TMn ak;T Mn gma:s kñúg RbtikmµK Im I...bMNgrb s; ey IgC aF mµt ae yI gnwgeR bIm a sG at Um R twm R t Uv E tbYnelx bu: eNÑ aH . l Mh at ;l Mh at ; ;; G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn

CMB UkTI3

3-1

TT MM nn aa kk ;; TT MM nn gg mm aa :: ss kk ññ úú gg RR bb tt ii kk mm µµ KK II mm II (( MM aa ss ss RR ee ll aa tt ii oo nn ss hh ii pp ss ii nn CC hh ee mm ii cc aa ll RR ee aa cc tt ii oo nn ss ))

1 ma:sGatUm (Atomic Mass) enA kñúgC MBUk enH e yIg nwgeR bIGVIE dle yIg) ansi kS aGMB IT M rg;n igr Ub m nþK ImI enA kñ úgk ar sikS a TMn ak; TMn gm :as rb s ;G at Um ni gm :UelK u l. T Mna k;T Mng T aMgenH n wgC Y ye yIgR tL b ; vi j edIm ,IB nü l ; BIs m as PaK rb s ;s m as F a tuT aMgL ay nigv iFIE dls m a s PaK pøas ;b þÚr.

m a:s rb s ;G a tUm mY yK WG aR s½ yeTA el IcM nYn eG L icR t ug R bUtug ni gN WR tug rb s ;G at Um enaH . kar dw gBIm a :s G at U m m ans ar³sMx an; Nas ; enA kñ ú gkar gar TIB ies aF . b :uE n þ G atUm K WC aP aK l¥i td¾ tU cbMpu t sUm , IE tFUl ImY yR K ab ;E dlG a cemIleX Ij k¾G acm anrhU td l;1016 G atUm . v aC ak a r Bit Nas ;E d lfa ey IgminG a cføw gG a tUm mY y) ane T b :uE nþe yIgG a ckM N t;n Uvm a:s G atUm mY y) a n eda yBwgE p ¥ke TA elIG a tUm mY yeTo ted ay kar Bies aF . C ¿h andMb UgK We yIgR tUvk M Nt; tM élrb s ; G atUm é nF at uE dlsÁ al;m Yy eFVId UcenH K We yIgG aceR bIv aC a m a:s G at Um sþg; da .

tam k ic© R Bm eR Bo gG nþrC a ti m am am am a :: :: s G at Ums G at Ums G at Ums G at Um K WC am a:s rb s ;G at Um kñú gx ña tm :as G at Um . mYy x ña t m ax ña t m ax ña t m ax ña t m a :: :: ssss G a tUm ¬xG a tUm ¬xG a tUm ¬xG a tUm ¬x //// G ¦G ¦G ¦G ¦ R tUv ) aneK kM Nt ;esµI nwg 1/12 én m a:s G at Um kab Un12mY y. k abUn12 K WC a

kabUnGI usU tUb E dlm a n6R bUtugn ig6NWR tu g. k ark MN t; m a:s G at Um kab Un12 esµ Inwg12 pþl;eG a y eyIg nUvs þg; da ed Im ,Ik MN t; m a:s G at Um rb s ;F a tu déT² e To t. C a] Tah r N_ k arB ie s aF ) anb gð aj faC am Fü m G atUm G IuR dUE s nmYyK Wm a nt MélR t wm E t8.400 PaK r yénG a tUm kabUn12. dUe cñH R b sinebIm a:s G a tUm k abuU n12 esµIn wg12x > G > ¬x ña tm :as G atUm ¦ n aMeG a ye yIg) anm a:s G a tUm rb s ; GIuR dUE s nK W 0.084 x 12 x > G rW 1.008 x > G . kar K NnaR s edo genH E d rb gða j fam :as G at Um GuksIuE s nK W 16.00x > G e hIyFeK W55.85x > G . d Uec ñH eTaH bIC ae yIgmi nsÁa l;n Uvm a : s G atUm m Fü m rb s ;G at Um E dkmY yk¾ ed ay k¾e yIg dwg fa vam a nt MélR b h ak;R b E h lnwg56d g énm a:s G a tUm GIuR dUE s nmY y .

c MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a M mYyx ña tm a :s G at Um ¬x > G ¦ G acehA ) anmü a:g eTo t fa mY yd al; tun (Dalton) . 1>1 ma:sGatUmmFüm (Average Atomic Mass) enA eBle yIgem IlBIm a :s G a tUm k abUnk ñúg ta ragx Yb e yIgn wgeX Ij tM élrb s ; vaK Wmi nE m n

esµInw g12x > G K t;eT K W vam an tMél 12.01 x > G . mUleh tuE dlb Nþa leG a ym anP a Bx us K ñaenH

TMnak;TM ngm a: skñ úgRb tikmµ KImI

3-2

K Weda ys a rE tF a tuE dl ekI t m aned ayF mµC a tiP aK eR cIn rY m TaMg kabU n K Wm anGI usUt Ub eR cInC ag mYy. enH m an n½ yfa e nA eBlE dley Igv as ;m a :s G at U m mYy C aTU eTA e yIgR t Uvr km a:s m Fü m én l,ayG IusU tUb E dl ekI tm ane da yF mµC at i. ]T ah rN _ GIusUt Ub F mµC at irb s ; kabUn12 K Wm anrh U t dl;98.90° nigk abUn13m a nE t1.1°. m a :s G at Um kabU n13 K Wm ant Mél 13.00335 x > G . dUcenH m a:s G at Um kab Unm Fü m G acK Nna) a ndU cx ageR k am enH ³ m a:s G at Um m Fü m rb s ;kabUn F mµC ati = (0.9890) (12.00000 x > G ) + (0.0110) (13.00335)

= 12.0 x > G kark MN t;R t wm R tU vC agpþ l;n U vm a:s G a tUm k abUnes µIn wg12.01x > G . cUrcMN aMf aenA k ñú gkar

K NnaE dlm anT ak; Tge TA nw gPaK r y ey IgR t UvbþÚ rBIP aK rye TA C aR b PaK . ]T ah r N_ 98.90% bþÚrC a 98.90/100 b ¤ 0.9890. eda ys a rE tm a nkabU n12 enA kñú gF mµC at ieR cI nC agk a bUn13 dU cenH m a:s G at Um m Fü m rb s ;kabUn K WeyI gyk tM éle TA tam k abU nE dlsMbUrC ageK K Wk abUn12.

vaBi tC am ans ar³s Mx an; e dI m ,Iyl; enA eBle yI gni ya y fam a:s G at Um kabU n K W12.01x > G eyIgs MedA el It Mélm Fü m . R b sinebIG at Um kabU nG acR t U v) anBi ni tü emIled ayE L k² K ñaey IgG a c rkeX Ij G a tUm é nm a:s G a tUm12.0000x > G rWG at Um énm :a s G atUm13.0035x > G b :uE nþ minE dlG a t Um énm :as G a tUm12.01x > G ena H eT. ]T ah rN _x ageR k a m b gðaj BIv iFIK Nn am a:s G a tUm m Fü m rb s; F atuK ImIm Yy.

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1111 ³³³³ Tg;E dgE d lC aelah ³R t Uv) a nsÁa l; taM gBIs m½yb ura NR t Uv) an eK ykm keR bIe nA kñúg kar eFVIE x S kab G K Áis nI nigk ak; kñú gcM eNam vtß úd éTeTo tC aeR cI n. m a :s G atUm é nGIusU t Ub sßites ßr TaM gBI rrb s ;v a Cu6329 (69.09%) nig Cu6529 (30.91%) K W 62.93 x > G nig 64.9278x > G tam ero g. cUrK Nnam a:s G a tUm m Fü m rb s; Cu. PaK r yrg Vg;R kc ksMK al ;BIP aBsM bUreFo b .

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy C ¿h and MbUgK We yIgR tUvbþ ÚrB IP aK rye TA C aR b PaK . dU cenH 69.09% eTA C a 0.6909 e hIy 30.91 eTA C a 0.3091. b nÞa b ;m keyI gK Nn am a:s G a tUm m Fü m dUcteTA ³ ( 0.6909)(62.93 ) + (0.3091) (64.9278) = 63.55 x > G

c MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a M m a:s G at Um énF a tuC a eR cInR t U v) ankM N t; y:a gR twm R t Uvd l;5b¤6 elx sMx an ;² b : uE nþ sMrab ; bMNgrb s ; ey IgC aF mµt ae yI gnwgeR bIm a :s G at Um R twm R t Uv E tbYnelx b :u eNÑ aH .

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾ ³³³³ m a:s G at Um GIusU tUb s ßit esßrB I rrb s ;b %)78,19(105 B nig %)22,80(115 B K W

10.0129x > G nig 11.0093x > G tam ero g. cU rK Nnam a: s G atUm m Fü m rb s ;b .

CMB UkTI3

3-3

2>ma:sm:Ulrb s;F atunigcMnYnGav:U kaR dU x ñatm a :s G a tUm pþl ;eG a yn Uv m aR tdæ aneFo b sMr ab ;m a:s én F atu. b :uE nþ eda yG a tUm m a n m a:s tUc d Uec ñH K µanm aR tdæ aneR bI R ) as ;) anC a]b k rN _sMr ab ;f øw gvaC aÉk taR k wt énÉk tam a: s G atUm e T. kñúgs ßanP aBBi tN ak ¾ed aye yIg dMe NIr ka rC amY yPaK sM NakFM² E dlm anc MnYn G atUm d¾eR cI n . eh tud Uce nH vag ayR sYlR tUv m anÉkt aBi es s sMr ab ;BN ’ nacM nYn y: ageR cI nénG a tUm . K Mnité n Ékta edIm , Ib gðaj cMn Yne da y E L kénvt ßúBu Mm anl kç NH fµI en aH eT. ]Tah rN _³ mY yK U¬ BIr¦ mY yL Ú ¬12¦ n igmY ye®hÁ as ¬144¦ Ta MgG s ;e nH K WC aÉk taE d leyI gdw gR K b ;K ña. K ImI viT Uv as ;G a tUm ni g m :UelK ulC am :Ul .

tam R b B½n§G nþrC a ti SI mmmm :: :: U l U l U l U l (mol) K WC ab rim a N éns arF atuE dlm anG g ÁF a tu dMbUg ¬G at Um m :UelK u l rWP aK l¥i tepS ge To t ¦ dUcE dlm an G atUm e nA kñú g12R kam én kabU nGIusU tUb12. cMnY nG at Um Bi tR ) akd enA kñ úg 12g énkab Un 12 R tUv) an eK kMN t;e da yk areFV IBies aF n_. témøm :Ul E dleK TT Yly kf µI² enH K W³

1mole = 6.022045 × 1023 PaK l¥i t cMnY nenH eK ehA fa c Mn Yn G a vc Mn Yn G a vc Mn Yn G a vc Mn Yn G a v :: :: U k a® d UU k a® d UU k a® d UU k a® d U edIm ,I]T Þis dl;Gñ kvi T ü as a®sþGIu ta luI eQ µaH Amedeo

Avogadro . C aTU eTA e yIg kMN t;c MnY nG av :Uk aR dUes µIn wg 6.022 × 1023. dUcenH cMnYnenH k ¾dU cC a R kUcmYyL ÚE dlesµ Inw g12E pø E dr ehI ymYym :Ulé nG a tU m GIuR dUE s nm an 6.022 × 1023 G atUm GIuR dUE s n ¬ rUb T I 1 b gðaj B I mYym :U lénF a tumY yc MnY n¦

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI > > > > 1111 ³ ³ ³ ³ mYy mmYy mmYy mmYy m :: :: UlUlUlUl énF a tuénF a tuénF a tuénF a tu s am B aØns am B aØns am B aØns am B aØn Im YyIm YyIm YyIm Yy ² ³ ² ³ ² ³ ² ³ TgTgTgTg ;; ;; E d g E d k ka bUn sE d g E d k ka bUn sE d g E d k ka bUn sE d g E d k ka bUn s


3-4

mYym :U lénx ñ at rb s ;s arF at u . cUrs MK al ;fam a:s m :U lrb s ;kabUn12¬C aR k am ¦ K W we sµIeTA n wgm a :s G atUm rb s ;va kñúgx ña tm a:s G a tUm . dUcK ñ aenH E drm a:s G a tUmNa K W22.99x > G ehIy m a:s m :Ul rb s ; vaK W 22.99g m a :s G a tUm rb s ;pUsVrK W 30.97 x > G ehI ym a:s m : Ulrb s ; vaK W 30.97g nig dUcC aF at u déT² e To t. R b sinebIe yI g sÁal;m a:s G a tUm rb s ;F at umY yey Igk ¾G acs Áal ;m a:s m : Ul rb s ;vaE d r.

c MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a M enA kñúg ka rK Nn aÉkt arb s ; m a:s m :UlK W g/mol rW kg/mol E tk¾e yI gG ac ni ya y ) anpgE dr fa m a :s G a tUm rb s ;sUdü Úm K W 22.99 g K Wmin ca M ) ac;ehA 22.99 g/mol eT .

kareR bIm a :s G a tUm ni gm a:s m : U l ey IgG a cK Nnam a:s C aR kam rb s ;G a tUm kabUn12m Y y. tam r y³k arB iPakS arb s ;e yI g) aneG a yd wgf amY ym :Ul én G atUm k abUn12 K Wm a nT Mgn; e sµInw g 12g.

12.00 g k abUn -12 = 1 mol G atUm k abUn 12 dUec ñH eyI gG acs res rC aÉ k tad Uc teTA eyIg eR bIÉkt am :U l (mol) e dIm ,I tag eG ay (mole) enA kñúg karK Nna. C amY yK ñae n H E dr

eda ys arm an 6.022 × 1023 G atUm kñúgm YymU :lénG at Um kabUn -12 ey Ig) a n 1 mol G atUm kab Un -12 = 6.022 × 1023 G atUm kab Un -12 12.00 g k abUn -12 = 6.022 × 1023 G atUm kab Un -12 \ L ÚvenH eyI gG acK N nam a : s C aR kam rb s ;mY yG a tUm ka bUn12dU cte TA ³ m a:s mYyG at Um kabU n 12 = 12.00 g ÷ 6.022 x 1023

= 1.993 × 10-23g

eyIgG aceR bIl T§pl enH edI mI,kMN t; TM nak ;TM ngr vagx ñ at m a:s G at Um nigR k am . ed ay m a :s rb s ;G at Um kabU n 12 K Wesµ Inw g 12x > G dUecñH cMn YnR k am E dlesµIe TA nwg 1x > G K W

1x > G = 1.993 × 10-23 g ÷ 12 x > G = 1.661 × 10-24 g nig 1g = 6.022 × 1023 x> G ]Tah r N_ enH b gðaj fabþ Úrc M nYnG av :Uk aR dUG aceR bIe dIm ,Ip øa s ;BIx ña tm a :s G at Um eTA m a :s C a

R kam nigp Þú ym kvij . s BaØa NsþI BIc MnYnG av: UkaR dUn i gm a:s m :U lG aceG aye yI gdM eNIr ka rb nøas ;rv agm a :s ni gm :Ul

rb s ;G at Um mYy ni grv agcM nY nG atUm nigm a :s n ige dIm ,IK Nnam a :s rb s ;G a tUm mY y. ey Ignw geR b I ktþ aÉk ta dUce TA enH enA k ñúg karK N na.

