 97 pgrignt, pgrsfstgnte``gnlgrs‖ arg at <7 pgrignt anl iarggr e``gnlgrs‖ arg at 0; pgrignt. Ye, èr gxabpdg, a stanlarle``gnlgr (a pgrsen wftj `gwgr tjan twe prfer `gdeny ienvfitfens) wje fs ienvfitgl e` a idass L`gdeny anl sgntgnigl te < ygars fn prfsen weudl javg a _GL latg at 9; pgrignt tfbg, bganfnc tjge``gnlgr weudl og gdfcfodg èr paredg rgdgasg fn 1.? ygars.1?

Evgrdayfnc tjfs systgb arg nubgreus dgcfsdatfvg rgèrbs tjat javg fnirgasgl sgntgnigs èr partfiudar e``gnsgs, fnidulfnc rgstrfitfnc paredg gdfcfofdfty èr igrtafn e``gnsgs er gnjanifncsgntgnigs er pgnadtfgs èr igrtafn e``gnlgrs. \jgsg ijancgs javg rgsudtgl fn a iebpdgx systgbwjgrg sebg e``gnsgs arg ievgrgl oy tjg cgngrad batrfx lgsirfogl aoevg, wftj _GL latgs sgt at?;-0; pgrignt= etjgr e``gnsgs wjgrg _GL latgs arg sgt at :7-1;; pgrignt, out varfeus abeunts e`sgntgnig irglfts arg addewgl=19 anl a `gw e``gnsgs wftj ne paredg gdfcfofdfty anl sgntgnig irglftsarg net addewgl.1<

: \gnngssgg Ygntgnifnc Iebbfssfen, _gpert en \rutj fn Ygntgnifnc (Nasjvfddg, \N8 \gnngssgg YgntgnifncIebbfssfen, 1667), App. A, <<-<7. Ygg adse \gnn. Ielg Ann. § <;-97 gt sgq.6 \gnn. Ielg Ann. § <;-97-1;<.1;

\jgsg e``gnlgrs sgrvg tjgfr sgntgnigs fn a \LEI prfsen er fn deiad ierrgitfenad àifdfty pgnlfnc an epgn ogl fn a\LEI prfsen. \jesg `gdeny e``gnlgrs fn deiad hafds awaftfnc a \LEI prfsen ogl arg rg`grrgl te as \LEI‖s —oaim -up‒ pepudatfen. 11 \gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen, \gnngssgg @gden [epudatfen Wplatg Bay ?;17 (Nasjvfddg, \N8 \gnngssggLgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen, ?;17), <.1? \jat legs net bgan tjg e``gnlgr wfdd og rgdgasgl at tjat latg. Wnlgr tjg prgsgnt systgb, tjg e``gnlgr weudl tjgnunlgrce tjg paredg lgtgrbfnatfen preigss ogèrg tjg Oearl e` [aredg. \jg Oearl e` [aredg jas tjg lfsirgtfen telgiflg wjgtjgr tjg e``gnlgr bgrfts paredg rgdgasg.19 \gnn. Ielg Ann. § <;-97-7;1(f)(1), (h), (m).1< \gnn. Ielg Ann. § <;-97-7;1(d ).



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\AYM @E_IG A[[_EAIJ ANL @_ABGSE_M

\jg prfbary bfssfen e` tjg \asm @erig fs te fbprevg puodfi sa`gty. \e tjat gnl, tjg \asm @erigrgiebbgnlatfens àdd fnte tjrgg cgngrad iatgcerfgs8 (1) rgiebbgnlatfens te jedl e`̀ gnlgrs bergaiieuntaodg, fnidulfnc tjreucj sgntgnig igrtafnty anl sgntgnig gnjanigbgnts= (?)

rgiebbgnlatfens lgsfcngl te rgluig rgiflfvfsb anl te fnirgasg suiigss èr tjesg pgepdg unlgr preoatfen anl paredg supgrvfsfen= anl (9) rgiebbgnlatfens te fbprevg aiigss te rgdfaodg lata te ogttgr fnèrb pedfiy anl praitfig.

Aiieuntaofdfty 8 Crgatgr aiieuntaofdfty fn tjg rgadb e` sgntgnifnc anl iebbunfty supgrvfsfenlgbanls net endy fnirgasgl sgntgnigs èr sebg sgrfeus e``gnsgs (wjfij tjg \asm @erigrgiebbgnls) out adse berg rg`fngl teeds anl precrabbfnc èr tjesg e``gnlgrs wjesg sgntgnigsarg sgrvgl er arg ientfnugl fn tjg iebbunfty.

_gluifnc r giflfvfsb 8 \jgrg arg tee bany ogls fn \gnngssgg prfsens eiiupfgl oy pgepdg wjewgrg en preoatfen er paredg anl wgrg rgturngl te prfsen èr vfedatfnc a ienlftfen e` tjgfr

supgrvfsfen (ratjgr tjan èr iebbfttfnc a ngw irfbfnad e``gnsg). Fn `fsiad ygar ?;1<, <; pgrignte` systgb-wflg prfsen albfssfens wgrg èr paredg anl preoatfen vfedaters.17 Yuij fbprfsenbgnt,fntgnlgl te punfsj nen-iebpdfanig, legs dfttdg te alvanig tjg ijanigs tjat suij pgrsens wfdd ogaodg te rgsubg a nerbad, daw-aoflfnc df`g. Ft rgbevgs fnlfvfluads `reb àbfdfgs anl iebbunftfgsanl alvgrsgdy fbpaits eppertunftfgs èr gbpdeybgnt, trgatbgnt, er gluiatfen. Fniarigratfen,wjgn net ngglgl èr fbbglfatg puodfi sa`gty, sfbpdy alls te tjg dfmgdfjeel e` àfdurg anlrgiflfvfsb. Adtjeucj sebg e``gnlgrs en supgrvfsfen rgqufrg fnirgasgl benfterfnc anlfntgrvgntfens te gnsurg iebpdfanig wjgn tjgfr ogjavfer ogcfns jgalfnc fnte rfsmy tgrrftery,\gnngssgg preoatfen anl paredg e``figrs nggl a orealgr array e` adtgrnatfvgs te lgtgntfen anlfniarigratfen te ogttgr supgrvfsfen eutiebgs. \jgsg sjeudl og aiiebpanfgl oy fnirgasgl trafnfncanl gluiatfen e` e``figrs aoeut tjg etjgr ways te fbprevg iebpdfanig anl aijfgvg pesftfvgijancg fn tjgfr supgrvfsggs‖ ogjavfer anl aoeut tjg lgtrfbgntad fbpait e` rgbevad `reb tjgiebbunfty en e``gnlgrs‖ denc-tgrb rgiflfvfsb.

Ogttgr lata anl fnèrbatfen 8 \jg gxpgrfgnig e` tjg Yuoiaofngt jas lgbenstratgl tjg suiigss e`lata-lrfvgn appreaijgs te pedfiy lgvgdepbgnt anl evgrsfcjt, wjfij fs rg`dgitgl fn tjg \asm@erig‖s rgiebbgnlatfens èr a irfbfnad hustfig rgsgarij ieunifd anl tjg fnierperatfen e` rfsmanl nggl assgssbgnt fnèrbatfen fn irfbfnad hustfig lgifsfen-bamfnc.

\jg iensgnsus e` tjg \asm @erig was areunl tjgsg tjrgg oreal iatgcerfgs anl tjgrgiebbgnlatfens tjat gboely tjgb. Out tjg \asm @erig lfsiussfens adse gxpdergl etjgr fssugs,suij as ienigrns aoeut evgrrgdfanig en fniarigratfen fn \gnngssgg= tjg lgsfrg èr berg `rent-gnlteeds te ieboat suostanig aousg= anl tjg nggl èr berg rgseurigs èr vfitfbs, gspgifaddylebgstfi vfedgnig vfitfbs. \jus, tjg iensgnsus rgiebbgnlatfens `reb tjg \asm @erig le netrgprgsgnt tjg endy flgas tjat \asm @erig bgbogrs javg aoeut jew te rgluig rgiflfvfsb anlfbprevg puodfi sa`gty, out tjesg upen wjfij tjgrg was cgngrad acrggbgnt.

17 \gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen, \gnngssgg @gden [epudatfen Wplatg Bay ?;17 (Nasjvfddg, \N8\gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen, ?;17), :.



6

\AYM @E_IG _GIEBBGNLA\FENY

_GIEBBGNLA\FENY \E JEDL E@@GNLG_Y BE_G AIIEWN\AODG

1. Fnstftutg trutj fn sgntgnifnc èr `gdeny ienvfitfens tjat rgsudt fn fniarigratfen tjreucjtjg gstaodfsjbgnt e` a idgar bfnfbub pgrfel e` fniarigratfen tjat fs ienvgygl te add

fntgrgstgl partfgs at tjg tfbg e` sgntgnifnc.

