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TML Pam-E8500B
Measuring ConsultantsGuide
8-2, Minami-Ohi 6-Chome, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 140-8560, JAPANTEL: Tokyo 03-3763-5611 FAX: Tokyo 03-3763-5713 -mail address:
10212X
MEASURINGCONSULTANTS
MEASURINGCONSULTANTS
Overviews of Measuring Consultants
Construction Management and Dynamic Behavior Monitoring System
Guide to Various Measuring Consultants
Bridge measurement
Steel beam bridge and cable stayed bridge
Caisson measurement
Retaining wall measurement
Test pavement measurement
Measurement with small FWD (falling weight deflectometer)
Fill measurement
Pile loading test measurement
Tunnel measurement
NATM and Shield Tunneling
Underground opening measurement
Dam measurement
Earth fill dams and concrete dams
Construction management measurement based on the status of concrete
Landslide measurement
Marine structure measurement
Landing pier and caisson type quay
Nuclear power plant measurement
Large roof and dome measurement
Quake damping and absorbing measurement
When TML is asked formeasurement consultants ...... TML’s Measuring Consultants enable a
customer to acquire precise, reliablemeasurement and analysis data.It is not always easy to acquire reliable measurement data. Reliable data canonly be acquired by the following appropriate steps most suitable for apurpose of measurement or a type of structure. Based on characteristics ofan object of measurement and site conditions, TML determines what type ofinformation is needed and how that information can be acquired bymeasurement. TML performs all measurement activities for a customer fromselection and installation of measuring instruments to analysis of collecteddata. TML provides a customer with precise, reliable measurement andanalysis data.
Compliance with the proximity evaluation criteria and measurementitems established by Japan’s major construction work operatorsIn executing construction work, itis important to ensure work safetyand to estimate the effects of con-struction work on adjacent struc-tures. The proximity evaluationcriteria are established by suchconstruction work entities as theMinistry of Construction and localgovernments. TML’s measuringinstruments and measurementactivities comply with the mea-surement items specified in theproximity evaluation criteria.
■ Registered constructionconsultant number: Construction19, 6021 for soil and foundationcategories
Required data can be obtained withminimum time and cost.A measurement process consists of a number of steps, from planning toselection and installation of measuring instruments to calibration andadjustment. Considerable time and cost are involved in this process. TMLprovides consulting services by using its expertise, experience, a full line ofjigs, tools and measuring instruments, and a professional staff. A customercan get required measurement data with minimum necessary time and cost.
TML Measurement consulting service offers a securedelivery of satisfactory information and results with theoptimum technology according to the customer’s project.There are a great variety of structures constructed using many different techniques. Information needed to prepare optimumdesigns for them and to construct and maintain them safely and efficiently can only be acquired by conductingappropriate measurement activities. TML has experience and expertise accumulated over many years of design,production and application operations. As an expert in measurement, TML knows sites and site work thoroughly and makesthe most of its know-how to provide customers with measurement consulting services.
1 2
TML knows all about diverseobjects of measurementTML knows all about sites where measurementis made. Objects of measurement range fromretaining walls and embankments to bridges,tunnels, dams, and other structures. Requiredmeasurement techniques and measuringinstruments vary, depending on site conditions.TML has developed a wide variety of measur-ing instruments based on customer needs andhas cultivated deep understanding and know-how on diverse objects of measurement, theircharacteristics, and operating conditions formeasuring instruments. Experience and exper-tise accumulated over years enable TML topropose the most appropriate measurementsolution for each individual measurement pro-ject and to carry out measurement with a highlevel of accuracy and efficiency.
TML knows the entiremeasurement processA measurement process starts with planningand ends with data analysis. The accuracy ofmeasurement suffers if any one task to beperformed in steps from planning to dataanalysis is accomplished incompletely. Tobring maximum results from minimum costs, itis necessary to prepare a detailed plan withconsideration of measurement conditions andto execute each specific measurement taskcompletely in all steps of a measurementprocess. By taking advantage of its experienceand expertise, TML is able to control the entiremeasurement process and to achieve the bestmeasurement results through the coordinationof a professional staff.
■ Objects of measurement
■ Measurement items
Constructionmanagement
RoadAirport
Dam
Bridge RetainingWall Landslide Marine
structure
Fill Railway Tunnel Undergroundopening
Caisson Energyplant Dome Various
machines
Automobile Aircraft Shipbuilding etc.
■ Special measurement management
Small FWD(FWD-Light)
SIT - Nuclearpower plant
Testpavement
Histogramanalysis
Vibration measurement
Strain Displace-ment
Deforma-tion Axial force Tensile
force
Bending Shearing Torque Friction-al force
Residualstress
Pressure Wind pressure
Soilpressure
Waterpressure
Wavepressure
Accelera-tion Velocity Vibration Stress fre-
quencyTempera-ture
Settlement Inclination Expansion
Undergroundwater level
Landslide
etc.
Conver-gence
Crack dis-placement
Pore waterpressure
TML makes the most of its lineup ofproducts to provide the best measure-ment consulting servicesTML, an all-around manufacturer of strain measuring instruments,is known for its diverse products designed to deliver the bestmeasurement performance under any site conditions. There is nocompany that parallels TML in terms of a lineup of versatilemeasuring instruments that can be used for all measurementtasks from planning to data processing. To provide customerswith efficient consulting services and accurate data, TML choosesmeasuring instruments most suitable for each purpose and usesthem in such ways that they can give the most reliablemeasurements.
These measure strain or stress on metals, concrete,and other materials. They are also used as sensingdevices for transducers. They are high-reliabilityproducts, though small in size and simple in
structure. TML provides about 8,000 types of strain gauges designedfor specific applications and objects of measurement.
Strain gauges
These are sensors and used to measure load,pressure, displacement, acceleration, and othervarious physical quantities. When strain occurs onan object of measurement, strain equal to the
physical quantity of that actual strain occurs in the transducer and it isdetected using a built-in strain gauge. These are small in size andlightweight and have superior linearity and stability characteristics.Many different types of general-use transducers are available so that acustomer can choose one suitable for an object of measurement or itscapacity. TML continues to improve general-use transducers; forexample, strain gauges exclusively for general-use transducers havebeen developed.
General usetransducers
These transducers are designed to meet the needsof customers in civil engineering and construction,that is, to ensure long-term stability under rigorousmeasurement conditions. The full lineup and qualityof these transducers are highly regarded in thissector of industry where general versatility and
functionality of equipment and machinery are considered particularlyimportant. Transducers designed for specific work methods or worktypes are also available.
Civil engineer-ing and const-ruction trans-ducers
These are special-purpose measuring instrumentsrequired when conducting measurement activitiesusing strain gauges or strain-gauge-typetransducers. Many types of measuring instruments
are provided, as in the case of data loggers, dynamic strain measuringinstruments, histogram recorders, and other TML measuringinstruments. TML selects measuring instruments with consideration ofobjects of measurement, required data, operating environments, etc.,and makes the most of their characteristics and performance whenmaking measurement.
Measuringinstruments
In making measurement, computers are used toprocess data and to perform central control of ameasurement process using online communicationtechniques. TML has developed many
measurement software programs to achieve speed and accuracy inmeasurement, considering that software is a key to computerization ofmeasurement activities. TML uses many software programs developedspecifically for measurement, management of construction operations,open experiments, etc. In addition to Visual LOG measurementsoftware that can be used for all types of objects of measurement, TMLalso works on the development of new software for specificmeasurement projects on a commission contract basis.