CMB UkTI3

3-5

110022.6

11

1

23==

Xatomsx

molX

Xofmassmolar

Xmol ¬X t ageG a yF a tuK ImIm Yy ¦

s e gçb BIT Mn a ks e gçb BIT Mn a ks e gçb BIT Mn a ks e gçb BIT Mn a k ;; ;; T Mn gr va gm aT Mn gr va gm aT Mn gr va gm aT Mn gr va gm a :: :: s n ig cMn Yn ms n ig cMn Yn ms n ig cMn Yn ms n ig cMn Yn m :: :: Ul r b sUl r b sUl r b sUl r b s ;; ;; F a t umYy n igF a t umYy n igF a t umYy n igF a t umYy n ig rv ag cMn Yn mrv ag cMn Yn mrv ag cMn Yn mrv ag cMn Yn m :: :: Ul n ig c Mn YnG a t Um Ul n ig c Mn YnG a t Um Ul n ig c Mn YnG a t Um Ul n ig c Mn YnG a t Um r b sr b sr b sr b s ;; ;; F a tum YyF a tum YyF a tum YyF a tum Yy . . . .

cMnY nm :Ul rb s ;F a tu n = m a:s(g) rb s ;F a tu m ÷ m a:s G a tUm M = cMnYn G atUm rb s ;F at u N ÷ cMn YnG av:U kaR d U NA

rw n = m/M = N/NA ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 2222 eG lü Úm He C a]s µ½nm an tMélE dleK eR bIenA k ñúg]sS a h kmµ ka rR s avR C avenA

sItu NðP aBT ab nav amuC Tw ke R C A ² nigkñ µúgeb :ge) a :g. c UrK Nnac MnY nm :U lenA kñ úg 6.46 g He . c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy m a:s m :Ul rb s; He K W 4.003 g . e dIm ,Ip øas ;b rim a N He BIR kam eTA C am : Ule yIg) an

n = m/M = 6.46g ÷ 4.003g = 1.61 mol He

dUce nH m an1.61 m :Ul rb s ;G atUm He enA k ñúg 6.46 rb s ; He. B nü lB nü lB nü lB nü l ;; ;; ³ ³ ³ ³ eday 6.46g FMC a gm a:s m :U lrb s ; He dU ecñH c Me lIye nH s m eh tupl . l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾ ³³³³ etIm a:ej s ü Úm b :unµa nm :Ulm anenA k ñúg 87.3g é nMg. ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 3333 ³³³³ cUrK Nnam a: s C aR kam rb s ;s ½g ásIE dlm anenA k ñúg 0.356 mol rb s ; s½gásI. c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy ³³³³ edaym a:s m :Ulrb s ;s½gás Ie sµInw g 65.39 g dU cenH m a:s C aR kam rb s ;s ½ gásIK W

m = n × M = 0.356 × 65.39

= 23.3g Zn

B nü lB nü lB nü lB nü l ;; ;; ³³³³ m a:s kñúg0.356mol rb s; Zn tU cC agm : as m :Ul r b s; Zn . l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾ ³³³³ cUrK Nn am a:s C aR kam k ñúg 12.4 mol én sMN. ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 4444 ³³³³ s


3-6

dMN ak; ka rTI 2: N = n × NA = 0.508 × 6.022 × 1023 = 3.06 × 1023

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þn __ __ ³³³³ cUrK N nac MnY nG at Um E dlm a nkñú g 0.551g b : Ut asü Úm . 3>ma:sm:Uel Kul (Molecular Mass)

R b sinebIey Igd wgm a:s G at Um rb s ;F at ub gá e yIgG a cK Nnam a :s m :Ue lK ulrb s ;va) a n. mmmm :: :: as mas mas mas m :: :: Ue lK ul Ue lK ul Ue lK ul Ue lK ul KWC aplbUkr b s ;m a:s G a tUm T aMgL a ye nA kñúgm : UelK u l. ]T ah rN _ m a:s m :Ue lK ul

rb s; H2O K W 2 ¬m a:s G a tUm rb s; H ¦ + m a:s G at Um GuksI uE s n 2(1.008)x > G + 16.00x > G =18.02 x > G C aTUe TA eyI gca M) ac ;R tU v K uNm a:s G a tUm rb s ;F at unIm Y y² C amYy nwg cMn YnG a tUm én F at u

enaH E dlm anv tþm anenA k ñúg m :UelK ul rYceF VIplbU kR K b ;F atu Ta MgG s ;. ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 5555 ³³³³ cUrK N nam a :s m :UelK ulrb s ; s arF a tud Uc teTA enH ³ k> SO2E dlC aF at usMx an ;

TTY lx us R tUv cMeB aH ePøó gG a sIut x > G asIu tG as Áb‘ícb ¤vI ta mIn C (C6H8O6) . c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy k ---- tam ry³m a :s G at Um rb s ;s G + 8 (1.001)x > G +6 (16.00)x > G = 176.12x > G

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ ³ ³ ³ ³ cUrK Nnam a:s m :Ue lK ulrb s ;em t aNu l (CH4O). tam r y³m a :s m :UelK ul e yI gG ackM N t;m a :s m :Ul rb s ;m :U elK ulb¤s m as F a tu. m a:s m :Ul

rb s ;s m as F at u(C aR k am) K WesµIeTA n wgm a:s m :UelK u lC ax ña tm a:s ¬x > G ¦. ]Tah r N_ m a :s m :UelK ul rb s ;T wkK W18.02g dUce nH m a:s m :U lrb s ;v aK Wesµ I nwg18.02gE dr . cUr cMN aM fa mYym :U lrb s ; Twk TMg n;18.02g n igm a n 6.022 x 1023 m :UelK ulTw k k ¾ dUcC amY ym : UlénF at ukab Unm an 6.022 x 1023 G atUm kabU n.

]Tah r N_B Irx a geR kam b gð a j fa c MeNH d wgBIm a:s m :U lG aceG a ye yIgK N nac MnY nm :U l nig G atUm n ImY y² kñúgb rim a Npþ l;eG a yrb s ;s m as F atu .

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 6666 ³³³³ em tan (CH4) C as am as PaK sMx an; rb s ;]sµ ½nF mµC a ti . etIm a nem t anb :u nµ an m :UlenA k ñúg 6.07 g é n CH4 ?

CMB UkTI3

3-7

c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy ³³³³ C adMbUg ey IgK Nn am a:s m : Ul rb s ;em t an b nÞab ;m kK N nam a :s m :Ul rb s ;em ta nK WCH4 = 12.01 g + 4(1.008g) = 16.04g dUce nH cMnY nm :U lrb s ;em tan K W = m/M

= 6.07g ÷ 16.04 = 0.378 mol CH4

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þn __ __ ³ ³ ³ ³ cUrK Nnac M nYnm :U lrb s ;k ør :Upm(CHCl3) enA kñúg 198g én CHCl3 ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 7777 ³³³³ K Nnac MnYnG at Um GIuR d UE s n E dlm ane nA kñú g 25.6g G‘ uy e r[(NH2)2CO].

m a:s m :Ul rb s ;G‘u ye resµI nwg 60.06 g.

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy ³ ³ ³ ³ dMbUgey IgK N nac M nYnm :U lE dlm a nenA kñ úg 25.6g G‘ uye r³ n = m/M = 25.6 ÷ 60.06 = 0.426 mol

b nÞab ;m ke yI gdw gehI yf a m anG at Um GIuR d UE s ncMn Yn4 e nA kñúgmY ym : UelK ulG ‘u yer. dUce nH cMn Y n G atUm GI uR dUE s n E dlm a nenA kñúg 25.6 g G‘ uye rK W³ = 0.426 × 6.022 × 1023 × 4

= 1.03 × 1024 G atUm H eyIgG acK Nn ac MnYnG at Um G asUt kabUn nigGu ksIuE s neda yeR bIv iFIdU cK ñaE tva k¾ m anviF I

kat ;mY yeTo tE dr. e yI gdw gehIy fac MnY nG a tUm G asU te sµInw g2/4éncM nYnG at Um GIuR dUE s n eh Iy cMnY nG at Um kab Unni gGuksI uE s nesµIn wg

4

1 éncMn YnG a tUm GI uR dU E s n. dUe cñH cM nYnG a tUm G a sUtE dlm a n enA kñúg 25.6g G‘u yerK W (1/2)(1.03 × 1024)=5.15 x 1023 G atUm . ehIyc MnY nG a tU m kabUnesµ Inw g cMnY nG at Um GuksI uE s nesµ Inwg (1/4) (1.03 × 1024) = 2.58 x 1023G atUm .

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ ³ ³ ³ ³ cUrK Nnac M nYnG a tUm GI uR dUE s nE dlm a ne nA kñúg72.5génGIus UR bU) a: Nu l(C3H8O(? 4> s,iúcRtU Em: Rtm:a s (The Mass Spectrometer) viFIE dlm a nPaBC a k;l ak;b Mpu tkñ úgk ark MN t;m : as G a tUm ni gm :as m :U elK ulK Wv iFIs ,i úcR t U -E m :R tm :as E dln wgb gð aj kñ úg rUb TI2 x ageR k am . enA k ñúg vi FIs ,icR tUE m :R tm :as P aK sM Nak ]sµ½nR tUv ) anra ra Mged a yka r) ac ;eG L i cR tugm a nfam B lx


3-8

K nøgK WG aR s½ yeTA n wgpleF o b rb s ;b nÞúk e/m . Gu Iy :ug E dlm anpleFo b e/m tU c m anK nøgE x S ekagFMC agGuI y: ugE dlm a np leFo be/mFM. dUcenH GuI y: u g E dlm anb nÞ úkesµ IK ñaE tm a nm :as x us K ña k¾R tU vE j kda c;BIK ñaE d r. m :as rb s ;GuI y:u gnIm Yy ² R tUv) ank MN t;e da yT MhMé n cMN aMgp øa tm kvij rb s ;va. b rim aNé ncr nþE d lb egáI teL IgK Ws m am aR te T A nwgcM nYn rb s ;GuI y: ug dU cenH vaG aceG ay eyIg kM Nt ;) anB IGuIsU tUb E d lG acm an.

r Ub TI r Ub TI r Ub TI r Ub TI 2222 ³ ³ ³ ³ dü aR kamdü aR kamdü aR kamdü aR kam énR b e PTénR b e PTénR b e PTénR b e PT m Yym Yym Yym Yy rb srb srb srb s ;; ;; ssss ,,,, ii ii úú úú cR t UE mcR t UE mcR t UE mcR t UE m :: :: RRRR tmtmtmtm :: :: a sa sa sa s

s ,iúcR t UE m :R tm :as dMbUgE dlR tUv) a nb egá IteL IgenA Ts vtS1920eda yrUb viT UG g;eK øsF.W Aston

2 K WburaNN as ; tam sþg;d ab c© úb ,nñ . E te TaH C a y:a gN ak¾e da y k¾v a) anp þ l;nUv Psþú tagm in

G acR b E kk) anénG uIsU tUb en Gug-20 ¬m :as G a tUm 19.9924 x > G nigsMbUrP aBF mµC ati 90.92 PaK ry ¦ ni genGug -22 ¬m : a s G atUm 21.9914 x > G nig sMbUrPaBF mµC at i 8.82 PaK r y¦.

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 3 3 3 3 ssss úú úú ,,,, ic mic mic mic m :: :: a s é nG uIs Ut Ub T a Mgb Irb sa s é nG uIs Ut Ub T a Mgb Irb sa s é nG uIs Ut Ub T a Mgb Irb sa s é nG uIs Ut Ub T a Mgb Irb s ;; ;; e nGuge nGuge nGuge nGug 2 Francis William Aston (1877-1915) C aGñkKImI- r UbC n C ati Gg;e Køs e hIy K at ;)an TTY lrgVan ;N UE bl

EpñkKImIviT üa e nAqñ aM192 2 sM ra b;ka rG Piv DÆs, iúc RtUEm :R tm a:s.

CMB UkTI3

3-9

5>sma sPa BPa Kr yrb s;smasFa tu (Percent Composition of Compounds)

dUce yI g) an dwg rYcm keh Iy fa rUb m n þrb s ;s m aF at umYy R ) ab ;eyI gBI cM nYnG at Um rb s ;F a t u nImYy² kñúgm Yyx ñ at éns m a s F atu . E teT aH bIC ay :ag e nH k¾ed ay enA kñ úgk arg arB ie s aF n_e yIgc a M ) ac;R t Uvk arb Ba ¢ak ;nU vF at usu T§rb s ;s m as F at umYy . tam r y³r Ub m nþm :U elK u leyI gG acK N na PaK ry énm a:s s rub rb s ;s m as F atuE d lR tU v) anr Ym cME Nked a yF at unIm Yy² . b nÞab ;m ke da y kareR bo b eFo b lT§ple TA nw gs m as PaBPaK ryE d lT TYl) a nt am r y³ka rBies aF PaK sMNa k rb s ;ey Ig e yIgG a ckM Nt ;P aBsuT §rb s ;P aK sMN ak . s m as P aBs m as P aBs m as P aBs m as P aB P aK r yC am aP aK r yC am aP aK r yC am aP aK r yC am a :: :: ssss K WC aPaK r yC am a:s rb s ;F a tu nImYy² E d lm ane nA kñú g s m as -F atumY y. ey IgG acK Nnas m as P aBPaK rye da yy km a:s rb s ;F at unIm Yy² kñúgmY ym : Ulé n s m as F atuK u Nn wg100 rY cE cknwgm a:s m : Ulrb s ;s m as F atu. tam K N itv iTü a e yI g ) anrUb m n þ ³

s m as P aBs m as P aBs m as P aBs m as P aB C aPaK r yrb sC aPaK r yrb sC aPaK r yrb sC aPaK r yrb s ;; ;; F a t umYy F a t umYy F a t umYy F a t umYy = = = = n x mmmm :: :: a s ma s ma s ma s m :: :: Ul énF at uUl énF at uUl énF at uUl énF at u x 100% mmmm :: :: as mas mas mas m :: :: Ul é ns m a s F a tuUl é ns m a s F a tuUl é ns m a s F a tuUl é ns m a s F a tu n cMnY nm :Ul rb s ;F a tuk ñúgm Y ym :Ul rb s ;s am as F at u. ]Tah r N_ kñú gmYym :UlGI uR dU E s nE BGuksIut m an2m :UlG at Um GIuR dUE s n nig2m :UlG a tUm Guks IuE s n. m :a s m :Ulrb s; H2O2 . H nig O K W 34.02 g 1.008g n ig 16.00g t am ero g. dUc enH s m as PaBC aP a K ryrb s ; TwkG uksI uE s nK W³

%06,94%10002,34

00,162%

%926,5%10002,34

008,12%

==

==

xg

gxO

xg

gxH

plbUkénP aK r yK W 5.926% + 94.06% = 99.99%. PaBlMeGo gt ic tYc enH K Wb Nþal m kBIcM nYnx Þ g;eR ka ye k,o s E dley Igk MN t; yk. R b sinebIeR bIr Ub m nþg ayHO kñúg karK Nna eyIg) an³

%06,94%10001,17

00,16%

%926,5%10001,17

008,1%

==

==

xg

gO

xg

gH

dUce nH rUb m nþg ay k¾ dUcC a rUb m nþm :UelK ulE dr R ) ab ;e yI gBI s m as PaBéns m as F at u . ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 8888 ³³³³ cUrK N nas m as P aBPaK r y C am :as rb s; H. P nig O E dlm ane nA kñú gm :Ue lK ul H3PO4 .


3-10

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy ³³³³ m a:s m :Ul rb s; H3PO4 K W 97.99g/mol. dU cenH Pa K ryC am a :s rb s ;F a tun ImY y ² kñúg m :UelK ulK W³

%31,65%10099,97

)00,16(4%

%61,31%10099,97

97,30%

%086,3%10099,97

)008,1(3%

==

==

==

xg

gO

xg

gP

xg

gH

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn ¾ ³³³³ cUrK Nnas m as P aBPaK ryC am a:s rb s ;F a tu nImY y² enA kñ úgG asIu ts‘u lpYr ic H2SO4 . viFIK Nn aenA k ñúg] Tah rN_G acR tL b ;b R Ba¢ as vij ) anR b sinebIm an PaBc aM) a c;. R b sin-ebIey Igd wgs m as Pa BPaK r yC am a:s rb s ;F a tu e yIgG a cK Nna rUb m nþg a yrb s ;s m as F at u) an. eda ye yIgk MBu gE ted aH R s ayC amY ynw gPaK r y ehI y plbUkénP aK r yT aMgG s ;K W100% d Ucen H eyIg k¾G a c]b m af ae yIg ca b ;epþIm B I 100g éns m as F a tu.

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 9999 ³³³³ G asuI tG asÁb‘ ícb gáeL Ige da ykab Un40.92% G IuR dUE s n4.58% n igGuks IuE s n 54.50% C am a:s . c Urk MN t; rUb m nþg ay rb s ;va ?