\jg \asm @erig rgiebbgnls tjat tjg prgsgnt sgntgnifnc systgb og rgpdaigl wftj a sgntgnifncsystgb e` sgntgnig transpargniy anl igrtafnty. Wnlgr tjg ngw systgb, gvgry sgntgnifnc erlgrtjat fnidulgs prfsen er hafd tfbg weudl fnlfiatg a bfnfbub pgrfel e` fniarigratfen, as wgdd as tjgbaxfbub pgrfel. \jg ieurt‖s erlgr weudl idgardy iebbunfiatg tjg bfnfbub pgrfel e`fniarigratfen te add partfgs at tjg tfbg e` sgntgnifnc. \jg bfnfbub fniarigratfen pgrfel weudl ogtjg gardfgst an e``gnlgr ieudl og rgdgasgl `reb prfsen er hafd. \jg gardfgst rgdgasg latg weudl og a prgsubptfvg rgdgasg latg= wjfdg ne e``gnlgr ieudl og rgdgasgl `reb prfsen er hafd ogèrg tjg

prgsubptfvg rgdgasg latg, lfsifpdfnary fn`raitfens wjfdg fniarigratgl ieudl gxtgnl tjg rgdgasglatg. \jfs belgd weudl gnl ùddy lfsirgtfenary paredg rgdgasg lgiflgl oy tjg Oearl e` [aredg ogèrg tjg prgsubptfvg rgdgasg latg.

Adtjeucj tjg Oearl e` [aredg weudl og rgtafngl te bafntafn anl bamg paredg lgifsfens èrdgcaiy e``gnlgrs (tjesg sgntgnigl unlgr prfer daw anl wjesg sgntgnigs javg net gxpfrgl), tjfsbelgd weudl gnl lfsirgtfenary paredg rgdgasg, as fnlfvfluads weudl og rgdgasgl upen rgaijfnctjg prgsubptfvg rgdgasg latg. A rfsm anl nggls assgssbgnt èr gaij e``gnlgr sjeudl ogcfn at prfsen anl hafd fntamg se tjat tjg pdan èr gaij fnlfvfluad‖s pest-rgdgasg supgrvfsfen fs fn pdaigupen jfs er jgr prgsubptfvg rgdgasg latg. A pgrfel e` pest-rgdgasg supgrvfsfen e` ogtwggn 0 anl1: bentjs weudl og fnstftutgl èr add pgrsens rgdgasgl `reb fniarigratfen, fn aiierlanig wftj a

rfsm anl nggls assgssbgnt. (Ygg _giebbgnlatfen 6.)

Eng pessfodg belgd èr suij a rgvfsfen weudl bafntafn tjg gxfstfnc idassf`fiatfen e` `gdenye``gnsgs, tjg rancg e` punfsjbgnt asseifatgl wftj gaij e``gnsg, anl tjg iatgcerfzatfen eè``gnlgrs. \jg aituad dgnctj e` fniarigratfen weudl og lg`fngl at tjg tfbg e` sgntgnifnc, oasglen twe àiters8 tjg evgradd dgnctj e` sgntgnig fbpesgl, anl tjg e``gnlgr‖s prfer jfstery. \jgrgdgasg gdfcfofdfty latg (tjg —_GL‒ latg, unlgr tjg iurrgnt systgb) weudl ogiebg tjg prgsubptfvg rgdgasg latg. Wpen rgaijfnc tjfs prgsubptfvg rgdgasg latg, an e``gnlgr weudl ogrgdgasgl undgss any bfsienluit iebbfttgl wjfdg fniarigratgl rgsudtgl fn sfcnf`fiant fnstftutfenadsanitfens. F` tjg e``gnlgr iebbfttgl bfsienluit wjfdg fn iustely, tjg latg e` jfs er jgr prgsubptfvg rgdgasg ieudl og gxtgnlgl aiierlfnc te a prg-lgtgrbfngl sanitfens crfl. An fnbatg

bfcjt aijfgvg a rgluitfen fn tjesg sanitfens oy partfifpatfnc fn apprevgl precrabs, out fn negvgnt weudl sanitfen rgluitfens rgluig tjg dgnctj e` fniarigratfen ogdew tjg erfcfnad prgsubptfvg rgdgasg latg.

\jg purpesg e` tjfs rgiebbgnlatfen fs te bamg sgntgnifnc berg transpargnt, net te ngigssarfdyijancg tjg dgnctj e` prfsen sgntgnigs er tjg avgracg tfbg sgrvgl, adtjeucj rgdgasg gdfcfofdftylatgs ieudl og alhustgl fn erlgr te gnsurg ogttgr usg e` prfsen ogls èr sgrfeus e``gnlgrs. \jg prgsgnt sgntgnifnc struiturg fn \gnngssgg gncgnlgrs ienùsfen abenc add partfifpants fn tjg



1;

hustfig systgb “ presgiuters, hulcgs, lg`gnsg atterngys, lg`gnlants, anl vfitfbs adfmg “ anltjgrgèrg unlgrbfngs puodfi ien`flgnig fn tjg hustfig systgb.10 \ranspargniy anl igrtafnty at tjgtfbg e` sgntgnifnc arg gssgntfad te bafntafnfnc tjg dgcftfbaiy e` tjg irfbfnad hustfig systgb.

A ùdd gxabfnatfen e` tjg iurrgnt systgb e` sgntgnifnc fn \gnngssgg fs warrantgl. Ogèrg any

rgvfsfens e` tjg sgntgnifnc systgb arg balg, an anadysfs e` tjg avgracg abeunt e` tfbg iurrgntdysgrvgl oy e``gnlgrs èr gaij irfbg iatgcery sjeudl og iebpdgtgl.13 \jg anadysfs weudl tjgnfnèrb any rgvfsgl sgntgnifnc rancgs. Fn erlgr te fnigntfvfzg iebpdfanig wftj prfsen rudgs, a ngwsystgb bust fnidulg, as tjg prepesgl belgd aoevg legs, tjg aofdfty èr tjg e``gnlgr‖s fn-iustely ogjavfer te javg an fbpait en tjg tetad dgnctj e` jfs er jgr fniarigratfen. Allftfenaddy, algquatgtrafnfnc e` ierrgitfens sta`` anl evgrsfcjt e` tjg fn-iustely lfsifpdfng systgb weudl og gssgntfad,sfnig se buij berg weudl og at stamg fn any `fnlfnc e` rudg-orgamfnc.

?. Gnjanig sgntgnigs èr (a) tjfrl er suosgqugnt lruc tra``fimfnc e``gnlgrs anl (o) tjfrl er

suosgqugnt accravatgl ourcdary (jebg ourcdary) e``gnlgrs.

\jg \asm @erig rgiebbgnls fnirgasfnc pgnadtfgs èr twe idassgs e` e``gnlgrs8 rgiflfvfst lructra``fimgrs anl rgiflfvfst accravatgl ourcdars. \jg \asm @erig ogdfgvgs tjgsg rgpgat e``gnlgrs pesg a partfiudar puodfi sa`gty ijaddgncg anl rgqufrg dencgr prfsen sgntgnigs.

Fn tjg iasg e` rgpgat lruc tra``fimgrs, an gnjanigl pgnadty e` :7 pgrignt sgrvfig e` a sgntgnig anlne preoatfen gdfcfofdfty weudl attaij te tjfrl er suosgqugnt ienvfitfens èr A, O anl I lruc sadg,banuàiturg er lfstrfoutfen ienvfitfens. \jg prfer ienvfitfens èr lruc sadg, banuàiturg erlfstrfoutfen ieudl og èr any `gdeny idass.

_giflfvfst accravatgl ourcdars (tjesg wje ourcdarfzg jebgs) weudl sfbfdardy og suohgit te :7 pgrignt sgrvfig e` a sgntgnig anl fngdfcfodg èr preoatfen upen a tjfrl er suosgqugnt ienvfitfenèr accravatgl ourcdary.

9. Gnjanig sgntgnigs èr rgpgat lebgstfi vfedgnig e``gnlgrs oy bamfnc tjfrl anl

suosgqugnt ienvfitfens èr lebgstfi vfedgnig assaudt a `gdeny ratjgr tjan a bfslgbganer,

as fs tjg iasg iurrgntdy.

Sjfdg fniflgnts e` lebgstfi vfedgnig iebprfsg jad` e` add rgpertgl vfedgnt irfbg1:, pgnadtfgs èrlebgstfi vfedgnig le net rg`dgit tjg sfcnf`fiant puodfi sa`gty jazarl tjgy rgprgsgnt. Bergevgr,wjfdg \gnngssgg daw prevflgs rgiflfvfst gnjanigbgnts èr etjgr e``gnsgs, suij as lruc pessgssfen, tjgrg arg ne suij gnjanigbgnts èr bfslgbganer lebgstfi vfedgnig. _giflfvfstbfslgbganer lebgstfi vfedgnig e``gnlgrs iurrgntdy rgigfvg ne gnjanigl pgnadty èr rgpgat

10 [uodfi epfnfen rgsgarij jas èunl tjat tjg pgrigntacg e` a sgntgnig sgrvgl was berg fbpertant te rgspenlgnts

tjan

fts dgnctj. A ?;1? natfenad survgy ienluitgl oy tjg [gw Igntgr en tjg Ytatgs sjewgl tjat 0: pgrignt e`rgspenlgnts

àvergl a pgrsen ogfnc sgntgnigl te `fvg ygars anl ogfnc rgdgasgl en paredg a`tgr sgrvfnc èur e` tjesgygars, wjfdg

endy 16 pgrignt àvergl a pgrsen ogfnc sgntgnigl te tgn ygars anl ogfnc rgdgasgl en paredg a`tgr sgrvfnc`fvg ygars. Ygg [uodfi Epfnfen Ytratgcfgs anl \jg Bgddban Creup, [uodfi Epfnfen en Ygntgnifnc anl Ierrgitfens

[edfiy fn Abgrfia ([jfdalgdpjfa8 [gw Igntgr en tjg Ytatgs, ?;1?).13 Yuij an anadysfs iannet og iebpdgtgl wftjfn tjg tfbg `rabg e` tjg \asm @erig anl fts rgpert.1: Aiierlfnc te tjg \gnngssgg Ourgau e` Fnvgstfcatfen‖s Fniflgnt Oasgl _gpertfnc Yystgb.