Measurementsoftware
TML, an all-around manufacturer of strain gaugesand other measuring instruments, yields high-reliability products from a quality managementsystem working in all stages of manufacturingactivities from product development tomanufacturing to inspection. Strain gauges areinspected in accordance with the NASAspecification NAS942. TML is now working tobuild a quality assurance system that conforms tothe ISO 9000 series*. Reliability of measurementcan be ensured only if the quality of measuringinstruments has been enhanced to the levelwhere accurate data can be obtained at all timesunder any conditions. TML’s quality products are the basis on which effective, efficient measure-ment consulting services can be provided.
* The design and manufacture of TML strain gauges, strain measuringequipment and transducers has gained ISO9001 accreditation.
TML’s high-quality products are the results ofquality managementand quality assurance activities
3 4
A sales staff member and specialists inmeasurement technology have a meet-ing with a client about a measurementproject. Information on the purpose ofmeasurement, objects of measurement,the client’s requirements, and so forthare gathered. An overview of steps andtechniques involved in the measurementprocess is given. A measurement planis prepared based on informationobtained in this meeting. The clientshould freely present concerns, requestsor any other subjects in the meeting.
Client Submitting a proposal Submitting a proposal Submitting reports
Proposinga measure-ment plan
A measurement plan isdrafted based on informa-tion obtained in the meet-ing and submitted to theclient. Relevant materialsand a rough estimate arealso submitted for theclient's review.
After a basic contract isconcluded, the measure-ment plant and a detailedestimate are prepared.The measurement plandescribes necessary andsufficient information onthe measurement processand involved activities.When agreement isreached on the contentsof the measurement plan,an official contract will beconcluded.
TML
Experienced personnel gatherdata using the techniques suit-able for specific measurementconditions. They make the mostof their know-how to deal with allsituations, for example, frommeasurement of instantaneousimpact to one-year or longermonitoring/measurement, fromone-point measurement to 1,000or more points measurement,and so forth. At worksites, whathas been done cannot beredone. TML uses its powerfulmeasurement system along withattentiveness and close staffcoordination to bring the qualityof its measurement activities toperfection.
Measurement
Data obtained by mea-surement is analyzedbased on the measure-ment plan. Various datacommunication means,computers, and the latestequipment and softwareare used to extract accu-rate, reliable data withspeed.
Processing and analyzingdata
Reports are made andsubmitted to a client toprovide all relevant infor-mation on the measure-ment activities, i.e., dataobtained by measurementand analysis, measure-ment and analysis meth-ods, measurement condi-tions, and details ofimplementation of themeasurement plan, andso forth.
Makingreports
Preparinga measure-ment plan
▲ ▲▲
▲ ▲ ▲ ▲
Meeting
TML Proposes a Measurement Process Best Suited for a Client’s Needs and ConditionsMeasurement is a key to successful execution of civil engineering and construction work in all stages from testing to workmanagement. Although the importance of measurement is recognized, work operators face the challenge of acquiringreliable data with limited time and cost. TML has a quick grasp of a client's purpose of measurement, site conditions, andthe standing of measurement activity in overall project activities, and proposes and implements a necessary andsufficient measurement plan. TML proposes the most appropriate approach to measurement so that a client canperform measurement operations in all steps of a measurement process with the highest level of efficiency and obtain reliabledata.
Sapporo branch office
Kita-Kantosales office
Kiryu factory
Fukuokasales office
Nagoyasales office
Tsuchiurasales office
Headquarters andTokyo sales officeMeasurment Engineeig Division
Akashibranch office
Osakasales office
Kumagayasales office
Yokohamasales office
Mobility and flexibilityOur personnel work on a measurement projectas a team; they coordinate and make theirbest efforts to meet a client's expectations.Measurement is a round-the-clock operationand requires continued attentiveness.Therefore, good teamwork is vital tosuccessful measurement. TML is able toprovide the best measurement serviceanywhere and anytime across the country.
Measuring instruments areprepared according to themeasurement plan, and they areinstalled at the worksite. As amanufacturer of measuringinstruments, TML can prepare alltypes of measuring instrumentsquickly, standard or custom-made ones. When install ingsensors, measuring instrumentsand connection cables, thepurpose of measurement andsite conditions are taken intoconsideration and extreme careis used to allow all componentsin the measurement system towork flawlessly and efficiently.
Providing andinstalling mea-suring instru-ments
▲
Developing measuringinstruments and software ifnecessary.TML has a full line of self-developed measuringinstruments that can meet diverserequirements for on-site measurementoperations. Another competitive edge is thatas a manufacturer of measuring instruments,TML can deliver custom-designed productswith a short lead-time. As our measurementcontrol system has become highlycomputerized and specialized, TML isimproving existing products and developingnew ones to meet new needs of customers.TML has developed many easy-to-usehardware and software products and custom-designed products to meet highly technical andspecialized requirements.
5
TML proposes a management and measurement system to achieve moreefficient measurements through the use of information andcommunication equipment.The rationalization of long-term ageing measurement, dynamic behavior monitoring and construction and maintenancemanagement measurements leads to reduction of labor and facility maintenance costs. By introducing not onlyInternet technology and the latest information communication technology but conventional technology in data transferto a control or monitor room for centralized control of a remote area and multiple locations and building up theoptimum system according to measurement environments, unmanned and automatic operation in measurementprocess and rationalization and high efficiency of a remote distance communication system can be materialized toreduce the maintenance cost.
Construction Management and Dynamic Behavior Monitoring System
■ Examples of neighboring construction measurement
Piling and fundamental work
Influence to surrounding gound (building, bridge pier, etc.)Inclination, displacement, noise, vibration, etc.
Inclinometer
Water-tube displace-ment transducer
Inclinometer
Ground improve-ment work
Influence to surrounding gound Displacement, settlement, under-ground water level, etc.
Water leveltransducer
Inclinometer
Inclinometer
Tunnel work
Influence to shield tunnel Segment stress/strain convergence, In-place inclinometer, etc.
Construction Management and Dynamic Behavior Monitoring System
■ Features● Planning of measurement system according to field measurement environments● Correspondence to various communication system● Possible setup of automatic alarming and communication● Possible centralized control and automatic monitoring
6
LAN
Measurement system with telecommunication netework Data transfer by mobile phone
Data center
Measurement system with telecommunication netework Data transfer by fixed phone or mobile phone
PACKET communicationMobilemodem
Mobilemodem Computer
Mobilemodem
Mobilemodem
Computer
Wireless measurement system Data transfer by fixed phone, effective in a place such as mountains where public line or mobile phone is not available.
Dottedmeasuringpoints
Wireless unit enclosure
Instrument enclosure
Data collectionpoint
Measurement system by Internet communication Data distribution by Web server or email as well as direct control is possible.