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy ³ ³ ³ ³ eyIg cab ;e pþIm K N nae da y] b m afam an 100g G asI utG asÁb‘í c dU ecñH enA k ñúgP aK sMNa kenH ey Igm a nkabU n40.92g GI uR dUE s n 4.58g nigGuks IuE s n54.50g. b n Þ ab ;m ke yIgc a M ) ac;R t Uv K Nn acM nYnm : Ulrb s ;F atu nImY y² enA k ñúgs m as F atu eh Iy nC. nH n ig nO C acMn Ynm : Ul rb s ;F at uE dlm a nenA kñ úgs m as F atu . eda yeR bIm a :s r b s ;F atu Ta MgenH e yIgG acs r es r³

molgO

OmolOxgn

molgH

HmolHxgn

molgC

CmolCxgn

O

H

C

406,300,16

150,54

54,4008,1

158,4

407,301,12

192,40

==

==

==

dUce nH eyI gT TYl) a nrUb m n þ gay C3.407H4.54O3.406. ed ays arE t rUb m nþm : Ue lK ul eK s res rC ac MnY nK t; ey Ig mins res rC a Ts PaK E b b en H ) aneT. ey IgG ac eFVIs n Þ sS n_x øH eG ay eTA C acM nYnK t ;e da yE cknw g s nÞsS n_E dlm an tMél tU cbM put (3.406) .

1406,3

406,3:33,1

406,3

54,4:1

406,3

407,3: === OHC

CMB UkTI3

3-11

dUce nH rUb m nþG as Iu tG asÁb‘ íc køa yeTA C aCH1.33O. b nÞab ;m k ey IgR tU vbþÚ rs nÞsS n _r b s; GIuR dUE s neG a ye TA C acM nYnK t; ed a yviFI dUcx ageR kam ¬vi FIs akl,gR B av² eR cIn dgn w gs eR m c¦:

1.33 x 1 =1.33 1.33 x 2=2.66 1.33 x 3=3.99 4≈

eda y 1.33 x 3=3.99 4≈ eyI gG acK uNs nÞsS n _R K b ;F atu TaM gG s ;nw g3 ey Ignw gT TYl ) anrUb m n þ C3H4O3 C arUb m nþga yrb s ; G asIu tG asÁb‘ íc.

llll Mh atMh atMh atMh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ n ¾n ¾n ¾n ¾ ³³³³ cUrk MN t; rUb m nþg ay rb s ;s m as F atum Yy E d lm an s m as PaBPaK r yC am a :s dUc teTA K = 24.75% . Mn = 34.77% . O = 40.51%

K ImIviT UeR cI nE tcg ;dw gBIm a :s Bi tR ) akd rb s ;F a tuN amY yen A kñúgm a :s rb s ;s m as F a tum Y y. eda ys m as PaB PaK r yC a m a:s rb s ;s a rF a tumY yG acR tUv) a nK Nn aed ay ga y d U ecñH b Bað aenH k ¾ eK G aced aH R s ay) anE dr.

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T I T I T I T I 1 01 01 01 0 ³ ³ ³ ³ K Nnam a:s C aK IL ÚR kam rb s ;Tg ;E d g E dlm anenA kñ úg 3.71 x 103 kgén CuFeS2 (Chalcopyrite)

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy m a:s m :Ul rb s ;T g;E dgn igCuFeS2 K W 63.55 g n ig 183.5 g ero gK ñ a d UcenH s m as PaB PaK ryC am a:s rb s ;Tg ;E dg K W³

%63,34%1005,183

55,63% == x

g

gCu

edIm ,IK Nnam a :s rb s ; Tg;E d g E dlm ane nA kñ úg 3.71 x 103 Kg é n CuFeS2 eyIgR tUvbþ Úr BIcMn YnP aK ry eTA C aR b PaK K WR tUvbþÚ r 34.63% e TA C a 34.63/100 rW 0.3463 ey Ig) a n³ m a:s rb s ; Tg;E dg E d lm ane nA kñúg CuFeS2 = 0.3463 x 3.71 x 103 Kg =1.28 x 103 Kg karK N nae nH G aceFVI eG ay m anlkç N³g ayR sYl ed a yb Ba© ÚlC ¿h an TaM gBIrx age lIdU cx ageR k am enH ³ m a:s rb s ;Tg ;E dg E dlm ane nA kñú g CuFeS2 = 3.71 x 103 kg CUFeS2 x kgCux

gCuFeS

gCu 3

2

1028,15,183

55,63 =

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þG n uv t þ nnnn __ __ ³³³³ cUrK N nam a :s C aR kam rb s ; G aluym Ij :Úm E d lm ane nA kñú gG alu ymIn371 g .


3-12

KImIG nuvt þn_ “ karpþ itsµame méd” mase daye RbI s,iú cRtUmaRt m:as”

(Gold “Fingerprinting” by Mass Spectrometry)

C aero gra l;qñ aM m as tém ør ab ;sib la ndu løa énR t Uv) an eK lYc. enA kñ úgk rNI PaK eR cIn m as R tUv) a neK rM la y ehI ydw kt am k): al;e TA eR kA R b eTs . tam viF IenH m as e n A E trkS a tMé l rb s ;va dE dl enA eB lE dlv a) at ;b g;l kçN³G tþs B aØ aN kmµk¾e da y. e TaH bIC a y:a N ak¾e da y b ec© keTs mY yR tU v) anG Pi v DÆ eda yGñ kvi Tü as aR sþe nA R b eTs GUR sþal InwgC aPña k;g ar R s b eBj c,ab ;G a ckMn t;R b PBé nPaK sMNa km as kñ uúg eBlq ab ;² e nH eTaH bIC avaR tUv) aneK r Ml ayn igc ak;B um < eL Igvij k ¾ed a yR Bm TaM gQ a neTA rk ka rcab ; eca rT aMge naH eTo tpg. m as C aelah ³E dlm ing ay rgR b tikm µ m a nenA kñ úgF mµC ati kñu gTM rg;m incgs MB½n §C a mYy F atu déT . mü a:gv ij eTo t eda ys a rlk çN³m a nR b tikmµ ti ct Ycrb s ; vaeFV IeG a y m as s m R s b sMrab ;eR bIR ) as ;C aeR K O gG l gáar . k ñúgk ML úge Blén karE j kE r:m as du Mm as B IPaK l¥i trb s ;m as K WF atue pS g² m an dUcC a ka t; j :Úm sMN et lü Úm nigs½ gásIR tU v) anpS MenA k ñúg duMm as . b rim aNn ig R b ePTrb s ;PaBmi nsu T§b¤F a tub nÞ ab ;b nSM enA kñ úgm as E R b R bYleTA t am t Mb n;E dl vaR t Uv ) anC Ikm k. edIm ,I viPaK P aK sMN akrb s ; m as dMbUg G ñkv iTü as aR sþ du tcM nuc tUcm Yyé nPaK sM Na k(E dl m anb nÞa t;p© itn igC Me rA R b E hl0.01cm) rb s ;m as C amY ynwg ka MrsI µL aE s ‘ (Laser). m as n ig F atub n Þab ;b nS Mrb s ;v a R tUv) a nhY tnig pa t;e da ycr nþ ]sµ½nG akug cUle TA kñ úgs ,i úcR tUE m :R tm : as . kareR bo b eFo b s ,iúcm :as C a mYynw gÉks a rK Mr Us ,úi cm :as é nm as BI tMb n; edIm E dl eK sÁa l;nwg pþl ; G tþs Ba Øa NBIR b PBrb s ;m a s dUcsñ am R m am édE dlR tUv) aneK eR bIsMr ab ;k MN t;G t þs B aØa NbuK Ál mñak;² .

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 4444 >>>> a b n ÞH m a s sMr abb n ÞH m a s sMr abb n ÞH m a s sMr abb n ÞH m a s sMr ab ;; ;; eF VIG teF VIG teF VIG teF VIG t þþ þþ s Ba Øa N kmµ s Ba Øa N kmµ s Ba Øa N kmµ s Ba Øa N kmµ / / / / b m asm asm asm as rl a yenArl a yenArl a yenArl a yenA1065°cE d lE d lE d lE d l G acR t UvG acR t UvG acR t UvG acR t Uv )))) anananan ca kca kca kca k ; ; ; ;

B umB umB umB um

CMB UkTI3

3-13

b ec© keTs enH R t Uv) an eK eR bIeTA elIv tß úFM² d UcC a dMuR ) a k;ni gdu Mm as r Ym Ta MgP aK l¥i tt U c² éneR K O g G lgáar . vaR tUv) aneK eR bIp gE dred Im ,Ir ukr kk arE køgb nøMv tßús il,³ B IeR BaH s ,iú cm :as é nvtß úbur aNe F VI BIm as x us BIs , úicm : as rb s ;m as TMe nIb .

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 5 5 5 5 ssss ,,,, úú úú icicicic mmmm :: :: a sa sa sa s rb srb srb srb s ;; ;; m as m k BIR b P BB Ir epS gKm as m k BIR b P BB Ir epS gKm as m k BIR b P BB Ir epS gKm as m k BIR b P BB Ir epS gK ññ ññ aaaa . . . . bbbb r im aN é nF a tub nÞa br im aN é nF a tub nÞa br im aN é nF a tub nÞa br im aN é nF a tub nÞa b ;; ;; b nS Mb nS Mb nS Mb nS MCd n ign ign ign ig Pb e nAe nAe nAe nA kñúgkñúgkñúgkñúg P aK sMN a kP aK sMN a kP aK sMN a kP aK sMN a k T aMg enH x us K ña yT aMg enH x us K ña yT aMg enH x us K ña yT aMg enH x us K ña y :: :: a gx øa Mga gx øa Mga gx øa Mga gx øa Mg ....

6>karkMN t;rkr Ub mnþgayta mBi esa Fn_ (Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas)

R b sinebIey IgsÁ al;s m as P aBPaK r yC am a :s rb s ;F a tu nI mYy² eyIgG ack MN t; rUb m nþ-gay rb s ;s m as F a tumY yt a m ry³k arB ies aF . d MbUg karv iPaK K ImIR ) ab ; ey IgBIm a: s C aR kam rb s ;


3-14

F atun ImY y² E dlm ane nA kñú g b rim aNp þl; eG ay éns m as F atu. t am ry³m a:s C aR kam rb s ;F a t u nImYy² e yIgG acr keX Ij c M nYnm :U lrb s ;v aE dlm a nenA k ñú gs m as F at u. ]Tah r N_ kñú gs m as F a tueG taN ul. e nA eBlE dl e G taN ulR t Uv) an eK du tkM edA dUcr Ub TI6x ageR k am kabU nDIG u ksIu tnig Tw kR tUv) anb eB a© j . eda ys arE tkab Unn ig GIuR dUE s nBu Mm an vtþm a nenA k ñúgbMB g;]s µ½nmu ne BldMe NI rka r e yIgG acs nñid æa n) an fak abUnn igGI uR dUE s nm anv tþm a n enA kñúg eG t aNu l ehI yGu ksIuE s nk ¾G acm a nvt þm an en A kñúgeG ta NulE d r ¬m : UelK u lGuksIuE s n R tUv) anb E nßm e TA kñ úgd MeN Ir k arcM eh H b :uE nþk¾G acm anG uk sIuE s nx øH ) anm kBI PaK sMN akeG t aN ul E dr ¦. m a:s ]sµ ½nk abUni cnig Tw k E d lR tUv TTY l) anp li tG acR t U v) ankM N t;e da yka rvas ;k ar ekIn eL Igénm : as énF a tuR sUb ]s µ½ nkabUn icn igT wk. ]b m af ae nA kñúg kar Bies aF mY yc Meh H é neG ta Nul cMnY n11.5g pli t]s µ½n kabU nic 22.0g n igT wk13.5g. eyIgG acK Nn am a :s kabU nnigGI uR dUE s n E dlm anenA k ñúgP aK sMN ake G taN ul11.5g d Uc teTA ÷ m a:s kabU n = 22.0 g x g

g

g00,6

01,44

01,12 =

m a:s GIuR d UE s n = 13.5 g x gg

g51,1

02,18

008,1 =

r Ubr Ubr Ubr Ub 6666 ]]]] b k rNb k rNb k rNb k rN ¾¾ ¾¾ s Mr abs Mr abs Mr abs Mr ab ;; ;; k MN tk MN tk MN tk MN t ;; ;; r k r Ub m n þg ay rb sr k r Ub m n þg ay rb sr k r Ub m n þg ay rb sr k r Ub m n þg ay rb s ;; ;; eG ta N uleG ta N uleG ta N uleG ta N ul

dUce nH 11.5 g eG t aN ulm ankab Un 6.0g nigG IuR dUE s n 1.51g ey Ig) a nm a:s E d l enA s l;C am a:s rb s ;Guks IuE s n .

m :as GuksI uE s n = m :as P aK sMNa k - ¬m a:s k abUn + m a : s GIuR dUE s n¦ = 11.5 g – (6. 00g – 1.51g) = 4g

cMnY nm :Ul rb s ;F a tun ImYy² E d lm anenA k ñúg 11.5g eG ta NulK W ÷ cMnY nm :Ul kabU n = mol500,0

01,12

00,6 =

O2 s l;

kMedA

sMrUb H2O sMr Ub CO2

CMB UkTI3

3-15

cMnY nm :UlG IuR dUE s n = mol50,1008,1

51,1 =

cMnY nm :UlG uksI uE s n = mol25,000,16

0,4 =

dUec ñH rUb m nþ rb s ;eG t aN ulK W C0.50H1.5O0.25. edays arE tc MnY nG at Um R tU vE tC ael x K t ; eyIgE c ks nÞsS n _T aMgG s ; nw g 0.25 E dlC as nÞsS n _t UcC ageK ey IgT TYl) anr Ub m nþ C2H6O.

\ L ÚvenH eyI gG ac yl; nUvB a kü fa {r Ub m nþg ay} E dl C arUb m nþB wgE p¥k eTA el Ika r s egát nigk arv as ;E vg. rUb m n þga yrb s ;eG ta NulK WR tUv) a n kMN t; tam r y³k arv iPaK s m as F at ukñ úgn½ y F atub g árb s ;v aK Wmin caM) ac; dw gBIka rcgs m < ½n§ rv agG a tUm e T. 6>1 karkMNt;rUbmnþm:UelKul (Determination of Molecular Formulas)

rUb m nþE dl) anm kB Ika rK N nas m as PaB PaK r yC am a : s C anic© k alC ar Ub m nþg ay BIeR BaH s nÞsS n _enA k ñúgr Ub m nþ R tUv) an eK kMn t; yk tMé lt Uc bMput. e dIm , IK Nna rUb m nþm :Ue lK ulBi t R ) akde yIgR t UvE ts Áal ;m a:s m :UlR b h ak;R b E h lrb s ;s m as F atu enA kñ úgr Ub m nþga y r b s ;va. e yIg G aceR bIm a:s m : Ule dIm ,Ik MN t; rUb m nþm : UelK ul rb s ;va .

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ PaK sMNa kéns m as F at uG asUt nigGu ksIuE s nm a nG asU t 1.52g n ig GuksIuE s n 3.47g. m a:s m :UelK ul rb s ;s m as F a tue n H K WenA cenøaH B I 90g n ig 95g. cU rkM N t ; rUb m nþm : UelK ul nigm a :s m :Ul r b s ;s m as F atu enH .

c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy dMbUge yI gR tUv kM Nt ;rUb m n þga yéns m as F atu enH dU c]T a h rN_x a gelIs in. t ag nN nig nO C acMn Ynm :U lrb s ; G asUtn igGu ksIuE s ne yIg) a n ÷

moln

moln

O

N

217,000,16

47,3

108,001,14

52,1

==

==

dUce nH rUb m nþ rb s ;s m as F a tuK W N0.108O0.217. eyIgE cks nÞsS n _ed ays nÞsS n _E d ltUc C ageK K W 0.108. b nÞab ;BI sMrYl rYc ey Ig TTY l) an rUb m nþ NO2 C a rUb m nþg a y. r Ub m nþm :UelK ul G acnwg dU crUb m n þga y b¤G a cC aBhuK uN rb s ;v ax us K ña dU cC aG acK u Nnwg BIr b I bYn b¤eR cInd gC a g énrUb m n þga y.

m a:s m :Ul rb s ;r Ub m nþga yK W NO2 = 14.01+2(16.00) = 46.02 g b nÞab ;m k e yIg kMN t; cMn Yn (NO2) E dlm anenA k ñúg rUb m nþm :Ue lK ul. cM nYn enH R tUv) a nrk

eX Ij eda yk areF VIpleFo b .