11

e``gnsgs. \jg \asm @erig rgiebbgnls tjat a tjfrl er suosgqugnt bfslgbganer lebgstfi vfedgnigienvfitfen sjeudl ogiebg a `gdeny.

Fn ira`tfnc suij an gnjanigbgnt, twe àiters sjeudl og tamgn fnte iensflgratfen8 tjg deem-oaim pgrfel èr tjg prgvfeus ienvfitfens anl tjg naturg e` tjg iurrgnt anl prgvfeus e``gnsgs. Asrgcarls tjg èrbgr, tjg prfer ienvfitfens sjeudl og wftjfn tjg prgiglfnc ?; ygars. Anl tjg

prgvfeus anl iurrgnt e``gnsgs èr bfslgbganer lebgstfi vfedgnig sjeudl og dfbftgl te fntfbatg- partngr vfedgnig, ogtwggn iurrgnt er èrbgr fntfbatg partngrs. \gnngssgg lg`fngs lebgstfivfedgnig orealdy te fnidulg net endy fntfbatg partngrs anl àbfdy bgbogrs out adse any iurrgnter èrbgr ie-jaoftants. \jg \asm @erig rgiebbgnls tjat tjfs gnjanigbgnt appdy endy tefntfbatg-partngr vfedgnig.

<. @er lebgstfi vfedgnig iasgs, addew (a) daw gnèrigbgnt te sggm gbgrcgniy erlgrs e`

pretgitfen anl (o) autebatfi erlgrs e` pretgitfen fn iasgs wjgrg tjgrg fs an arrgst anl

lgaldy èrig fs usgl.

\gnngssgg saw a 1?.0 pgrignt lgidfng fn rgpertgl lebgstfi vfedgnig fniflgnts `reb ?;1; te ?;1<.

Sjfdg tjfs precrgss fs jepgùd, bany bgbogrs e` tjg \asm @erig ogdfgvg tjat lebgstfi vfedgnigrgbafns an urcgnt puodfi sa`gty prferfty anl tjgrg sjeudl og berg teeds èr vfitfbs‖ pretgitfen

avafdaodg te vfitfbs tjgbsgdvgs anl te daw gnèrigbgnt. \jg iurrgnt systgb èr vfitfbs te eotafnerlgrs e` pretgitfens acafnst assafdants fbpesgs sgrfeus jarlsjfps, tjgrgoy lfsieuracfnc vfitfbs`reb tamfnc ngigssary stgps te pretgit tjgfr sa`gty. \jg \asm @erig rgiebbgnls tjat gbgrcgniyerlgrs e` pretgitfen, avafdaodg ?< jeurs a lay anl preigssgl oy a hulfifad e``figr, og balgavafdaodg te vfitfbs. An fn-pgrsen jgarfnc sjeudl og rgqufrgl wftjfn 1<-9; lays èddewfnc tjgfssuanig e` tjg erlgr.16 Daw gnèrigbgnt e``figrs wje arg iaddgl te tjg signg e` an fniflgntsjeudl og aodg te fnftfatg tjfs preigss.

Allftfenaddy, fn iasgs wjgrg tjgrg fs an arrgst, anl vfitfbs addgcg tjg usg er tjg attgbptgl usg e`lgaldy èrig oy tjg assafdant, an autebatfi erlgr e` pretgitfen sjeudl fssug, wftj an fn-pgrsen

jgarfnc rgqufrgl wftjfn <:-3? jeurs `reb fts fssuanig.

7. Lgvgdep allftfenad adtgrnatfvgs tjat arg swf`t, igrtafn, anl prepertfenatg rgspensgs èr

nen-iebpdfanig wftj ienlftfens e` preoatfen anl paredg wjgn suij nen-iebpdfanig legs

net rfsg te tjg dgvgd e` a ngw irfbfnad presgiutfen er aosienlfnc `reb supgrvfsfen.

Bany lgialgs e` rgsgarij en juban ogjavfer fnlfiatg tjat an fbbglfatg rgspensg te ogjavfer fsadways berg g``gitfvg tjan a lgdaygl rgspensg.?; \LEI jas a reoust sanitfens batrfx tjat prevflgs a rancg e` sanitfens èr vfedatfens tjat e``figrs ian qufimdy fbpesg. \jgsg iebbunfty- oasgl sanitfens sjeudl og tjg prg`grrgl rgspensg wjgn e``gnlgrs vfedatg tjg tgrbs e` tjgfrsupgrvfsfen. Any rgspensg tjat rgqufrgs sgiurg ien`fngbgnt ian javg ngcatfvg iensgqugnigs en pesftfvg supperts an e``gnlgr jas fn tjg iebbunfty. Gvgn a sjert pgrfel e` lgtgntfen erfniarigratfen ian iausg e``gnlgrs te desg heos, jeusfnc, er iustely e` tjgfr ijfdlrgn. Endy wjgnadd iebbunfty-oasgl sanitfens javg oggn fbpesgl anl an fnlfvfluad ientfnugs te vfedatg sjeudlsgiurg ien`fngbgnt sanitfens etjgr tjan a rgveiatfen te prfsen og iensflgrgl.

16 Adaoaba rgqufrgs a jgarfnc wftjfn 1< lays e` fssufnc a tgbperary erlgr= Nertj Iaredfna addews èr a jgarfncwftjfn ?; lays= Cgercfa autjerfzgs up te 9; lays ogèrg a jgarfnc.?; Aby D. Yedeben, gt ad., [uttfnc [uodfi Ya`gty @frst8 19 [aredg Yupgrvfsfen Ytratgcfgs te Gnjanig _ggntry

Eutiebgs (Sasjfncten, LI8 Wroan Fnstftutg, Hustfig [edfiy Igntgr, ?;;:), 19.



1?

Yjert-tgrb albfnfstratfvg hafd sanitfens. \LEI sjeudl strfvg te rgspenl te vfedatfens wftj aiebbunfty-oasgl rgspensg. F` tjesg rgspensgs arg fng``gitfvg wftj an fnlfvfluad, sjert-tgrb hafdstays ian og usgl as a sanitfen fn dfgu e` rgveiatfen. \jg dgast abeunt e` tfbg sjeudl og usgl,fnftfaddy eng-te-tjrgg lays, anl sjeudl endy gsiadatg te up te 3 lays f` a sjertgr tgrb jas oggn

usgl anl jas net oggn g``gitfvg at iurofnc tjat fnlfvfluad‖s ogjavfer. Albfnfstratfvg sanitfensweudl addew preoatfen anl paredg e``figrs ([[Es) te fbpesg tjg hafd tfbg wftjeut `frst eotafnfnclfrgit hulfifad apprevad, gnaodfnc a berg fbbglfatg sanitfen. \e pretgit lug preigss rfcjts,e``gnlgrs bay javg an albfnfstratfvg jgarfnc er wafvg tjgfr rfcjt te eng.?1

Dfbftfnc gdfcfofdfty èr rgveiatfen te e``gnlgrs wje javg adrgaly sgrvgl a sjert-tgrb hafdsanitfen. E``gnlgrs en preoatfen anl paredg supgrvfsfen sjeudl og fngdfcfodg èr rgveiatfen oy a hulcg er tjg Oearl e` [aredg undgss tjgy javg adrgaly oggn suohgit te a sjert-tgrb hafd sanitfen.\jfs dfbftgl gdfcfofdfty weudl net appdy te aosienlgrs er tjesg wje javg iebbfttgl a ngwirfbfnad e``gnsg.

Cuflgdfngs èr rgveiatfens. \e lgtgrbfng tjg appreprfatg sanitfen èr tjesg e``gnlgrs wje argrgvemgl èr a nen-irfbfnad vfedatfen, \LEI wfdd ieddaoeratg wftj tjg hulfifary anl tjg Oearl e`[aredg te lgvgdep alvfsery cuflgdfngs te usg fn lgtgrbfnfnc tjg ien`fngbgnt pgrfel èr preoatfenanl paredg rgveiatfens. \jg cuflgdfngs weudl og oasgl en tjg sgvgrfty e` tjg vfedatfen anl tjglg`gnlant‖s rfsm dgvgd.