Internet
Computer
Measurement system by LAN Data transmission by fiber optics, wireless LAN or VPN
ComputerViewing Computer
Control Computer
Computer
Router
Pilot lampor Alarmdevice
Static strainmeter/Data Logger (with alarmunit option)
Static Data Logger
Dynamic strainmeter
Personal computer
Public line
Measurement Management of Steel Beam Bridge
Bridge measurement1
7
Acceleration transducer
Servo accelerometer Monitors waveform from a test by the methods of constanttremore, exciter, vehicle stop/go and falling weight.
Temperature Thermocouple,Temperature gauge T, KT-A Measures temperatures of bridge members
FLAFRACDP, OUFLAFRAFLAFRAFXVFLAFRAPLPLCPLPLCCDP, OUKG-BCustom
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
Cross beam
Barrier curb
Precast floor slab
Main beamUpper flange
Lower flange
Scallop
Web
Flange
Weld bead
Stiffener
: Single element strain gauge: Three element rosette gauge: Single element concrete gauge: Two element concrete gauge: Stress concentration gauge: Displacement transducer: Acceleration transducer
Steel beam bridge measurement is divided into four categories: static loading measurement, dynamic loadingmeasurement, frequency measurement and vibration measurement. In the static loading measurement, the status ofthe generation of static stress using a test car is seized, and in the dynamic loading measurement, that of dynamicstress during a test car or ordinary car passing is observed. In the frequency measurement, the degree of fatigueaffecting a steel bridge is measured. In the vibration measurement, data are collected using a constant tremor method,exciter method, vehicle stop/go method and so on, and vibration mode is identified by FFT and modal analysis of thecollected data.
Instruments Measurement items Type DescriptionMeasures strains in flange axial direction.Measures principal strains of web and its direction.Monitors deflection of main beamMeasures strains in stiffener axial direction.Measures principal strains of stiffener and its direction.Measures strains in axial direction of stiffenerMeasures principal strain of cross beam and its direction.Measures stress concentration strains of weld partMeasures strains in scallop axial direction.Measures principal strain of scallop and its direction.Measures strains in floor slab axial direction.Measures principal strains of floor slab.Measures strains in barrier curb axial direction.Measures principal strains of barrier curve. Monitors deflection of floor slab.Measures X and Y of crack opening displacement of an object.Measures X, Y and Z of crack opening displacement of an object.
Main beam strain
Main beam displacement
Stiffener strain
Cross beam strain
Scallop strain
Floor slab strain
Barrier curb strain
Floor slab deformation
Single strain gauge3-element rosette gaugeDisplacement transducerSingle strain gauge3-element rosette gaugeSingle strain gauge3-element rosette gaugeStress concentration gaugeSingle strain gauge3-element rosette gaugeSingle strain gauge2-element cross gaugeSingle strain gauge2-element cross gaugeDisplacement transducer2-directional crack gauge3-directional crack gauge
ARF-A
Other maker
Monitors waveform from a test by the methods of constanttremor, exciter, vehicle stop/go and falling weight
Vibration of floor slab
Measurement Management of Steel Beam Bridge
8
■ Static measurementSteel beam bridge static measurement system block diagram Static measurement display screen
AC90-250V
Propriety of structure detail Steel beam Fatigue perform- ance of scallop Strain gauges Displacement trans- ducer Fatigue perform- ance of cross beam Strain gauges Displacement trans- ducer
Floor slab Check of stress in reinforcing bar Strain gauges
Check of stress in stud Strain gauges
Grasping overall behaviour Deflection of main beam and floor slab Displacement trans- ducer
Stress of main beam Strain gauge
Stress of con- crete floor slab Strain gauge
Arrester
Swtichingbox
Data logger Computer
UPS
Insulationtransformer Printer
Dynamic waveform data
Waveform data FFT
Frequency data graph Frequency data list
■ Dynamic measurementSteel beam bridge dynamic measurement system block diagram
ONLINE OFFLINE
Strain gaugesDisplacement transducerAcceleration transducer
Digital Dynamic StrainmeterMulti-RecorderDynamic Strain Recorder
PC PC Printer
■ Vibration measurementSteel beam bridge vibration measurement system block diagram
Servoaccelerometer
Servo amplifier
Digital Dynamic strainmterMulti-recorderDynamic Strain Recorder
PC Printer
■ Frequency measurementSteel beam bridge frequency measurement system block diagram
Histogram RecorderHR-908A
Multi-recorder TMR-200
Strain gaugesDisplacement transducerAcceleration transducer
Notebok PC
Measurement Management of Cable-stayed Bridge
9
Bridge measurement1
When constructing a PC (pre-stressed concrete) cable stayed bridge, the following conditions must be monitored andcontrolled: (1) Inclination of a main tower, (2) Materials (concrete, PC grout, etc.) quality, (3) Deflection (camber andshape), (4) Tensile force of diagonal members and (5) Tension of PC steel members. Design values (tensile force ofdiagonal members, temperature of members, deflection of a main beam, stress, etc.) are provided as a set of workexecution management values. Work is executed and controlled by checking the work execution management valuesagainst values obtained by making actual measurement.
Surface inclinometerInclination measurement on main tower
Acceleration trans-ducerCable tensile forceby forciblevibration
Load CellLoad measurementin tensionof cable
Center-hole load cellStandard water tank
Water-tube displace-ment transducer
Reinforcingbar meter
Main tower
Diagonal member
Main beam
Main tower
Measurement items
■ A list of Measuring InstrumentsInstruments Type
Strain TransducerNon-stress casingReinforcing bar meterCenter-hole load cellSurface inclinometerCenter-hole load cellHigh capacity pressure transducerCenter-hole load cellThermocouple, Temperature gaugeTemperature-integrated strain transducer
Acceleration transducer
Stress meterWater-tube displacement transducerElectronic level staff
KM-A, KM-AT, KM-B, KM-BTKM-B, KM-BT, KM-KMFKSA-A, KSAT-AKCM-NA, KCE-NA, KCG-NAKB-AB, KB-AC, KB-DB, KB-EBKCM-NA, KCE-NA, KCG-NAPWH-PAKCM-NA, KCE-NAT, KT-AKM-B, KM-BT
ARF-A
Other productsKWL-B, KWL-EOther products
Concrete strainConcrete dry shrinkageReinforcing bar stressPre-stressed introduction force of main towerMain tower inclinationTensile force of diagonal members
Tensile force of jacks
Temperature
Tensile force of diagonal members by forciblevibrationConcrete stress
Deflction of main tower
Measurement Management of Cable-stayed Bridge
10
■ Measurement System Block Diagram
AC90~250V
Strain transducerStress meterNon-stress casingReinforcing bar meterThermocouples
Strain transducerStress meterNon-stress casingReinforcing bar meterInclinometerThermocouples
Steel bar meterThermocouplesLoad cell
Main beam
Main tower
Diagonal member
Switchingbox
Switchingbox
Sensor protectionarrester
Booster power supply
Insulation transformer
Exclusive exten-sion cable(embedded in the ground)
Data logger
Personalcomputer
Printer
Insulationtransformer
Inside main beam box Inside measurement room