3-16

21,202,46

95 ≈==g

g

massmolarempirical

mass molar

dUce nH m a:s m :U lrb s ;r Ub m nþ m :UelK ulK Wm anBI rdg énr Ub m nþga y K Wkñ úgm :U elK uln ImY y ² én s m as F atum an NO2 cMnY n BIr ehI yrUb m n þm :Ue lK ulrb s ;vaK W(NO2)2 b¤ N2O4. m a:s m :Ul rb s ; s m as F atuK W 2(46.02) b¤ 92.04 g E dlC acMn Yne nA cenø aH BI 90 g nig 95 g. 7>RbtikmµKImI nigsmIkarKImI (Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations)

b nÞab ;BI) ansi kS aB Im a:s G a tU m nigm :as m : UelK u lm k e yIgn wgB ini tü fae tIm anGVI ekI teL Ig cMeBaH G a tUm n igm :U elK ule nA kñúg R b t ikm µK Im IR b t ikm µK Im IR b t ikm µK Im IR b t ikm µK Im I E dlC adM eNIrE dls arF at umYyb ¤eR cI nR tUv) a npø a s ; bþÚre TA C as arF a tu fµ ImYyb ¤eR cI n. ed Im ,Ied aH R s ayb B aða e nH K ImIviT U) anb e gáI t s m Ik arK Ims m Ik arK Ims m Ik arK Ims m Ik arK Im I tag[ R b tikmµK ImI. s m Ik a rK Im Is m Ik a rK Im Is m Ik a rK Im Is m Ik a rK Im I eRbInimi tþs Ba ØaK Im Ied Im ,Ib gð aj GVIE dlek Itm ank ñúgeB lm anR b ti kmµK ImI. enA k ñúgE pñ kenH e yI gnwge ro ns res r nig føw gs mI karK ImI . 7>1 karsresrsmIkarKImI (Writing Chemical Equations)

cUrB ini tü emIlm anG VIe kI teL I genA eBlE dlGI uR dUE s neq H kñúgx ü l; ¬m a nGuks IuE s ne nA kñúg enaH ¦ e dIm ,Ib eg áI t) anC a Tw k . R b tikmµenH tage da ys mI karK ImI dU cx ageR k am ÷

)1(222 OHOH →+ s BaØa {+} m a nn½ yf a {{{{ m anR b tik mµC amYym anR b tik mµC amYym anR b tik mµC amYym anR b tik mµC amYy } } } } ehIys Ba Øa {R BYj } m ann ½y fa {{{{ T T YlT T YlT T YlT T Yl )))) anananan } } } }

dUec ñH s mIka renH G acG a nf a {{{{ mmmm :: :: Ue lK ul GIuR d UE s nUe lK ul GIuR d UE s nUe lK ul GIuR d UE s nUe lK ul GIuR d UE s n mmmm anR b t ikm µC am YymanR b t ikm µC am YymanR b t ikm µC am YymanR b t ikm µC am Yym :: :: Ue lK ulG uks IuE s nUe lK ulG uks IuE s nUe lK ulG uks IuE s nUe lK ulG uks IuE s n e d Ime d Ime d Ime d Im ,,,, IT T YlIT T YlIT T YlIT T Yl )))) an Twkan Twkan Twkan Twk }}}} .... R b tikmµm an dMe NIr kar dUc Tis s B aØ aR BYj . R b tikmµ ¬1¦ x ag elIe nH C aR b tikmµm in

eBj elj eT eda ys a renA G gÁTImY ym a nG at Um Guks IuE s nBIr eh Iye nA G gÁT IBI rm a nE tmYy. t am c,ab ;r kS am a :s G a tUm T aMgL a yE dlsß ite nA s gx ags Ba Øa R BYj R tUvE tes µIK ñ a dUc enH eyIgR tUv f øw g s mIkarx a gelI enH eda y da k;em K uN 2 e nA BIx agmux m : Ue lK ulGuIR d UE s nnigm ::Ue lK ul Twk.

GIuR dUE s nBIrm U:le lK ul + GuksIE s nmY ymU: lelK u l → TwkBI rmU:l elK ul 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

rUbrUbrUbrUb 7 7 7 7 viF IbIy aviF IbIy aviF IbIy aviF IbIy a :: :: g sMr abg sMr abg sMr abg sMr ab ;; ;; t a gR b tik mµc Me h H GIuR d UE s nt a gR b tik mµc Me h H GIuR d UE s nt a gR b tik mµc Me h H GIuR d UE s nt a gR b tik mµc Me h H GIuR d UE s n

CMB UkTI3

3-17

s mIkarl Mnw gK ImIenH b gð aj f a { BI rm :U elK ulGI uR dUE s n m anR b tikmµC amYym Yym : Uel K ul GuksIuE s ne dIm ,Ib e gáI t) anC a BIrm :U elK ul Twk ¬r Ub TI 7¦}. eda ys a rpleFo b énc MnY nm :UelK u le s µI eTA nwgp leFo b cMnY nm :Uls mIkar enH k¾G a cG an) a nf a {m :UelK ulGIuR d UE s nBI rm :U lm anR b tikm µC a mYym :U elK ulGu ksIuE s nmY y m :Ulb egá It Twk BIrm :Ul” . e yIg k¾d wgpgE d rnU vm a:s kñú gmY ym :Ul énF a t u nImYy² rb s ;s arF at uT aMge na H . dUcenH e yIgG acb kR s a ys mIk arenH ) a nfa{4.04g énGIuR d UE s n m anR b tikmµC amYy 32.00g énGuksI uE s ned Im ,Ipþ l; 36.04g é nT wk}. v iFIG ans mI kar TaM gbIen H R tUv) ans egçb enA k ñúg ta rag 2.1.

tar ag 2.1 k arb kR s a ys mI karK ImI

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O

BIrm :U elK ul + mYym : UelK u l BIrm :U elK ul BIrm :U l + mYym : Ul BIrm :U l 2(2.02 g) = 4.04 g + 32.00 g 2(18.02 g) = 36. 04 g

36.04 g G gÁF at uR b tik r 36.04 g pl itp l eyIg ehA m :UelK u lGIuR d UE s nnigm :U elK ulGu ksIuE s ne nA kñú gs mIkar ¬1¦ fa R b t ik rR b t ik rR b t ik rR b t ik r E dlC a

F atuc ab ;ep þIm enA k ñúgs m Ika r K ImI ehIy Tw kK WC a p l it plp l it plp l it plp l it pl E dlC as arF a tuk ekI te L IgC alT §pl éns mIka rK ImI. dUe cñH s mI karK ImIK WR K an;E tC a viFI d¾x ø Irb s ;K ImIvi TUe dIm ,I ero b rab ;B IR b ti kmµ. enA k ñúg R b tikmµK ImI R b t ikrR t Uv) a n s res renA G gÁx ageqVg ¬G gÁ TImY y¦ eh Iyp li tplenA x agsþaMs BaØ a R BYj ¬G gÁT IBI r¦.

R b tik r R b tik r R b tik r R b tik r → pl it plpl it plpl it plpl it pl edIm ,Ip þl; nUvB t’m anE fm eTo t K ImIvi TUeR c InE tb B a¢a k;B I s PaBrUb rb s ;R b tik rni gpli tpl

eda yG kS r (g). (l). n ig (s) edIm ,I kMN t; faC a ]sµ½ n G gÁF atu rav nigG g ÁF at ur wgt am ero g. ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N _ _ _ _

)()(2)(2

)(2)()(2

2

22

gOlHgsHgO

gCOgOgCO

+→

→+

edIm ,I ta geG a yGVIE d lekI te L IgenA eBleK r Mla yGMbi l sUdü Úm kø rYe TA kñú gT wke yIgs r es r ÷ )()(

2

aqNaClsNaClOH


3-18

(aq) b Ba¢ ak ;faC am C Ä dæa nT w k. kars res rm : UelK ul Tw kenA elIs B aØ aR BYj K WC an imit þ s BaØa éndM eNI rk arlk çN³ rUb én ka rrMl ays arF a tu eTA kñ úg Twk e Blx øH R tUveK lub v aec ale dI m ,I[ m anPaB s am BaØ.

kar dwgB Is PaB rUb énR b t ikr nigpl itp lm ans a r³sMx a n; Nas ;e nA kñú gT IBies aF . ]Tah r N_³ enA eBlE dl b :Ut asü Úm R bUmY (KBr) n i gR ) ak;n IR ta t (AgNO3) m anR b ti kmµ C amYyK ñ aenA kñ úgm C Ä dæ an Twke naH eK nwgs egá teX Ij G g ÁF atu rwgR ) a k;R bUmYe kItm aneL I g . R b tik m µ enH tage da ys mIk ar ÷

)()()()( 33 sAgBraqKNOaqAgNOaqKBr +→+ R b sinebIs PaBr Ub énR b ti kr nigpl itp lminR t Uv) an pþl; [ enaH ey IgR b E h lBü aya m

layG g ÁF a tur wg KBr [ m a nR b tikmµC am YyG g ÁF at ur wg AgNO3. G gÁF a tur wgT aMgB Ir enH G acm an R b tikmµ ya: gy WtC am YyK ñ ab¤ K µanR b ti kmµ. tam r y³mIR kUTsS n _ e yIgG ac yl;) a n faed Im ,Ib eg áI t ) anpli tplR ) a k;R bUmY GIu y:u g Ag+ nigGI uy u:g Br-G ac b :H K ña. b :uE nþGIu y: ug TaM gBIr en H G acenA C ab ; K aMgenA k ñúgs m as P aBF a tu rw gehIym anclP aB tic tYc . 7>2 karføwgsmIkarKI mI (Balancing Chemical Equations)

]b m afae yI gcg;s res rs mI kare dIm ,I ero b rab ; BIR b ti kmµK I mI E dley IgeT Ib ) an dMe NIr ka r kñúg TIB ies aF e tIe yI gR tUv e FVIy a:g dUcem þc? ed ay ey I gsÁal ;G tþs B aØ aNrb s ;R b ti kre yIgG a c s res rr Ub m nþK ImI rb s ;va. G tþs Ba Øa Nrb s ;pl itp lG acnw gm ank arl M) ak kñ úgka rk M Nt; . sM rab ; R b tikmµK ImIg a y² eyIgG a cR b m aNpli tpl) a n. b :uE nþsMr ab ;R b ti kmµs a Mj aM uC ag E dlTa k;T g eTA nwgp li tplbIb¤eR c InK ImI viTUR tUveF VIE ts E fm e To te dIm ,IkMn t; vt þm ané ns m as F a tu yfaR b eP T.

enA eBlE dle yIg) ansÁ al;R b tikr nigp li tplT aMgG s ; nig) anR Bm T aMgs res r rU b m nþ R twm R tUvs Mrab ;va rYceh Iy eyIgR tUve ro b vae TA ta m lMdab ;F mµ taK WR b tik renA x ageqVgs B aØ aR BYj ehIypl it plenA x ags þaMs BaØaR BYj . s mIka rE dl s res rm kd l;c Mnu cenH eR cIn E tminR tU v) a n føwgK W cMn YnG a tUm rb s ;F at unIm Y y² enA G gÁT ImY yBu MesµI eTA nw g cMnY nG at Um enA G gÁ TIB Ir. C aTUe TA ey Ig G acfø wgs mIk arK ImI t am C Mh a nx ageR kam e nH ÷

-kM Nt ;G tþs B aØ aNR b t ikr ni gpli tpl ni gs res rrUb m nþrb s ;v a[ ) anR t wm R tUve nA x ag eqVgs BaØ aR BYj n igx ags þaMs BaØaR BYj .

CMB UkTI3

3-19

-cab ; epþIm føw gs mIka re da y s akl,gem K u NepS g² e dIm ,IeFV I[ cM nYnG a tUm é nF a tu nImYy² esµIK ña Ta Mgs gx ag éns mIk ar . eyIgG acbþÚ rem K uN E tey IgminG acbþ Úrs nÞsS n_rb s ;va) a neT . karbþ Úrs n ÞsS n_G a cbþÚ rG tþs BaØa Nrb s ;s arF a tu. ] Ta h rN_ 2NO2m ann ½y fa {BIrm :Ue lK ul G asUt DIGuks Iu t} b :uE n þR b sin ebIey Igb egá Ins n ÞsS n_rb s ;v aBIr dg e yIg nwg TT Yl) an N2O4 E dlC a rUb m nþrb s ; DIG as Ut etR t aGu ksIu t E dlx us K ñaR s L H BIs m as F atu edIm .

-dMbU ge yIgR t UvemI lF at uE d lm anE tmþg enA G gÁn ImYy² é ns mIka r ni gm anc MnY nG at U m es µI K ñaenA G gÁs gx agéns mI ka r ¬rUb m nþE dlm anF at uTa MgenH R tUvE tm a nem K uN dUcK ñ a¦ . dUc enH enA R tg;cM nuc enH eyI gminc aM) a c;t MrU vem K uN rb s ;va eT. b nÞab ;m k e yIg emIlF a tuE d l m anE tmþge nA G gÁnImY y² éns mI kar E tcM nY nG atUm rb s ;vam inesµ IK ña. rY cføw gF at uT aMg enH . TIb B a© b; eyI gR tUv føw g F atuE d lm anenA kñúg rUb m nþ BI rrWeR c InénG g Ámça gd UcK ña rb s ; s mIkar.

-R tY tBin itü s mIk ar føw grY c edIm ,I[ c, as ; fac MnY nG at Um s rub énR b ePTn ImY yG a tUm kñ ú gG gÁ TaM gs gx agm a ncM nYnes µIK ñ a.

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N _ _ _ _ enA kñú gb nÞb ;B i es aF b rim a Nt ict Ycé n]sµ ½n GuksIuE s n TTY l) anm kB Ik ar dut kMedA b : Ut asü Úm kør a: t(KClO3). pli tplE dl TT Yl) a nK W]sµ½ nGuksI uE s n(O2) ni gb :Ut asü Úm k ø r Y (KCl). ey Ig) ans mI ka r ÷

23 OKClKClO +→ ¬ed Im ,I[ m anP aBga yR sYl eyIg lub s PaB rUb rb s ; R b tikrn igpl itp l¦. F at u TaM gbI (K. Cl ni gO) K Wm an mþgenA G gÁn ImYy² éns mIk a r b :uE nþm anE t G atUmKnigCleTE d lm anc M nYnG a tUm esµ IK ña enA G gÁT aMg BI r. dUc enH KClO3 nigKCl R tUvE tm an em K uNesµIK ña. b n Þab ;m k e yIgR t UveFV I[ cM nYnG a tUm Gu k sIuE s nenA G gÁ TaM gs gx age sµIK ña. ed ay s arenA G gÁ TImY ym a nbIG a tU m GuksIuE s nehI yG gÁ TIB Irm anBI rG at Um GuksI uE s n ey Ig G acfø wgG a tUm GuksIuE s ne da yd ak; em K uN2enA BIx agmux KClO3 ehIy em K uN3 enA BIx a gmux O2.

23 32 OKClKClO +→ cugb Ba© b ; e yIg fø wgG a tUm KnigCl eda y dak ;em K uN 2 e nA BIx agmux KCl:

23 322 OKClKClO +→ enA eBlR tY tBi ni tü cugeR k ay eyIgG acK Us tar ag dUcx a geR kam sMr ab ;R b ti kr n igp l it

pl E dlcMn Yne nA kñú gvg;R k c kb Ba¢a k;B IcM nYnG a tUm rb s ;F a tun ImYy² .


