Tlje .ueavell OF

eJ).pi$tiallity · , ... ".:.;.~.. - .

. IN TIlE ..

]YIadupa Field

Yale ·Pivirt.i\Yj]bmt .. New Havtn,' ·;Conn.

Tlje heaven

Of Cljristianity

in tl)e ]VIadUI'8 Field

(Eighty-sixth Annual Report of the American Madura Mission for 19~O. Prepared by

E. E. WHITE.)

--.,-~

;

MADURA:

Printed at the A. M. Lenox Press, Pasumalai. 1921

-Table '''of Contents

PAGE

" FOREWORD. Plan and purpose '~f the 'Report 1

CiIiwrERS.

I. THE FIELD, THE MATE'RIAL THAT IS BEING'LEAVENED, AN[)' OUR'OBJEdT ' .. 2

II. THE CHURCH AND THE PREACH-ING OF THE WORD ... 6 City and Village Evangelism:-In West Local Council a rea 6

Bates Evangelistic Work... 8 Bible-women's Work, Aruppukottai... 9

Do. do. Madura City and Neighboring Villages ] 2

Christian Woman's Association, Ma-dura 14

The North Local Council... 16 The Madura Church Council 18

III. THE SCHOOLS· AND COLLEGES Elementary Boarding-schools Hindu Gir]s' Schools Lucy Perry Koble Bible School Capron Hall Girls' School Boys' High a.nd Training Schools American College

.. 21 24 27 29

31 34

Woman's Christian College, Madras ... 36 United Theologica.l Seminary 37

IV. THE INSTITUTIONS OF HEALING AND OTHER AGENCIES Albert Victor (Men's) Hospital Woman's Hospita.l

39 39 40

Leper Settlement 43

Economic Improvement Association ... 45 Tamil Dictionary Lenox Press ...

V. SOME SIGNIFICANT EVENTS OF THE YEAR ...

46 46

47

VI. THE MISSION ,PERSONNEL 50

CONCLUSION.

STATISTICS.

Forewl)rd The Inter-Church W orla Movement of America,

although admitted a failure in part~achieved some not­able results. Among other things it greatly' stimulated a thorough and comprehensive study of the work and needs of missions as a whole an over the world. It is in th~ wake of that vast enterprise that this report is written; not to duplicate that great statement of our needs but, by a review of the events' and current history of the past year, to justify again the ways of missions, the worthwhileness of foreign missions and of the Madura l\:Iission in pa.rticular.

It is possible to. view aud evaluate mission work under many categories. In the following pages we try to show what have been the results of a year of concerted effort. Definite figures are given in the table of statistics at the end. ~ut we re-emphasize at the start that our grea.test achievements, through the power of God, are not all of the kin.d that can be demonstrated on paper. They lie, like the ideals of a people, deep bene~th the sur­face. They are em bodied -in many of those inner forces which subtl~' but irresistibly transform a people as yea.st leavens the mass of flour. It is with such forces that this l'eport deals, and not simply with numerical gains in school registration, number of "passes" in examinations for college de.grees, 01' the material expansion of the work In other words, it is hoped,. that the following pages will show some.thing ,of the working of the Leaven of Christi­anity in the ~asses of ignorance, superstition, and' sin as found in the Madura field. Have these . transforming proc,esses .. of ours, during the past year accomplished

2

much that is worthwhile? Is the outlook upon life becoming brighter, clearer and higher among South Indi­an Tamil people, through missionary effort? Are both individuals and society becoming Christianized? We be­lieve we can answer such questions in the affirmative in our Report. Chapter I sets forth the material thlLt is bejng Leavened. Chapters II-IV will deal with the processes of traI.lsformation illustrated in individual reports. The rest of the report is concerned with the current history of the year.

CHAPTER I

THE FIELD This consists of about 7,5eO square miles of terri­

torv, or approximately the size of the state .. Geographical". ." . .

of l\fassachusett~J and Includes the whole of the governmental district of Madura and part of Ram­nad dist~ict. Within that area live approximately :3,000,000 people, a minority of whom dwell in Madura City or in-large towns, the great majority being scattered through the flat country in villages of a few hundreds or thousands in population. Tamil is the vernacular used by the bulk of the people, a~though Telugu, Cana­rese, Hindustani and Patnuli languages are spoken by certain castes, and an increasing knowledge of English is filtering down from the student classes .to the masses.

Weaving, trade and the ordinary artisans crafts are " EcoDomic among the most important occupations. The COl1ditioDS" •.. Brahmans and other high-caste Hindus fill

the great majority of the ranks of "vakeels" (lawyers\, teachers, government o.fficials and clerks, by virtue of the fact that they compose the educated few; but the Christians are yearly increasingly represented in these occupations.

8

The vast majority of the population, however, live and work in the. soil of India's innumerable villages. Three­fourths of the people, it has been estimated, live, directly or indirectly, by agricul ture and the pasturage of. sheep and cattle. Of the farmers 87% own and cultivate their own land. . But this may imply an average of individual wealth and prosperity which does not exist. A far greater proportion of this number a.re coolies1 or day-laborers, under the employ of the few who are really owners of large holdings of land. Our Chri3tian community is largely recruited from these cooly classes. South India is in reality a poor country, despite the presence of rich men. Good.sized families, with plenty of mouths to feed and

. a very limited supply of food..;stuffs, is the rule and not

the exception. Many families have only one square meal fl, day. Consequently children suffer greatly fro in insufficient or improper feeding. It is no wonder that they prove dull and stupid in school, and.more often the little kiddie is Dot allowed to attend. school' at all but rnust do his bit in helping the family eke out an existence by tending sheep or cattle. One of the commonest of countryside scenes is to see such children, with tousled and uncombed hair, unwashed faces and the merest pretence of clothing, driving sheep or cows from place to place, so that the animals may nibble a bit of grass between the rocks and the stones of a sun-blasted :pas­ture. It is not so surprising that the bold Kallal'S, a Robh.er cas.te of which we wil1 hear more Jater, prefer to add their income by stealing bullocks and houseltold property from the more well-to-do people.

South India is the stronghold 'of Caste in aU InJia.. . It is here that the rites and privileges

"Socia.l System'~ . . of Caste are most tenaciously held and

jealously guarded, and our lVladura field may per-

4:

haps be considered typical of South India as ~ whole. As complete: statistics will not be available until the Government Census of 1921 has been taken, it is impos­sible here to give accurately the exact totals by the r~s­pective . c~stes~but the 'Hindu popUlations may first be grouped tinder -three main caste-divisions: Brahmans, .Sudras (non-Brahmans) and Panchamasor outcastes, or ",depressed classes It, as they are variously called. The Braihmans are greatly inferior in numbers to the other two :divisions,although high in social position and emi­nence. The Sudras are chiefly to be met with under the' caste-names of Kallars, Vellalas, Nayaks, Chetties, Maravans, Idaiyans and Asaries. The Chetties are famous as bankers and money-lenders, and the Asaries are the, .artisans: all the rest thus mentioned live off from the soil. The" Panchamas" are generally known into the, three names, Pallars,Pariahs and Chakkliyars. Be­.tween .the high-caste Brahman and the out-caste Chak­kliyar,s, Hindu society has fixed a broad gulf of defile­mentwhich cannot be bridgp-d by the latter save after a wearisome ' round, of rebirths into a higher and' higher social scale. Although many of the caste rules are relax­ingsomewhat in severity, members of one caste are still forbidden to interdine or in:termarry with members of another. In every village there are high-caste streets within which no dog of a Pariah dare enter! Not infre­quently the Panchamas are compelled to live in a sepa­rate village arid do menial- service for the high-csate neighbours. There are, also, . separate wells of drinking water, one for the Brahman, one for other castes but often none for the Panchama at a~l,who must·submis­sively approach in Bupplication the' high-caste lords of the rice' fields and jr~igated gardens al;ld beg for the water that flows in th:ec channels! Such is the type of

5

social system which is still strong in South India to-day. It is the system of keeping the under-dog under!

According to government autnority, 93% of th~ people of Madura District of our Field are

" Religion" • . HmduB, 4% Mohammedans and 3% Chris-

tians. As Moslems are confined chiefly to the large centers, where they live like castes in compact communi­ties, they may be considered here as relatively unimport­ant, although our mission has some work among theln. They are numerically far inferior and are far harder to reach than the Hindus. Hinduism itself, may be fairly resolved into two great divisions: Brahminism and the worship of Village Gods. The adherents of the former are worshippers of Siva or Vishnu; the adherents of the latter pay devotion to local evil spirits whose names are legion. These two types of Hinduism overla.p at many points and, to the thoughtful student, are one of the puzzles of modern Hinduism. Practically speaking, one may hold whatever creed of philosophic theory, or wor­ship one or many gods, as he pleases; he is counted as an orthodox Hindu so long as certain ceremonial rites are punctiliously performed, the Brahman reverenced and the l'ules of caste strictly maintained, 'But the bulk of the population, especially the country people, are rea]y animists with a veneer of Brahmanism, In times of plague, cholera or other great peril, they rush to propiti­ate some one of the many evil spirits, It is with these elements of superstition, overwhelming ignorance, dis­ease, caste prejudice and sin, encouraged and fostered by the above-outlined conditions, that the Leaven of Christi­anity has to'deal in the Madura Field.

With these thoughts in mind, it is well to ask our­"0 Ob' " selves, What is the mission seeking to

ur Ject. .. , . . accom phsh III such a FIeld? What trans-

6

formatians may we hape for in such :Material through Christian farces?

Our Purpase. is to. bring the full-orbed Gaspelof Christ to bear upan the whole life of tl;te Tamil Indian.

Or, mare explicitly,

1. To create'a healthful environment in which Tamil children may grow physically and mentally in:ta narmal men and wamen;

2. To. develap their mental pawers, not' anly that they may be keen to apprehend, but also. that they may grow to. lave, truth and beauty in all farms;

8. To. create. the atmasphere by which the Haly Spirit af Gad may win them to. a full surrender of their whale selves· to. Jesus Christ;

4. and to. build up and maintain such indigenaus ag~ncies as shall enable the Tamil Chris­tians themselves to carry aut these aillls to success.

CHAPTER II

THE CHURCH AND THE PREACHING OF.THE WORD

The work ·of evangelizing our field is largely in the hands of the M~dura Church,.a branch of. the Sauth.India United Church. While the wark is thus administrated by the Church Cauncil as a whole, fo.r. practical pur­pases this is carried out by the five local cauncils, called Narth, Sauth, East, West and C~ntral, respectively, according to f he geogra phi~al area of each cauncil.

7

In the earlier period of our mission history great emphasi.3 was placed on personal evangelistic work. Both missionaries and Indian w.orkers spent much time in touring a.nd pr~aching among the villages. It was a good method and the Indian ChU}:ch then grew rapidly in numbers. The present missionary at Batlagundu, the center of West Local Council work, writes as follows of this forward evangelism among the Hindus :-

In almost every case the street meeting has befn received kindly, generally with marked interest,by the lTIiscellaneous ihrongs to whom the message was ad­dressed. In a few instances the atmosphere of the crowd has been flippant, bordering on rowdyisnl: but a second or third visit to the same place, has resulted in a distinct improvement in this respect. We believe there are few, if any, villages where a tactful declaration of the truth will not eventually win a hearing. We have made it a point to sell as many copies of the Gospel as pos­sible. If a Hjndu buys a book, it is very unlikely that he will· fail to read it, though he might If it were really a present. But we also give many small Bible selections to those who seem able and willing to read them.

In addition to direct preachiag, a large part of the work consists in explaining to the Hindus, one at a time, the nature of the new faith. In every audience there are some and not rarely many who are sincerely anxious to know the truth. There are questions in their mind or obstacles in their way that require attention. The in­formation ·which the preacher imparts to one or two. after the meeting does more, we find, towarding winning con­verts than all the studied rhetoric of a senTIon.

Theological objections seem less difficult to overcome.

Then come the practical ones; the fear of 10si!1g property if they leave Hinduism; the endless trouble involved in marriage arrangements, if a man parts com­pany with his caste, etc. A man baptized here was delay­ing for months because· he thought he could not support his family in"trade without cheating now and then. But when we told him that the Lord could make even an honest merchant prosperous, and the jdea finally Bank

8

into his consciousness he lost no time in identifying him­self with the Christians. Another man is waiting year after year for fear his uniting with the church will interfere with his position as head-man of the caste. Yet three of his cousins have just now been admitted to rpembership and the rest of the caste appear to be earnestly consider the same subject. It seems reasonable to expect large re-inforcements frOln that communitv within the course of the coming year. .,

B. V l\IATHEws.

Bates Evangelistic Work

Twenty-five evangelists in 25 new villages, hitherto unreached by the church, was the enterprise launched J anuary 1~ J 7 through the generous gifts of a Christian business man in America. The rate of exchange early during the past year reached so Iowa point that the for­ces of workers had to be cut down to 21 full-tillie and one half-time workers. During 1920 these men preach­ed the Word in many villages. Of the hearers, 3fl2 became inquirers, 171 were converted, 97 were baptized and 62 joined the church as communicant members. The evangelists are scattered ovpr the fi~e . local council areas of the l\iadura Church: 1 in the north, 3 in the east, 7 in the south, 4 in the west and 7 in the central, including the half-time worker. As the donations were given for evangelistic work only I the lllen do no regular teaching in schools but give their whole time to preach­ing aud personal work.