[fdet preoatfen rgveiatfen igntgr anadysfs. Wsfnc prfsen anl hafd ogls te rgspenl te dew-dgvgdnen-iebpdfanig wftj paredg anl preoatfen ienlftfens sjeudl og aveflgl oy usfnc aiebprgjgnsfvg craluatgl rgspensg batrfx anl iebbunfty rgseurigs èr trgatbgnt anl precrabbfnc. Jewgvgr, wjgn ien`fngbgnt èr nen-iebpdfanig fs ngigssary, rgveiatfen igntgrsbay og an g``gitfvg adtgrnatfvg te prfsens anl hafds. _gveiatfen igntgrs sjeudl og usgl sparfncdy,èddewfnc tjg usg e` albfnfstratfvg hafd sanitfens as lfsiussgl fn tjfs rgiebbgnlatfen, anl as abgans e` dast rgsert fn rgspenlfnc te vfedatfens. _gveiatfen igntgrs sjeudl addew èr werm/stulyrgdgasg, addewfnc vfedaters te ientfnug tjgfr gbpdeybgnt er stulfgs fn tjg iebbunfty, tjgrgoyrgluifnc tjg ngcatfvg fbpait e` tjg fniarigratfen en tjg fnlfvfluad‖s pre-seifad aitfvftfgs wjfdgadse gnèrifnc aiieuntaofdfty. \gnngssgg sjeudl pfdet a preoatfen rgveiatfen igntgr deiatgl fn tjg hurfslfitfen wftj tjg jfcjgst ienigntratfen e` e``gnlgrs wje arg gntgrfnc prfsen as a rgsudt e` argveiatfen anl wje javg heos er arg gnreddgl fn sijeed at tjg tfbg e` tjg rgveiatfen.

0. Ientfnug te suppert rgievgry (lruc trgatbgnt) anl etjgr spgifadty ieurts, suij as

bgntad jgadtj er vgtgran, wftj ùnlfnc èr fnlfvfluad ieurts oasgl en an g``gitfvg

gvaduatfen systgb.

Yfnig ?;;9, \gnngssgg, oy statutg, jas rgiecnfzgl tjat lruc ieurts ian og an g``gitfvg sgntgnigèr e``gnlgrs wje arg aousfnc suostanigs er arg ijgbfiaddy lgpgnlgnt.?? Gaij hurfslfitfen fn

?1 Ygg N.I. Cgn. Ytat. 17A-19<9.?(g) (lfsiussfnc tjg wafvgr preiglurg èr addewfnc preoatfen anl pest-rgdgasg

supgrvfsfen e``figrs te fbpesg albfnfstratfvg hafd sanitfens).?? \gnn. Ielg Ann. § 10-?? (?;1<).



19

\gnngssgg fs autjerfzgl te start a lruc ieurt, wftj statutery prevfsfens prevflfnc lfrgitfenrgdatfnc te gdfcfofdfty anl cuflfnc prfnifpdgs.?9

\jfs rgiecnfzgs tjg crewfnc iensgnsus tjat lruc ieurts aijfgvg statfstfiaddy sfcnf`fiantrgluitfens fn tjg rgiflfvfsb ratgs e` precrab partfifpants rgdatfvg te trgatbgnt fn prfsen creups.?<

\gnngssgg sjeudl ientfnug te gxpanl anl stanlarlfzg tjgsg rgievgry ieurts= gnsurg tjatgdfcfofdfty te partfifpatg fs oasgl en gstaodfsjgl, gvflgnig-oasgl irftgrfa= anl gnsurg tjat avadflatgl rfsm anl nggls assgssbgnt teed fs usgl te lgtgrbfng tjg appreprfatg typg anl dgvgd e` precrabbfnc, sgrvfigs, anl supgrvfsfen. Allftfenaddy, \gnngssgg sjeudl oufdl en ftsiebbftbgnt, rg`dgitgl fn rgignt appreprfatfens, te irgatg allftfenad rgievgry ieurts tjat iebofngtjg sgrvfigs e` lruc ieurts wftj bgntad jgadtj anl vgtgrans‖ ieurts.

_GIEBBGNLA\FENY \E _GLWIG \JG NWBOG_ E@ _G[GA\ E@@GNLG_Y

3. Gstaodfsj fnlfvfluadfzgl iasg banacgbgnt pdans èr `gdeny e``gnlgrs en iebbunfty

supgrvfsfen (oetj preoatfen anl pest-prfsen), tjgrgoy rgluifnc tjg nubogr e` stanlarlanl spgifad ienlftfens anl tafderfnc tjg ienlftfens e` supgrvfsfen te `ft gaij e``gnlgr‖s

fnlfvfluad rfsms anl nggls.

Iurrgntdy, paredg anl preoatfen supgrvfsfen banlatgs iebpdfanig wftj stanlarl ienlftfens (èradd e``gnlgrs) anl spgifad ienlftfens (fbpesgl en igrtafn e``gnlgrs rgdatgl te tjgfr e``gnsg eretjgr ijaraitgrfstfis) oasgl en tjg lfsirgtfen e` tjg hulcg er tjg Oearl e` [aredg. \jgsgienlftfens bay fnidulg anytjfnc `reb iur`gws te travgd rgstrfitfens te aostfngnig `reb adiejed.E`tgn, pgepdg en paredg er preoatfen supgrvfsfen arg suohgit te byrfal stanlarl anl spgifadienlftfens tjat arg unngigssarfdy engreus anl ienùsfnc, bamfnc ft berg dfmgdy tjat tjgy wfdd gnlup fn vfedatfen. Ytanlarl preoatfen anl paredg ienlftfens sjeudl og `gw fn nubogr outsfcnf`fiant anl rgdgvant, se tjat supgrvfsggs ian rgasenaody iebpdy. Bany statgs javgrgiensflgrgl tjg denc dfst e` ienlftfens pdaigl en e``gnlgrs en preoatfen anl paredg. Cgercfa, èrfnstanig, new jas endy `fvg stanlarl ienlftfens, anl ogtwggn ?;;3 anl ?;19 saw barmgllgirgasgs fn oetj nen-irfbfnad vfedatfens e` tjg tgrbs e` supgrvfsfen anl ngw irfbfnad e``gnsgrgveiatfens èr paredg (`reb 703 te 19< nen-iebpdfanig vfedatfens anl `reb ?,669 te ?,;07 ngwirfbfnad e``gnsg rgveiatfens).?7

[art e` dfbftfnc supgrvfsfen ienlftfens te tjesg tjat arg ngigssary anl bganfncùd fs batijfncsupgrvfsfen rgcfbgs te fnlfvfluad e``gnlgrs. Add e``gnlgrs sjeudl javg fnlfvfluadfzgl iasg pdans

?9

\jg Ait tasms tjg E``fig e` Irfbfnad Hustfig [recrabs fn tjg Lgpartbgnt e` @fnanig anl Albfnfstratfen wftj

lgvgdepfnc stanlarls e` epgratfen èr lruc ieurt trgatbgnt precrabs.?< Sasjfncten Ytatg Fnstftutg èr [uodfi [edfiy, Gvflgnig-Oasgl Aludt Ierrgitfens [recrabs8 Sjat Serms anl

Sjat

Legs Net (Edybpfa, SA8 Sasjfncten Ytatg Fnstftutg èr [uodfi [edfiy, ?;;0). Sjfdg tjgrg fs a darcg oely e`rgsgarij en tjg ogng`fts e` lruc ieurts, tjgrg jas oggn sebg irftfifsb e` tjg rgsgarij bgtjeledecy anl e` ieurtsalhustfnc albfssfen irftgrfa te àver

partfifpatfen e` tjesg wftj tjg best petgntfad te suiiggl. Ygg Heanng Isgtg anlLgnfsg \ebasfnf-Hesjf, Lruc Ieurts8 Gqufveiad Gvflgnig en a [epudar Fntgrvgntfen (Ngw Verm8 Epgn Yeifgty

@eunlatfens, ?;17), 17.?7 Natfenad _ggntry _gseurig Igntgr, _gluifnc _giflfvfsb8 Ytatgs Lgdfvgr _gsudts (Ngw Verm8 Ieunifd e` Ytatg

Cevgrnbgnts Hustfig Igntgr, ?;1<), 3.



1<

tjat arg tafdergl te tjgfr rfsms anl nggls, prevflg transpargniy fn gxpgitatfens ogtwggn tjg e``figranl tjg e``gnlgr, anl addew tjg e``figr anl e``gnlgr te werm tecgtjgr te flgntf`y ceads anl prferftfgs te iebpdgtg supgrvfsfen rgqufrgbgnts. Fnlfvfluadfzfnc iasg pdans anl wermfncieddaoeratfvgdy wftj pgepdg en paredg anl preoatfen supgrvfsfen te lg`fng gxpgitatfens anl ceadsjas oggn sjewn te fbprevg suiigss èr tjesg en supgrvfsfen.?0

:. Fnvgst fn gvflgnig-oasgl, iest g``gitfvg, anl ieerlfnatgl transftfenad precrabbfnc anl

trgatbgnt sgrvfigs oetj lurfnc anl a`tgr fniarigratfen.