■ Measurement in stretching diagonal members
Diagonal member
Upper floor slab
Load cell
Lower floor slab Side view
Installation of daigonal member load cell Installation of pressure transducer
Load cell
Cable
Pressuretransducer
Switchingbox
Digital indicator Data Logger Personal computerinstalled to jack to monitor jack
Pressuretransducer
Extensioncable
Pump
Digital indicator
Tensil jack
Diagonalmembers
■ Measurement of tensile force of diagonal members
Direct measurement
Indirect measurement by forcible vibration
Load cell
Acceleration transducer
Switchingbox
Data Logger Personal computer
Personal computerDigital Dynamic strainmeterMulti-RecorderDynamic Strain Recorder
Acceleration transducer
Upper floor slab
Lower floor slab Side view
Installation of acceleratioin transducer
Outer tube
When installing a caisson, the following conditions must be monitored and controlled to gather data on the degree ofsinking of the caisson body:
11
Caisson measurement2
Man-lock(Personal access)
Material-lock(Pressurized air supply)
Workspace
Water level meter
Strain transducer
Soil pressure gauge
Cutting-edge reactingforce meter
Water-tubedisplacementtransducer
Reinforcingbar meter
Skin friction meter
Inclinometer
Pore water pressure gauge
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
SensorCutting-edge reacting force meterSoil pressure gauge Skin-friction meterPore pressure gaugeReinforcing bar meterStrain transducerStress meterInclinometerWater-tube displace-ment transducerWinding type displace- ment transducerPore pressure gaugeWater level meterIn-place settlement meter
Storage box
Switchingbox
Sensor protectionarrester
Data LoggerPC
PrinterIsolationtransformer
AC90-250V
UPS
Measurement room
■ A list of Measuring InstrumentsMeasurement items Instruments Type Description
Cutting-edge reactingforce
Soil pressure on wall
Skin-frictionPore pressure of the surroundingsBehavior within the caisson
Inclination
Subsidence of caisson
Atmospheric pressure within the caissonWeight of waterSettlement ofsurrounding groundTemperature
Cutting-edge reacting force meterSoil pressure gauge for wall surfaceSkin-friction meter
Pore pressure gauge
Re-inforcingbar meter Straintransducer Stress meter
Inclinometer
Water-tube displace-ment transducerWinding type displace-ment transducer
Pore pressure gauge
Water level meterIn-place settlement meterThermocouple thermometer
KKB-PA
KDB-PAKDD-PAKKA-PAKPA-PAKPC-PAKSA-A, KSAT-A, KM-BKM-BT, Other maker
KB-AB, KB-AC
KWL-B KWL-E
DP-E
KPA-PAKPC-PAKW-CKLA-A, NKLA-AKLC-AT, KT-A
Finds reaction force by embedding a load cell in the cutting edge
Hollows out in a box shape on the side face of a caisson and fixedthereto.Hollows out in a box shape on the side face of a caisson and fixed thereto.Hollows out in a box shape on the side face of a caisson and fixedthereto.Pressure-welds to a re-bar inside a caisson wall to measure stress. Measures straininside the wall. Fix a stress meter inside to measure an effective force of a concrete.Fixes it to a point of interest to find the attitude of a caisson from tiltangles of X and Y components.A reference water tank is fixed inside the caisson and relative sinkingamount is found from the transducers connected via water tube.
The sinking amount of a caisson to the ground level is measured.
One method is the use of absolute pressure and another the back pressure of a relativepressure transducer made open to atmospheric pressure outside the caisson. Found by measuring water level inside the caisson.The sinking amount of a settlement plate placed on the ground levelto a fixed point which is an anchor of measuring rod.Measures temperature inside and outside the caisson.
12
Conditions to be monitored when constructing retaining walls include subsidence, movement and displacement ofground, groundwater conditions, lateral pressure on earth retaining walls, deformation and pressure conditions of earthretaining structures, and so forth. The collapse of retaining walls, effects of collapse on surrounding ground, heaving,boiling, and other dangerous phenomena must be detected and necessary actions must be taken as quickly aspossible. Therefore, an online measurement system using computers and data loggers is used.
Retaining Wall measurement3
Strain transducer
Strain transducer
Inclinometer
Center-hole typeload cell
Jack
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
TML-NET
TML-NET transucer
Sensor protect-ion arrester
Switching box
Network Driver
Inclinometer Load cell Inclinometer
Pore-waterpressure gauge
Strain Thermo- transducer couple
Pressure transducer Arrester
Settle-ment gauge
Inclino-meter
Data Logger
PC Printer
Lateral pressure
Deformation and stresses of wall
Temperature of concrete Axial force of anchor
Axial force of strut
Strains of strutTemperatureStress of walingHeave of ground at bottomUnderground water levelPore pressureSettlement
Lateral displacement
Underground water levelSettlementInclinationCrack
Strut
Waling
Cutting bottom
Surrounding ground
Surrounding structure
KDB-PA, KDD-PA, KDF-PAKPA-PA, KPB-PAKM-BKSA-A, KSAT-AKB-GC, KB-HCKB-DB, KB-EB, KB-AB, KB-ACKB-JE, KB-KE, NKB-LD, NKB-MDTKCM-NA, KCE-NAPWH-PAKCM-NA, KCE-NAKM-B, KM-BTT, KT-AKM-BKLA-A, NKLA-AKW-CKPA-PA, KPB-PAKLA-AKB-GC, KB-HCKB-JE, KB-KE, NKB-L, NKB-MDKW-CKWL-EKB-AB, KB-AC, KB-DB, KB-EBKG-A
Measurement items Object of measurement TypeInstruments Soil pressure gaugePore water pressure gaugeStrain transducerReinforcing bar meterInclinometer probeSurface InclinometerIn-place inclinometerThermocoupleCenter-hole type loa cellPressure transucerCenter-hole type loa cellStrain transducerThermocouple, Temperature gaugeStrain transducerGround displacement transducerWater level meterPore water pressure gaugeGround displacement transducerInclinometer probeIn-place inclinometerWater level meterWater tube displacement transducerSurface inclinometerCrack displacement transducer
Earth retaining wall
13
Test Pavement measurement4During pavement construction, driving tests, loading tests, and long-period deterioration tests are conducted usingvarious types of sensors to check the degree of fatigue in relation to the load bearing capacity.
Strain transducerThermocouple
Displacement trans-ducer for each layer
Soil Pressure Gauge
AsphaltConcrete for paving
Pore-Water PressureGauge
Measurement items Type
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
■ Measurement System Block Diagram
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
DRA-101C
Printer
AC 100V
Static measurement
Dynamic measurement
Sensor
Sensor
Strain transducerReinforcing bar meterSoil pressure gaugeSettlement gaugePore-water pres- sure gaugeThermocouple
Strain transducerReinforcing bar meterSoil pressure gaugeSettlement gauge
Sensor protectionarrester
Switching box
Digital dynamic strainmeterMulti-RecorderDynamic Strain Recorder
Data Logger
Computer UPS
Isolationtransformer
Measures soil pressure of each layer.Measures strains after curing and also in curing process.Installs a settling plate on the top of each layer andmeasures a relative displacement between each layer.Embedded in subgrade and measures pore pressure.
Measures inside and outside temperature.
Measures distribution of strains generated on the surface.