3-20

Rbtikr plitpl K (2) K (2) Cl (2) Cl (2) O (6) O (6)

c MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a Mc MN a M ÷ s mIkarenH k ¾G ac føw geda yd ak ;em K uN E dlK u Nnwg 2 sM rab; KClO3 K uNnwg 2 sM ra b ; KCl nigK uNn wg 3 sM rab; O2 dUcC a ÷

23 644 OKClKClO +→ E teTaH bIC a dUc enH k¾e da y va C akarR b esI rE dle yIg da k;e m K uNE dlt Ucn igga yC a ge K . \ L ÚvenH cUrB ini tü emIls mI k art agR b ti kmµc Meh H rva geG tan nigGu ksIuE s n E d lpþl ; [ C a

]sµ½n kabUn icn igT wk. s mI ka rE dlBu MTa n;m a nlM nwgK W ÷ OHCOOHC 22262 +→+

eyIg eX Ij ehI yf a cM nYnG a tUm T aMgG s; C . H n igO m i nesµIK ñ aeT enA G gÁ TaM gs gx a gén s mIkar. C age nH eTA eTo t G atUmC nig H m anE tmþ ge nA G gÁTa Mgs gx ag éns mIk ar . enA G gÁx a g sþaMG a tUm Gu ksIuE s nm a nBI rd gK WenA kñ úgs m as F a tuCO2 nigH2O. ed Im ,If øwgG at Um k abUne yIg dak ; em K uN2 enA BIx a gmux CO2 eyIg) an ÷

OHCOOHC 22262 2 +→+ edIm ,I føw gG at Um GIuR d UE s n ey I gdak ;em K uN3 enA BIx agm ux m :UelK ul H2O

OHCOOHC 22262 32 +→+ enA kñúg dM Na k;k alenH G atUm kabUn nigGI uR dUE s nR t Uv) a nføw gE tG a tUm Guks IuE s nmin Tan ;

R tUv) an fø wgBIeR B aH enA G gÁx a geqVgm anG at Um GuksI uE s nE t 2 ehI ye nA G gÁx ag sþaMm a nG at Um GuksIuE s nrh Ut dl; eTA7. PaBmines µIK ña énG a tUm Gu ksIu E s nenH G aceFVI[ esµ Ie da yd ak;em K u N

2

7 enA BIx agmux m : UelK ulG uksIuE s nenA G gÁx ageq Vge yIg) a n ³

OHCOOHC 22262 322

7 +→+ dUce nH s mIkarb s ;ey Igm an lMnwg³

Rbtikr plitpl C (2) C (2) H (6) H (6) O (7) O (7)

CMB UkTI3

3-21

E teTaH bIC a ya :gN ak ¾ed ay C aF mµtae yIgE t gE ts re s rem K uNC ae lx K t; dU cen H ey Ig G acK uNG g ÁTa MgB Iréns m Ika rx agel Inwg 2 e dIm , IbþÚr

2

7 eTA C a 7 eyI g) an ÷ OHCOOHC 22262 6472 +→+

eyIg) an tar agc ugeR k ay Rbtikr plitpl C (4) C (4)

H (12) H (12) O (14) O (14)

em K uNE dleK eR bIk ñúgk ar føw g enH K WC aelx E dlt UcbMp ut. ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ T IT IT IT I 1 21 21 21 2 ³³³³ enA eBlelah ³G al uymIj :Úm R t Uv) an eK dak ;eG a yR tUvx ü l; R s Ta b ;

karB arrb s ;G alu ymIj :Úm Gu ksIu t(Al 2O3) kekItenA e lIépÞ rb s ;va . R s Tab ;enH karB arR b ti km µ rvagG alu ymIj : Úm nigG uksI uE s n ehI yvaC a eh t uplE d lkMb :u gR s aebo minG acx U c. ¬enA k ñúg krN I énE dk eR cH b¤ E dkIII G u ksIu tE dlke kI teL Igm anR b eh agE dlmi nG ack arB are l ah ³E dkenA x ageR kam dU cec ñH kareR cH sIuenA E tb n þ¦. c Urs r es rs mIkarm anlM nwgs Mrab ;kM Nén Al 2O3. c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy ³ ³ ³ ³ s mIkarmin Tan ;R tU v ) anfø wg³ 322 OAlOAl →+ eyIg eX Ij f aT aMg Al nig O m anE tmþg enA mça g² rb s ;s mIkar b :uE nþ cMn Ynmin esµIK ñ a. e dIm , I eFVI[ G at Um Al esIµK ñ a ey Ig dak ;elx 2 enA mux Al . 3222 OAlOAl →+ m anBIrG at Um O enA x ageq V g nigbIG a tUm O e nA x agsþ aMrb s ;s mI ka r. PaBmi nesµ I K ñaenH R tUv) an eK bM) at ;ed ay ka rs r es relx 2/3 enA BImux O2 enA kñú gs mIkar . 3222/32 OAlOAl →+ dUck rN Irb s ;eG tan e y IgK u Ns mIka rT aMgR sug nwg 2 e dI m ,IbþÚr 2/3 eTA C a 3 322 234 OAlOAl →+ dUce nH s mIkarb s ;ey Igm an lMnwg

Rbtikr plitpl Al (4) Al (4) O (6) O (6)


3-22

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þn __ __ ³ ³ ³ ³ cUrføwgs m Ik arénR b t ikmµ rva gE dk (III) GuksIu t ¬Fe2O3¦nig kabU nm :U NU GuksIi ut ¬CO¦[ plC aE dk nig]sµ ½nk abUn ic. 8>brima NRbtikrnigp litpl (Amounts of Reactants and Products) sMnYrC amUld æanm YyE d l) an ecaT eL IgenA kñúg TIB ies aF K I mIenaH K W {et Ipl itp l b :unµ an kekI teL Ig BIb rim aNR b t ikr :? b ¤kñ úgk rNIx øH eyI gG ac sYrpÞ úym k vij f a {e tIe yI gR tUveR bIR b t ik r b :unµ ane dIm ,I TTY l) anp li tp lC ak;l ak; : ? edIm , Ib kR s a yR b tikm µC aC ab rim aNe yI g R tUveR bIcM eNH dwgrb s ;ey Igsþ IBIm a :s m :Ul ni gb BaØ tþim : Ul. ssss ÞÞ ÞÞ WW WW s ü Úem R T Is ü Úem R T Is ü Úem R T Is ü Úem R T I K WC aka rsikS aBIb r im a NR b tik r n igpli t plenA kñ úgs mIk arK ImI . eTaH bIC aÉk ta pþl ;[ sMrab ;R b tikr rWp li tplC am : Ul R ka m lIt ¬sMr ab ;]sµ ½n ¦ rWx ña tx øH epS geTo t k¾e da y k¾ ey Ige R bIm :Uled Im ,IK Nn ab rim aN plitp lE dlk ekI tenA k ñúgR b tikmµ. v iF I enH eK ehA fa v iF Imv iF Imv iF Imv iF Im :: :: Ul Ul Ul Ul E dl m ann½ yf aem K uNs ÞWsü ÚÚem R TIenA k ñúgs mI ka rK ImIG ac ehA ) anfaC acM nYn m :Ulrb s ;s arF a tun ImY y² . ]Tah r N_ R b t ikmµ cMeh H rv a gkabUnm :UN UGuks Iu tC amY yx ü l;b egáI t) an C akabUn DIGu ksIu t. )(2)()(2 22 gCOgOgCO →+

sMrab ; karK Nnas ÞWsü ÚÚem R T Ie yIgG a cG ans mI ka renH fa {]sµ½ nkabU nm :U NUGu ksIu tc M nYnBI r m :Ulm anR b t ikmµC am Yy ]sµ½n GuksIuE s nmY ym :U l ed Im ,Ib egáI t) a nC a]sµ ½nk abUnD IGu ksIu tcM nYnB Ir m :Ul }.

viFIm :U lrYm m a nC Mh an dUc te T A enH ÷ 1-s res r rUb m nþ[ ) a nR twm R tUvsM rab ;R b t ik rnig pli tpl TaM gG s ;ni gfø wgs mIk ar. 2-bþÚrb rim a Ns arF at uE dl sÁal; ¬C aF mµ taR b ti kr ¦eTA C acMnY nm :U l. 3-eR bIem K uNe nA kñú gs mIka r m anlMn wge dIm ,IK N nac MnY nm :U lrb s ;s arF at uE dlr k b¤s arF a tuE dlm insÁ al;e nA kñúgl Mh a t; ¬C aF mµt aC apl i tpl¦ . 4-eR bIcMn Ynm : UlE dl rkeX Ij nigm a:s m :Ul rYcbþ Úrb r im a NE dlmins Áal ;eTA C ax ñ atE dleK sYrrk ¬C aT UeTA C aR k am ¦. 5-cU rR tY tBin itü f ac MelI yrb s ;Gñks m eh t uplb¤e T. C ¿h anT ImYyE tgE te kI teL I gmuneK enA kñ úgk arK N na ta m cMnYnm :Ul ¬s ÞWsü Ú Úem R TI ¦. eyIg

R tUvE tsÁ al;G tþs B aØa Nrb s ;R b tikr nigp li tpl e hIyT Mna k; TMng rb s ;v aR tUvE teK arB eTA t am

CMB UkTI3

3-23

c,ab ;r kS am a :s ¬enH m ann ½ yfa e yIgR tUvE tm ans mIk arm an lMn wg¦. C ¿h a nTI BIrK W C aC Mh anE d l eyIgR tUvbþ Úrm : as C aR kam b¤x ñ a tepS gé ns arF at ueTA C ac MnY n m :Ul. k arbþ Úre TA C acMn Ynm : U lenH G ac[ eyIg viP aK nUvR b t ikmµB itR ) a kdkñ úgc MnY nm :UlE tb :ue NÑ aH .

edIm ,Is MercC Mh an TI 3 e yIgR t Uvk ars mI karm anl Mnw gpþl;e da yC Mh a nT I1. cM nu cE dl sMx an;e nA TIe nH K Wem K uNenA kñúgs mI ka rm anl Mnw gR ) ab ;e yIgB Is m am aR tE dlcM nYnm : U léns a rF at u mYym anR b t ikmµC am Yy b ¤ b egáI tC acM nYnm : Ulrb s ;s arF atum Yye To t. C ¿h an TI4 K Wm anlk çN³ R b h ak;R b E h lnwgC ¿h an TI 2 E tvax us K ñ aE tR tg ;C ¿h an e nH eyIgR tUve daH R s a yrk nUv b rim aN rb s ; s m as F atuE d leK sYr rk. C ¿h anT I5eR cInE tR tUvm in) an eK sUvK itK U r b :uE n þvam ans a r ³sMx an; Na s ; eR BaH K ImIviTü aK WC avi Tü as a® sþBies aF n _ dU cenH cMe lI yr b s ;GñkR tUvE tm ann ½y eTA t a m lkçN³E d l m anBi t² enA elIs klel ak . R b sinebIey Igd ak; lMh a t; BuM) anR twm R tU v b¤k¾m ank Mhu s kMuBü Ú T½r ey Ig nwgeX Ij c ,as ;e nA eBlc MelI yrb s ;e yI gE R b eTA C am anb rim aN eR cIne Bk b¤ tU ceB keFo b eTA nwg b rim aNE d ley Igc ab ;ep þIm .

enA kñúg ka rK Nn at am cMn Ynm :U leyI geR bInimi tþs B aØ a ↔ E dlm ann½ yf a {s m mUl sÞWsü Úem R TI b¤s m mUle TA nw g}. enA kñ úgs mIk arm a nlMn w gsMrab ; kM Nkab UnD IGuksI ut eyIg eX Ij f a kabUnm : UN UGuksI utB Irm : Ulm a nR b tikmµC am YyGu ksIuE s nmY ym :Ul dU cenH ey IgG a cni ya y) an faB Ir m :Ulk abUnm : UNUG uksI uts m mU leTA nwgm Yym :UlGu ksIuE s n .

2 mol CO ↔ 1mol O2 ]Tah r N_x a geR kam e nH b gða j BIka reR bIC ¿h an Ta Mg5kñ úgk ared aH R s ayl Mh a t;e da yeR bI

cMnY nm :Ul ÷ ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N _ _ _ _ 1 31 31 31 3 ³³³³ elah ³G al ;kaL aMg Li m a nR b tikmµC am Yy Twk e dIm ,Ib e gáI t) anC a ]sµ½ nGIuR d UE s n

nig) as G a l;k alI. x a geR ka m enH C aR b tikmµr vagl IcUm ni gTwk . )()(22)(2 22 gHaqLiOHOHsLi +→+

k-e tIGI uR dUE s nb :u nµa nm :U lE d lnigk ekI teL Ig BIR b ti kmµs BVrb s; Li 6.23 mol C amYy Twk ? x -GIuR dUE s nb : unµ anR kam E d l kekI ted ayR b tikmµs B Vrv ag Li 80.57g C amY yT wk?

c Me lIy ¬k ¦c Me lIy ¬k ¦c Me lIy ¬k ¦c Me lIy ¬k ¦ CMhanTI1 s mIkarm anlM nwgR t Uv) a neK pþl;[ enA k ñúg lMh a t;. CMhanTI2 eyIgm inc aM) a c;r kcM nYnm : Ule T eR BaH b rim aNR b ti kr R tUv) an pþl ;[ C a

cMnY nm :Ul.


3-24

CMhanTI3 eda ylI cUm 2m :Ulb e gáI t) a n C a 1m :UlGIuR dUE s n b¤ 2 mol Li ↔ 1mol H2

dUce nH 6.23 mol ↔ x mol H2 eyIgG acK Nn ac MnYnm :UlGI uR dUE s nd Uct eTA ÷

cMnY nm :UlG IuR dUE s nE d lT TYl ) an 22 12,321

23,6 HmolLimol

HmolxLimol ==

C¿hanTI4 C Mh anenH e yIgmi nca M) ac ;eT . CMhanTI5 eyIg cab ;e pþIm C am Yy 6.23 mol Li b egáI t) a n 3.12 mol H2. eday

2m :Ulrb s ;l IcUm b e gáI t) an1m :UlGIuR d UE s n dU cenH cM nYnm : U lrb s ;GIuR d UE s n TTY l) anc MnY n 3.12 mol C acMelI yE dls m eh tup l.

c Me lIy ¬x ¦c Me lIy ¬x ¦c Me lIy ¬x ¦c Me lIy ¬x ¦ CMhanTI1 s mIkarK W dUc nwg lMh a t; cMn uc ¬k¦ CMhanTI2 cMnY nm :Ul rb s ;lI cUm E dleK [ K W ÷ cMnY nm :Ul lIc Um = mol

Lig

LimolxLig 61,11

941,6

157,80 =

CMhanTI3 eda ys ar2m :Ull IcUm p li t) an1m :UlG IuR d UE s n eyIgG ac K Nnac MnYnm :Ul GIuR dUE s nd Uc teTA ÷ 2 mol Li ↔ 1 mol H2 dUce nH 11.6 mol Li ↔ x mol H2

cMnY nm :UlG IuR dUE s nR t Uv) a np lit molLimol

HmolxLimol 805,5

2

161,11 2 == H2

CMhanTI4 tam r y³m a :s m :UlGI uR dUE s n (2.016g) e yI gG acK N nam a:s GI uR dUE s n E dlTT Yl) an dU cte TA ÷ m = n × M

m a:s GIuR dUE s nE dl TTY l ) an =5.805mol H2 x 2.016 g H2 = 11. 70 g H2 CMhanTI5 eda ym a:s m : Ulrb s ;GIuR d UE s ntU cC agm a :s m :Ul rb s ;lI cU m ehIye yI g

R tUvk arl IcUm B Irm :U led Im ,Ip litmY ym : UlGIuR d UE s n e yIg rMBwg fam a:s rb s ; GIuR dUE s nt UcC a g 80.57 g.

b nÞab ;BI eFVI karG n uv tþe daH R s a ylMh at ;m k ey IgeX Ij f aey IgG acb B a© ÚlC Mh anT I2 TI3 nigT I4eTA C as mI ka rE tmY y dUcE dl ]T ah rN _x ageR k am b gðaj .

CMB UkTI3

3-25

]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N _ _ _ _ 1 41 41 41 4 mðÚb G ah arE d ley Igb r iePaK R tUv) anb ME b kenA kñ úgx øÜ ney Ig edIm , Ipþl ;f am Bl sMrab ; kar lU tlas ;énn igmux garenA kñú gx øÜne yI g. s mIkar TUe TA s rub sM rab ; dMe NIr d¾s a uMjú aMe nH ta geG a yka rb ME b kK øúy kUs e TA C a]sµ ½nk abUni cnig Tw k.