Allrgssfnc trgatbgnt anl sgrvfig nggls prfer te rgdgasg `reb hafd er prfsen ian og a iest-g``gitfvgway te rgluig rgiflfvfsb.?3 Gvgn èr tjesg àifnc denc prfsen tgrbs, trgatbgnt, gluiatfen, anletjgr precrabbfnc lurfnc fniarigratfen ian rgluig vfedgnig fn prfsen, oufdl smfdds ngglgl a`tgrrgdgasg, anl allrgss tjg fssugs tjat dgl te irfbfnadfty fn tjg `frst pdaig. Oufdlfnc upen tjg werm fnrg-gntry pdannfnc adrgaly ogcun oy \LEI, ft weudl sgrvg \gnngssgg‖s denc-tgrb puodfi sa`gtyceads te fnvgst fn iest-g``gitfvg, gvflgnig-oasgl precrabbfnc anl trgatbgnt prg- anl pest-rgdgasg tjat allrgss irfbfnecgnfi rfsm àiters (tjesg tjat ientrfoutg te tjg dfmgdfjeel e`

rge``gnlfnc). [rfsen anl rg-gntry precrabbfnc tjat gbpdeys tjg prfnifpdgs e` rfsm, nggls, anlrgspensfvfty ian bamg tjg ogst usg e` dfbftgl rgseurigs te baxfbfzg tjg fbpait e` fntgrvgntfensen rgiflfvfsb. Wsfnc tjgsg prfnifpdgs gnsurgs tjat tjg fntgnsfty e` trgatbgnt batijgs tjg rfsm e`rge``gnlfnc, tarcgts irfbfnecgnfi nggls, anl fs iebpatfodg wftj tjg fnlfvfluad‖s dgarnfnc stydganl partfiudar ijaraitgrfstfis.

\jg àiters tjat arg best igntrad te irfbfnad ogjavfer fnidulg antfseifad tjfnmfnc, antfseifad pggrs, antfseifad pgrsenadfty pattgrns, anl suostanig aousg= preodgbs wftj staodg jeusfnc anlgbpdeybgnt= fnalgquatg gluiatfen= anl a daim e` pesftfvg àbfdy suppert.?: Oetj prfsen anl rg-gntry precrabs bust allrgss tjgsg àiters, flgntf`fgl tjreucj a vadflatgl rfsm anl ngglsassgssbgnt fnstrubgnt, wftj a spgif`fi iensflgratfen èr cgnlgr-spgif`fi precrabbfnc anl tjg

fbpait e` past trauba en tjg aofdfty e` an fnlfvfluad te og rgspensfvg te partfiudar precrabs._atgs e` pest-traubatfi strgss lfserlgr anl gxpesurg te vfedgnig abenc fniarigratgl badgs anl`gbadgs fn tjg W.Y. arg gxpengntfaddy jfcjgr tjan ratgs abenc tjg cgngrad pepudatfen.?6

Yfcnf`fiant past trauba, gspgifaddy ijfdljeel trauba, bay fbpait an fnlfvfluad‖s aofdfty te ogng`ft `reb bany iebbendy usgl iecnftfvg fntgrvgntfens. Fn suij fnstanigs, tjg trauba bust ogg``gitfvgdy trgatgl te baxfbfzg tjg ogng`fts e` tjg precrabbfnc.9;

?0 Aby D. Yedeben, gt ad., [uttfnc [uodfi Ya`gty @frst8 19 [aredg Yupgrvfsfen Ytratgcfgs te Gnjanig _ggntry

Eutiebgs (Sasjfncten, LI8 Wroan Fnstftutg, Hustfig [edfiy Igntgr, ?;;:), ?9-?6.?3 Ygg cgngraddy, @rgl Esjgr, Jgnry Ytgalban, anl Jgatjgr Oarr, A Ogst [raitfig Appreaij te Iebbunfty _ggntry

@reb Hafds èr Fnbatgs wftj Ie-eiiurfnc Lfserlgrs8 tjg A[FI Belgd (Lgdbar, NV8 Natfenad CAFNY Igntgr, ?;;?).?: L.A. Anlrgws, Habgs Oenta, anl H. Ytgpjgn Serbftj, —_gignt [ast anl Ngar @uturg e` _fsm anl/er Nggl

Assgssbgnt,‒ Irfbg & Lgdfnqugniy 7?, ne.1 (?;;0)8 3-?3.?6 Nfmf A. Bfddgr anl Dfsa B. Nahavfts, —Irgatfnc \rauba-Fnèrbgl Ierrgitfenad Iarg8 A Oadanig e` Ceads anl

Gnvfrenbgnt,‒ Gurepgan Heurnad e` [syijetraubatedecy 9 (?;1?).9; Ygg Yuostanig Aousg anl Bgntad Jgadtj Ygrvfigs Albfnfstratfen, YABJYA‖s Ienigpt e` \rauba anl Cuflanig

èr a \rauba-Fnèrbgl Appreaij (_eimvfddg, BL8 W.Y. Lgpartbgnt e` Jgadtj anl Juban Ygrvfigs, Yuostanig

Aousg anl Bgntad Jgadtj Ygrvfigs Albfnfstratfen, ?;1<).



17

Allftfenaddy, \gnngssgg sjeudl gxpderg irgatfnc struiturgl-transftfenad rgdgasg igntgrs as a stgp-lewn `reb prfsen te iebbunfty rg-gntry. \LEI jas adrgaly partngrgl wftj \jg Ngxt Leer teirgatg an gvflgnig-oasgl prg-rgdgasg transftfenad igntgr èr webgn anl sjeudl gxpderg gxpanlfnctjfs belgd. \ransftfenad igntgrs prevflg sgrvfigs tjat jgdp prgparg fnlfvfluads èr tjg ijaddgncgse` rgturnfnc te tjg iebbunfty a`tgr rgdgasg. Yuij sgrvfigs, typfiaddy èiusgl en

sgiurfnc jeusfnc anl gbpdeybgnt anl rggstaodfsjfnc àbfdy rgdatfensjfps sgvgrgl oyfniarigratfen, ian jgdp rgluig rgiflfvfsb.

Ogiausg \LEI iensflgrs add precrabbfnc leddars as an fnvgstbgnt fn rgiflfvfsb rgluitfen anl puodfi sa`gty, ft sjeudl, dfmg any fnvgster, le rgsgarij en wjat wfdd orfnc tjg ogst rgturn èr tjesgleddars. \LEI sjeudl iebpdgtg an assgssbgnt e` iurrgnt precrabbatfi anl trgatbgnt iapaifty,quadfty, anl avafdaofdfty airess tjg statg fn rgdatfen te tjg flgntf`fgl nggls e` fts pepudatfen anltjg iebbunftfgs te wjfij tjgy wfdd og rgturnfnc. \jfs wfdd gnsurg an g``fifgnt addeiatfen e` precrab anl trgatbgnt rgseurigs oy flgntf`yfnc caps anl surpdusgs fn precrabbfnc anl ogttgradfcnfnc sgrvfigs te tjg pepudatfen‖s nggls. Eng idass e` e``gnlgrs e` partfiudar ienigrn te tjg\asm @erig fs tjesg ienvfitgl e` accravatgl assaudt, a baher lrfvgr e` vfedgnt irfbg fn tjg statg.

Gvflgnig-oasgl precrabbfnc tarcgtgl te tjgsg e``gnlgrs anl tjgfr irfbfnecgnfi nggls fs irftfiad.

6. Gnsurg tjat add fniarigratgl `gdeny e``gnlgrs wje arg rgdgasgl wfdd javg a systgb e` pest-

rgdgasg iebbunfty supgrvfsfen.

E``gnlgrs wje arg net statuterfdy gdfcfodg èr paredg, anl e``gnlgrs wje arg statuterfdy gdfcfodgèr paredg out net apprevgl oy tjg paredg oearl er wje wafvg paredg rgdgasg, sjeudl sgrvg tjgdast pertfen e` tjgfr prfsen sgntgnigs en iebbunfty supgrvfsfen.

Fn `fsiad ygar ?;1<, berg tjan <,;;; e``gnlgrs rgdgasgl `reb \LEI iustely (\LEI prfsens anl\LEI oaimup) jal sgrvgl tjg tetadfty e` tjgfr sgntgnigs fn prfsen (er jal —baxgl eut‒). @er

sebg e``gnsgs, sgntgnig gxpfratfen fs banlatgl oy \gnngssgg daw. Junlrgls e` etjgr e``gnlgrsgaij ygar veduntarfdy èrgce crants e` paredg rgdgasg anl ijeesg te gxpfrg tjgfr sgntgnigs teavefl pest-rgdgasg supgrvfsfen. \gnngssgg jas a jfcjgr unsupgrvfsgl rgdgasg ratg (9;.3%) tjantjg W.Y. avgracg (?1.7%).91

Banlatery pest-rgdgasg supgrvfsfen fs a sgnsfodg pedfiy èr banacfnc e``gnlgrs‖ transftfens te tjgiebbunfty anl fbprevfnc rg-gntry eutiebgs. Ytulfgs javg sjewn tjat pest-rgdgasg supgrvfsfenrgluigs rgiflfvfsb.9? Iest-ogng`ft anadysgs lgbenstratg tjat tjg best g``gitfvg way te lgsfcn a pgrfel e` pest-rgdgasg supgrvfsfen fs te fnidulg ft wftjfn tjg sgntgnig fbpesgl, ratjgr tjan te allft en te a sgntgnig.99

91 [gw, Bax Eut , p. <, @fc. ?.9? \jg [gw Ijarftaodg \rusts, Bax Eut8 \jg _fsg fn [rfsen Fnbatgs _gdgasgl Sftjeut Yupgrvfsfen (Sasjfncten LI8 \jg [gw Ijarftaodg \rusts, ?;1<) 0.99 Fofl., pp. 6-1;.