KDA-PA, KDC-PA, KDL-PAKM-B/-BS1/-HBS2
To order
KPB-PA, KPD-PATKT-ASSM-360
Pore pressure gauge ThermocoupleTemperature gaugeSurface strain gauge
Soil pressure gaugeStrain transducerDisplacement trans-ducer for each layer
Pore pressure of subbase course
Temperature of pavement
Strain distribution of pavement
Soil pressure of subbase courseStrain of pavement body
Settlement of each layer
Description Instruments
Falling Weight Deflectometer FWD5
14
Main Applications● General ground such as railway fill,
subgrade and subbase course● High rigid ground such as airport● Refilling soil for buried pipe● Small asphalt paving● Interlocking block paving
TML small FWD system “FWD-Light®” is a testing device applicable for management and rigidity evaluation of soilstructures such as a fill, cut, subbase course and subgrade. As it is easy-to-handle and portable and can measuresubgrade reaction coefficient “K” and subgrade elastic modulus “E” in a short period of time, real time feedback toconstruction site is possible. It can also be used for bearing capacity measurement and rigidity evaluation of asphaltpavement, interlocking block pavement and so on. The testing is conducted according to the methods introduced inthe “FWD and Portable FWD Handling Manual (2003.1)” issued by JSCE (Japan Society of Civil Engineers) and “DesignStandards for Railway Structures and Commentary” edited by RTRI (Railway Technical Research Institute).
POWER
Exclusive display
Small FWD unit
Instruments Type Brief Specification
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
RS-232C
Acceleration waveforminput
Load waveforminput
Exclusive printer optional
Note PC
RS-232CPOWER
Optional Extension of acceleration waveform input by External Displacement Sensor
Exclusive Indicator TC-351F
Optical Software TC-7100 Example of waveform indication
Example of measured data Data analysis Maximum load and displacement Coefficient of subgrade reaction Modulus of subgrade elasticity Waveform data, etc.
Memory cardDigital data of load
and displacement
An example of data sheet creation
Embankment
Simple asphalt paving
Railway fill
Build-in load cell and accelerometer, Max. load: 20kN, Max. displacement: 2.5mmDisplays max. load, max. displacement, subgrade reaction coefficient and subgradeelastic modulus and records/saves on memory card.Built-in accelerometer, max. displacement of 1mmIn addition to analysis result with exclusive display, waveform display of load, acceleration,velocity and displacement and display of O-P time and time accumulation is possible.
KFD-100A
TC-351F
KFDS-1B
TC-7100
Small FWD unit
Exclusive display
External displacement sensor
Measurement/processing software
15
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
AC 90-250V
Measurement roomStorage boxSensor
Data Logger
PC Printer
Sensor protectionarrester
Isolationtransformer
UPS
Water-tube displace-ment trasducerExtensometerSettlement transducerInclinometerPore pressure gaugeSoil pressure gaugeWater level meter Switching box
Fill Measurement6For filling work on soft ground, the following conditions must be monitored:(1) Conditions of ongoing work and the status of process management by performing measurement control operations(2) Safety factor or margin of a fill, (3) Critical load and deflection, (4) Amount of subsidence and heaving
With a computer, a data logger and measuring instruments linked in an online measurement network, conditions ofground subsidence, horizontal displacement, earth pressure in subterranean ground and pore water pressure aremonitored so that appropriate action can be taken if any abnormal condition is detected.
Pore water pres-sure gauge
ExtensometerExtensometer
Settlement trans-ducer
Extenso-meter
Water-tube dis-place-menttrans-ducer
In-placeinclino-meter
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
Vertical displacement of ground surface
Measurement items Instruments Type Description
Horizontal displacement of ground surfaceVertical displacement of undergroundHorizontal displacement of undergroundPore pressureSoil pressureWater levelStrain of reinforcing materials
Water-tube displace-ment transducer
Extensometer
Multi-layer settlement meter
In-place inclinometer
Pore pressure gaugeSoil pressure gaugeWater level meterStrain gauge
KWL-E
KLG-A, KLG-BNKLG-A, NKLG-B
KLA-A, NKLA-A, KLC-A
KB-JE, KB-KE, KB-JFKB-KF, NKB-LD, NKB-MDKPB-PA, KPD-PAKDA-PA, KDC-PA, KDE-PA, KDL-PAKW-CYFLA
Measures the amount of settlement at the bottom of fillMeasures the amount of horizontalmovement.
Particularly when driving a sand compaction pile.
Pile Loading Test Measurement7
16
On-site pile measurement includes test measurement to determine design specifications, pile work controlmeasurement during pile work execution, post-execution verification measurement, and follow-up measurement aftercompletion of pile work. It is necessary to build a static and dynamic measurement system suitable for eachmeasurement method, the type of measuring instrument used, the purpose of measurement, and site conditions.
Reaction piles
Reference beam
Reaction piles
Test pile
Displacement transducer for measuringsettlement of the top and bottom of piles
Displacement transducer for measuring inclination of the top of pile
Displacement transducer for measuring settlement of the top of pile
The top of test pile
Displacement transducer for measuring settlement of the top of piles
Displacement transducer for measuring settlement of the top of piles
Reference beam
Reference beam
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
Load
Settlement of pile topSettlement of pile bottomHorizontal displacement (tilt) of pile top
Axial strain of pile
Displacement amount of reaction device
Load cellPressure transducerDisplacement transducerDisplacement transducerDisplacement transducerStrain gaugeReinforcing bar meterStrain transducerDisplacement transducer
CLP-NB, CLF-NAPWH-PACDPCDPCDPWFKSA-A, KSAT-AKM-A, KM-BCDP
Steel pilePC or RC pilePC or RC pile
Measurement items Instruments Type Description
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
AC 90-250V
Sensor Storage box Measurement room
Switchingbox
Data Logger
PCIsolation UPS transformer
Loadcell
Pressure transducer
Displacement transducer
Strain gauge
Reinforcing bar meter
Strain transducer
Printer
Drawing Tabling
17
NATM Measurement
Tunnel Measurement8
The displacement of surrounding ground and tunnel support structures along with stress conditions are measuredduring tunnel excavation to ensure work safety and economic efficiency.
Rock displace-ment transducer
Reinforcingbar meter
Micro Creep meter
Rock bolt axialforce trans-ducer
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
Data Logger
Switching box
Inclinometer Settelementtransducer
Sensor protectionarrester
Storagebox
Measurement room
Rock displace- Rock bolt axialment transducer force transducer
Micro Creep meter Strain trans- Center-hole type ducer load cell
Reinforcingbar meter
Pore waterpressure gauge
Transfer
Office/Control center
Isolationtransformer
UPS
Data acquisitionsystem
Alarm unit
AC 90~250V
Sensor
Change and displacement of distance between tunnel walls
Settlement and heave ofground surface
Horizontal and verticaldisplacement measuredoutside the tunnel
Relative displacement in tunnelChange of stress by excavationPore pressure conditionsForce distribution of rock boltAxial force of washerSpraying concrete stress
Stresses of lining concrete
Stresses of support and membersGround load on liningBack water pressure
Movement of ground surface
Convergence
Displacement of ground
Groundstress
Change of ground stressPore water pressure
Axial force ofrock bolt
Concrete stress
Stress of steel arch
Ground load
Behavior of ground surface andstructures
Force and stress on support members
Effects on surroundings
Micro Creep meter KH-A
Settlement transducerInclinometerIn-place inclinometerRock displacement transducerSoil Pressure GaugePore Water Pressure GaugeRock Bolt Axial TransducerCenter-hole type load cellStrain transducerReinforcing bar meterStrain transducerStrain GaugeSoil Pressure GaugePore Water Pressure GaugeWater-tube Displacement TransducerSettlement transducerWater-tube Displacement TransducerInclinometerExtensometer
KLA-A, NKLA-A, KLC-AKB-GC, KB-HCKB-JE, KB-KE, NKB-LD, NKB-MDKLB-AKDB-PA, KDD-PA, KDF-PAKPA-PA, KPC-PAKRA-ACLC-NA, KCM-NAKM-A, KM-AT, KM-B, KM-BTKSA-A, KSAT-AKM-A, KM-AT, KM-B, KM-BTFLAKDB-PA, KDD-PA, KDF-PAKPB-PA, KPD-PAKWL-EKLA-A, NKLA-AKWL-EKB-AB, KB-AC, KB-DB, KB-EBKLG-A,KLG-B, NKLG-A, NKLG-B
Measurement items Instruments Type
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
Settlement, heave andinclination of structures
18
Tunnel Measurement
Deformation of segment ring and effects on urban structures are observed.