A review of the table of numerical results of the year's work reveals several' striking differences. In a few villages, the work done seems splendid and very rewarding. In other places people are point of becoming Christians, but· a strong push or two is needed to make the results then:: tangible: perhaps a new building or a better evangelist. In still other places the wor~er toils faithfully, with good spirit and honest effort, month after month, with little in the way of souls converted to swell the catalogue of statistics. There are probably the reasons for many of the discouraging resul ts: (1) two type of the people to be won, and (2) the low-grade qualities of the worker. The latter we try to rectify by displacing the poorer with better material, the former we

'f~~~i~:" ...

Photo by E. L. Nolting.

Catechist and family, dllage in a Dindigul Pastorate.

Photo by F . ..,; Jeffery.

Sunrise Prayer meeting, Village Congregation in Kamuthi Pastorate.

Photo by F. E. Jeffery. Boarding School Class room, Aruppukottat

Photo by F. E. Jeffu;; Girls' Sewing Class, .-\ruppukottai.

9

have with ns always. But the leaven of Christianity sometimes produces results even in the hardest field. The following is an example of what our evangelists llave to contend with and of the triumphs which are .sometimes theirs.

P-is a boy converted recently from the Vellall1 (a high) caste. Upon becoming baptized he was severely per­.secuted, and was obliged to leave home and is now study­ing in one of the boarding schools. When he returneu .to his village, he was refused food a shelter by his own IJarents and relatives. He is still suffering the outcaste's fate. Nevertheless, at this writing, he has stood firn1 in the new faith. In both school and home village his life is becoming an eloquent testimony to the power of the Gospel. It was my privilege to see him in his village last August and to baptize on that day. along with .others, another Vellala. young man who had been won .to Christ by his courageous testimony.

Another Sunda~' I had the privilege of baptizing in :another village 23 Tnen, women and children into faith rin Jesus Christ. About half were Nayaks, a high caste, and side by side with theIl1 knelt several frLluilief'. The latter, Pallars, although socially at the bottom of Hindu society, were on that day on an equal plane with their more socially exalted brethren,-all brothers and .sisters in Christ~

E. E. \,T RITE.

Bible Women's Work Some of the best evangelistic "vork is being done by

'the Bible-women who have access, in town and village, to the home life ·of the Indian as the lllen workers often have not. There have been no startling results during the past year either in ::\ladura City 01' in the villages, hut that the wor.k is .genuine and very fruitful is evi­,denced by the follO'iying from Aruppukottai, center of onr

southern field.

Bible Women's Work in Aruppukottai In Aruppukottai town our two schools for Hindu

girls have a wonderful influence for good, but alongside 2

10

(Jf these schools four Bible-women work. Many little girls just come to school because the Bibh::-woman persu­ades the parents to send them. Eighteen years a.go there were only 36 little girls in school; to-day there are about 400. 'Vhen the girls have passed through our schools, are married and settled in homes of their own, they still keep in touch with our Bible-women. From among these we have had a few converts added to the church,. and a very large number are trying to live Christian lives in their homes, though not united with the church. But even in the town hundreds of women and girls, who have never been to school, are reached and taught by Bible-women.

In the villages it is different. Here in the Aruppu­kottai district, with its hundreds of villages, apart frOIU mission work, (I think) there are only two small schools for girls. So our Bible-women are in many cases their only teachers, the chief if not the onl~' means of uplifting­and enlightening Hindu women and girlFi. lIer work and its infhwnce may be found in from -1-0 to 45 villages throughout the station. Her first· work is to teach them to read, and we generally have about 1,000 under regu­lar instruction. Her object in teaching is twofold: (1st) to win them to Christ, and· (2nd) to place a Bible in each home as soon as possible. \Yith this end in view each woman or girl receives a ~ ew Testament, bound 'with the Psalms, as soon as she ClLn read it intelligently.

I will give two illustrations to show how these Tes­taments are valued and used. A--received a nevor Tes­tament in March this year. Two or three lllonths later she was married' and went with her Hindu husband to Rameswaram, one of India's sacred places of pilgrimage. At first she was a little bit afraid of what her husband would say \vhen reading the Bible, but she told him about it and now we hear that her husband and wife are reading a chapter together every night and that he is very interested in it.

L--was another girl who took her New Testament with her to her new home. Her husband was not only a Hindu but wholly uneducated. At first it was not easy for L--and several times she was beaten and in other ways persecuted. That was nearly a year ago.

11

Gradually her consistent life told and her husband became so anxious to learn io read that he actually asked his wife to teach him, and when he came to see me last month, he could read fairly well. He owned that he no longer believed in idol.s. He also told lne that in their caste there was now a small group of lllen who had given up idol worship and belie\"ed that there was only one God. The head-man of that caste is one of this group and in that same ca.ste a few of the Bible-woman's pupils are banded together to pray for their head-man's conversion. They say if he becomes a Christia.n. the whole caste will follow. L--and her mother belong to that praying band. Surely God is working there.

Several hundreds of women are reading the Bible in their homes. Formerly many of them had to read or study secretly, that is, unknown to the men of the family, but now that is rare and in luost homes the men read the pupils' books and gladly receive others that we give them.

SOlne of our Bible-women think that the day is not far off when large nUlubers will come out totalJy foJ' Christ. God grant that it lna~~ be soon. Barriers of caste and superstition are being broken down by the quiet house-1o-house visiting and teaching done by the Bible-woman. But her work does not end with teaching her regular pupils. The Gospel mcssage that she gives reaches many more, running into tens of thousands each year and some of these become God's children. POl'

Instance, one old woman always \velcome the Bible­·WOlllan when she comes. She says, "I am too old to learn to read but I want you to teach me to pray, so I may go to heaven". Then, too, our Bible-women are friends and helpers in times of trouble and sickness. Two months ago I had occasion to send for a Bible­woman at (j A.M. and found that she had already gone into the village to see a widow pupil who had lost her ,only child a month before and was now herself very ill. ~he was one who was asking for baptism and expects to come out openly for Christ soon. But she had passed away in the night and so, though truly a Christian, she will never be nUlllbcred in on1' statistic~.

Our Bible-women also help to break down prejUdice as i'egards medica.l aid and lllany Hindu women ·now go to our hospitals and goVel'Dlllent dispensaries. Last

12

week there was 3J scare about plague· in one part of the town, because several families had come from a plague­infected place. Our Bible-woman helped to calm their fears by telling them of inoculation in case it came here. And when they heard that I had been inoculated once and she would be, if necessary, they said they were quite willing to follow her example. 'l'hese are surne of the results of the Bible-woman'!; work. Is it not well worth­while?

C. S. QUICKEN-DEN.

Bible Women's Work in Madura Town

In Madura Town numerous small difficulties en­countered by the Bible-women. Calls to weddings and festivals, house-work; menial duties to hUB.band, brother Or son-all these interrupt and delay the teaching of the lessons. But the Bible-women are generally patient and tactfu1. They often lose precious time waiting for their pupils. But this year, as in other years, the women have persevered and we note progress in many ways. The pupil's voice descends to a lower pitch, her hair becomes smooth and her appearance improves. Her mind awakes and she begins to grasp ideas and is able to express them. The native dramatic talent shows in the graphic telling of the Bible story.

We are glad to have pupils from the Hindu Girls~ Schools come to our department. As a rule. these girls leave school at an early age are soon married. The foundations have been laid, and, if allowed to continue their lessons, they become some of our best pupils. About 50 Mohammedan women are studying in the city and others in the villages. They are Hindustani­speaking and proselytes from Hinduism who retain their own language. Many of these women are studying both in their own language and in the vernacular. Some of them are very bigoted and will not read the Bible itself. Yet they are willing to read the Bible stor~es in the pre­paratory books.

13

In this way they read the Gospel truths and often with interest. A certain caste, while eager for education and economic improvement. is using every means to keep its members from becoming Christians. The women of this caste have come freely to the bungalow and many are our pupils. R~cently a rule was made forbidding the women to go outsIde ~h~ home so freely and especially not to go the mISSIonary bungalow. The women, however, are all very independent and, though for a time their visits stopped, they come back as eager as ever from time to ftim~. They. are continllin.g their lessons as usual and receIve at theIr homes. Thls caste is trying to stop the drinking habit among its number and places at the toddy-shops men who seize and fine the would-be drinkers! To win for Christ a people with so many good characteristics would be worthwhile. Many of the women are responding to our efforts.

In their reports the Bible-\vomen speak of several encouraging things. In a village where the people are of high caste the women at first sat off at a distance and would not allow the Bible-woman to touch th81ll. Now they come near and are friendly like sisters. A woman of certain village came to one of the Bible-womell, heard the truth, became interested and began to attend church service. Another prosperous village woman, was recently baptizet3. and united with the church. She has been trying for some time to take this step. Although she lives near her heathen relatives, she still studies with the Bible-woman and is known as a Christian. We have at least 30 women in _the city and others in the villages who are secret believers but are hindered from coming out openly by caste, family, etc. We have endeavoured to hold prayer-meetings at their homes. Some have no rooms in which to receive us apart fr0111 their relatives who oppose them. ~'hey often give offer­ings to the church, come to the bungalow and attend evangelistic meetings in different places, some occasion­ally a.ttending church. Everywhere the women are anxious to learn. Many of the men are urging them forward. Superstitions and ignorance are giving way. Women are learnjng to think for themselves. It is a. great opportunity.

14

~iss Smith, who has recently been associated in our work, has visited many of the homes. Thirty-four Bible:. women are teaching in town and villages. Only 14 of them are working in the town, with its population of 134,000. 20 w.)men teach in 102 villages. Many more villages are calling for teachers. The total number of pupils on the roll is 1,526. 33,735 in town and villages have heard the Word.

Is it not worth while to reach the homes, the centre of the nation? To give opportunity to many who have had none? To help others forward in study? To bring them in contact with Christian women who have high idea.ls? And more'than all, to lead them to the Saviour of mankind?

M. M. ROOT.

Both Miss Quickenden and Miss Root speak of the urgent need of more and better houses for the Bible­women if the forward work is to be carried on success­fully. Mise, Quickenden writes:

It is difficult to rent houses. One woman is living in a tiny room about 4 by 6 feet. rhere is nothing better to be had there, so she puts up with it rather than leave a good work she is doing in two villages about a lllile a part. In another village the house was burned down in JUly. N one other was available and we had no other with which to rebuild. So witho'ut a Il1UrlllUr she went 4 miles f~1rther on to a village where she had some­times been with the preaching band, and already 20 to 30 women are studying with her there. I am hoping for the day when to come wh~n we can give each of our women a comfortable brick house with a tiled roof so she needs not fear fire.

The Christian Women's Association, Madura In April of this year a three years lease of the build­

ing we have been calling" The Woman's Exchange" was to expire, and just before that time, which cOlllpleted three years work there, we decided to make our ,organi­zation for Evangelistic \Vork more firm by drawing up a constitution. The first draft for this was entirely the ,vork of Indian members of our commit~ees, and. as eom-

pleted, sets forth the organization under which we had been wcrrlring for some years already, with only such changes as might increase our efficiency. When this constitution was passed we had with us some of the Pastors and lay representatives of the churches.

In taking a review of the work of the three years, April 1917-April 1920, we found that we had held 79 meetings for Hindu women and children, with a few rallies and special meetings for Christian women; and that our records show a total of 12,457 in attendance. This is the work of the l\fadura Christian Women and not of the mission. An examination of our accounts showed that the actual cost of the work itself, that is for singers, special speakers, conveyance, light and other expenses connected with the meetings, had been met by the offer­ings of the Indian women, leaving the salary of Secre­tary and rental of building to be met by contributed funds from elsewhere.

We decided "to make a continued effort for self-sup­port, and to that end in part, cards of Inemb.~rship were prepared, requiring as conditions of active membership, a promise to pray and read the Bible daily, and to undertake some personal service for Christ, and to give luonthly for the support of the work. A new canvas of the city was made, and we found the Christian women reluctant to sign the associate member's card meant for those in association, but not actually fulfilling the above conditions. This evidence of a present sense of duty was very welcome. More than 3(50 women in l\:1adura and Pasu­malai signed cards of active membership, and the pledges for self-support were encouragingly good. We feel that there is evidence of life, and yet that the work calls for closer contact with the membership by those who hold most clearly the ideals towards which we are working.

Because of the very high rentai and of great need elsewhere for all pOEsible funds, the, building was given up in April to one great regret. We determined how­ever, to continue to hold meetings in all parts of the city in mission buildings or in private houses. A com­mittee prepares a program for the term, and Indian members have done most of the speaking, and have seen to the arrangements with unabated interest. It is cer­tainly a great advance upon the past to find Indian

16

women arranging meetings for Hindus and tbeInselves addressing the audience. . Since June 21, such meetings have been held with 1,937 women and girlH In attend­ance.