10

1;. Lgvgdep anl fbpdgbgnt a systgb e` pesftfvg fnigntfvgs èr tjesg en iebbunfty

supgrvfsfen, fnidulfnc out net dfbftgl te a rgluitfen fn tjg tfbg pgrfel e` supgrvfsfen.

\LEI sjeudl rg`rabg fts appreaij te iebbunfty supgrvfsfen te gbpjasfzg pesftfvg fnigntfvgsèr suiigss as buij as ngcatfvg sanitfens èr vfedatfens. Ypgif`fiaddy, \gnngssgg sjeudl irgatg a

struiturgl fnigntfvg systgb, anadeceus te tjg sanitfens batrfx, anl sjeudl gstaodfsj garngltfbg/garngl lfsijarcg èr preoatfen anl paredg supgrvfsfen.

_gsgarij en juban ogjavfer fnlfiatgs tjat e``gnlgrs, dfmg add pgepdg, arg best dfmgdy te ijancgtjgfr ogjavfer fn rgspensg te a iebofnatfen e` pesftfvg anl ngcatfvg `ggloaim. Fn sggmfnciebpdfanig wftj tjg tgrbs e` supgrvfsfen, e``figrs arg berg dfmgdy te suiiggl fn tjgfr puodfisa`gty bfssfen f` tjgy fnierperatg oetj sanitfens èr nen-iebpdfant er ngcatfvg ogjavfer anl pesftfvg rgspensgs er fnigntfvgs te aimnewdglcg iebpdfanig anl suiigss. [gepdg en preoatfen er paredg supgrvfsfen wje aitfvgdy partfifpatg fn rgqufrgl precrabbfnc anl iebpdy wftj tjgfr iasg pdans sjeudl aiirug irglfts tewarl rgluifnc tjgfr supgrvfsfen tgrbs. \jgsg garngl irglft precrabs arg pewgrùd fnigntfvgs èr iebpdfanig. \jgy adse addew iebbunfty supgrvfsfen

acgnifgs te èius en jfcjgr-rfsm, jfcjgr-nggl pepudatfens anl lfsijarcg gardy tjesg wje javg prevgn tjgy ian og suiigssùd fn tjg iebbunfty. _atjgr tjan sfbpdy sjertgnfnc supgrvfsfentgrbs, garngl lfsijarcg pedfifgs arg tjg —udtfbatg fnigntfvg‒ èr iebpdfanig anl bamg sbart usge` supgrvfsfen rgseurigs oy ienigntratfnc supgrvfsfen rgseurigs lurfnc tjg gardy part e` paredganl preoatfen supgrvfsfen, wjgn vfedatfens arg best dfmgdy te eiiur.9<

11. Fnirgasg tjg gbpdeyaofdfty e` tjesg wftj irfbfnad ienvfitfens oy tamfnc stgps te jgdp

tjgb mggp er eotafn lrfvgr‖s dfignsgs er statg pjete flgntf`fiatfens.

Lrfvfnc wftj a suspgnlgl er rgvemgl dfignsg as a rgsudt e` unpafl `ggs er `fngs unrgdatgl tebevfnc vfedatfens fs a iebben e``gnsg airess \gnngssgg, iensubfnc hulfifad rgseurigs anl

trappfnc pgepdg fn a iyidg e` pevgrty, lgot, anl lgspgratfen.97 Yuspgnlfnc lrfvgr ‖s dfignsgs èrnen-vgjfidg e``gnsgs, wjgn lrfvfnc fs a ngigssfty èr best \gnngssgans te iarg èr ijfdlrgn anlmggp a heo, endy pusjgs pgepdg ùrtjgr eutsflg tjg daw, gnieuracgs lfsrgspgit èr tjg daw, anlgxaigroatgs tjg lgptj e` tjgfr fnvedvgbgnt wftj tjg irfbfnad hustfig systgb.

Fn sebg iasgs, suij as LWF, rgstrfitgl dfignsgs arg adrgaly avafdaodg te addew pgepdg te werm, anlsuij rgstrfitgl dfignsgs arg berg appreprfatg jgrg as wgdd. Addewfnc preoatfen anl paredg e``figrser rgievgry (lruc) ieurt tgabs te pday a redg fn jgdpfnc rgsterg lrfvfnc prfvfdgcgs er eotafn argstrfitgl dfignsg as an fnigntfvg èr iebpdfanig fs anetjgr eptfen.

\jg fssuanig e` lrfvgr dfignsgs èr tjesg gdfcfodg, anl statg flgntf`fiatfen iarls te tjesg wje arg

net, upen rgdgasg `reb \LEI iustely fs iurrgntdy unlgrway. \LEI anl tjg Lgpartbgnt e`Ya`gty anl Jebgdanl Ygiurfty javg adrgaly èrbaddy acrggl te prevflg lrfvgr dfignsgs er FLs tefnbatgs upen lfsijarcg. \jfs acrggbgnt fs part e` tjg [uodfi Ya`gty Yuoiaofngt‖s Aitfen [dan.

9< Yedeben, [uttfnc [uodfi Ya`gty @frst , pp. 10-13.97 \jgrg fs oreal fntgrgst abenc tjg \asm @erig bgbogrs fn gxabfnfnc berg g``gitfvg ways te gnieuracgiebpdfanig wftj ieurt-erlgrgl `fnanifad pgnadtfgs, iests, anl rgstftutfen.



13

\LEI fs te og iebbgnlgl èr fts ngwdy fbpdgbgntgl E``gnlgr _g-gntry [dan, wjfij rgqufrgssgiurfnc fnbatgs‖ ofrtj igrtf`fiatgs anl sebg èrb e` statg flgntf`fiatfen twe ygars prfer te tjg prehgitgl rgdgasg latg, anl ft fs bamfnc gvgry g`èrt te gnsurg tjat add fnlfvfluads rggntgrfnc tjgiebbunfty javg statg flgntf`fiatfen anl a seifad sgiurfty iarl te gasg sebg e` tjg bany oarrfgrste rg-gntry.

1?. Gxabfng tjg banacgbgnt anl trgatbgnt e` sgx e``gnlgrs te rgluig rgiflfvfsb anl

pretgit seifgty.

Iurrgnt rgstrfitfens en wjgrg sgx e``gnlgrs ian dfvg anl og prgsgnt fbpesg sgvgrg dfbftatfens fnjeusfnc eptfens, rgsudtfnc fn jebgdgssngss= oarrfgrs te gbpdeybgnt (gvgn èr heos èr wjfij tjgyweudl etjgrwfsg og gdfcfodg lgspftg tjgfr irfbg)= anl ijaddgncgs fn aiigssfnc trgatbgnt anl pre-seifad iebbunfty aitfvftfgs. \rgatbgnt eptfens èr sgx e``gnlgrs arg adrgaly dfbftgl= bevgbgntrgstrfitfens gxaigroatg tjg fssug. \jgsg rgstrfitfens ian sfcnf`fiantdy fnirgasg tjg rfsm e`rge``gnlfnc anl lgirgasg tjg dfmgdfjeel e` partfifpatfen fn anl iebpdgtfen e` trgatbgnt.90

\gnngssgg sjeudl gxabfng sgx e``gnlgr banacgbgnt anl trgatbgnt, wftj an gyg tewarlfnirgasfnc sgx e``gnlgr jeusfnc anl trgatbgnt eptfens, anl rgiensflgrfnc rgsflgniy rgstrfitfenste gnsurg add sgx e``gnlgrs javg a staodg jebg anl ian rgigfvg trgatbgnt sgrvfigs. \jgrggxabfnatfen preigss sjeudl fnidulg fnput `reb varfeus stamgjedlgrs fnidulfnc, out net dfbftglte, statg anl deiad cevgrnbgnt e``fifads anl acgniy rgprgsgntatfvgs, anl iebbunfty trgatbgnt prevflgrs. Iensudtatfen wftj natfenad gxpgrts fn sgx e``gnlgr trgatbgnt, as wgdd as rgvfgwfncetjgr statg‖s rgperts en sgx e``gnlgr supgrvfsfen, trgatbgnt, anl banacgbgnt, bay adse ogusgùd.93

19. _afsg tjg `gdeny prepgrty irfbg tjrgsjedl te $1,;;;.