Shield Measurement
Segment SegmentCenter-holetype load cell
Pore-water pressure gauge
Crack displace-ment transducer
Reinforcingbar meter
Soil pressuregauge
Behavior of segment
Behavior of groundsurfaceand adjacentstructures
Type
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
Sensor protectionarrester
Sensor
Settlementtransducer Water level meter Inclinometer
Re-inforcingbar-meter
Water-tube dis-placement transducer
Crack displace-ment transducer
Soil pres-sure gauge
Pore-waterpressuregauge Center-hole
type load cell
Storagebox
Switching box
Data Logger
Isolationtransformer
UPS
Data acquisitionsystem
Alarm unit
AC 90~250V
Measurement room
Transfer
Office/Control center
KDB-PA, KDD-PA, KDF-PAKPA-PA, KPC-PAKSA-A, KSAT-AKG-AKWL-EKLA-A, NKLA-AKWL-EKB-AB, KB-AC, KB-DB, KB-EBKLG-A, KLG-B, NKLG-A, NKLG-BKB-JE, KB-KE, KB-DB, KB-EB,NKB-LD, NKB-MDKW-CKPA-PA, KPC-PA
InstrumentsSoil pressure gaugePore-water pressure gaugeReinforcing bar meterCrack Displacement transducerWater-tube Displacement transducerMulti-layer Settlement transducerWater-tube Displacement transducerSurface InclinometerExtensometer
In-place inclinometer
Water level meterPore-water pressure gauge
Measurement items
Horizontal and vertical movement ofunderground
Change in ground water
Soil pressure acting on the ringWater pressure acting on the ringStresses and strains in the ring’s rebarsDeformation of segment joint
Settlement and heave of ground surface
Settlement, heave and inclination ofstructures
Movement of ground surface
Underground Opening Measurement9
As the cross section of an underground opening becomes large, ground stability decreases and a large-scale supportstructure is required. The stability of an opening depends on surrounding ground. Since it is very difficult to clarify thelevel of ground stability by conducting surveys, data on the behavior of ground gathered during construction isanalyzed and analysis results are reflected to design and construction. This is an observational construction controlsystem that our company proposes to customers.
19
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
Office/Control center
Sensor
Storagebox
Measurement room
Switching box
Data Logger
Data acquisitionsystem
UPS
Isolationtransformer
AC 90~250V
Alarm unit
Transfer Rock dis-placementtransducer
Cneter-hole typeload cell
Strain transducer
Micro Creep meter
Reinforcingbar meter Rock bolt
axial trans-ducer
An anchor is fixed in the bore hole, and change ofdisplacement between the anchor and bedrock surfaceis measured.Measurement pin is fixed on bedrock or concrete surfaceMeasures distance between the pins.A target is fixed to bedrock or concrete surface to measurean absolute displacement from the reference point.Load cell is installed at the foot of PS structure tomeasure change of tensile force.Measures rock-bolt axial force.
Installed to arch concrete structures to confirm design strength and time-dependent change of stress andstress distribution.
Type Description
KLB-A
KH-AOther maker
Other maker
KCM-NA, KCE-NA
KRA-AKSA-A, KSAT-AKM-A, KM-AT, KM-B, KM-BTKT-A, TKM-B, KM-BT, KMFMade to order
Instruments
Rock displacementtransducer
Micro creep meterSurvey apparatus
Electronic distance meter
Center-hole type load cell
Rock-bolt axial force meterReinforcing bar meterStrain transducerThermocoupleNon-stress casingTriangular weir water meter
Measurement itemsDisplacement of surroundingbedrock (Undergrounddisplacement)
Convergence and subsidence of top part
Load on PS concrete structures
Stress of arch concrete structures
The amount of spring
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
Rock displacement transducer
Rock displacement transducer
Rock bolt axial transducer
Rock displacement transducer
Rock bolt axial transducer
Micro Creep meter
Micro Creep meter
Test pile
Rock displacement transducer
20
Dam Measurement10Fill Dam MeasurementDuring construction of an earth dam, pore water pressure in the dam body and its foundation ground is measured anddata obtained is used to control earth (concrete) filling speeds. Deformation of the dam body and its foundation andthe earth pressure on them are also measured during construction. After completion of a dam, the amount ofinfiltrating water in the dam body and foundation ground and the deformation of the dam body are measured to ensuresafe dam operations. In addition, pore water pressure, osmotic pressure on foundation ground, the level ofgroundwater and so on are measured in order to grasp the state of water infiltration in both the dam body and itsfoundation ground.
Concrete Dam MeasurementEmbedment instruments for concrete dam are used forroughly thee purposes: construction work management, worksafety management and collection of research data.