It is an interesting fact that our plan of work is proving acceptable in other parts of the District, and that the Secretary is getting calls frum numerous places to come and organize on similar lines. She has been able to respond to some of these caBs with good results, and has plans ahead for long to come. We do not intend to abandon our plan of a central head-quarters, but we Inust find the ways and means for continuing it, and we see no reason why such a central building with the acti­vities going out thence, should not be an inspiration to the Women of the churches in all parts of the Madura Church Council's field.

EVA M. SWIFT.

The North Lood Counoil, Dindigul

Dindigul, center of our northern station, has long been noted as one of the hardest parts of our field to evan­gelize. Here the growth of the Christian community has been slower t.han elsewhere. Alnong the reasons for this are: first, the fact that it is not contiguous to areas where long or successful work has been done in South India; and second, because the fact that by far the major­ity of its converts have corne from the out-caste population has 10wered it in the eyes of high-caste Hindus. Never­theless the transforming power of the Gospel is evidenced in the zeal with which the present generation of Chris­tians seek increasingly after more spiritual life.

"\Ve have emphasized manhood and spiritual vitality, not festivals and big church buildings. That emphasis is bearing fruit in the lives of the people. They are hard working farmers, who are apt to think it is more profitable to send a boy to herd cattle than to send him w school. But now the larger life of their young people who are studying in the high schools is arousing thell1 to the pl'ivileges of higher education. When one

rr ()f their young men came home frOIll Pasuma.lai he saw how the older men were forgetting to read. Procuring Testalnents for them, he gathered theln into a night! ,school with prayers as opening exercises as the Gospels .as text-books. 'Ve rejoice in this sign that both in mind and spirit this fanner church will have a real revival. <fJ.lhey have a great work to do among the nominal Chris­tians and Hindus round about.

In one corner of Dindigul Ea.st Pastorate is a con­gregation of about fifteen Ka,llar families who are -exempted fro1n the irks0111e regulations if the Criminal Tribes Act because the Police "had nothing on them" in the way of crime. At the Police Superintendent's l'equest they tried to get their Hindu neighhors and relatives to join in a solemn covenant to refrain from stealing and not to protect thieves in any way up to the present they have been unsuccessful in this, but we are urging to persist.

Dindigul West and Palni Pastorates are composed largely of out-caste farm laborers 'who live just above the starvation lim'. Their village congregations are con­tinually weakened by the irrigation of the young and hardy to estates on the mountains, or in Ceylon, where their labour may buy Inore food. Christians from higher .castes from other parts have for years done valia,nt ser­vice in hannony with 1be leaders of the people them­selves, thus denlonstrating to many villages the power of Christ's religion to bind all classes into a new fellow­ship of useful service. This is making a slow but funoa­Inental ilnpression on the people of the whole region.

One of our pastorates when beginning· his work in this field was :struck with the fact that so many people know about the Christian religion. IVluch of this is due to the faithful teachers of onr village schools who have taught the boys for many years the story of Christ along with reading and arithmetic. In many ;(;ases those teachers were the sons of despised out-castes. One such teacher in his old age can now point to out-and­out Christian men from the higher castes who were won by the influences present in his school. This year a village head-man, his brother and a friend, the first fruits in their village, were baptized because of that teacher's influence years ago.

A. A. MARTH,.

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The Madura Church Connoil In spite of the fact of a fair amount of economic:

prosperity in our field, prices are double or more than double what they were in pre-war days. As always it is the salaried man who has suffered most. Consequent­ly by vote of the Council an increase of 25% has been sanctioned to all ministers and workers in t.he church beginning with Jan. 1, 1921 as retiring cha.irman of the council. Mr. Vaughan writes of the year's work as follows :-

Some of the new elements which appeared for the first time are,

1. A Provident Fund. The question of a Pro­vident Fund or a Pension Fund has been under consider­a.tion since the beginning of the Church Council, and for decades before that by the Mission. It h(ts finally been possible to organize a Fund which will provide a retiring allowance for those who give the best years of their life in the Council's service on a salary that makes it practi­cally impossible for themselves to make any provision for their old age. This Fund has had aosuccessful start, and will prove to be of increasing value as the years go by.

2. Indian Leadership. Another new element in the work for this year js the appointment of Indians as Local Council Chairmen. Although the Council has had the privilege for several years of electing three out of the five Local Council Chairmen, it has invariably elected missionaries until in J annary of this year, when the Rev. V. Santiago was elected as Chairman of ~the West Local Conncil, an Office which he assumed on his return from the Malabar field on July 1st.

Again on the sudden departure of the Rev. Harold Cooper to America on sick-leave, the Council appointed Mr. Peter Isaac, B.A. LT., the Vice President of t.he American College, Madura to be the Local Council Chairman for the Central Local Council, and later in the year when Dr. Jeffery of Aruppukottai was com pelled­to leave °his station for some months owing to ill-health, in the exercise of one of his official prerogatives, he dele:­gated his powers as Chairman to the Vice Chairman of

19

:the Local Council the Rev. Samuel Joseph who has since then acted in the capacity of Chairman.

Turning to measure the results ()f the year's work we are :struck in the first place by the fa.ct that these -results are not all of the kind that can be tabulated and .expressed numerically. The Statistical Tables show the numerical growth; we take up more particularly that side which evades the Statistical Ta hIe. In the life his­tory of the moth or butterfly, there is a period of rapid -growth followed by one of no growth Itt all, but of rapid -and very important change. Something of this same process may he seen in the life of a Mission Church and

''Our 'own Mission Church is not an exception. It has had its years of rapid growth, and that g'fOwth still continues in many respects, but we have definitely entered upon the period of change, and fully expect that the time is TI0t far distant when the Mission Church of former years will emerge strong and beautiful as an indigenous Church able to draw its sustenance from its own fields, which under the power of God, it will transform into its own l-ikeDess.

There are evidences of this change. I will mention .a few.

1. Ten years ago ther~ were eight full-time and two half time Missionaries in the District work, and the Mission was constantly asking for more. To-day there .:are three full-tillle, and two half time Missionaries enga­ged in the same work, and yet the work goes on as usual. Is it that the former men were su,perfluous. No! It is that changed conditions have made it possible to do the work otherwise to-day.

2. A decade ago the fore-runner of the Church Council. the District Conference, w~s organized. It was with great fear and trembling on the part of many that so large re~ponsibilities were placed upon the repre­sentatives of the Churches. To-day the same represen-tatives have developed an ip.itiative and a constructive policy which not only is helpful to the Church Council, but frequently sought in affairs beyond the sphere -of the Church Council, in Mission Departments and Institutions.

3. A few years ago Christian work was looked upon as the duty of the man- who is paid to do it. There

20

were exceptions but this was the general attitude of the Ohurch. Conditions even now are not in this respect what they should be, but there is a changed attitude on the part of the Church at large. The Church· to-day expects every man to do hig duty, and there is a sense of failure if a pastorate cannot develop an unpaid work carried on by volunteer workers.

4. Another indication of the change taking place within the Church is its attitude toward Church Union. It is not possible yet to say whether South India is to see the consummation of a, union which for the first time in History will bridge the gulf between the epis­copal and the non-episcopal wings of the Great Church Universal. But it stands beyond contradiction that if left to itself, the Indian Church would be practically unanimous for such a union; and not because it does not appreciate the issues involved, but beca-use it looks upon the subject very largely, as a practical question affecting the Indian Church in South India, and discounts just as largely as a result, the fears and foibles of the strict sec­tarian of whatever stamp he may be.

In conclusion, the year's contribution to the welfare of the Kingdom of God has consisted la.rgely in the soli­difying of the Indian Church and in the development of a consciousness of its high calling of God in Christ. This is not an end due altogether or even chiefly to the plans and processes of men: it is God who has given and is giving the increase. A very import2.nt influence making for the development of this new consciousness within the church was the visit to Madura, during the Ineetings of the Agents in September, of the Right Rev. Abraham Mar Thoma, M.A., B.D., Bishop of Syrian Church. To hear this son of India speak of woot his ancient and purely indigenous Church is doing, was a great inspiration to us all, and will undoubtedly bring nearer the day when the Madura Church Council is ready to aSSUlne complete responsibility for the evangeli­zation of its own area and to assist in the work for regions beyond.

C. S. VAUGHAN.

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CHAPTER III

SCHOOLS AND COLLE.GES

The l\1ission began its history with a strong emphn,. sis upon education essentially Christian in spirit and method. This emphasis we find maintained to-day in its well organized and largely attended schools and college in :Madura and other district centers.

Of these the five elementary middle boarding school occupy a unique place in our school system, because they stand midway between the village and the higher schools of the mission. These are located at Dindigul, Batla­gundu, Tirumangalam, Manamadura and Aruppukottai, l·espectively.

In spite of the fact that there are no funds to repair the disgracefully inadequate buildings and equipment, there is perhaps no agency in the mission that can be more effective in transforming the commlmity to which we lllinister.

The following reports may be taken as typical of all the schools.

Dindigul Boarding School

It is a place where there is enough good food to eat (which is not the case at home) and where they n1ust take more frequent baths and wear cleaner clothes than their parents require of them. It is a place where they learn order and the regular performance of common tasks. It is a place where the children get as good teaching as in any school in the region-above all where the Bible is thoroughly studied. Only four Hindu boys were in attendance this year. 'Ve would gladly take 1110re but we think the Christian children have first claim on us as many of whom cannot come because there is no money to buy food for them. One Hindu boy took to

22

task a recent grown convert for seeking to compromise his new faith with his old Hindu ways. Such is a sign of the spiritual tone· we seek to maintain.

A. A. ]\iARTIN.

Ba.tla.gundu Boa.rding School 2,600 children attend the village schools of this

council. Of that number only about 100 can be accom­modated in the boarding school. Few children continue their education beyond the boarding school, while others return to their homes" where they are considered edu­cated men and women by the people of the village. Through their Christian culture and enlightment, they are able to wield a great influence for good.

We had six new converts among our number this year who were threatened and abused by their people and forced to give up Christianity or leave home. They were willing to undergo any hardship, in order to enter the Christian life away fron1 Hindu influences. At first one never knows the real motives of such boys, but we trusted them and they proved faithful and worthy of our confidence. They took up their work like men, and were frequently sep.t with trained workers to preach in Hindu villages. They soon showed that they were a power for good among the Hindus, and before the end of the term they had interested a large number of young men who came to the school regularly for night study. We believe that through their interest all these young l11en will be won for Christ. The question naturally arises, why edu­cate only 100 of the 2,600 children in our area? "\Vhy not educate all? The present plant and equipment will not permit.

P. C. MATHEWS.

Aruppukottai Boarding School The Boarding School in Aruppukottai has continued

its good work during the past year. Indicative of the character of the staff is the fact that five out of the seven teachers faithfully studied the Courses laid out for the workers of the mission and each one took a prize! VV"Tide­a ... w~~~ _gr?WiI~g t.e~~h~~'s_ ill,ean. ~ ~c_hool ?:oing good '\yo_rk alSO.

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,The shed built especially for the Evangelistic Cam .. paigns in Aruppukottai and used by the congregation as a, church is now being used also by the Boarding School during the week as recitation room for two classes. Grow we must, and use what available rOOlll there is until the much needed buildings are ready.

To relieve crowded conditions a temporary thatch room £01' sleeping has been built on top of existing dor­mitory for the girls. In dry weather some of the boys sleep out doors and on school verandas but now for the rainy reason an empty house in the compound is being used as additional dormitory for the boys.

It was made possible to open the Sixth Standard in June because of the gift of Five Hundred Dollars, sent by the students of our Alma Mater, Knox College, Gales~ burg, Illinois.

Although the class was opened at the last moment, without any notification, ten girls and eight boys were admitted. One of our own Station young men, a High School graduate, with normal training is teaching tho class.

One is loath to speak of the children of the Criminal, Kurava, Tribe in a luanner to separate them from the rest of the children, as they fit in so well and are not at all separate. It is only that special interest is attached to their presence in the school that they are now luen­tioned. There are forty-six in Aruppukottai and four have entered Pasumalai where they are qualifying for helpful work in their villages. Government being so well satisfied with their progress, has sanctioned funds towards a Dormitory and Scholarships for one hundred Kurava children in Aruppukottai instead of fifty. Owing to crowded quarters we still limit the number to fifty. They are in the school quietly living with the other children, with no distinction being made, obedient, happy and doing well in their lessons. They spend most of 1 he year in the school and last Holiday season being alone there, they worked up a very interesting entertainment. The program was made up of drill, kummi, kolattum, reci­tations in English and Tamil and plays. It was first given in Aruppukottai when the Head Police Officers were present, and then in Vathuvarpatty, the home village cf most of the children. One little play represented a scene

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in court where various young robbers were being tl'ied. The wise Judge recommended that, as the youthful offenders had committed crimes through ignorance and because of the evil example and insistence of their elders, they be sent to the Aruppukottai Boarding School instead of to Jail. There in the care of the missionaries they would learn to walk in the Good Way, and that they a1:e doing!

They are now scattered through the different classes, one girl in the Highest. two in the next and one girl and six boys in the IV Class while the oth~rs are in the three lower classes.

The Educational Departlnent had signified its wil­lingness to employ those who become qualified as teach­ers. We hope that they may receive their Nonnal train­ing in our Mission N orinal Schools.