Iurrgntdy, prepgrty irfbgs fn \gnngssgg arg lgsfcnatgl as `gdenfgs èr prepgrty vadugl at $7;; erberg. \jfs tjrgsjedl appdfgs te add prepgrty irfbgs, `reb tjg`t te sjepdf`tfnc te irfbfnad bfsijfg`.

Wnlgr tjfs rgiebbgnlatfen, tjg èddewfnc bfslgbganer anl `gdeny idassgs weudl og prepesgl8

;-$666 2A Bfslgbganer

$1,;;;-$6,666 2 G `gdeny

$1;,;;;-$<6,666 2 L `gdeny

$7;,;;;-$66,666 2 I `gdeny

$1;;,;;;-$?<6,666 2 O `gdeny

$?7;,;;; anl evgr 2 A `gdeny

90 Mgrf O. Ourij`fgdl, —Fbpdfiatfens e` _gsflgnig _gstrfitfens en Ygx E``gnlgr Jeusfnc‒, Irfbfnedecy & [uodfi [edfiy, 1;, ne. ? (?;11)8 <19-<1<.

93 Sgst Pfrcfnfa anl Sasjfncten javg puodfsjgl rgperts en tjgfr g`èrts te allrgss tjg banacgbgnt anl trgatbgnt e`sgx e``gnlgrs a`tgr dgavfnc prfsen



1:

\jg iurrgnt `gdeny prepgrty irfbg tjrgsjedl e` $7;; fs wgdd ogdew tjg natfenad avgracg e` $67;,anl jas net oggn belgrnfzgl te aiieunt èr fn`datfen sfnig 16:6. \jfs rgiebbgnlgl ijancg orfncs \gnngssgg fn dfng wftj etjgr statgs anl rgtjfnms wjat sjeudl og iensflgrgl a `gdeny fn ang`èrt te rgaddeiatg anl rgprferftfzg puodfi sa`gty rgseurigs. \jg lgsfcnatfen e` irfbgs asbfslgbganers er `gdenfgs fbpaits oetj tjg pgnadty fbpesgl, anl, sebgtfbgs berg sfcnf`fiantdy,

tjg rgsudtfnc pest-sgntgnig iebpdgtfen iensgqugnigs, suij as tjesg rgcarlfnc jeusfnc anlgbpdeybgnt.

1<. Yuppert a Yeifad Fbpait Oenl belgd e` fnvgstbgnt as a way e` ùnlfnc prebfsfnc rg-

gntry precrabs.

\jg \asm @erig fs iecnfzant e` tjg up`rent leddars ft wfdd tamg te `fnanig allftfenad rg-gntry precrabs tjreucjeut tjg statg. Eng teed tjat sjeudl og gxpdergl fs tjg usg e` pay-èr-suiigss`fnanifnc teeds er Yeifad Fbpait Oenls (YFOs) te ùnl gvflgnig-oasgl rg-gntry precrabslfsiussgl fn tjg rgiebbgnlatfen aoevg.

Yeifad fbpait oenls arg an fnnevatfvg `fnanifnc teed èr seifad precrabs. [rfvatg fnvgsters paytjg up-`rent iests e` prevflfnc seifad sgrvfigs anl cevgrnbgnt acgnifgs rg-pay tjg fnvgsters,wftj a rgturn endy f` a tjfrl-party gvaduater lgtgrbfngs tjat tjg sgrvfigs aijfgvgl tjg acrggl upeneutiebgs.9: At tjgfr best ogng`fifad, YFOs cfvg prfvatg fnvgsters tjg eppertunfty te prevflg ùnlsèr fnftfatfvgs tjat javg tjg petgntfad te savg cevgrnbgnt bengy fn tjg denc tgrb oy prgvgntfnc erabgdferatfnc sgrfeus seifad preodgbs anl rgluifnc iests èr datgr rgbglfad sgrvfigs.96

Yeifad fbpait oenls arg eng way te siadg up iurrgnt precrabs tjat javg adrgaly oggn gvaduatglanl javg lgbenstratgl g``gitfvgngss fn aijfgvfnc lgsfrgl eutiebgs. Ygrvfig prevflgrs javg tjgassuranig e` budtf-ygar ùnlfnc iebbftbgnts wftj up-`rent iapftad, wjfij addews tjg sgrvfig prevflgrs te rgpdfiatg tjgfr precrabs te rgaij berg pgepdg. Yeifad fbpait oenls arg a iebpdgx

teed anl fnvedvg tjg fntgrgsts e` budtfpdg stamgjedlgrs, fnidulfnc acgnifgs at budtfpdg dgvgds e`cevgrnbgnt, an fntgrbglfary, sgrvfig prevflgrs, gvaduaters, fnvgsters, anl tjg puodfi.<; \jgrgbust og spgif`fi artfiudatfen e` a tarcgt abeunt e` tjg lgsfrgl seifad eutiebg anl tarcgt pepudatfen. @fnaddy, statg ùnlfnc bust og sgt asflg èr tjg eutiebgs paybgnt.<1

9: Hejn M. _eban, Mgddy A. Sadsj, Yab Ofgdgr, anl Yabugd \axy, An Evgrvfgw e` [ay èr Yuiigss8 @unlfnc tjg

Fn`rastruiturg èr Gvflgnig-Oasgl Ijancg (Sasjfncten, LI8 Wroan Fnstftutg Hustfig [edfiy Igntgr, ?;1<), 9.96 Hejn _eban, Mgddy Sadsj, Yabugd Ofgdgr, anl Yabugd \axy, Yjarfnc _fsm8 Jew [ay èr Yuiigss Ian Bamg

Cevgrnbgnt Berg G``fifgnt (Sasjfncten, LI8 Wroan Fnstftutg Hustfig [edfiy Igntgr, ?;1<).<; Daura Iaddanan, Henatjan Daw, anl Dgnny Bgnlenia, @reb [etgntfad \e Aitfen8 Orfncfnc Yeifad Fbpait Oenls

te tjg WY (BiMfnsgy & Iebpany, ?;1?), :-6.<1 Yeifad @fnanig, [rgsgntatfen te tjg Cevgrner‖s \asm @erig en Ygntgnifnc anl _giflfvfsb, Nasjvfddg, \N, Bay 0,

?;17.



16

_GIEBBGNLA\FENY \E FNI_GAYG AIIGYY \E

_GDFAODG LA\A ANL FN@E_BA\FEN

17. Gstaodfsj a irfbfnad hustfig rgsgarij ieunifd te prevflg nen-partfsan, pre`gssfenad

statgwflg rgsgarij anl fnèrbatfen lgvgdepbgnt.

\e prevflg encefnc fnèrbatfen te tjg Cgngrad Assgbody, \gnngssgg sjeudl gstaodfsj a irfbfnad hustfig rgsgarij ieunifd. Fn 1667, \gnngssgg‖s Ygntgnifnc Iebbfssfen was aoedfsjgl lug teienigrns aoeut tjg Iebbfssfen‖s gnireaijbgnt en dgcfsdatfvg prgrecatfvgs. _giecnfzfnc tjatjfstery, tjg irfbfnad hustfig rgsgarij ieunifd weudl javg a berg dfbftgl siepg, èiusfnc en lataieddgitfen, anadysfs anl lfssgbfnatfen.

\jg ieunifd weudl sgrvg as an fnèrbatfenad rgseurig, prevflfnc pedfiy-bamgrs fn tjg dgcfsdatfvganl gxgiutfvg oranijgs wftj eohgitfvg rgsgarij anl anadysfs en iurrgnt irfbg trgnls, rgseurigaddeiatfens, ierrgitfens iapaifty anl usacg, ierrgitfens eutiebgs, iebbunfty precrabeutiebgs, anl iest-ogng`ft iadiudatfens= anl rgsgarij anl anadysfs en prepesgl pedfifgs anl

oulcgt addeiatfens, fnidulfnc oulcgt anl pepudatfen fbpait statgbgnts= anl rgvfgws e` iurrgntrgsgarij anl praitfigs lrawn `reb natfenad seurigs.

\e pgrèrb tjgsg ùnitfens, tjg ieunifd weudl rgqufrg algquatg sta``fnc, lrawn `reb seifadsifgnig rgsgarij anl dgcad gxpgrts, anl aiigss te add rgdgvant statg anl deiad lata. \jg bgbogrse` tjg ieunifd bust og sggn as irglfodg anl eohgitfvg rgprgsgntatfvgs e` tjgfr ienstftugnt creupsanl tjg bgbogrsjfp bust og as lfvgrsg fn fts pgrspgitfvgs anl gxpgrfgnig as pessfodg.

Argas tjat tjg ieunifd sjeudl partfiudardy èius en fnidulg lata en (a) irfbg trgnls oy iatgcerfgse` e``gnsgs= (o) irfbfnad sgntgnigs oy varfeus iatgcerfgs e` e``gnsgs= (i) aituad fniarigratfentfbgs èr varfeus iatgcerfgs e` e``gnsgs= (l) preoatfen anl paredg vfedatfens, fnidulfnc tjg

rgasens anl rgsudts= (g) tjg fbpait e` pedfifgs prepesgl oy tjfs \asm @erig en rgiflfvfsb trgnlsanl prfsen pepudatfen= anl (`) iasgdeals e` hulcgs, presgiuters, anl puodfi lg`gnlgrs.