Settle-mentgauge
Rod
Disc
Soil pressuregauge
Pore-waterpressure gauge
Joint meter
Thermocouple
Location in gravity dam Location in arch dam
Slope failureKLG-A, NKLG-AKB-AB, KB-AC, KB-JF, KB-KFNKB-LD, NKB-MDKW-CKPA-PA, KPB-PAKPC-PA, KPD-PA
Ground water levelInfiltrationflow
Items TypeInstrumentsExtensometerIn-placeinclinometerWater level meterPore-Waterpressure gauge
■ A list of Measuring InstrumentsMeasurement for surrounding ground and foundation bedrock
Measurement for inspection gallery
Measurement for embankment and foundation
■ A list of Measuring InstrumentsMeasurement for surrounding ground and foundation bedrock
Measurement for embankment Measurement for foundation
Stress of barRelative displacementbetween concretesConcrete Stress
Internal strain
Temperature
Items TypeInstrumentsKSAT-A, KSA-A
KJA-A
Made to orderKM-B, KM-BTKMFTKT-A
Reinforcing bar meter
Joint meter
Concrete Stress meterStrain transducerNon-stress casingThermocoupleTemperature gauge
Displacementof bedrockPore waterpressure
Soil pressure
Uplift pressure
Items TypeInstruments
KLB-A
KPA-PA, KPB-PAKPC-PA, KPD-PAKDA-PA, KDC-PAKDE-PAPWF-S
Rock displacement transducer
Soil pressure gauge
Uplift pressure transducer
Leakage
Concretestress
Temperaute
Deformation
Items Type
Made to order
Other makerKM-BTKM-BT, KMFKJB-AKT-ATOther maker
InstrumentsTriangular-weirwater meterStress meterStrain transducerNon-stress casingJoint meterTemperature gauge (Thermocouple)Plumb line
Slopefailure
Undergroundwater levelInfiltrationflow
Items TypeKLG-A/-B, NKLG-A/-B
InstrumentsExtensometer
KB-AB, KB-ACKB-JF, KB-KFNKB-LD, NKB-MD
In-place Inclino-meter
KW-CWater level meter
KPA-PA, KPB-PAKPC-PA, KPD-PA
Pore-waterpressure gauge
DisplacementSubsidenceof soil layerDisplacementof bedrock
Displacementof rock surface
SettlementPore-water pressureSoil pressureStrain
Items TypeInstrumentsKB-JE, KB-KE
KLA-A, NKLA-A, KLC-A
KLB-A
KB-DB, KB-DE, KJB-AKB-AB/-AC/-DB/-EB, NKB-LD/-MDMade to order
KPA-/KPB-/KPC-/KPD-PA
KDA-PA, KDC-PA , KDE-PAKM-B
InclinometerSettlement transducerRock displace-ment transducer
Inclinometer
Settlement meterPore-waterpressure gaugeSoil pressure gaugeStrain transducer
Pore water pressuregauge
Construction Management Measurement Based on The Status of Concrete11
21
KDC-PA, KDD-PA
Soil pressuregauge Concrete Filling
Sensor KZA-C
Concrete Free WaterSensor KZW-1A
Concrete Level Sensor KZL-1A, KZL-2A
Concrete Level Sensor
Thermocouple
Concrete FillingSensor
Soil PressureGauge
Concrete
Pump
Data Logger TDS-530
PC Form
Valve Tube
With the spread of an excellent self-filling and high fluid concrete, a method of concrete being placed in the formdirectly has been frequently used. When concrete is filled in a narrow space or complicated shaped form, it is verydifficult to visually observe the filling status of concrete. Here, we suggest a concrete filling management system forobserving the condition of concrete placement.
Distribution graph of concrete placement level
Con
cret
e pl
acem
ent l
evel
(m
)
Sensor No.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7Target concrete placinglevel
A graph of concrete level vs. time
Con
cret
e pl
acem
ent l
evel
(m
)
Time (hour)
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
Concrete placement levelConcrete filling statusSide pressure of formPumping pressureConcrete temperature
Concrete level sensorConcrete filling sensorSoil pressure gaugeFlash diaphragm type pressure transducerTemperature gauge (thermocouple)Concrete free water sensor
KZL-AKZA-CKDC-PA, KDD-PAPWF-PAT, KT-AKZW-1A
Measurement Items Instruments Type
22
Center-hole typeload cell
SurfaceInclinometer
Extensometer
Water Level Meter
In-place Inclinometer
Rain gauge
Center-holeload cell
ExtensometerHousingbox
Slide surfa
ce
bedrock
Underground water
■ Measuring System Block DiagramSensor
Measurement room
Office/Control center
Extensometer Inclinometer
Reinforcingbar meter
Settlement transducerWater-tubedisplacement transducer
Water level meter
Load Cell Pore Pressuregauge
Sensor protection arrester
Data Logger
Switching box
UPS Isolationtransformer
AC 90~ 250V
Transfer
Communica-tion system
Soil Pressuregauge
Landslide Measurement12In making a landslide measurement plan, it is necessary to have a thorough knowledge of the three-dimensional profileand the ground-movement direction of landslide area. A measurement system that TML recommends is a centralized,automated measurement control system in which measuring instruments, data loggers, computers, and so on areconnected in an online network. The addition of a communication function would turn this system into a wireless-communications measurement system.
Main measurement items● Ground surface displacement caused by a landslide
(conditions of expansion/contraction and inclination)● Variation of underground water● Sliding surface displacement● External stress on and deformation of
structures built to prevent landslide
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
Expansion
Inclination
Inclination
Soil mass movement
Undergrround water pressure
Wheather
Soil pressure
Stress
Inclination
Axical force of anchor
Variation of ground surface
Variation of Underground
Hydrological observation
Behaviour of strctures
ExtensometerWater-tube displacement meterMoving pile/survey apparatusInclinometerInsertion type inclinometerIn-place inclinometerPipe strain meterWater level meterPore pressure gaugeRain gaugeSnow depth meterSoil pressure gaugeStrain transducerRe-bar meterInsertion type inclinometerSmall inclinometerIn-place inclinometerCenter-hole load cell
KLG-A, KLG-B, NKLG-A, NKLG-BKWL-B/-EOther makerKB-AB, KB-ACKB-GC, KB-HCKB-JE, KB-KE, NKB-LD, NKB-MDP401KW-CKPB-PA, KPD-PAOther makerOther makerKDB-PA, KDD-PA, KDF-PAKM-A, KM-AT, KM-B, KM-BTKSA-A, KSAT-AKB-GC, KB-HCKB-DB, KB-EB, KB-AB, KB-ACKB-JE, KB-KE, NKB-LD, NKB-MDCLC-NA, KCM-NA, KCE-NA
Measurement objects Measurement items Instruments Type
23
Landing Pier Measurement
Marine Structure Measurement 13
The following tests are conducted to survey the aging conditions of a pier:● Static measurement● Stress and strain on a pier under no-load conditions are measured.● Dynamic measurement● Stress and strain on a pier are measured by running a vehicle, such as a forklift loaded with maximum weight
assumed to be applied.● The stress and strain of a pier are measured when a ship of 10,000 D.W.T. or heavier comes alongside the pier.
Reinforcing bar meter
SurfaceInclinometer
Strain transducer
KSA-AKSAT-AKM-A/-ATKM-B/-BTTKT-AKB-AB, KB-AC
Reinforcing bar stress transducers are installed in the directions perpendicular to and parallelto a normal line of a main beam reinforcement or a floor slab to measure strain on the bars.Strain transducers are installed in the directions perpendicular to and parallel to anormal line of a main beam reinforcement or a floor slab to measure strain on concrete.
Monitors temperature distribution within the pier
Measures and monitors the behavior of pier
Items Type DescriptionReinforcing bar meter
Strain transducer
ThermocoupleTemperature gaugeInclinometer
Stresses in piers
Strains in piers
Temperature inpiersInclination of pier
Instruments
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
■ Measurement System Block Diagram
Static measurement Dynamic measurement
Beam/Floor slab
Strain transducer
Reinforcingbar meater
SensorProtectionarrester
Strain transducer
Reinforcingbar meter
Beam/Floor slabInstruments
Switchingbox
Data Logger
Temperature meas-uring instruments
Impact testinginstruments
Multi-RecorderDynamic strain RecorderThermocouple adaptor
Computer
Digital dynamic strainmeter
■ Examples of data outputWhen a forklift is running When a ship comes alongside the pier
24
Marine Structure Measurement
The details of distribution of wave pressure and uplift pressure acting on a caisson type quay in high waves aremeasured to verify the stability of wave endurance and confirm the practicability of using a designed wave pressureformula.