It is worthy of note that despite insufficient accom­modations, insufficient staff, as noted by the Government Inspector he conlcludes that the schonl does good work! We long for large and fully equipped class rooms but in the Ineantilne the Spi1'it that makes for noble charac­ter is at work and strong foundations are being laid in the lives of the two hundred children in the school. Our pupils of to-day are the workers of to-morrow.

M. B. JEPFERY.

THE HINDU GIRLS' SCHOOLS These are scattered all over the mission area. The

majority are smaller and usually under the charge of the local pastor but there are several flourishing ones under the special supervision of the missionary. Concerning the gener!)'l difficulty of getting pupils into the schools at all Mrs. Mathews writes:-

Hindu Girls' Schools, West Local Council

In India, the great majority of the women are abso­lutely illiterate. "Vornan is considered one of the great­est evils in the land, and no one cares or tries to uplift her, or improve her condition. According to. one proverb, "Educating a woman is like putting a knife in the hands

25

of a monkey."" It is with great effort and pel'suasIon that we are able to influence them to even consider edu­.eating the girls. The people believe that WOlnen have no need of an education, but the girls of school-going age .can be em.ployed at hom·e, to care for the younger chil­dren of the fam.ily, or for herding and grazing the cattle .and sheep in the fields, while other nlemhers of the fami­ly are there at work. \Vhy should they be educated, .since they believe that the woman should not speak with her husband in the presence of others, or even speak to others, in his presence? Even to-day, only among Chris­tians, and a very few advanced Hindus, is any other idea .ever tolerated. A woman would be considered bold and out of place, if she attempted to show before others, that she knew anything. So long as that idea exists, it is difficult to influence the parents to send their daughters to school. But we have found that they can be induced to set aside or disregard their conservative ideas on this subject; and many permit their girls to attend school, until they are ready to be married, or are 13 or 14 years ()f age. By using many and varied devices, we attempt to make the school life appeal strongly to the children. The life and influence there is beautiful and attractive, ·compared with what it would be in their own homes. In addition to the regular course, they are hrought into COl1-

t<1ct with the Christi9Jn life and teachings. The impres­sions made during these years, can never be effaced. So far, even though very few have become Christians, the hfe, exalllple, and teaching of the schools, have profound­l~' influenced all, and made impressions that will guide :and control them throughout life. '"'{ere it possible, "\H'.

would place a school in every little yiJIage of the district. At present, there are boys' schools in ()5 different villages, but only 5 for girls. We should have an equally large number for the Hindu girls of this district. But because of many" other urgent needs, we dare not hope for that number, at present. .

p C. 11ATHEw~.

Hindu Girls' School, North Local Council

The Korth Local Council maintains five elementary schools for Hindu girls in three of our four pastorat'e centers. Most of these litt.le girls would never learn

4

26

their Tamil A B Cs at all, if it were nat for our schoolsr Even then we do· not dare to charge two cents a month school fees for fear, that the parents would keep their children away. Many good things Inight be said about the domestic life of the substantial section of Hindus in our towns but they do not ca.re two cents a month whether their girls Jearn what books can teach or not. That concern of Christianity for the higher life of women is a distinctive thing which gets the attention of many people who would scarcely stop few minutes tq listen to preaching on the street. At first many little girls are sent because it gets them aut of the way at home. vVe are glad to say that in most cases the parents obtain a better interest in their daughter's education and many families are gratefully loyal to thi8 work.

We teach the government requirement8 which al­ways have in view the practical needs of an Indian wo­man'81ife. Al80 we know that what is done must be done quickly because most of these attractive little girls are hurried at adolescence into a woman's life.

We also have another requirement and that i8, that these girls get in to touch with him who braugh t salva­tion to womenkind. The heart of the Gospels is stored up in these fertile little minds with prayer that 80me ~eedB may break through the dense growth in which it IS sown.

One pastor, at considerable expense to his overtaxed budget, started a school this year in his own town. His own daughter on completion of her normal training at Mangalapuram took charge without salary. Such is the estinlate that one Christian family puts on the value of thi8 work. Weare asking the I.Jord to send help for this work of faith during this coming year. If Christian women in America could only know this young teacher and the sweet purifying influence that our teachers have over these hundreds of little girls, our prayers would soon be answered.

A. A. MARTIN.

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LUCY PERRY NOBLE BIBLE SCHOOL, RACHANYAPURAJrI

'Ye realize that there has been progress in some rines, in spite of many difficulties. This progress has been in organization, in the farm work and in building.

01'yanizatio1t :-We had the help for 6 months of Miss McNeill, a trained Nurse and Chemist, in beginning a long desired course in Home-nursing; and in other de­partments, new courses of study have been introduced, and new teachers have been engaged in advance for next year's work.

The Farm :-Advance has been made in putting the new land into cultivation, and a good crop was secured for the first time from part of it, while we have prospect of getting it all into use within the next year.

Build'ing :-The close of the year was marked by a celebration of the happy event of dedicating two build­ings and opening them for use. The Esther Barton Assembly Hall proves to be a delightful addition to our plant, and-will be exceedingly useful. 'Ve had an excel­lent audience the Sunday morning when the Hall was opened. We celebrated the Lord's Supper at that first meeting, when thirteen young WOlnen were received into the church. Two of these were converts from Hindu­ism who came to us to learn more of the "Jesus ,Vay," and are among those for whom the second building dedi­cated, The "Belle M. Spence Memorial Home," was in­tended. , We have already made much and varied use of one block of this building, using part of it as Medical Room and Nursing Home until that building is erected. On the occasion of the opening papers were read which gave briefly the stOl'Y of the interest and help of .many friends, and of the reasons why we have the names of some of them over our doors. J\irs Esther Barton's portrait was unveiled, and the corner stone inspected which -says the Assembly Hall was erected in her honor.

A class of 9 women finished their course in March, and we held the usual happy Consecration Service with its insiructive missionary exercise, prepared, as alwa ys, specially for this occasion. The women are all employ­ed in the evangelistic service of the mission with the

28

exception of one who is to be a teacher .. W~ owe marry thanks to the Indian poets who write the three speci­aI hymns every year, for tIris meeting, and which are much treasured by the students.

Teachers :-Miss Tayloo:, the head-mistress, spent the month July at Kodai attending the Scbool held by Rev. and Mrs. Annette for special study in methods of Scripture teaching. Her place was taken by Mr. SMIluel, Secretary of the Y.M.C.A., who kindly rendered his ser­vice free of charge. Since June we have had the help of IVliss Elizabeth, Secretary of the Christian Women's Association, but she has given as much time as possible to that work also. The rela.tion of this school to the work of the Association is very valuable, because of the difficulty we have in securing sufficient field·wark for our students of the right kind.

We feel we owe great debt to the teachers a.nd other workers in the school for their loyal and faithful service in the work. It is a great cause of gratitude when one finds that the teachers and others are really fellow- work­ers, and not employees only.

Our grounds grow more beautiful, and work more interesting as time passes, and we often feel .that we should erect our Ebenezer in plain sight, and encourage ourselves for the future by the memory of the blessings of the past has been the fe1l0wsbip with those who have made our work possible by their prayers and their gifts. These gifts have come from many people in the "home land," in many States, and we treasure the lists of donors among the historical records of the school. We still have much to do, but we trust that our task may yet be completed, and the goal we have set, of doubling the numbers of our students, may be reached. It has become a very painful thing to keep saying" No," to such large numher of ~pplicants knocking at our doors for admis­sion. The need of the church in this District for more women trained for the Christian home and for the work of witness-bearing is constantly before us. In seeking ways and means, better support for larger numbers, it is of the Christian community in the midst of the unbeliev­ing world we think, and long to send more womenout with deeper knowledge of the Lord J esusl and to His Service.

EVA M. SWIFT.

rhoto by E. J. Nolting.

Studmts L.P.:\". Bible School nTain Building. Wingate Hall.

Photo by E L. :\'(,]ting,

The Esther Barton Assembly Hall of the Lucy Perry Noble Bible School, Dedicated-December, 19, 1920.

Photo by F. E. JdIery.

Girls' Dormitory, Aruppukottai.

.Ph()to by E. L. Nolting • Hostel, American College, Madura.

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Manga]apuram, Madura, and Pasumalai are our lar­gest mission centers for elementary and secondary school students. Together with the American College in Mad­ura, they form one of the chief agencies at present for sending out trained forces of Christian youth, who shall help mightily in the transformation of Indian society into the Kingdom of God.

Capron llall, Mangalapuram, Madura

Capron Hall is largely intended for the education of girls who come from the Christian homes of the Madura and Hamnad districts, though it does minister to a few Hindu girls also. Out of an enrollment of five hundred during the past year only 35 were Hindus, and the major­ityof these are small children studying in the Primary department. The work, however, for this very. reason is of paramount importance, for it is the only school in this district where our Christian girls may receive a High School education or be trained for teachers, and is one of only thr.ee schools to which girls may go for even a com­plete elementary education. Transformations are going on, however, and they are as great and as silent as that which unfolds the pure white lily from the ugly brown bulb buried deep in the soil. It is the growth of the simple little village child into the splendid Christian teacher or educated mother. It is the putting of know­ledge and power into the lives of these little ones and sending them out to fill places of responsibility in a land crying out for their services.

This is the program which Capron Hall has been trying to carry out ~hrough its long years of service. " Has it succeeded" you ask. Come with us into the vil~ lages of Madura and Hamnad Districts. Here is a village school. A man and his wife have gathered a little group of children about them in a mud-walled school house. They are the teachers, the religious leaders, the general advisors of the poor and often illiterate village neighbors. The news goes out that we have come from Capron Hall and we are welcomed with even a little more than ordinary cordiality and the wife with a smiling face tells us of the days when she was a student there. Come with us into the Christian homes, where the mother freed

80

from the superstitions that surrounded her and her babies with evil spirits, goes about her simple houEehold tasks in a more sanitary and cleanly way, shares something of her husband's life and is a power in the neighbourhood in which she lives. She is a witness to what Christian education can do for such as she. Come with us into the Mission Hospital where nurses are being trained to care for the sick. Who are these girls? With few exceptions they are those who studied once in Capron Hall. Come with us into the Mission Boarding Schools, the govern­l11ent schools, the schools under private Hindu n:anage­ment. Who are these women teachers who are passing on to others the knowledge that will to some extent free them from the slavery of fear and superstition? They are the girls who recently or in years gone by were stu­dents in Capron Hall. Come with me into the homes of the Pastors of our churches. There too you will find that the wife and mother is eager to express her gratitude for what Oapron Hall did for her. COlne with me to the Medical School in Vellore or the Women's Christian Col­lege in Madras. Who are these who are looking toward :Madura as their field of service'? They are the girls who rush up to you and with all the enthusiasm of the stu­dent ask you what has been happening in Capron Hall since they 1eft.

Madura District without Capron Hall would be a Massachusetts and Rhode Island without a school for girls above the eighth grade and only two of that grade, a Massachusetts and a Rhode Island with no trained wo­IDen teachers in their schools. no educated wives in the homes of their pastors.

This in bald outline is the work that Capron Hall :is trying to do. In what way and. through what· agencies :is it accomplishing its task? Situated in a small com­pound (campus) is a group of white buildings. The largest is called Capron Hall. In it 500 girls study each day. In it are two distinct schools-a Normal School with its complete Model School and a Secondary School beginning with the Fourth Grade and finishing with the High School. The Normal School has three departments of training, two of which are a two years' course and the other another year beyond either of these of special training for those who wish to be Kindergarteners. In this building and another small one five hundred girls

31

receive their education and three hundred people-teach­ers and students live night and day and on Sunday by moving out the heavy class room furniture from two rooms a church is provided for one of the city congrega­tions. It is a large building. It is a beautiful one. We are proud of it, but its 9,000 sq. ft. are entirely inade­quate to the task. Thatched sheds are an unsatisfactory accommodation for several classes. The verandah intend­ed for Dining room purposes only is used for class rooms and because of the tri-daily washing of the floor thm; made necessary, is wet and unsatisfactory. There is no dormi10ry accommodation for the students that is not used all day for class room. This means that a very overcrowded and ill-ventilated box room holds all the possessions including the bed rna ts of 280 students. Capron Hall needs a new Recitation Hall to be devoted to one school. It needs a dormitory where some of the older girls may live. It needs a Domestic Science build­ing. For these and many other needs it requires a tract of land adjoining the present property. Without these things it cannot develop or maintain even its present standard. The future suggests many more such needs, but He who bids us "Be not anxious for the morrow, and Consider the 1illies of the field" is, we know, steadi­ly and patiently working throug h the agency of many to make Capron Hall a place of Blessing to all.

K. WILCOX.

Pasumalai High and Training Schools Per cent Hindus.

Normal Training School 30 Elementary School High School 33

Per cent Christians.

70

67

Total No. Registered.

141 210 426

777 Rich and poor, Aryan, Dravidian and Anglo-Indian;

Christians of denominations besides Hindus and Mos­lems; sons of Landlord, robber and degraded leather workers; a more heterogeneous student body one would have to travel far to find. But the aim of almost all js the same, "Get a better education and command a high­er salary."