OHCOOOHC 2226126 666 +→+ R b sinebIm nusS mña k;b r iePaK K øúyk Us cM nYn856g kñ úgr y³e BlmYyB itR ) a kden aH et I] sµ½n

kabUn icb :u nµa nR kam R t Uv) anp lit ? c Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIyc Me lIy

C¿hanTI1 s mIka rlMn wgR t U v) aneK R ) ab ; C¿hanTI2 TI3 nigTI4 tam s mIk arl Mnwg e yIgeX Ij fa ebIeK eR bIK øú ykU s1m :Ul

eK TTY l) an]s µ½n kabUn icc MnY n6m :Ul. m a:s m : Ulr b s ;K øúy kUs ni g]s µ ½n kabUn icK W 180.2 g ni g 44.01 g tam ero gK ñ a. 180.2g C6H12O6 ↔ 44.01 x 6 g CO2 856g C6H12O6 ↔ x g CO2

m a:s ]sµ ½nk abUni cE dlT TY l ) anK w = 6126

26126

2,180

601,44856

OHgC

gCOxxOHgC

= 1.25 x 103 g CO2

C¿hanTI5 ed aymY ym : UlK øú ykUs eK TTY l) an 6 m : Ul] sµ½nk abUni c ehI ym a:s m : Ulr b s ; K øúyk Us FMC agm a:s m :U lrb s ; ]sµ½n kabUn ic4dg dU c enH cMelI ye nH K Ws m eh tupl .

9>FatubnÞal;kMNt; (Limiting Reagents) enA eBlE dlK ImI viT UG nu vtþR b tikmµK ImI C aF mµt aR b tik r K WBuMm an vt þm an tam b r imb r imb r imb r im aNs ÞWsü ÚaNs ÞWsü ÚaNs ÞWsü ÚaNs ÞWsü Ú

em R TIem R TIem R TIem R TI Bi tR ) akde nA kñ úgs m am aR tE dl) anb Ba ¢ak ;ed ay s mIkarl Mnw g. eh tud Uce n H ehIy) anC a R b tikrx øH R tU v) aneR bIG s; e n A eBlE dlF at udé Te To tenA s l;rhU tdl ;cu gb Ba© b ;énR b tikmµ . R b tikrE dl eR bIG s ;munenA kññ ú gs mIkar ehA faF a tu b nb nb nb n ÞÞ ÞÞ a la la la l ;; ;; k MN tk MN tk MN tk MN t ;; ;; eda yb r im aNG tib rm aénp lit plkek IteL IgG aR s½ yeTA e lIb rim a NR b ti kre dIm . e nA eBlE dlR b ti kren aH R tUv ) aneR bIG s ;K W K µanpl itplb E n ßm eTo tR tUv ) anb egá IteL I geT . b rim a NF at u b nb nb nb n ÞÞ ÞÞ a la la la l ;; ;; e l Ise l Ise l Ise l Is (Excess reagents) K WC ab rim a NR b tik rm aneR c In C agb rim a NR tU vka rca M) ac ;E d lm anR b tikm µC amY yénF a tu b nÞal; kMN t;b r im aN énF a tub n Þal ; kMN t;G g ÁF at uR b tik r.


3-26

b BaØa tié nF at ub nÞ al; kMN t; K Wminx us GVIBI TMn ak ;TM ng rvagbu rs ni g®sþI enA kñ úgk øib R b kYtr a M enaH eT. R b sinebIm a nbur s14nak; ehI ym anE t®sþIE t 9nak ; dUce nH m anE t9K Uburs ¼®sþ Ie T E dlG aceL IgR b k Yt) an e hIyburs cMn Yn5n ak; eTo t nwg s l;ed ayK µ anK U. dUe cñH cM nYn®sþ IC aG ñk kMN t;c MnY nburs E dlR tUv eL I gR b kYtr aM ehI yc MnY nburs R t U venA s l;ehA f acM nYne lIs .

Gics aPø úyG rYs < an;F½ r(SF6)C as m as F at uE dlK µ anBN ’ K µ ankø in n igsß ites ßrbMp ut. va R tUv ) anb egá IteL I ged ay ka rdu t s

CMB UkTI3

3-27

c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy c Me lIy k-e da ye yIgmi nG acd wged ay ka remIln UvF a tu NaC aé nR b tik rT aMgB IrC aF a tub nÞ al; kM Nt ; eyIgR tUvE t pøas ;m :as rb s ;va eTA C acM nYnm : Ul. m a:s m : Ulr b s ;G am :Uj : ak; ni g]sµ ½nk abU nicK W 17.03g nig44.01 g t am ero g.

cMnY nm :UlG am :Uj : ak ;= mol42,3703,17

2,637 =

cMnY nm :Ul ]sµ½ nkabU nic = mol95,2501,44

1142 =

BIs mIka rm anl Mn wge yIgeX I j fa 2m :U lG am :Uj :a k;m anR b tikmµC am Yy 1m :Ul]s µ½n k abUni c dUce nH cMnY nm :U lG am :Uj :ak ;ca M ) ac;c Ulr Ym R b tikmµC am Yy ] sµ½nk abUni c25.95mol K W

25.95 mol x 2 = 51.90 mol

eda ym anG am :Uj : ak ;E t 37.42mol E dlminR K b ;R K an;edIm ,IeF VIR b ti kmµs BVC am Yy ] sµ½n kabUn ic G am : Uj :a k;K WC aF a tub nÞal ;kM Nt ; ehI y]sµ ½nk abUni cC aF at ub nÞ al;e lIs .

x -b rim a NG‘u yerE d lkek It K WR tUv) a nkM Nt ;ed ayb rim a NénF a tub n Þal ;kM Nt ; m a:s G‘u yer = 37.42 x 60.06=1124 g K -cMn Ynm :U lén]s µ½n kabU nicE dlC aF a tub nÞ al; elIs 25.95 - mol,

,247

2

4237 =

dUce nH m a:s ]sµ ½nk abUni cE d lenA s l;K W 7.24 x 44.01= 319 g l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þn __ __ ³ ³ ³ ³ R b tikmµrv agG al uymIj :Úm n wgE d k¬III ¦ Gu ksIu tG a cb egá Itk Me dA dl ;

3000 oC nigR tU v) aneK eR bIk ñú gkarpS ar elah ³. FeOAlOFeAl 22 3232 +→+ enA kñúgR b t ikmµm Yy eK eR bIG alu ymIj : Úm 124g [ m a nR b tikmµC amYy 601g é n Fe2O3. k> cUrK Nn am :as C aR k am r b s ; Al2O3 kekIteL Ig x > etIF a tub n Þal ;el Is enA s l;b : u nµan eR kayR b t ikmµ ? 10>TinñplRbtikmµ (Reaction Yield)

vtþm a nb rim aNé nF at ub nÞ al; kMN t;e nA cMn ucc ab ;epþ Im énR b tikmµ kM Nt ; T in ñp l t amT in ñp l t amT in ñp l t amT in ñp l t am R T ws þIR T ws þIR T ws þIR T ws þI rb s ;R b tikmµ e nH K WC ab rim aNpl itp lE dlG ac TT Yl ) an R b sinebIF at ub nÞ al; kM Nt; Ta MgG s ; eFVIR b tikm µ. dUec ñH Ti nñpl tam R Tws þIK WC a Tin ñplG tib rm a E dlR t Uv) a nrMB wgT uke da ys mIk arm a n lMnwg b :uE n þenA kñ úgk arG n uv tþ T in ñp l B itT in ñp l B itT in ñp l B itT in ñp l B it es ÞIrE tm an b rim aN ti cC agT inñ plt am R Twsþ IC ad rab . m aneh t uplC aeR c InsM rab ;P aBx us K ña rvag Ti nñpl tam R T w sþIni gTi nñplB it . C a] Ta h rN_R b t ikm µ


3-28

C aeR cInC aR b t ikmµb R Ba© as dUce nH vamin dMe NI rka rBIeqV g eTA sþa M100°eT . eTaH bIC aR b tikmµ dMe NIr kareBj elj100°k ¾ed ay k¾vaG acBi) ak Taj ykpl it plTa MgG s ;BIm C Ä dæa nR b tik mµ ¬]> BIs U - luysü úg ¦. R b ti kmµ x øH m anPaBs a Mjúa Mkñ úgn ½yp litp lG acm a nR b tikm µC a mYyK ñab ¤µC amY y R b tikre dIm ,Ib e gáI tpl itp l epS geTo t . R b tikmµb E nßm enH nwgk at ;b nß yT inñp l rb s ;R b tikm µ dMbUg.

edIm ,I kMN t;R b si T§Pa BénR b tikmµm Yy K ImIvi TUeR c InE tK Nna T in ñp lT in ñp lT in ñp lT in ñp l C aP aK r yC aP aK r yC aP aK r yC aP aK r y E dlero b rab ;BIs m am aR t rvag Ti nñpl Bitn igT inñ plt am R Twsþ I. Ti nñplC aPaK r yR tU v ) anK Nn adU cx ag eR kam ³

T in ñp lT in ñp lT in ñp lT in ñp l C aPaK r yC aPaK r yC aPaK r yC aPaK r y = T in ñpl BitT in ñpl BitT in ñpl BitT in ñpl Bit x 100% T in ñp lT in ñp lT in ñp lT in ñp l tamtamtamtam R Tws þIR Tws þIR Tws þIR Tws þI

ktþ aT aMgL a yE dlG acC H \ T§iB leTA el IT inñp lC aPaK r yenH m ans Itu NðP aBn igsMB aF . ]]]] T ah r NT ah r NT ah r NT ah r N __ __ 1 61 61 61 6 ³³³³ TItanK W C aelah ³E dlR s a lnigm in gayE R cH cab ; eK eR bIv ae nA kñúg r:u kE kt

ynþeh aH m a:sI un ynþ eh aH nig tYk g;. eK TT Yl) an va eda yR b tikm µenA sI tu NðPa B x

CMB UkTI3

3-29

R tUvk arc aM) a c;e dIm ,Im anR b ti kmµC amY yTI ta n4kø rYK W 1.87 x 105 x 2 = 3.74 x 105 mol. eda ycM nYnm : Ulm a :ej :sü Úm m a nrhUt dl ; 4.65 x 105 mol TIt an (IV) k ør Y C aF at ub nÞ al; kMN t;.

tam s mIk ar mY ym :U lTI ta n 4kørY pli t) an 1m : UlT It an m a:s TI ta nE dl TTY l) an = 1.87 x 105 x 47.88 = 8.93 x 106 g K NnaT inñ plC aPaK ry = %,x

x,

x,688100

10938

109176

6

=

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; G n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þnG n uv t þn __ __ ³³³³ kñúg]s S ah kmµ v a: Nadü Úm E d lR tUv) a neR bIC asMe lah ³R t Uv) a nTT Yled a y R b tikmµr vagv a: Na dü Úm GuksI u tC amY yka l;sü Úm enA sI tu Nð PaBx


3-30

NH3(aq) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq) 2NH3(aq) + H2SO4 (aq) ( NH4)2SO4(aq) 2NH3(aq) + H3PO4 (aq) (NH4)2HPO4 (aq)

rebo b epS geTo t énk arero b G am :Uj : Úm s‘ulpa tR t Uvk arBI r dMn ak; kar³ 2NH3 (aq) + CO2 (aq) + H2O (l) (NH4)2CO3 (aq) (1) (NH4)2CO3 (aq) + CaSO4 (aq) (NH4)2SO4 (aq) + CaCO3(s) (2)

viFIenH R tU v) aneK c g;) a n BI eR BaH s arF a tuc ab ;epþ Im K Wk abU nDIGu ksIu tni gka l;sü Úm s‘u l pat efakC agG asI uts‘ ulpY ric. e dIm ,Ib eg áIn Tin ñpl G am : Uj : ak;R tUv) a neFVIC aF at ub nÞ al; kMN t; enA kñúgR b t i kmµTI(1) ehI yG am : Uj :Úm kabU NatR tUv) aneFI VC aF a tub nÞ al; kMN t;k ñúgR b t ikmµ(2). taragx ageR k am cuH b Ba¢Is m as P aBP aK ryC am :a s rb s ;G asU tenA kñ úgC In iym eR bImYycM nYn . s m as PaBPaK r yC am a :s r b s ;G asUte nA kñú gC Ini ym eR bI 5R b ePT RbePTCI %N C amC amC amC am :: :: a sa sa sa s

NH3 82.4 NH4NO3 35.0 (NH4)SO4 21.2

(NH4)2HPO4 21.2 (NH2)2CO 46.7

r Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TIr Ub TI 8 8 8 8 G amG amG amG am :: :: UjUjUjUj :: :: a ka ka ka k ;; ;; r avr avr avr av R tUvR tUvR tUvR tUv )))) aneK da kaneK da kaneK da kaneK da k ;; ;; b E nßm eG a y dIm un ka rda Md uHb E nßm eG a y dIm un ka rda Md uHb E nßm eG a y dIm un ka rda Md uHb E nßm eG a y dIm un ka rda Md uH ktþ aeR cInE dlm an\ T§iB ld l;ka reR C Is er Is C I³ 1 > tMél vt ßúF a tue dIm E dlR tUvk ar sMrab ;e ro b cMeFV IC I 2> PaBga yR sYlk ñúg ka rTu kd a k; ka rd wkC Ba ¢Ún n igk areR bIR ) as ; 3> s m as PaBPaK r yC am : as é nF atuE dleK cg ;) an 4> PaBs m R s b éns m as F at ue naH K WfaG a cC as m as F a tu r lay kñú gTw k nigG acR t Uv

) ancab ; yk eda y ruk çC at i. e da yka rK itB Ik tþ aTa MgG s ;e n H eyIgeX Ij fa NH4NO3 C as m as F at u C Im annIR tUE s nsMx an ;C ageK e nA kñúgB iPBel ak eT aH bIC aG am :Uj :ak ;m anP aK r yC am :a s x

CMB UkTI3

3-31

PøúyG r:a) a: TI t K Wmin rla ykñ úgT wke T d UecñH C a dMbU gvaR tU v) anp øas ;eTA C as m a s F a t u kal;sü ú Úm DIGI uR dUE s np UsVa t [Ca(H2PO4)] E dlrlayk ñú gTwk . 2Ca5(PO4)3F(s) + 7H2SO4 (aq) 3Ca(H2PO4)2 (aq) + 7CaSO4(aq) + 2HF(g)

sMrab ; Tin ñplG tib rm a P øú y G r:a) a :T ItR t Uv) a neFIVC aF at ub nÞal ;kM Nt ;enA k ñúgR b t ikmµe n H . R b tikmµT aMg enH ey Ig) an Bi PakS as Mrab ;ka rero b cM eFVIC Ih ak; dUcC a ga yR sYlK Yrs m b :uE n þ

karx i tx MR bwgE R b g) anBR gwg edIm ,I b eg áIn Ti nñple da yka rpø as ;bþ Úrlk çx NÐm Yy cM nYn d UcC a sItu NðP aB sMB aF ni glk ç x NÐepS ge To t. G ñkK ImI ] sS ah kmµC aF mµ tad MeN Ir kar R b tikmµenA k ñúg TIBi es aF n_C amunsi n nigb nÞal ;m ks ak l,gv aenA kE nø gs akl,gR Tg;R T ay tU cmun nwgpl itv aC a R Tg;R Ta yFM.