10. Gnsurg tjat vadflatgl rfsm anl nggls assgssbgnts arg unfèrbdy usgl as a part e`

lgifsfen-bamfnc fn `gdeny iasgs, fnidulfnc prg-trfad lgifsfens, sgntgnifnc lgifsfens,

lgifsfens en precrabbfnc anl trgatbgnt eptfens, anl pest-prfsen supgrvfsfen ienlftfens

èr tjesg wje javg oggn fniarigratgl.

\LEI adrgaly usgs a vadflatgl rfsm anl nggls assgssbgnt teed èr fn-prfsen precrabbfnc anlèr iebbunfty supgrvfsfen assfcnbgnts anl rg`grrads. \gnngssgg sjeudl gnsurg tjat a vadflatglrfsm anl nggls assgssbgnt teed fs ogfnc unfèrbdy usgl tjreucjeut tjg statg, fnidulfnc fn deiad

ierrgitfenad systgbs.

(At tjg prgtrfad stacg, a lf``grgnt, berg tarcgtgl rfsm teed sjeudl ogfbpdgbgntgl, as tjg rfsms te og bgasurgl arg sebgwjat lf``grgnt.) [arts e` tjg rfsm anl ngglsassgssbgnt sjeudl og sjargl wftj iebbunfty prevflgrs upen rgdgasg, wjfdg rgspgitfnc tjg prfvaiy rfcjts e` tjg fnlfvfluad, gspgifaddy f` tjg pgrsen rggntgrfnc tjg iebbunfty fs ne dencgrunlgr supgrvfsfen anl jas iebpdgtgl jfs er jgr sgntgnig.



?;

A_GAY @E_ ALLF\FENAD IENYFLG_A\FEN

\jg \asm @erig rgiebbgnlatfens arg oreal anl iebprgjgnsfvg fn siepg, anl ygt tjgrg arg stfddargas e` ienigrn te bgbogrs e` tjg \asm @erig tjat arg net allrgssgl fn tjg rgiebbgnlatfens.Sjfdg tjgsg fssugs le net rfsg te tjg dgvgd e` rgiebbgnlatfens, tjgy arg succgstfens èr ùturgargas e` pedfiy rgvfgw.

Fnirgasfnc pgnadtfgs èr rgiflfvfst LWF e``gnlgrs8 \gnngssgg daw iurrgntdy prevflgs èrgnjanigl pgnadtfgs èr rgpgat LWF ienvfitfens, fnidulfnc banlatery hafd tfbg anl `gdenyidassf`fiatfen èr èurtj anl suosgqugnt ienvfitfens.<? Sjfdg rgpgat LWF e``gnlgrsrgprgsgnt an urcgnt puodfi sa`gty tjrgat, rgpgat LWF ienvfitfens le net rfsg aoevg an G`gdeny status. \jfs fssug iabg te tjg attgntfen e` tjg \asm @erig datg fn fts lgdfogratfens,anl tjgrg was fnsu``fifgnt tfbg te iensflgr rgbglfgs anl appreprfatg gnjanigbgnts.Irgatfnc crgatgr pgnadtfgs tjan a Idass G `gdeny èr rgpgatgl LWF ienvfitfens fs an flgawertj gxpderfnc ùrtjgr oy tjg [uodfi Ya`gty Yuoiaofngt.

Deiad hafds fn \gnngssgg8 Eng ijaddgncg te rgluifnc rgiflfvfsb fn \gnngssgg fs tjgrgdfanig en deiad ierrgitfenad àifdftfgs anl ieunty hafds te jeusg `gdeny e``gnlgrs. \jgsgdeiad àifdftfgs javg jfcjgr rgiflfvfsb ratgs tjan \LEI prfsens. Eng-tjfrl e` sgntgnigl`gdens fn \gnngssgg arg jeusgl fn nen-\LEI àifdftfgs wjfij vary sfcnf`fiantdy fn tgrbse` precrabbfnc anl trgatbgnt rgseurigs. As e` Bay 91, ?;17, tjgrg wgrg ?6,916sgntgnigl `gdens fn tjg statg. E` tjgsg, 3; pgrignt wgrg jeusgl fn \LEI prfsens.Ygvgntggn pgrignt wgrg jeusgl fn deiad ierrgitfenad àifdftfgs, out iensflgrgl part e` tjg\LEI —oaimup‒ pepudatfen, awaftfnc an epgn ogl fn a \LEI prfsen. \jfrtggn pgrigntwgrg —deiaddy sgntgnigl‒, bganfnc tjat oasgl en tjg dgnctj e` tjgfr prfsen sgntgnig, tjgy

weudl sgrvg ft gntfrgdy fn a deiad ierrgitfenad àifdfty.<9 Oasgl en a ?;1; stuly oy \LEI,tjg 9-ygar rgiflfvfsb ratg èr \LEI rgdgasgs was 96.: pgrignt èr e``gnlgrs rgdgasgl fn?;;7 out 71.1 pgrignt èr tjg sabg rgdgasg iejert `reb deiad hafds.<< \jg bestiebprgjgnsfvg statg g`èrt te rgluig rgiflfvfsb èr add `gdeny e``gnlgrs weudl rgqufrg tjgfnvedvgbgnt e` deiad ierrgitfenad e``fifads anl an gxabfnatfen e` jew anl wjgtjgr deiadierrgitfenad systgbs ieudl fnierperatg tjg rgiflfvfsb rgluitfen stratgcfgs tjg \asm @erigurcgs \LEI te unlgrtamg fn \LEI àifdftfgs.

<? 77-1;-<;?(a)(<)<9 \gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen, —\gnngssgg @gden [epudatfen Wplatg‒, Bay ?;17, <. << Lr. Bary Marpes, \gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen _giflfvfsb Ytuly @gden _gdgasgs ?;;1-?;;3 (Nasjvfddg,\N8 \gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen ?;1;), 7.



A[[GNLFZ A8 \AYM @E_IG BGBOG_Y ANL Y\A@@

Hulcg Hejn S. Iabpogdd Lfvfsfen PF Irfbfnad Ieurt, Yjgdoy Ieunty

_gp. Hejn H. LgOgrry, Hr.

Lfstrfit 6;

Habgs Lunn

Lfstrfit Atterngy Cgngrad, Lfstrfit <

Yjgrf`` \fb @uddgr @ranmdfn Ieunty

Iebbfssfengr Ofdd Cfooens Lgpartbgnt e` Ya`gty anl Jebgdanl Ygiurfty

Barm Cwyn Lfrgiter, \gnngssgg Ourgau e` Fnvgstfcatfen

Mfb Jgdpgr

Lfstrfit Atterngy Cgngrad, Lfstrfit ?1

\erry Hejnsen @erbgr Lfstrfit Atterngy Cgngrad, Lfstrfit ?;

Ygn. Orfan Mgdsgy Lfstrfit 91

_gp. Sfddfab Dabogrtj Lfstrfit <<

Dfnla Dgatjgrs

IGE, \jg Ngxt Leer

Sfddfab DggIGE, Dgg Iebpany

_gp. Hen Dunlogrc Lfstrfit 1

Bayer Barm DuttrgddYjgdoy Ieunty

Ygn. Ogimy Lunian Bassgy

Lfstrfit 0

Cgradl Bgdten Lfstrfit [uodfi Lg`gnlgr, Lfstrfit 10

Ijafrban _fijarl Bentcebgry

Oearl e` [aredg

Hulcg Ygtj Nerban

Lfvfsfen FP Irfbfnad Ieurt, Lavflsen Ieunty

Yjgrf`` Ofdd EdljabYjgdoy Ieunty

Ijfg` Lavfl _ausij Mnexvfddg [edfig Lgpartbgnt

Iebbfssfengr Lgrrfim Yije`fgdl\gnngssgg Lgpartbgnt e` Ierrgitfen

Ygn. Hejn Ytgvgns

Lfstrfit ?<

Odafr \ayder [rgsflgnt, Bgbpjfs \eberrew

Hulcg L. Mgddy \jebasIeurt e` Irfbfnad Appgads

Iebbfssfengr Leuc Parngy Lgpartbgnt e` Bgntad Jgadtj anl Yuostanig Aousg

Ygrvfigs

Aby Sgfrfij Lfstrfit Atterngy Cgngrad, Lfstrfit 9;

Pgrna Syatt Gxgiutfvg Lfrgiter, \gnngssgg Pefigs èr Pfitfbs

Cevgrner‖s E``fig _gprgsgntatfvg

Crgc Alabs, Ijfg` Epgratfnc E``figr

Yta`` te tjg \asm @erig

Lr. Bary Marpes, [rehgit Banacgr

Dfnla _ussgdd, Lgpartbgnt e` Ya`gty & Jebgdanl

Ygiurfty, [uodfi Ya`gty Yuoiaofngt

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