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Our plant is insufficient. The main buildings are worn-out and over-crowded. The Science and Draw­ing Classes are over in the M anmi.l Training School building and 2 classes meet on verandahs. 100 small boys sleep in a long room which permits but 20 square feet for each boy. We must have more room.

There are four things which distinguish the Pasu­'malai Educational Process from that of the average Indian School.

Play.-Infuse the play spirit and boys do not ordi­narily seek the attraction of vice. Pasumalai tries to ~nfuse the play spirit in all her boys. Dawn of day ushers In one-half h ::mr of drill for all our 350 boarders. With sunset the after-noon hour of games closes. It is not unusual to count 10 group games suc.h as foot-ball and badminton going on at the same time and initiated by the boys themselves. Inter-class rather than inter-school athletics have been stressed this year in order to increase 1he number of participants. "Play fair, play together, play hard, all play" is one plank in the Pasumalai plat­form.

Wmok.-Boys who receive, any kind of scholarship aid must work. The students sweep and dust the rooms, pump the water, light the lights, weed and clean the grounds, plant and harvest the farm crops. \Vhen our Vocational School is started (and lack of funds is all that is delaying it) our plan is that the students will do the school printing, building, repairing, furniture-making, weave cloth, stitch clothes and raise'most of the food used ip. the Boarding Halls. Moreover, all boys of the Ele­,Inentary and High schools, excepting a few Hindu Dar Scholars, are required to take Agriculture for 2 years and wood work for 2 years as an extra subject. Similarl:yall girls take sewing. ' In connecti~n with Arbour Day cele­br~tiol! the students planted four trees. \Vhen the Gov­ernor's wife visited Pasumalai she saw Normal Students making globes, lamp stands and coat hangers, each show­ing a product ·of the work shop. "The sweat of brow that results from hand labor ~s a blessing" says .Pasu­Inahli.

CQ-ope1·ation.-The Managing Council of the Pasu­.malai:Sohools consists of '6, Indians and 5 Americans. The Teachers' Association meets fort-nigbtly, has, ~4,active

33

committees, and shoulders'llluch of the 'responsibility in the administration of the schools. 20 of the older and more l'esponsible boys, as Monitors, co-operate in the work of t4e school in many ways. The MlJnitors supervise the 3 .Boarding Halls, take attendance, lock the rooms and guard the school property, assist in the Sick Room, teach gymnastic and w;)od-work classes, distribute the mail, etc. Government gave us grants. approximating $3,000 in 1920, inspected our schools, and conducted public exa­minations for the students who completed the courses. The Co-opera.tion of Am~rican and Indian. Teacher and Student, Government and Governed ifii a Pasumalai Ideal.

Serv,ice.-,Ve fall far below our aim here. Our Daily Bible study is an improvement on the mere Bible memo­rizing so commonly found in the village schools. But too often it fails to fructify in service. However we find in ~ome things already accomp1ished, hope that more will be. Pasumalai Y.M.C.A. conducts a school for 40 children in a neighbouring village. And recently 30 Kallar boys were enrolled in a night school with volunteer student teachers. 50 Normal students teach in the Pasumalai Church School. The Church school uses its offering to pay the school fees of some poor boys. On Sunday even­lngs groups of students often go on singing and preach­ing trips to neighboring villages. The Pasumalai slogan 4. Saved to Serve" must win its rightful place in the Pasumalai Process. "By their fruits ye shaH I{now them." 103 High School boys are missing this year. A few joined other schools but the large majority were forced by la.ck of money to discontinue their studies. Some will return another yect.r. Some will join the Training School. But most will fit into the life of their villages where, :amidst.iIliteracy, they will be reckoned as highly educat­.ed and '. given 1',esponsibilities in church and community life .. In the Training School 59 completed the course itnd are'leading at least 1,500 children from ignorance to light' in widely scattered 'villages of South India. 21 boys completed the elenlentary school course in 1920. Qverhalf of these enter~d,the middle grade of the Train­ip.g School; 2 entered High School. Some of the oihers ;are)n::-'f,raining to ~ecome, village officers. As we visit ~he ",v_i~lages and. s,chools ,whete the finished product of ~~§l}.l~~J~i~:h~~.~~E1, are serving we rejoice to see tlULt

D

34

the outlook on life for many is a little higher; "Get an education so as to better serve my village and country.'"

L. L. LORBEER.

American Col1ege, Madura

The American College is located in Ma.dura TownJ' from of old the religious, political, social, and intellectual capital of South India. It has thirty acres of land, a. fine recitation building with an assembly hall, a Stu­dents' Hostel accommodating 160 students, 4 houses for American teachers, a small gas and electric plant providing gas and electricity for labora.tory purposes only, a small library, and as fair amount of Apparatus.

It is an eiJucationaI institution of college grade, affi­liated with the Madras University, with

"Curriculum". college and high school departments. The college offers courses as follows :­

In Language and Literature,-English, Sanskrit, Tamil, Malayalam, Urdu; In History,-Greek, Roman, Modern, European, English, Constitutional, Indian; In Science,­Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Botany, Zoology; Economics; Political science; Logic; Bible. Special emphasis is given to science. The High School offers the fonowing courses :-In Language and Literature,­English, Sanskrit, Tamil, Urdu; Indian and English' History; Geography; Nature Study; Arithmetic; Alge­bra.; Geometry; Botany; Drawing, Book-keeping, Type­writing, Commercial Correspondence; Bible.

Our Purpose is to offer sound, practical, whol~some educa.tion to the youth of South IndIa; to

" rurpose " exalt Christ, train young men for service in the Christian church, leaven India with

,the gospel of Christ; to train young men for intelligent and honest citizenship, and especially to make it possible for those classes of Indian society to get an education who are excluded under the ancient regime.

The College staff is made up of 11 Indians and 6 Europeans. In the school department

"Staff and there are 34 Indians. Of the 317 stu-Registration". dents in the college, 60 are ChristiansJ of

whom 16 are from our own Madura. Mis_

35

:sian, 118 are Brahmins.l 133 are non-Brahmin Hindus; and 6 are Muhammadans.

In the High School department, 161 are Christians of whom 118 are from bur own :Madura Mission; 76 are Brahmins; 361 are non-Brahmin Hindus; 96 are Mu­hammadans. There are 6 Anglo-Indians,-making a total of nearly 700.

Would you care for a little bit of the personal history ()f some of the students? Here is S .' .............. , a youth of 20, father a Catechist originally from the Kallal' casie, salary $4 per month and with seven members in the family. S ......... studied last year at Pasumalai and qualified for admission to college. He wished to join the American College but had no money. Dr. Washburn knew his father and promised help. The College als0 promised help, and by living with relatives in the town he is able to manage.

The Robber caste people in our Mission field are turning to Christ in a remarkable way. S ............ will, we hope, be a leader amongst them.

N '0' ••••••••• a non-Brahmin Hindu, only son of his father, qualified for college. What college should he join 'I He was interested in Christianity, and some friends advised his joining American College. His father was a staunch Hindu. Some friends said "If your son joins American College, surely he will become a Christi-an." N ............ took the Natural Science course, his other friends advising that for K atural Science he should join the American College. He is a good earnest student and plans to be baptized shortly. His parents are doing all they can to prevent baptism.

Far away at the south end of the great Indian PeninsuJa is the K ative State of Travancore, the capital of which is Trivandrum. The Maharaja of Travancore has a fine college at his capital, but he has not as yet provided for the Natural Science.Course. As a result a good number of Travancore students who wish to take this course come to the A merican College. One of those coming this year is a near relative of the reigning house of Tra vancore.

M. S ... ......... is a Muhalnmadan, Secretary of the Night School Managing Committee, a school carried on

36

by college students £6r poor young men and boys- living in the vicinity of the college who have no other chance 01 education. M. S ............ has 'caught the spirit of social service and personally interei~ted boys in the night school. As cholera and small-pox break out frequently in the com-munity near the 'college, M. S ........... has organised a ., Good Hea.lth Association."

Is it worthwhile r Some of _ ou r young men are looking forward to the

Christian ministry. Ask the Christian Church of -South India whether it thinks it worthwhile having men of college. grade to lead the churches. Some plan to study medicine. Ask the innumera.ble sick whether it is worth while having trained doctors to care fo~ them. Ask the towns and villages of South India so often striken by plague, cholera, fever, small-pox, whether it is worth-: while having trained men to clean up and help keep down infection. Some will go into industrial pursuits. Ask the-Iea;ders of industry in awakening India whether India. needs trained men of college grade to help develop indus­tries. Some mIl become teachers. Ask the 270,000,000 illiterates of India whether more teachers are needed. Ask the thousands of schools who have poorly educa~ed and untrained teachers, whether better educated teach­ers are needed. Some will go into Government service. Ask the new Home Rule Government just coming into power with the new year, whether college men are need­ed for Government, men coming from all classes of soci­ety, low caste and high caste, men of high ideals and integrity of purpose, men trained to think and to act. Ask all these whether our college is necessary.- On the answer which they give we must rest our case. We be­li9ve it is worthwhile. Don't you?

W M. ZUMBRO •

. ' The Women's Christian College, Madras

The year 1920 has been a peaceful one within the College although without there has been much of change and unrest. The average number of students on the rollshasheen 110. Fourteen of our twenty candidates for the B.A. degree examination were completely success­fUl, and thus the number of graduates of the College has

37

been increased ,to thirty-four. The reports we have received during the year concerning our graduates and other old students are very satisfactorv on the whole. Practically all of them seem to have g&ined a new con-, sciousness here of Indian's great need, and also a sense of their responsibility towards meeting that need. The Col­lege motto, "Lighted to Lighten" has a very definite meaning for many of the students. When we consider the possibilities of service before them if they but receive here a vision that captures them, there is no doubt in our minds as to the value of the work of the College. While in College the:r time must be devoted chiefly to study and preparation some of them have a chance to be of service in three Sunday Schools carried on by the College. All have an opportunity of learning from the various speakers who address them, and through the National Missionary Society branch and the Y.W.C.A. study circles, how and where they can be of use. rrhis widening interest in things outside their own lives is shown by their request that the weekly intercession services conducted during the war and then discontinued should be resumed and be concerned with the needs and problems of the various great countries of the world.

The Principal of the College, Miss McDougall has been on furlough during 1920 and has visited both Great Britain and America in the interest of the College.

E. COON.

Union Theological Seminary, Pasuma,lai During the first h!),lf of the year Mr. and Mrs. Ban­

ninga continued their special work in Malabar and Rev. G. P James, B.A., B.D. continued to act as Principal of the Seminary. Mr. and Mrs. Banninga returned to Pasu­malai in July and took up active work in connection with the Seminary from that date.

In April a class of 9 students completed their cours­es and were sent with appropriate exercises from the Seminary into their life's work. The majority of the members of this class had been supported throughout the' whole of their course by a generous friend in New England, and it was a peculiar pleasure to those who had watched these young men prepare for their work to see

38

them go forth into the harvest field. It was a good class. It had done. good work throughout the course, and the consciousness that theirs was to be special work in evan­gelism had given special zeal and earnestness to the class. We look for good results from their work.

In JUly, 14 new students were laken in. Of these again a large proportion are supported by the same friend of our work. Of this number 7 are in the" Regular Class" which t.akes a three years' course and the rest are in a " special," or "lay workers' class" which takes only a two years' course. This is the last class of this kind that will be taken into the seminary as it is felt that henceforth all our workers should be of the grade of those admitted into the Regular and English classes. The total number of students is 28, and there are 14 wives who also study.

In March of this year the Annual Institutes for Christian Workers was held in Pasumalai and brought 350 enrolled students to the classes and lectures. In connection with this series of meetings a special "Pas­tors' Conference" was held to which not less thap. 50 ordained minisiers came. They represented not only our own mission and other parts of the South India United Church, but also the Church Missionary Society, the Society for the Propagation of 1he Gospel, the Wesleyan Mission, the Mar Thoma Syrian Church, and the Luthe­loan Missions. The special topic for discu~sion at this conference was ,. Church Union." A most cordial spirit of Christian brotherhood was manifest both in the meet­ings and· in the fellowship outside the meetings.

In JUly Her Excellency, Lady Willingdon, of Mad­ras, visited the Seminary and, seemed most interested in what she saw of our work. She took a special delight in learning that the wives of the students also were pre­paring for definite Chrsitian. service.

The present student body represents seven different" mission organisations. ",Veare glad to.be able to contin­ue to minister to the needs of our sister Missions. Their sending students to us is an evidence of their growing appreciation of the work we are doing.

In April our first class appeared for the examinations of Serampore. College and four out of five who w~ote the.

39

examinations were promoted to the third year class of those studying for 1he Licentiate in Theology diploma of that institution.

J. J. BANNINGA.

CHAPTER IV

INSTITUTIONS OF HEALING AND OTHER AGENCIES

Despite the presence of municipal hospitals and dis .. pensaries in many of the larger towns to-day, there is still an immense need for adequate medical and sanitary work in Madura District. One has only to visit the hun­dreds of villages, to realize at a single glance the filthy conditions which frequently obtain and their consequent train of disease.