Instrument storage box
To observation room
Optical fiber cable
Water pipe
In the harbour
Out of harbour
Foundation rubble
Fixed concrete
block
Wave meterWave direction-meter
Wave-pressuremeter
Uplift pressuremeter
Current meter
Inclino-meter
Caisson Type Quay Measurement
■ Measurement System Block Diagram
Description
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
Monitors wave pressure distribution of each memberMeasures uplift pressure acting on the bottom bed of the mainbody and the lower floor bed of retarding roomMonitors inclination of the main body.Monitors the speed of current in the water pipe.
Monitors time-dependent wave when receiving a pressure of wave.
Monitors time-dependent wind when receiving a pressure of wave.
TypeKDD-PA
KPA-PA
KB-AB, KB-ACOther makerOther makerOther makerOther makerOther maker
InstrumentsWave pressure meterPore pressuregaugeInclinometerCurrent meterWave meterWave direction meterAnemometerWind vane
Measurement ItemsWave pressure of membersUplift pressure of bottombedInclination of caissonCurrent speed in water pipe
Waves
Wind
CaissonStorage box
Observation roomFramework Wave pressure meter Pore water pressure gauge Inclinometer Current meter
Digital dynamicstrainmeter
Mediaconverter
Mediaconverter
Optical fiber cable
PC
Waves
Wave meter Wave direction meter
Wind
Anemometer Wind vane
Communication cable
25
Nuclear Power Plant Measurement14
The structural integrity test (SIT) of a reactor containment vessel is carried out using various sensors.
PCCV RCCV
(SPRING LINE)
Reinforcing barmeterThermocouple
Displacementtransducer
Thermocouple SurfaceInclino-meter
Pressuretransducer
Reinforcing bar meter
Micro Creepmeter
Weldable straingauge
Thermocouple
SurfaceInclino-meter
Pressuretransducer Micro Creep meter
Thermocouple
Pressuretransducer
Reinforcing bar meter
Micro Creepmeter
Concrete stressmeter
Thermocouple
Behavior of the main body Strain of liner section
Deformation of containment vessel
Deformation of access tunnel
Temperature of the main body
Deformation of base matPressure on the main body
KSAT-AAW, AWC-BKH-AS (Customized)CDP-S (Customized)CPS-A (Customized)KT-ATKB-ABS (Customized)KP-AS (Customized)
Measurement items TypeRe-inforcing bar-meterWeldable strain gaugeMicro Creep MeterDisplacement TransducerConcrete Stress MeterTemperature GaugeThermocoupleInclinometerPressure Transducer
Instruments
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
Measurement roomInstrumentsStrain trans-ducer for liner
Strain transducerfor steel section
Pressure transducer
Displacement transducer
Temperaturegauge
Embedded in concreteD/F reinforcingbar meter
D/F tempera-ture gauge
Strain trans-ducer for liner
Strain transducerfor steel section
Inclinometer Displacementtransducer
Temperature(atmosphere)
Embedded in concrete
Strain trans-ducer for liner
Strain transducerfor steel section
Thermocouple Concrete stressmeter
Temperature-integratedre-inforcingbar-meter
Thermo-couple
Displacementtransducer
Pressuredetector
Thermocouple
Arrester ArresterColor monitor
CD-ROM
DAT drive
Printer
Monitoring display
Data Logger
Workstation
: Junction box
: Electrical penetration
: Switching box
26
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
SensorStrain gaugeWeldable strain gaugeLoad cell Inclinometer Pressure transducer Displacement trans- ducerWinding type displace- ment transducerThermocouple
Storage box
Switching box
Measurement room
Data Logger
PC Printer
Alarm unit
AC 90~250V Isolationtransformer
UPS
Large Roof and Dome Measurement15
During construction of a dome and gymnasium, data on load and stress is collected using various sensors to verify theload bearing capacity (jacking-up and -down capacity).
Winding type displacementtransducer
Strain Gauges
Pressure transducer
Acceleration transducer
Displacement transducer
Inclinometer
TensileLoad cell
Measurement itemsStresses in truss members andsupports and tensile force of rodsLifting load
Shearing deformation
Jacking loadVertical and horizontal displacementVibration of domeTemperature outside/inside dome
Instruments TypeStrain gaugeWeldable strain gaugeLoad cell
Inclinometer
Pressure transducerDisplacementtransducerAccelerometerThermocouple,Temperature gauge
FLA, FCA, FRAAW, AWC-BTLP-NB
KB-AB, KB-AC
PWH-PACDPDPARF-ATKT-A
DescriptionBonded on supports and truss members to find stress from strain measurement.Bonded on supports and truss members to finds stress from strain measurement.Installed at a lifting point within a dome to measure a tensile load.Installed at a key point within a dome to find a shearingdeformation from measurement of inclination angle.Finds a jacking load by measuring a pressure using pressure transducer.Installed on truss, etc. to measure the amount of displacement. Installed on truss, etc. to measure the amount of displacement.Installed on truss, etc. to measure acceleration in dynamic application.
Measures temperature inside or outside the dome.
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
27
Quake Damping and Absorbing Measurement16
A quake-damping structure uses various types of damping materials. For example, laminated rubber having lowhorizontal rigidity, slide bearings and so on are designed as part of the quake-damping structure in order to dampseismic force. A quake-absorbing structure uses a powerful shock-absorbing device to absorb seismic energy. Staticand dynamic conditions of a structure are measured to check its quake-damping and quake-absorbing performance..
Acceleration transducer
Measuring instrumentsQuake-absorbing device
Earth-quake
Earth-quake
Varioussensors
Measuring instruments
Displacement Acceleration transducer transducer
Strain gauge
Horizontal-motion exciter
Vibration table
Vertical-motion exciter
Vibration table
Vibrationacceleration
Accelerationtransducer ARF-A Installed on the foundation or beam of a structure to measure the vibration
acceleration caused by earthquakes.Vibration displacement
Strain/stress
Crackdisplacement
Damper load,displacement
Crack displacementtransducerLoad CellDisplacement transducer
CDPFLAKSA-A, KSAT-API
KG-A
TCLP-NBCDP
Measures the amount of vibration displacement caused by shaking of a structure.
Measures the strain and stress of each part of a structure.
Measures the degree of opening of a crack caused by earthquakes.
Measures the variation of dynamic displacement and load of damperscaused by earthquakes.
Measurement items Instruments Type Description
■ A list of Measuring Instruments
■ Measuring System Block Diagram
Displacementtransducer
Accelerationtransducer
Strain gauge
Reinforcingbar meter
Displacementtransducer
Load cell
Switching box
Data Logger
Digital Dynamic strainmeterMulti-RecorderDynamic Strain Recorder
Management center
Transfer
PC
UPS
Isolationtransformer
AC 90~250V
Displacement transducerStrain gagueReinforcing bar meterDisplacement transducer
28
MEASURING EQUIPMENT
STRAIN GAUGES
TRANSDUCERS
INSTRUMENTS
Leadwire-integrated strain gauges
Weldable strain gauges
TDS-630 TDS-530 DRA-162B TMR-200 DC-204R
DRA-30A IHW-50H TC-32K TC-31M Network module
TML Pam-E8500A
Measuring ConsultantsGuide
8-2, Minami-Ohi 6-Chome, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 140-8560, JAPANTEL: Tokyo 03-3763-5611 FAX: Tokyo 03-3763-5713 -mail address:
2013112WEB