************************

segçbnigsmIkarKnøwH

s m as P as m as P as m as P as m as P a BBBB C aPaK r yrb sC aPaK r yrb sC aPaK r yrb sC aPaK r yrb s ;; ;; F a t umYy F a t umYy F a t umYy F a t umYy = = = = n x mmmm :: :: a s ma s ma s ma s m :: :: Ul é nF a tuUl é nF a tuUl é nF a tuUl é nF a tu x 100% mmmm :: :: as mas mas mas m :: :: Ul é ns m a s F a tuUl é ns m a s F a tuUl é ns m a s F a tuUl é ns m a s F a tu

T in ñp l C aPaK r yT in ñp l C aPaK r yT in ñp l C aPaK r yT in ñp l C aPaK r y = Tin ñpl BitTin ñpl BitTin ñpl BitTin ñpl Bit x 100% T in ñp lT in ñp lT in ñp lT in ñp l tamtamtamtam R Tws þIR Tws þIR Tws þIR Tws þI

segçbehtukarN_ nigbBaØtiþ

1. m a:s G at Um K WR tUv) a nK itC a x ñatm : as G a tUm ¬x > G ¦ E dlC ax ña teFo b G aR s ½yel Ité mø12 Kt ; sMr ab;GuIs Ut Ub kabU n12 . tam F mµt am a:s G at Um pþl ; eG aysM rab ;G at Um énF a tumY yK WC am a :s m Fü m énr) ayGuIs Ut Ub ekI tm anenA k ñúgF mµC a ti rb s ;F a tuen aH . m :as m : UelK ulK WC apl bUkrb s ; m a:s G at Um énG a tUm e nA kñú g m :UelK ul. m :as G a tUm n i gm :as m :U elK ulG a cR tUv) an kMN t; y: ag R twm R tUve da yeR bIs ,ú icR t UE m :R tm :as .

2. m :Ul (mol) K WC acM nYnG a v:U ka ®dU ¬6.022x1023¦ rb s ;G atUm m :UelK u l b¤PaK l¥ ite pS geTo t. m a:s m :Ul ¬K i tC aR kam ¦ énF a tumY yb¤s m as F a tumY y K W e sµInw gcMn Ynm a :s rb s ;v aK i tC a x ñatm a :s G atUm ¬x > G ¦ ni gm anc MnY n G av:U ka® dUrb s ;G at Um ¬ kñú g krN IvaC aF at u¦ rb s ;m :U el K ulb¤rb s ; Ékta rUb m nþ ga ybMpu t ¬ kñú g krN IvaC as m as F at uGIu y: Uni c¦.


3-32

3. s m as PaBPaK r yC am a :s é ns m as F at umYy K WC aP a K ryC am a :s rb s ;F a tun ImY y ² E dlm an enA kñúgs m as F at uen aH . R b sinebIey Igd wgs m as Pa BPaK ryC am a:s rb s ;s m a s F atumY y eyIgG ack MN t;r Ub m nþg ay r b s ;va) an eh Iy rUb m nþm : U elK ulrb s ;v ak ¾G ack MN t;) a npgE dr R b sinebIey IgsÁ al;m a :s m :Ul rb s ;va.

4. bME rbMrYlK Im IehA faR b t ikmµK I mIR tUv) a nt aged a ys mIka rK I mI. s arF a tuE dl TT Ylr g bME rbMrYl ehA faR b tik rR tU v) aneK s r e s renA G gÁx ag eqVg¬G g ÁT ImY y¦ n igs a rF a tuE dl ke kItehA f a plitp lR tU v) aneK s r es re nA x agsþa Ms BaØ aR BYj ¬G g ÁT IBI r¦. s mI ka rK ImIR t UvE t m anlMn wg ¬fø wg¦ eda yeK a rB tam c, ab ;r kS am a:s . cM nYnG atUm énR b ePTF a tun ImYy² e nA kñú gR b ti krR tU vE t esµInw gcM nYnG atUm énR b ePT F atu TaM gen aH enA kñú gpli tp l .

5. sÞWsü Úem R TIK WC a ka rsikS ab ri m aNBIR b t ikr n igpl itp lkñúgR b tikmµK ImI. ka rK Nna tam sÞWsü Úem R TIG a ceFVI) an tam r y³ka rkM N t;x ña té ncMn YnsÁ a l;nig cMn Ynmins Áal ;C am : Ulr Yc pøas ;v a eTA C ax ña tepS ge To tk ñúg kr NIc aM) a c;. F a tub nÞ al; kM Nt;K WC aR b tik r E dlm an kñúgb r im a N sÞWsü Úem R TI tUcbM pu t. va kM Nt;b rim a Npli tplE d l G ackek It. b r im a Npli tplE dl TTY l) ank ñúgR b t ikmµmY y ¬Ti nñplBi t ¦G ac ticC agb rim a N G t ib rm aE d lG a cekI t) an ¬Ti nñpl tam R T wsþI ¦. pleF o b rvagT inñp lBi t nig Tin ñp ltam R T wsþIK WC aTi nñplC aPa K ry.

B akü K nøwH B akü K nøwH B akü K nøwH B akü K nøwH Tinñ plBi t Actual yield 3-27 m a:s G at Um Atomic mass 3-1 x ñatm a :s G a tUm ¬x -G ¦ Atomic mass unit 3-1 cMnY nG av: Uk aR dU Avogadro’s number 3-3 s mIkarK Im I Chemical equation 3-16 R b tikmµK ImI Chemical reaction 3-16 F atub n Þal ;elIs Excess reagent 3-25 F atub n Þal ;kM Nt ; Limiting reagent 3-25 m a:s m :Ul Molar mass 3-3 m :Ul Mole 3-3 viFIm :U l Mole method 3-22

CMB UkTI3

3-33

m a:s m :Ue lK ul Molecular mass 3-6 s m as PaBPaK r yC am a :s Percentage composition by mass 3-9 Tinñ plC aP aK ry Percentage yield 3-28 plitp l Product 3-17 R b tikr Reactant 3-17 b rim aNs ÞWsü Úem R TI Stoichiometric amount 3-25 sÞWsü Úem R TI Stoichiometry 3-22 Tinñ plt am R Tws þI Theoretical yield 3-27

sM NYr nigsM NYr nigsM NYr nigsM NYr nig lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat ;; ;; m am am am a :: :: s G a tUms G a tUms G a tUms G a tUm s Mn Yr rl wks Mn Yr rl wks Mn Yr rl wks Mn Yr rl wk 1. etIGV IeTA E dl ehA fax ñ atm : as G atUm ? eh tuG VI) a nC ac aM) ac ; b egáI tx ña tenH ? 2. etIm : as ¬x > G ¦rb s ;G at Um ka bUn12K Wb :un µan ? eh t uGVI) an C am :as G a tUm rb s ; kabUn enA kñúg ta rag

esµInw g 12.01 x > G enA kñúge so vePA enH ? 3. cUrBnü l ;[ ) ane k,aH k,a y : m a:s G at Um rb s ;m as K W 197.0 x > G }m ann½y y: agd Ucemþ c . 4. etIB itm a nGVIE d lGñkR t Uvk are dIm ,IK N nam : as G at Um m Fü m rb s ;F atum Yy ?

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ; ; ; ; 5. m a:s G at Um én Cl3517 ( 75.53% ) nig Cl3717 ( 24.47%) K W 34.968 x> G nig 36.956 x > G ero g

K ña. cU rK Nn am :as G a tUm m Fü m énkør. PaK r ye nA kñú gv g;R kckb B aöa k;BIs MbUrP aBeF o b . 6. m :as G at Um én Li63 nig Li73 K W 6.0151 x > G nig 7.0160 x > G ero gK ña. cUrK Nnas MbUrP aB

rb s ;GuIsU tUb TaM gBIr enH enA kñ ú gF mµC ati. m :as G a tUm m Fü m énlIc Um K W 6.941 x > G . 7. etIm : as 13.2 x > G m anb :un µan R kam ? 8. etIm : as 8.4 g m anb : unµ anx > G ?

m am am am a :: :: s ms ms ms m :: :: UlUlUlUl n ig cMn Yn G a vn ig cMn Yn G a vn ig cMn Yn G a vn ig cMn Yn G a v :: :: Uk a R d UUk a R d UUk a R d UUk a R d U s Mn Yr rls Mn Yr rls Mn Yr rls Mn Yr rl wkwkwkwk 9. cUreG a yn iym n½ ym :Ul. e tI x ñatm : UlenA k ñúg ka rK NnaC a GVI?


3-34

10. etIGV IC am a :s m :Ul rb s ;G a tUm ? et Ix ña tC aT UeTA rb s ;m a:s m : U lC aGIV ? l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 11. R b C aC nE pndIm anR b E h l6.0 Ban;la nGñk. ed ay dwg fam nusS R K b ;K ña cUl rYm kñ úg dMe NIr ka r

rab ;PaK l ¥i td Uc² K ña kñúg el,Ó nPaK l¥i tB Irk ñúgmY yv ina TI. et IeK R tUv ka rr y³eBlb : unµ anqña Med Im , I rab ;PaK l ¥i t 6.0×1023? s nµ tfam an 365éf ¶k ñúgmY yqñ aM .

12. kMr as ;R kd as mYY ys nø wkK W9.14x10-3cm. edays n µt faeso vePA mY yk, alcM nYn TM B½rC ac MnY n G av:U kaR dU cUrK Nna kMr as ;e so vePA C aqñaMBn øW. ¬ tM ru y³ 1 qñaMBn øWK wC a cm¶a yd MeN Irrb s ;BnøW kñú g 1 qñaMb ¤36 5 éf¶e nA elÇÓ n 3x108 m/s¦.

13. etIm a nb :un µa nG at Um kñ úg 5.10 mol éns

CMB UkTI3

3-35

28. G ‘uye r:[(NH2)2CO] R tUv) an eR bIC aC I nigGI VepS g² eTo t. cUrK Nn acM nYnG at Um rb s; N, C, O nigH k ñúg 1.68 �104 génG ‘ u yer.

29. epr:Um :UnC aR b eP TBies s é ns m as F atuE d lb eBa© j e da y s tVl¥ itj IsMr ab ; Tak ;T aj s tVl ¥it eQ µalsM rab ; karb n þBUC m a nrU b m nþC19H38O. C aTUe TA s tVl ¥i tjImY yb eBa© j e pr:Um : Une nH R b E h l1.0x10-12g. etIv a m anb :un µanm :UelK u lkñ úgb r im a NenH ?

30. dg;sI uet rb s ;T wkm a n 1.00g/mL enA 4oC et Im an Tw kb :un µ anm :Ue lK ulk ñúg Twk 2.56mL? ssss ,,,, úú úú ic R tUE mic R tUE mic R tUE mic R tUE m :: :: RRRR tttt m am am am a :: :: ssss s Mn Yr rl wks Mn Yr rl wks Mn Yr rl wks Mn Yr rl wk 31. cUrB iBN’n aGMBIR b t ib ti þk aré ns ,iúcR tUE m :R tm : as . 32. cUrB iBN’ naB Irebo b E dlGñk G ackM Nt ;sMbU rPaBGI usU tUb r b s ;F atumY yB Is ,iú cm a:s rb s ;va7 .

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 33. kabUnm a nGIus Ut Ub BIr CC 136126 , ehIyP øú yG rm anG IusU tUb E tmY y F199 . etIm ank MBUlb : unµ an E dlGñknw gs egá teX Ij kñú g s ,úicm a :s rb s ;GI uy :ugv iC ¢m an CF+4 ? s n µt faK µ ank a rpþa c;C aP aK tUc² e T. 34. GIuR dUE s nm anG IusU tUb B Ir HH 2111 , ehIys < an;F ½rm a nGIusU tUb bY n SSSS 3616341633163216 ,,, . etIm a nkMB Ulb : unµ an E dlG ñk nwgs eg áteX Ij kñ úgs ,i úcm a:s rb s ;GIu y:u gviC ¢m an +SH 2 ? s nµ tf aK µa n karp þac ;C aPaK tUc² e T.

s m as P aBP aK r y nig r Ub m n þK Im Is m as P aBP aK r y nig r Ub m n þK Im Is m as P aBP aK r y nig r Ub m n þK Im Is m as P aBP aK r y nig r Ub m n þK Im I s Mn Yrs Mn Yrs Mn Yrs Mn Yr rMl wkrMl wkrMl wkrMl wk 35. cUreR bIG am : Uj a :k;e dIm , IBnü l; BIG tß n½ ys m aPaBP aK r yC a m a:s rb s ;s m as F a tum Yy. 36. cUrBnü l ;rebo b E dlka rsÁ a l;s m aPaBP aK r yC am a :s r b s ;s m as F atum insÁ al;mY y G acC Yy

eG aye yI gkMn t;G tþs B aØ aN s m as F atue naH . 37. rUb m nþg ay kñú gPas aG g ;eK øs K W empirical formula. BIBa kü empiricalm an n½y y: ag

dUcemþ c? 38. ebIsine yIg dwg rUb m nþ ga yrb s ;s m as F at umYy etI Bt ’m a nGIVE dle yI gR tUv dwgb E n ßm e dIm ,Ik Mn t;

rUb m nþm : UelK ul rb s ;va ?


3-36

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ; ; ; ; 39. sMN) a:h aMgm anenA k ñúgs Mb kE pndIC a SnO2. cU rK N nas m as PaB PaK r yC am a : s rb s; Sn

nig O k ñúg SnO2. 40. C aeR cInqñ aMm kehI y kø r:Upm(CHCl3)R tUv) aneR bIC af ña Ms nøb ;R sUb t am deg Iðm eT aH bIt a m Bitv aC a

s arF a tuBu lE dlb N þaleG a yb :H Bal ;dl ;ef øIm R kelo n nigeb H d Ugk ¾ed ay. cU rK Nna s m as PaBPaK r yC am a :s r b s ;s m as F atu enH .

41. G al;k ulsIu Nam icR tU v) aneR bIC acMb g kñú gTw kG b; s ab‘ U nigeR K O gsMG a g. r Ub m nþ rb s ;vaK W C9H10O . (a)- K N nas m as PaBPaK r yC am a:s rb s; C . H . O kñúgG al; kul sIuN amiuc . (b)- e tIm anG al; kuls IuN amiu cb :unµ anm : UelK ul kñ úgPaK sM NakC am a:s 0.49g?

42. s arF a tuT aMgG s ;x ageR k am e nH C aC I. e tIs a rF at uN a mYyk ñúgc Men am F at uT aMge nH m anG asU t eR cInC ageK tam Pa ryC am a: s . (a) G‘ uye r (NH2)2CO (b) G am :Uj :Úm n IR ta t NH4NO3 (c) h á anI DIn HNC (NH2)2 (d) G am :Uj :a k; NH3

43. G alIsIn(Allicin) C as a rF a tupþ l;k øin rb s ;x Þwm s . t am karv iPaK mY y) an pþl;s m aPa BPaK ry C am :as d Uct eTA enH C= 44.4%. H=6.21%. O = 9.86%. S = 39.5 % . cUrK N narUb m n þ gay rb s ;va . et Ivam anr Ub m nþm :Ue lK uld Ucemþ c? eK eG a ym a:s m : UelK u lvaR b E h l 162g.

44. E Br:UsI uy a:sI uln IR ta t (PAN) C as m as F at umYy énE pS g . vaC as m as F a tum a n C, H, N nig O. cUr kM Nt ;s m as PaBP a K ryrb s ;Gu ksIuE s n nig rUb m nþga yrb s ; vaB Is m as PaBP aK ryC a m :as ³ C= 19.8%, H=2.50% nig N=11.6% .

45. rUb m nþE R cH E dkK W Fe2O3 . etIE dkb :un µanm : Ulm a nenA kñ úg 24.6g éns m as F at uenH ? 46. cUrK N nam a :s C aR kam rb s ; I2 E dlnw geFIVR b t ikmµC am Y yG alu ymIj :Úm (Al) 20.4g ed Im , I

b egáI tG alu ymIj :Úm GIu yU :dY (AlI 3) . 47. etIm a ns

CMB UkTI3

3-37

(a) H = 2.1%. O = 65.3% . S = 32.6% (b) Al = 20.2 % . Cl = 79.8 % . 50. etI rUb m nþg ay rb s ;s m aF a tu E dlm ans m as Pa BdU cx age R kam enH ya :gd Ucemþ c?

(a) C = 40.1 % . H = 6.6% . O = 53.3% (b) C = 18.4 %. N = 21.5 % . K = 60.1 % .