Albert Victor Hospital In the history of the Mission, Bubonic Plague has

often threatened but never actually reached Madura. In 1920 it went south of Dindigul and then broke out with great violence in the Kumbam Valley, where in one vi]· lage of 16,000 inhabitants one-quarter of the population were wiped out. Suddenly, about mid-September, it jump~ ed 30 miles eastward to the town of Tirumangalam, an important mission station, and from there spread to Mad­ura. Although too late to save many hundreds of lives, the medical authorities are fighting the dread disease with the plague-inoculation and by its aid thousands of lives have been rendered immune. N evertheless, consi~ derable evangelistic and medical work was affected by it, particularly the latter as evidenced by Dr. Van Allen's report:-

40

Total number out-patients treated: (1919) (1920) 21,116 20,777

Total number in-patients treated: (1919) (1920)

865 656

The last end of this year has seen a distinct falling off of attendance at the hospital owing to an outbreak of plague. Madura has. become a plague centre, officially declared plague-infected, and people from the surrounding country are reluctant to ·come here on any business what­ever. We fear that the year 1921 will :be a lean year financially, as this hospital, like all mission hospitals, depends on the gifts and thank-offerings of patients for its upk~ep. It is a strange thing, but in the outbreak of any serious epidemic it is the rich, more than the poor, who avoid an infected centre.

Plague is so quickly deadly that the. common name for it, as we have heard it in Madura, is "the two-day fever," because it has gained the reputation here among the people that a man is oui of danger or else the worst has happened in two days. No panic prevails in the town up to the pl'esent at least, and the fear which people of surrounding parts have of us seems to be almost 1'8-IDark.able. Still death is a fearful thing and it is natural for people to avoid risking it. Figures show that about 25% of those attacked here in this local epidemic recover. This indicates that plague losing its virulence, as for­merly in the 90's it was rare for anyone attacked to 1'~cover.

FVAN ALLEN.

American Mission Hospital for Women and Children Patients came from the different·· communities as·

fo1l6ws:~

EuroFeans and Eurasians Hindus' . Mohammedans India'n 'Christia.ns

(1919) 283

8,475 I ~162 3,939

(1920) 253

9,138-1,114

_.~609

41

There were Operations

normal 168 \ Labor cases

abnornlal 59 Total treatments

1,824

227

52,939

J,895

174 } 267

93 58,274

Though the new hospital building wa.s notfullv completed when Miss Calder visited Madara in Februar)r and neither the beds sent from Home nor those ordered locally had been delivered, it was c1early the appropriate moment for the opening. The carpenters were speeded up (they got the last stairca.se, in place less than forty­eight hours before the ceremony): the I,Out-patient De­partment was moved back into the enlarged Harriet Newell Dispensary; the new lockers, tables, chairs, and operating-room furnishings given from Home found their plaoo3; the patients, who had been crowded together in the Medical block, were distributed in the proper wards ()n the few beds available; and Miss Calder opened the new building on Feb. 19th. The Hon. A. R. Knapp, Le.S., O.B.E., Chief Secretary to the Madras Government, formerly Collector of Madura, presided. An Indian lady expressed the thanks of the Madura women; a Hindu girl, holding " Susie," the doll sent for the consolation of little patients in the Harvey cot, told how love and sym­pathy could reach halfway round the world; our Indian staff and children from the South Hindu Girls' school sang.

A week later the beds from Home reached us. Gifts of bedding" clothing and surgical dressings have followed. We are deeply grateful to the friends who by building, furnishing, a.nd supporting this hospital have luade it possible to ca.re for so many sick and suffering women and children here. The added spa.ce in the Harriet New­well Dispensary eliminates much of the noise and confu­~ion from the morning clinic and provides satisfactorily for the storing and dispensing of drugs. The segregation of different classes of patients made possible by the three separate blocks and 'the isolation ward is a long-needed safegUard against the transmission of disease, The com­modious Jabor wards and operating and accessory rooms greatly facilitate the work. .

6

_,' .. Only one inconyenience is enta.iled by the new 'hospital:, ~xpen8e. ,The average monthly expenditure has ,been Rs. 1,955 ,against Rs.1,371 two years ago, Rs. 727 "in ,1910, and Rs. 270 my first year in the hospital.' Be­sides the Mission, a,ppropriation, grants of Rs. 1,000 from 'the Municipalitf, Rs. 1,000 from the District Board, and RS.,250 from the Sivaganga Mahimai Fund, with Rs. 7,250 ,frdrn fees, helped to meet the' expenSes. An effort nas: been nlade to secure funds for additional hospital eqq.ip'ment, and SUbscriptions to'th'€ amount of Rs.; 7,280 haNe been obtained from Indian sources.,

'II~ Be-sides eighteen chirdr~'n in 'the,1( B'rrds' nest" at the beginning of the year, six have (:'Orne under our care 'owing to the death of parents from cholera and eleven bl1bies have been given;, us. Of these last, six, died, a heavy mortality, due It(rgely to pre-natal influence. . The,Bible-,women,an.d the friendly visitor have both worked with the patients. One young Hindu widow has become a Christian and is studying to prepare herself for training ~s a nurser +,'

H. E. PARKER.

Tra.ining. Schoo~" for Nurses The past year we have- re-organized OUr Nurses~

Training School along the best and Inost efficient meth­ods, to be in keeping with our large new hospital. The educational standard for applicants has been raised to the Second or Third Fqrm, such being necessary to llleet the requirements of our revised c1;lrricu.lum. In addjtion to a general nursing course covering a period of three yea.rs, we have offered a combined compounders' and nurses~ course covering a, period of four years. This combined course makes one eligibJe to fiJI two good positions when opportunity offers, and both positio~s offer good remune-l'ation. ~

The present enrollment of our nurse is 25: including 10 gra.duates, 13 pupil nurses;'ab~ 2 probationers. -C0:r;n,;;' pounders number 6~ In .19.2~, 12 ~e.w ,nurses ~~re adml~­ted, 9 for three-y~~rscQurse,J,ll,nur'8.1ng and 3 for a four-:-" year COurse 'in nUl~si:Q.g anil compoun,ding combined.' .:In 1921 we desire an enrollment of 35 nurses and 6 com­pounders: . Our nurses on', the whOle: have ~joyed-,g?od-health. ' -

43

The openillg of our neW European Rooms last spi'ing :afforded the nurses specia.! training in the nursing of European patients. Two of our Mission ladies and one civilian have occupied our European Rooms durmg the past year. In spite of the fact of the added reponsibili­ties which our new hospitals demands,our mil'ses have responded to 37 different calls to nurse' patients in their bomes, tota.lling a 'period of 475 days. Of this number. 9 calls were from Europeans and 28 Ica11s fl'om Indians. In addition to thi-s, our out-case nurse has ma<le 222 sin­gle visits to as many ·different homes.

Our hospital has manifested an interest 1n the Public Health and Infant 'Veffa:re Association by supply­ing one of our old graduates to fill this important posi­tion. We sincerely hope that ill the future we Inay be able to do more to further an interest· in this most needed work. '

M. M. ROGERS.

Dayapurl\m, The Manamadura Leper Asylum Classes Men "\Vemen Leprous Untainted

children children d under ~

0 16 yrs. 8

Christians 15 5 1 3 24 Non-Christians 91 18 13 8 130

106 23 14 8 3 154

The accommodation has been crowded tG the utmost capacity throughout the year. At least double the number {)f wards now in use could bEr filled at once. Under these circumstances, it is 'a pleastil~e to report that five wards' offering acconimodation. for sixty patients are in course of construction. A similar, 01' Jarger, number should ne;built in 1921. '

~he· staff c;onsists ofa Medical· Officer, Care-taker, Evang~list~ coo;ks~ peon and other servants. The general he~lth ofth~.p~tierits has been as good as could 'be ex­p~cte4, and,! the religious and medical work~ which is in the .hands . of the Eyange1ist and .which was re-organized ~~_nng};W~_.Y~~r, is ~? a ~a~~ly satisfactory state. .

44

Just what is the Asylum accomplishing to make it worth while?

First, it is offering a home and ca.reful attention to any who are afflicted with this terrible disea.se. There are several inmates who have no other home and who look forward to spending their days here. One such, an aged Christian man named S ............ was called to the Higher Home during the latter part of the year. If this were .all that the Asylum is doing, it would be well worthwhile. . ~. Inasmuch as ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have done it unto me,""

Second, the protection of those who have not yet contracted the disease. That leprosy is contagious is established beyond a. doubt. There are various foces from which it is spreading at an alarming rate. \Vhile it is not possible to make the protection of the healthy absolutely without rigid segregation, it cel·tainly does count to have 150 lepers gathered at one center under suitable conditions, rather than distributed in a hundred or more separate homes, where they are a daily menace to the health of the whole household. The Asylum, too, :is protecting the healthy by the public sentiment which it is developing. How difficult 1his is evident from the story that was told us some months ago. Leprosy was introduced into a village and spread until several of the community were lepers, among them some of the elders of the village. Many of the healthy noting the spread of the disease tried to avoid contagion, whereupon the lepers compelled those under their authority to eat from their dishes after them and to undergo every other risk of contagion which they could devise! This would be unthinkable among the men who have been a.short time in the Asylum. A home for untainted children from leprous homes is in course of construction near O1:r Mis­sion compound, and we hope ere long to see it full of healthy children from leprous homes, who will thus be saved from the life of the leper.

Third, its definite religious instruction and a.ppeal. Of the 21 Christians now in Asylum nearly all have been baptized since coming to the Asylum, of whom ten were baptized during the present year, while still four other~ are in preparation for this rite. Cutoff in so many ways from life, the leper ordinarily is especially open to appeals

45

toward the higher life, and it is certainly true, that if any class needs the consolation and comfort of the Chris· tian's hope, it is the class whose bodies are gradually crumbling under the ravages of this terrible disease.

C. S. VAUGHAN.

The Economic Improvement Associa.tion

A leading Government official recently said regarding the solution of the Kallar·caste problem: "This problem is largely an economic one. These people will never im· prove morally until, by receiving training along vocational lines, they come to prefer an honest life to a life of steal· ing Christians must emphasize the economic as well as the spiritual enterprise. " First that which is natural and afterward that which is spiritual" Our Mission has made a bare beginning in the economic enterprise by the establishment of a year-old organization called "The Economic Improvement Association"

This year we have employed two trai~ed young men from the Rural Department of the Y.M.C.A. to go about preaching the economic Gospel to the people. More care in the conservation of resources, more wisdom and thrift in expenditure, and above aU more co-operation in finan­cial matters are the themes most dwelt upon. The Government maintains a bureau of co-operative societies. which guides and controls this greatly needed effort. Our secretaries have under their charge eight co-operative societies among Christians. Here the "strong should help the weak" by putting in their capital and sustaining the credit of the societies. This gospel is hard to follow because those, who have, will not loan at a reasonable rate of interest. Only those, who have not, wish to bor­row all they can. A village bank is scarcely possible in India, not because there is not money enough but because there is not character and mutual confidence enough on which to found a bank. We want to see our Christians conspicuous in trustworthiness and readiness to help one another 'in this practical way and so lead the way toward the village of the future. The Association hopes to spread knowledge useful to farmers, weavers, and artisans, and

46,

to' help the _producer to selland the buyer to buy to better advantage. It is 'a Cln:istian:d-qty and privilege to help, lift the cr.ushing burden of poverty ,from the lives of our peopl~.

'~A. A. MARTIN.

'.' The New- Tamil Lexicon

The work on the new Tamil Lexicon is in the revi­sion stage, Bl,OOO words -having been'defined. They are_ under revision by a committee of two Indian scholars and myself. It is very 'much delayed by the inabi~ity of one of the appointees to continue on account of ill-health. Another cause is the limited time that can be given by the present Indian members of the committee. One works half time and the other can give only six or eight hours a week. These two gentlemen are eminently fitted for the work and the revision is very valuable. But my work will have to be limited to this year and others will have to finish. the revision. The work of this year, however, should give the whole task su~cient lllomentum to go on to a conclusion before many years. For some reasons it would be desirable to publish a first edition soon and a- secop.d edition after the pu-blic ha Va had a chance to .exp.J;ess their judgilfent.

The range of ' the Lexicon is very wide, including the 1anguage of the Tamil classics, technical terms in astro­logy, music, medicine, logic, philosophy and religion, names of plants, lllinerals, fishes and animals, nautical terms, provincialisms, colloquial expressions, 10ca1 words current among many different classes, from the _ edu,cated people of J affna on the east to the wild Kahn of the Anamalais ,on the west, and those bordering on the Telugu Language area in the north.

J. ,8. CHAN'DLER.

rrhe A.M. Lenox Press, Pasumalai

Owing to Mr. Lawson's' going (m furlorigh , early in 1920 the managenwnt of the Press. was .given to Mr. Banninga.. In spite· of the fact t~,at he was absent in. Malabar fQrsix'n1oI}ths of-the ye~r. and, th~t he ·was,too: b~sy' the rest .oLtheyear to give much time to the actiy~·

''''_~.'' .;, •.• __ ._.c .. _ L •• ",' ........ - - -_.-,-- _£ .. _"'-- .-"- ' . -

47

'ma~ageme?-t, the"work p.as g?ne on regularly and SUccess­fully. ThIs shows how efficIent the staff of the Press is and how much our Indian breth:ren have grown in the sense of responsibility and efficiency.

As usual the Press has done'a great deaJ of work for the Government Oourts in Madura and for the varioufl Mission Institutions. Contributions from the profits of the Press were made to Evangelistic work in the District. Several young boys have been taken into the Press for training in composing and printing. 23 men and boys are now employed;

J. J. BANNINGA.

CHAPTER V.

Some Significant Events of the Fast Year

South India in many ways has felt. the world-wide after effects of the war. Prices have

" Pulitical Situation ". 'not soared so high, strikes have played

relatively inferior part, and Bolshevist talk has not been so loud in this 'country. But the growth of nationalistic spirit and of the desire to improve the educational and social welfare of the land are to be found here as elsewhere in the world. During the last of N ovem bel' there occur· red the elections to membership on the new Legislative Council of Madras. It was interesting to observe that the" non-co-operation" talk, although echoed loudly in certain parts of Madura, was not so effective in keeping people away from the polls here as in North India. Fifty percent of all registered voters in these parts took an active interest in the elections. The desire for and the ability to use political power is growing, especially among the educated' classes. Pastors of our Madura Church Council; also, t-ook an active part in the elections.

48

The year 1920 witnessed the opening of several fine new buildings in Madura, thus marking

,I New Buildings and • t . th t· I Special Visitors". Importan progress In e rna ena

expansion of our institutional work. In February, in that connection, we had the pleasure of a week's visit from Miss Helen Calder of the Woman's Board. In March members of the Mission had the privi­lege of a few days conference in Madura with the Commission on Village Education, who were then con­cluding their tour of India. Mention is alse made of the visit of Miss Mary Campbell, of the Methodist Mission in North India, who was travelling throughout India in the work of establishing temperance societies. For these and other visits of distinguished fellow-workers ~nd friends we are deeply grateful, and earnestly look for­ward to the future when they may be repeated and with a stay of months instead of days.

Another event of im portance was the proposal in September of the territorial division of

" Territorial Division ". the Tirumangalam Taluk of Madura

District between our Mission and the Church of Sweden I Lutheran) Mission. Inasmuch as the Compact, under which both Missions have been hitherto working side by side in the same territOl'y, admittedly h!l.S not always made for the highest efficiency of evangelistic work, it was sug­gested that the principle of territorial .division might be accepted and tried out in a portion of the district. If success­ful the principle may be applied to the whole of the terri­tory now worked in COlnmon. The final decision in the matter is still pending, to be concluded, it is hoped, early in 1921, after representative~ of both Missions and 'associ-· ated Indian Churches have conferred with a s,pecial Commission from Sweden now on the field and spending; several months 'in c,~ref1l:1 ~t~dy_ o~ th~ c0!l,ditiolls of the.

49

£eld at first~and. The results of this conference may mean much not only for the harmonious working of the two Missions concerned but also for the future g.rowth of the Church in South India.

In recent yea,rs the Government, under the Criminal Tribes Act, has been exercising pres.

" Kallar Education ". sure up0n the Kallar (Robber-Caste)

community in Tirumangalam and other administrative divisions to suppress stealing and other crimes among them, and to lift them to a higher moral a.nd social level. All males were required to register their thumb-prints and were confiGed to their villages at night under increasingly strict police 'Surveillance. Now Government is trying to solve the problem in another way by introducing a measure of local self-government and compulsory educa­tion into the Kallar villages. In Tirumangalarn Taluq, where there are at least 50,000 Kallars of whom 12,000 ruen have been registered as criminals, proposals are now being made to establish 20 mission village-schools, 1 ° to be under the supervision of the Lutheran and 10 under that of the American Mission, each Mission providing the teachers; and also a plan to place up to 600 Kallar hoys and girls in boarding-schools of both missions dur­ing the next five or ten years, Government assuming in .each case a considerable part of the total expense involv­ed in construction of buildings, teacher's salaries and pupil s,cholarships. Our Mission will be called upon to give a non-recurring grant of Rs. 11,000 to meet this and a .recurring grant of RE. 3,000. It is a great opportunity to reach the Kallar community among whom, as never before people are realizing with shame the degradation of their social ,position and are awakening to a desire .for higher and better things.

7

5Q

~PersonaIs about the Missiona.ry Fore-a'

During the past ye~r our missionary force ha's been greatly weakened by the temporary or permanent withdrawal of fifteen of its members from active service. Of these, 4 families and 2 single ladies early in the year went on furlough to America. These losses were almost immediately fallowed by the departure, on the physician'S orders, of Rev. and Mrs. Harold Cooper in Ma.y. In JUly Dr. and Mrs. F E. Jeffery were compelled by Dr. Jeffery's sudden and serious bre&kdown in health to drop work entirely, for some months of complete rest. At the present writing the seriousness of Dr. Jeffery's condition has made imperati ve his departure for America as soon as steanler passage can be secured. Lastly, in November Rev. D. S.Herrick W3JS suddenly called home to America hy the sad news of Mrs. Herrick's illness. To all of these dear friends the Mission offers its heartfelt sympathy in their sorrow and disappointment, and expresses the wish that they may return in the near futul'e with restored health a.nd strength and resume those tasks to which they gave so devotedly of their time and strength.

Despite this disheartening news, we were overjoyed to welcome back from furlough into our midst again in November Dr. and Mrs. J. X. ·Miller, and Rev. W. W Wallace, who ret'urns to us after a long period of absence. Dr, and 1\irs. Miller have re-assumed their duties in Pasumalai where their services will be invaluable in the molding of future policies in that rapidly developing center of our mission work. Mr. Wallace's assumption of the responsibilities of Mission Secretary and Treasurer has already greatly relieved Mr. Vaughan of a double burden. The arrival of Dr. Evelyn Rider in Madura, who was appointed to work in the 'Woman's Hospital

51

:and has been temporarily detained en route by a InoR't unfortunate accident, will relieve Dr. Parker sufficiently to enable her to take a l0ng over-due furlough. All of Dr. Parker's many friends will rejoice to hear the good news that she is SOGn to be publicly honored by Govern­ment with the -medal of Kaiser-i-Hind for distinguished service. Last of all, to the youngest addition Nov. 18th to the Mission, l\iaster Thomas Sterliag Martin, we give amGst hearty welcome into our circle (9£ fellow­workers and friends.

vVe close the year with a prayer or gratitude to God ,that, despite the handicaps of ignorance, dread disease .and sin, He has permitted to share with Him in the .sublime work ·of realizing Risown divine plan for India. The way before us is often dark, the difficulties are still formidable and at times the forces at our disposal seem pitiably inadequate. Who is sufficient for these things '? But there are abundant signs to-day that the venture of ia.ith which our predecessors made eighty-six years ago is being justified in results. The field is "already white unto the harvest" The Leaven of the Gospel is trans­forming the life of India. And so, with renewed courage .and faith in an all-sufficient Heavenly Father, we face a glorious future of Christ re-incarnatedand His Kingdom .Qver all in the Madura freld.

THE MADURA MISSION P}tRSONNEI" MADURA, So. INDIA

'NAMES OF MISSIONARIES

Rev. John J. Banninga, M.A., ·D.D .••• Mrs. M D. Banninga

Rev. J. S. Char.dler, M.A Mrs H. E'. Chandler, D.A.

Miss G. E. Chandler

Miss E. Coon, M.A.

Rev. Harold Cooper Ml·S. H. Cooper

Rev. R. A. Dudley, D.A., B D.

Mrs. K. Dudley, n.A.

Rev. W. P. Elwood, ~LA. Mrs A M. Elwood

I YEAR 0., JOINING RESIDENCE,

MISSION

1901 Pasumalai 1901

1873 Madras 1877 1908 M~dura.

1915 Madras

1916 America. 1916

1919 Tirumangalam 191~

WORK ~'OR 1921

Chairman, Madura Churoh Conncil. Principal, U niol\ Theological Semi", nary, Pasu,malai.

Tamil Le~icon.

Manager! Capron Hall Schools and CitY' Hindu Girls' Schools.

Vice-Principal, Women's Ohdstian College.

On Sick x.e~ve.

Lang. Study, part-time Ev Work,O.JJ,C, Boarding School W or~.

1891 1891

14- BeacOll,Street., 13oston, On FUl'lough. Mass.

Mr. E. M. Flint, M.A. 1912 14 Beacon Street, Boston, I On Furlough. Mrs. S. Flint, B.A. 19U Mass.

Mr. L. Curtis Guise, M.A. 1913 :Madura Histury Department, American College. Mrs. N. Guise 1913

Rev. D. S. Herrick, M.A., B D 1&9 L 14 BeaCt,n Street, Boston, Called to U.S.A. by wife's illness. 'Mrs. D.Herrick, n A. 1897 Mass.

Rev. J. M. Hess, M A, B.D. 1915 lIad ura. English Department, American College. Mrs. M. W Hess 1!H5

Rev. E. P. Holton, M.A. 1891 14 Beacon Street, BostOJI 1 On Furlough. Mrs. G Holton 1894 Mass.

Rev. F. E. Jeffery, M.A , D.D. 1890 14 Beacon St~cct, Boston, On Sick Leave. 'Mrs. M. B. Jefi'et'y, B so. 1890 Mass.

:Mr. J. H. Law.on. B.A. 1911 14 Beacon Street, Bostun, On 1~Ullougl1. llrs. }\ Lawson, 11.A. 1911 Mass.

Mr. L. L. Lorbeer, M A. ]915 Pasumalai Chairman, (JeutrRl Local Council. Pl'in ... Mrs. E. H. Lorbeer, M.A. 1915 cipal, Normal Training School, Pasu ..

ll1ulai.

nev. A. A. Martin, B • .1., B.D. 1915 Dindi~1l1 Chairman, N. L C., District Work. Mrs. E. Mal tin 1916 Boarding School Work.

NAMES OF MISSIO~ARmS

Rev. B. Y Mathews, n.A., L.ldl.

Mrs. P. C Mathews

Rev. J. X. Miller, M.A., D.D. Mr8. M. Y. Miller

Rev. E. L. N,olting, n A.: n D. Mrs. R. W. Nolting

Miss M. T. Noyes, B.A.

Miss H. E. Parker, M.D.

Miss C. S. Quickenden

Miss Rider, 11-1 D.

Miss M. Rogers

Miss M. M. Root

I 1908 1910

1903 190:3

1916 HI16

1892

1895

RESIDENCE

Batla.gundu

Pasumalui

Madura

WORK FOR 1921

District Missionary, "Yest Local Council. Boarding School, 'Yomen's Work.

Principal of H. S., Pasumalai. ManRger, H. & Tr. Sch'ls, Voca'l Sch'l & Press.

Warden, American College Hostel.

14 Beacon Sll'eC!t, Boston, On Furlough. Mass.

14 Beacon Stfrea, Boston, On Furlough. Mass.

1906 14 Beacon Street, Boston, On Furlough. Mass.

1921 Madura Womenis Hospital, Madura.

1918 Madura Nurses' Tr, Dept., ·Women's Hospital.

1887 'Madura Bible Women's WOl"k of Madura Town and Villflges.

Rev. A. J. Sauuderf", M,A.

Mrs. J. Saunders

Miss K. B. Scott, M.D.

Miss B. K. Smith, B A.

MiEs E. M. Swift

Rev. J. E. Tracy, M A, D.D.

Mrs. F. S. Traey

Rev. F. Van Allen, M.D.

Miss M. Van Allen, 1\1 A.

Rev. C. S. Vaughan Mrs. M. E. Vanghan

Rev. W W. Wallace, M.A., B.D

Rev. E. E. White, B.A., B.D. Mrs. R. P. White, B,A, ...

Miss Katherine Wilcox, B.A..

Rev W. M. Zumbro, M.A., H.D. Mrs. H. Zumbro

1913 1913

1914

14 Beacon Street" Boston, ' On Furlough. Mass.

Vellore Union Medical College for Women.

1917 Aruppukotta, Ramnad Dt" Bible Women, Hindu Girls' Schools.

1884

1877 1877

1888 1918

]8 Cl3 1893

1897

1917 1917

1915

1894 1907

Madura

Kodaikanal

Principal, Lucy Perry Noble Bible Sch'l.

In charge of Sanitarium. Bible "ramen.

Madura Albert Victor Hospital. Madura I Principal, Bjgh School, Capron Hall.

14 Beacon Street, Boston, On Furlough. Mass.

Madura Mission Secretary and Treasurer.

Aruppnkotta, Ramnad Dt Chair'n, S.L.C. Sup't, Bates Evan. Work.

Madura

Madura

Board ing School.

Principal, Normal School, Capron Hall.

Principal, American College.

56

Notes on. Statistical Tables As forecasted in the notes on the siatistics for 1919

the new rules for keeping the records of our adherents and communicants has resulted in a very drastic revision of the statistics of our churches. The results are far worse thanwe feared though we expected them to be bad. But after cutting out all the dead wood in our records we find that our Christian community really contains 2,853 fewer persons than we thought it contained lash year. Only' seven pastorates out of the 32 report gains, number­ing 180. Each of the other pastorates reports a loss ranging from 12 to 304. This looks like a serious loss but we believe that we now have no names on our books that ought not· to be there and that for the next few years we can report steady gains. H Every branch that beareth fruit, he clean seth it, that it may· bear more fruit."