51. m a:s m :Ul rb s ;k aehVGI un 194.9g e tIr Ub m nþm : UelK ul rb s ;v aC a C4H5N2O rW C8H10N4O2? 52. m :UNUs Udü Úm K øú y tam a :t(MSGb¤b‘Íec g)C as a rF a tub E nßm r s C atiG ah arb gá eL Ige da y

C=35.51%, H = 4.77%, N = 8.29%, O = 37.85%, Na = 13.60%. cU rkM nt; rUb m n þ m :UelK ul rb s ;va ebIsin eK eG a ym a:s m : Ul 169g.

R b tik mµR b tik mµR b tik mµR b tik mµ n ig s mIk a rK Im In ig s mIk a rK Im In ig s mIk a rK Im In ig s mIk a rK Im I s Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wk 55. cUreR bIk MN TwkB IGuks IuE s nn i gGIuR dUE s n e dIm ,Ib kR s a yB akü R b tikmµK Im IR b tik rni gp litp l. 56. etIR b t ikmµK ImI nigs mI karK ImI x us K ñay a:g dUc emþc ? 57. eh tuGI V) anC as mI ka rK ImIR t Uv E tR tUv) a nfø wg ? et Ic, ab ;GIVE dlR tU v) aneK a rBe da yka rf øw gs mIkar

K ImI? 58. cUrs r es rn imit þs Ba Øae dIm ,Ib Ba¢a k;B Is PaB]s µ½n rwg r av n i gsUlu ysü úgT wk.

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 59. cUrf øwgs m Ika rx ageR k am

a) C + O2 → CO2 b) CO + O2 → CO2 c) H2 + Br2 → HBr d) K + H2O → KOH + H2 e) Mg + O2 → MgO f) O3 → O2 g) H2O2 → H2O + O2 h) N2 + H2 → NH3 i) Zn + AgCl → ZnCl2 + Ag j) S8 + O2 → SO2 k) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O l) Cl2 + NaI → NaCl + I2 m) KOH + H3PO4 → K3PO4 + H2O n) CH4 + Br2 → CBr4 + HBr

60. cUrf øwgs m Ika rx ageR k am a) KClO3 → KCl + O2 b) KNO3 → KNO2 + O2 c) NH4NO3 → N2O + H2O


3-38

d) NH4NO2 → N2 + H2O e) NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 f) P4O10 + H2O → H3PO4 g) HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 h) Al + H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2 i) CO2 + KOH → K2CO3 + H2O j) CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O k) Be2C + H2O → Be(OH)2 + CH4 l) Cu + HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O m) S + HNO3 → H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O n) NH3 + CuO → Cu + N2 + H2O

b rim aNb rim aNb rim aNb rim aN R b tik rR b tik rR b tik rR b tik r n igp lit p ln igp lit p ln igp lit p ln igp lit p l s Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wk 61. etIc ,ab ;GI VE dls Þ Wsü Úem R TIG a R s ½yelI ? eh tuG IV) a nC a caM) a c;R t Uvf øwgs mI ka red Im ,Ied aH R s ay

cMeN aTs ÞWsü Úem R TI ? 62. cUrB iBN’ naB IC Mh an kñú gviFIm :U l(mole method).

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 63. cUrB ini tü cMeh H rb s ;k abUnm :U NUGuks Iu tkñ úgGuks IuE s n

2CO(g)+ O2(g) → 2CO2(g)

C amYy CO m an 3.60mol cUrK Nn acM nYnm : Ulrb s; CO2 kekItebIsi nGuksI uE s nR K b ;R K an ; sMrab ;eF IVR b ti kmµC amY y CO TaM gG s ;.

64. sIulIsü Úm e tR ta kø rYG acR tUv T TYl) a ned ay du tsIu lIsü Úm kñ ú gkør³ Si(s) + 2Cl2(g) → SiCl4(l)

sIulIsü Úm e tR ta kø rYE dl TT Y l) anK W 0.507mol etI kørb :un µ anm :UlE dlR tU veR bIenA k ñúgR b tikmµ enH ? 65. plitp lR b cMaqñ aM rb s ;s

CMB UkTI3

3-39

ebIsinPaK sM Na k 0.140g én KCN eFI VR b ti kmµC amY y G asIu t HCl elIs cUrK Nn ab rim a N HCN E dlTT Yl) a nC aR kam .

68. dMen Irk areL IgC ad Men Irk ars aM j aúMé nka rpl itR s aE dlK øú y kUs R tUv) anp øas ;C a eG t aNu lnig ]sµ½n kabUn ic C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 C amYyK ø úy kU s 500.4g e tIb r im a N G tib rm a rb s ;eG t aN ulE d lTT Yl) anb :un µanR k am nig b :unµ anlIR t? dg;s Iue trb s ; e G taN ules I µ 0.789g/ml .

69. Tg;E dg(II) s‘u lpa tb :g; taG Iu R dat (CuSO4.5H2O) R tUv ) andu tk MedA enA kñú gx ü l;100oC va) a t ; m :UelK ul Twk ehI yBN ’ex o v rb s ;vak ¾) a tpgE d r³ CuSO4 . 5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O ebIsinenA s l ;9.60g én CuSO4 b nÞab ;BI du tkM edA s m a s F atue dIm15.01g c UrK N n acMn Ynm : Ul rb s ;Tw kE dlm a nenA kñ úgs m as F at uBId MbUg.

70. rb kK MehIj m as G s ; ry³ eB lC aeR cInqñ aMm keh IyE d lf aka rE j km as BIs arF a tuE r :e pS g eTo te da yka reR bI KCN:

4Au + 8KCN + O2 + 2H2O → 4KAu(CN)2 + 4KOH

etIb r im aNG b ,b rm a KCN b :unµ anm :U lE dlR t Uvk arc aM) a c; sMrab ;E j k ykm as 29.0g ? 71. fµkM e) ar CaCO3 R tUvbME b keda yk MedA eG a yC ak Me) a rs ; CaO ehI ynig kabU nDIGu ksIu t

etIb r im aN CaO T TYl) anb :u nµanR k am BI 1Kg én CaCO3? 72. N2O R tUv) ane ro b cMBI karb ME b kénG am :Uj :Úm n IR ta t (NH4NO3). plit plepS g eTo t K wTwk.

k- cU rs res rs mIka rlM nwg sMrab ;R b t ikmµe nH . x - etI N2O b : unµ anR kam E dl TTY l) anB I 0.46 mol én NH4NO3 ?

73. C IG am :UjÚ :m s‘ulp a t [(NH4)2SO4] R tUv) aneFVI VBIR b t ikmµ rv ag NH3 nig H2SO4 : 2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)

etI NH3 b :u nµa nK IL ÚR kam E d lcaM) ac;e dIm , Ipli t 1.00 � 105 kg én (NH4)2SO4? 74. kare ro b cMF mµt akñ úg TIBi es aF ]sµ½nGu ksIuE s nK W ka rbME b ke da ykMe dA énb : Ut asü Úm kør a: t

(KClO3). ebIs nñ tfam an karbME b ks BV cU rK Nna cMn Y nR kam rb s ;]s µ½n O2 E dl G acT TYlB I 46g é n KClO3. ¬pli tp lK W KCl nig O2¦.


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F at ub n Þa lF at ub n Þa lF at ub n Þa lF at ub n Þa l ;; ;; k MN tk MN tk MN tk MN t ;; ;; s Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wk 75. cUreG a yn iym n½ yF at ub nÞ a l;kM Nt ; nigF at ub nÞa l;el I s . etIGV IC as a rsMx an ;én F atub n Þal ;

kMN t;k ñúg ka rBü akr N_b r im a Npli tpl TTY l) an kñú gR b tikmµ? ebIsinm anR b ti krE t mYy e tI va G acC aF a tub nÞ al; kM Nt;E dr b¤eT?

76. cUreG a y] Tah rN_E dlb Ba¢ ak;B Ib BaØ tþ iF at ub nÞ al; kMN t; . l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 77. NO eFIVR b t ikmµC amY y]s µ½n GuksIuE s n e dIm ,Ib eg áI tC a NO2 E dlC a]sµ½nB N’e tñ at³ 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)

kñúgB ies aF n _C amY y NO = 0.886 mol nig O2 = 0.503mol etImYy NaC aF at ub nÞa l;kM Nt ;? cUrK N nac MnY nm :Ul NO2 E dlTT Yl) an .

78. kar) a t;b g ;G UsU nkñ úgm NÐ l G akas s¶b ;C ab Bað aR BY y) ar mÖcMb grb s Gñk vi Tü as aR sþn aeBlf µI² enH . eK eC O C ak;f a vaeF IVR b tikmµC amYy NO E dle cj BI ynþeh aH R b tikmµ.R b t ikmµK W

O3 + NO O2 + NO2

ebIsin 0.740g énGUs UneFV IR b tikmµC am Yy NO = 0.670g et I NO2 b :un µanR k am nwg T TYl) a n ? etIs m as F a tu NaC aF at ub nÞ a l;kM Nt ;? cU rK Nn acM nY nm :Ulé nF at ub nÞ al;e lIs E d lenA s l ; enA eBlb Ba© b ;R b ti kmµ.

79. R bU) a:n ¬C3H8¦C as m as F a tu]s µ½nF mµC a ti n igR t Uv) an eR bIkñúg ka rcMGi nni gcMeh H . k- cU rf øwgs mI kar C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O x - etI CO2 b :unµ anR kam E dl TTY l) anB IcMeh H R bU) a: n3.65mol? eK s nµtf aGuks IuE s n C aF atub n Þal ;el Is kñ úgR b ti k mµenH .

80. cUrB ini tü R b tikmµ MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O ebIsin MnO2 = 0.86mol eFVIR b tikm µC amY y HCl = 48.2g et IF a tuN aE dlR t Uv) a neR bIG s ; muneK? etI Cl2 b :unµanR k am nw gR tUv) a nT TYl ?

T in ñp lR b tik mµT in ñp lR b tik mµT in ñp lR b tik mµT in ñp lR b tik mµ s Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wks Mn Yr rMl wk 81. eh tuGV I) anC a Tin ñplé nR b ti kmµR tUv) ank Mnt ;E te da yb ri m aNénF a tub n Þa l;k MN t; ? 82. eh tuGV I) anC a Tin ñplB it énR b tikmµE t gE t tUcC a gTi nñpl tam R Tws þIes ÞIr Ta MgG s ;?

CMB UkTI3

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l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; 83. GuIR dUE s nPø úyG rY(HF)R tUv) a neR bIenA kñ úger agcR kp li t Freons ¬E dlbMp øaj R s T a b ;GUsUn¦

nigpl itkm µb egá Ite lah ³G a luymIj Ú:m . v aR tUv) ane ro b cMed ays mI ka rx ageR k am ³ CaF2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HF

kñúg dMe nIr karm Yy 6.00Kgén CaF2 eFVIR b tikm µC amY yG a suIts ‘ulp Yri celIs ni gpli t 2.86kg é n HF. c UrK Nn aT inñp lC aPa K ryrb s; HF. 84. nIR tYK ø Ies r In(C3H5N3O9)KWC aF at upÞúH y: agx øa Mg. R b ti kmµ bME b krb s ;vaG a ct aged a y s mIkar³

4C3H5N3O9 6N2 + 12CO2 + 10H2O + O2

R b tikmµenH b eBa© j k MedA y: a geR cIn nigb e gáI t]s µ½nC a eR cI n. K WkMN ]sµ½ nTa MgenH y: a grh½s C amY y kar rIkm a Dy :ag rh½s rb s ;va E dleFVI[ b nÞ úH ekI teL Ig.

k- et Ib rim aNG tib rm a énGu ksuIE s n ¬K i tC aR k am ¦ b :un µ anE dl) a nm kBI nIR tUK øIes r In 2 x 102 g? x - cUrK Nn aT inñp lC aPaK r yénR b t ikmµe nH ebIsinC ab rim aN rb s ;Guks uIE s nE dl T TYl ) anK W6.55g. 85. TIt an (IV) G uksu It ( TiO2) C as m as F atu BN’s E dlR tUv) a nb egá Ite da yR b ti kmµrb s ;

G asuI ts‘ul pYr icel I ilmenite E r: ( FeTiO3): FeTiO3 + H2SO4 TiO2 + FeSO4 + H2O

lkçN³X µwk nigmi nBul rb s ;v aeFVIeG ayv as m R s b C aC ati BN’enA k ñúg) øasÞ icn igf ñaM lab . kñ ñúg dMe NI r karmY y eK eR bI 8.00 x 103 Kg én FeTiO3eK TTYl) a n 3.67 x 103 Kg én TiO2. cUrK Nn a Tinñ plC aP aK ry énR b ti kmµ enH . 86. eG TIE L n¬C2H4¦E dlC as m as F atuK Im Is rI rag ÁE dlm a n s arsMx a n;enA k ñúg ]sS ah kmµ G acR tUv

) anpli te da yka rd utk MedA Gics ane nA sIt uNðP aB 8000C : C6H14 C2H4 + plitplepS ge To t

ebIsinC a Tin ñplb eg áIt eG TIE L nK W42.5% etIm :as Gi c s anb :un µa nR kam E dlr gR b ti kmµed Im ,Ib egá It eG TIE L n 481g?

l Mh atl Mh atl Mh atl Mh at ;; ;; b E n ßmb E n ßmb E n ßmb E n ßm 87. cUreR bIn imit þs Ba Øa m C am a : s rb s ;PaK sMN aké nF a tumY yC aR kam N C a cMn YnG a tU m rb s ;F at u

kñúgP aK sMN ak n C acMn Ynm :U lrb s ;F a tu M C am a:s m :Ul rb s ;F at uC aR kam k ñúgm Yym : U l ehI y NA C a cMn YnG av :U kaR dU .


3-42

k- cU rK Nn acM nYnG a tUm kñú g PaK sMNa kkñ úgn ½y n n ig NA. x - cUrK N nam a :s m :Ul rb s ; F atuk ñúg n½ y m nig n . K - cUrK N nac MnY nm :Ul rb s ;F atu kñú gn½ y m ni g M. X - cUrK N nac MnY nG av :Uk aR dU kñúg n½ y N nig n.

88. PaK sMNa krb s ;s m as F at uClnigOR b tikmµC amYyH2elIs eG a yplC a HCl 0.233g n ig H2O 0.403g. cU rk MN t;r Ub m nþga yéns m as F at uenH .

89. m a:s G at Um rb s ;F a tu X K W 33.42 x > G . PaK sMNak X 27.22g pS MC amY yF a tu Y 84.10g epS geTo t edIm , Ib egá Its m a s F atu XY . cU rK Nn am :as G atUm é n Y.

90. etIm a n O b : unµ anm : UlE dlc aM ) ac;e dIm ,Ib nS MC amY y C 0.212mol edIm ,Ib eg áI t) anC a ¬k¦ CO ¬x ¦ CO2?

91. tam k arR s avR C avG ñkK ImIv iTü a) aneR bIs ,ú icR t UE m :R tm a:s e dI m ,IsikS aG MBIGI usUt Ub BI rrb s ; F atu mYy. G s ;e BlmY yr y³K at;) ank t;R t as ,i úcm a :s mYy cMnY nrb s ;GI usUt Ub T aMge nH . tam k a r viPaK K a t;) a nsMK al ;eX Ij f a pleFo b énkMBUlx

CMB UkTI3

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m :UelK ul Twk . enA TIb B a© b ;e lah ³enA s l; 31.70g. e bIsin O m anm a :s G a tUm 16.00 x > G cUrK N nam a :s G at Um rb s; M nigkM N t;G t þs Ba ØaNF a tuen aH .

97. PaK sMNa kmins uT§ rb s; Zn dak; eG a ym anR b ti kmµC amY y H2SO4 edIm ,Ib egáItC a ZnSO4 nig m :UelK ul H2. k -cU rfø wg s mIkarR b t ikmµ x - ebI sinGIuR d UE s nTT Yl) a n0.0764g BI PaK sMNa k 3.86g cUrK N na PaK rys uT§ énPaK s MNa k K - etIk ars n µtGV Ikñ úg ¬x ¦E dlGñk R tUveFV I ?

98. R

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TMn ak;T Mn gma:s kñúg RbtikmµK Im I...bMNgrb s; ey IgC aF mµt ae yI gnwgeR bIm a sG at Um R twm R t Uv E tbYnelx bu: eNÑ aH . l Mh at ;l Mh at ; ;; G n uv t þn ¾G n uv t þn