The same is true concerning our communicant membership. We lllust report a loss of 742. This loss is in spite of the fact that 420 have been received on profession of faith which is about the average number received annually. 886 are reported as having been " struck from Records". Death claimed a large nunlber this year also, viz., 1H9, 39 more than last year. The total deaths in our Christian ~ommunity this year was 616 against 490 last year. This was largely due to plague, which raged in .six· of our pastorates.

The number of missionaries this year is five larger than last year, the number of Indian Ministers remains the same, while there is a falling off of 50 in the number of Indian workers, but 30 of these are from among the " other workers" who are of inferior grades.

The contributions of the Indian Church .again show an increase in spite of high prices This gain amounts to iU. 307, the total being Rs. 26,346. The income from fees in all schools is lb. 69,345 which is fu. 1,541 less than last year.

There are at present 10,529 scholars on the rolls of our 270 schools. It is a· wonderful work to be able to minister to 80 many children and young people arid to give then1 not only the beginnings of their education but also to play so la.rge a part in the molding of their characters.

STATISTICAL TABLES 1920

N iKE OF LOCAL COUNCIL

OR

DEPARTMENT

M ADURA CHURCH COUNCIL WORK North Local Council ... . .. West

" " , .. . ..

Central " "

... . .. South

" " ... ...

East " "

... .. H.M.S. Konganadu Mission ...

D EPARTMENT.

L o

Mission Treasury .. -American Co]]ege, Madura ... Oapron Hall School, Madura ... Hindu Girls' School, Madura ... Tr. & B. RchooI, Pasumalai .•. Union 'rheol. Seminary

" L. P. Noble Bible School Dep't of Women's work, Aruppll

Do. Do. Madura ... Men's Medical work, Madura ... Women's Do. Do. U. Theol. College, Baugalore ... Women's Christian Col., Madras Tamil Lexicon Editor .. Malabar Church Council , .. Women's Medical Col., Vellore.

ANGUAGE STUDY ... ... N FURLOUGH ... ... ...

Total for 1920 II.

I

~ ~ on Q)

,..0

,..!d ... 0

~

1836 I 1839 1834 1839 183;) ]905

.. , 1881 183,~ 1869 ] 870 1842 ]892 1876 1867 1849 1887 1912

-1915 19]3 ]919 1919 ... ,.,

---, ..

No. 1.-

MI88ION-

Men

/] ~ U)

0 r'd ~ ~ to Q) to to :=

/l :~ ~ .~ ;:n

0.. ~ ;:... 0 ... ...::: ~ 0 0..

I I

I 555,000 1 ... . .. 470,000 2 ... . .. 483,000 1 ... ... 330,000 1 ... . .. 720,000 1 '" ...

J 7,000 . .. ... . .. ... ] ... ... ... -3 1 . .. ... '" I

... ... ... ...

I .., ...

... 1 1 ... ... 1 ... '" v ... ... ... . .. ... . .. ... . .. ... . .. ... '"

... . .. ., . 1

... . .. .,. . ..

... J . .. '"

... '"

I ... '"

.. , J ,., , ..

... J I . .. , ..

.. , ... ... " .

.., 1 r , .. '" ... 4 I 2 . ..

----... 20 I 4 1

Total for 1919

I ... 1-... -'-----1-71-4 -1

* Included-under "Capron Hall".

Agency, 1920

INDIAN AGENCY

, ~

~ Women '0

p., • ____ I~

Men

I.J.. 21... 21 4 281 3 2 .,... 4 ... 4 9 18 6 1... ••. 2 ... 2 6 ]7 6 1 .•. ... 2 ... 2 6 33 7 ) ... 2 ... 2393

'0. ... ... ... ... 1 1

1 ... 1 ... • o •

S ... 8 ... ... ... 4.0 ... . 3 . .. ... ...

I Women I I I

JI I7l ~ Q)

~ ,..c: <ll Q

S I7l ~ c:a 0 <ll 0 Q)

I7l ~ rn ~ 8 ~

rn Q) <ll r.. d ~ Q) ~ <ll - r'!j Ul :0

~ '" c:a rn ,.J:i ~ ~

~ ~ =s ~ 0 tE 0 8

33111 38 16 123114 59 9 44 .. , 145

111

37 6 34 10 116 4 33 ] 50 3 133

1 4

29 9 21 6 801

B

5 1 2 ... 10 1

'" ... ... . .. 53 ... 1 ... 54 28

6 ... 22 4 32 1 S ... ... ... ... .., . .. ... ... * ... 4 . .. ] S.. 22 ...

2 ... .. . 4 . .. 4 . .. . . . ... 34 I ... 4 2 40 :i

... 3 .. .

I ... 2 ... ~ I ... ... ... 4t/... ......, ~I'" .. ]... 1 1 I, ... ... ... .0. ... 4 3 'I .. . .. 1 . .. 1 .. . 1 ... I ••• ••• 2 20 11 3 30i .. .

. ,. 2 .. . 2 .. . 2 .. ' . '1' I, 1 ... 34 ... ... :35\ .. .

... .. .., 1 ... ] ... ... •.. ... ... )122 23; .. .

.. 1 1 2 •.. 2 ... . .. ,'... ... 1 0..... 11 .. '

... ... 1 ... I ... ,.0 ••• ... ••• ...... '"1''' .. ,

,2ilu-215ilill5730\mf291313 89[248 8919lo174 t 2 ordained included under U M ast.ers"

No. II.-Congregations

OHURCHE8

l..d ( Dindigul East •••• t: t Do. Station .. Z Do. West ..•••

Pa!o.ni ••••••.•••

141

10 9 6

31 20 30 22

~l i~~~E~ ill! Kombai .•••.••••• 12 12 Koteimedu . •• ••• !) 6 Kovilo.puro.m ••••• 6 6 Nilo.kotto.i........ 18 10

1 Pasumalai ••••••••

~ __ Tirnmangalam •• :: f Usilampo.tti .••••• 'g ~ Eailt Gate •••••••• ::a;'3 North Union ••••

SouthGate •••••• West Gate ••••••

13 8 28 26 25 18 21 l! 23 8 15 9 2 2

1 Aruppukottai •••• 21 16 Kamuthi •••••••• 30 13

.0 Ko.risalkulam.... 10 6 :l MalIanltinaru.. •• 6 6 Jl Mamlapasalai •• " 25 18

Mundudaipu •••• 8 8 Paralechi •••••••• 7 2 Sevalpo.tti........ 18 13

3011120 334 6U 1Jjj4 90 208 122

319 192 278 31>1 302 269 221 301 298

99 287 101 158

96 22<l 7iJ 421> :n 286 59, 239 8.3 1 164

112 37i 75 187

386 2r,» 319 498 32::1

31 29 52

106

29H 87 247 18 48!1 48 262 43

40 71 37 66 88 140

252 358 13 1:3

119 206 44 62 !.I8 146 4() 88

376 2111206 42!1 180 215 605 277 290 [;()8 214 220

4:.>7 218 202 :-125 19H 127 459 2()4 206 85(; 2t5 285 3il6 172 158 004 197 218 30!) Ill.'> 148 6:15 209 242 350 212 20:1

3bS 343

122 338 ·460 181 3ii ii58

96 87 183 68 287 355

14!1 365 . 514

13 25 38 498 3i8 332 128 26u 16H

136 28!)

91) ao!! 334

99 506 3i,3 128 204

516 482 194 92

446 163 140 346

29 83 112 19 113 132

138 588 23 aS8 79 174 90 99

147 319 25 88 11 130

186 370

726 361 253 IS!! 461i 113 146 1i56

133 101 234 792 60 (ii' 129 :1l2 24 20 44 3!1!I

2

115 228

75 51

189 173

69 40

.. .. li14 6 8 120

.. .. 132

138 423 12a 84

303 172

47 84

2;;3 G;il 198 135 4!12 345 116 124

979 1012

451 324 H5S 458 262 680

8ll 129

308 387 In

98 397 182 10;; 21>0

76 10!)

3811 37(; ]6fi lOB 3S!! 1~0 120 322

'li: Molur ••••••.••••• t Manamadura •••• ~! j~ g~ 2!~ i~~ i~~ 2!~ 2~~ 5~~ IgM r;~ ~~~

30 Iii 137 87] GO 247]50 12.~ 275 »22] 84 188 2.1 24 4. 42 41 83 153 212 365 448 120 117

~ Tirupuva8am ..•. Sethur ••••••.•••

254/ :J68 392 3:32

3.56 191 327 677 308 358 217 485 227

372 514 187 343 365

83 113

728 731 302 209 618 259 177 454

677 763 9a9 'j66

li6 517 737

1207 63~ 773 5S0 113G 648

886 W3;, 411 !)Ui; 867 248 ::151

149;' 14:'i

64;; 416

1404 621 402

1026

524 1203 149 408 287 6,'i9 258 49i.

-173 -95 -258 -160

-12 -167 -31 -223 . -72 -184 -100 -113 -14l'

7$1 -141 . -12

20 2

-12 44

-203 -HI -42

])I

-166 12

-63 -304

-lH

-~~ 2

Kongo.oaduMission 9 4 38 17 38 55 12 10 22 7i 32 35 48 115 -156 Educational Dopts. • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • . • •

Total for 1920 •• 594 3~~ 8"712 ~91::1 77:j410iiii7 24165 32M iiiii'6386 6976 6974 11213i2tl13 -28aa

I Total for 1919 •• \630 -;;[9454 3;176;n131108SrW6 4007\7423;18572177637740112463 27966'-=39

and Benevolence, 1920

BAPTISMS INDIAN CONTRIDUTIONS

~ ~ ~ 'C .... DUR[SG

;;'" 'C) ,~ '" 0 !

! as '" YEAR ~ 1'1 '3 ..q ... 00l f! c\ 0" d ~ 0 til 8.

~ 'C t:

1'1 'C .£ 0 ::::

as .8 'g~ 1'1 g~ ~ ::s .s ~

t .8 .c .c 0.> ." =>'1 as 'C :5 :§

p.,

.c .8 a ..ol>'l hi)

~;g d :;i as ~ :c ,5 ol d

'" til ol "'d 0.>'" 0 ~ ~ '" a! 1'1 m~ d .... 0 :9 .c 88 0 ....

~8 :0 ~

= .. - 'E", .... .., .E

'" ID a! a! f! -§gj '" ~ r3~

0- 0-..-1

3 8 ~

::; 'S f!d :s .... 0 ...,

:9 ~,!:! ~~ t:ti$ i o.>d g ::l ~~ ~g, ! gJ ~

~'C 0 :2 .s1!1 't:l ! :2 ~~ ";:;l 0

~ A -<l :;;:J ~ 0 0 -< 0 ... ... :ti I~ E-I ~

29\ 13 ~I 322 1151 42 58 I 9 1 I 21 348 I .. 121 26 38C I 51 443 11 13 362 lii1 121 119 Ii 6 17 6tl2 .. 40 73 795 674 1469 20 19 141 571 14;; l!4 76 12 Ii !!7 540 .. .. 49 589 443 1032 20 15 a 38H 101 ii8 66 15 16 12 630 .. .. 53 683 339 1022

3~ 27 7 447 140 59 129 11 14 23 463 GO 12 30 5115 177 732 14 8 7 354 120 46 62 11 15 10 600 40 24 69 733 1682 2415 13 13 2 2401 158 611 112 4 8 29 615 100 " 25 740 90 830 27 108 S ~~~i fl8 27 123 7 1;; 18 966 SO .. 43 1039 40 1079 30 29 4 133 76 45 4 Ii 37 1000 40 " tW 1120 216 1336 22 411 5 32H' 12a 33 40 9 9 18 601 150 "

I}() 816 816 18 9 1 161 88 26 58 6 () 9 490 " 3 22 515 192 707 23 :l4 8 291 127 18 90 4 5 12 100 20 .. 352 472 151 623 23 18 12 218 150 75 72 7 11 18 390 30 12 42 474 238 712

12 2 3 573 314 99 301 6 u; 7 1816 200 .. 100 2116 180 2296 16 2:l 11 655 222 134 187 13 14 12 ]025 60 60 70 1215 1104 2319

!I 2 4 271 92 13 41 Ii 11 Ii 300 25 3(1 30 385 140 .~25

23 '>9 {j 642 23f, 262 1,53 6 6 34 13iJl 25 90 60 1526 160 1680 6 10 8 600 163 235 130 12 4 12 !:IUO 50 .. 160 1110 140 12iiO

11 9 3 186 1i9 42 28 2 8 13 58'1 .. .. .. 584 363 947

14 4 4 120 98 81 61 2 3 1 943 Hi .. 50 1008 !.l4 1032

27 19 12 963 209 1'22 407 15 24 32 1836 100 .. 75 2011 1415 3426 43 25 15 ~~il 197 54 115 17 1 10 941 .. .. 12 953 140 1093 :1-1 21 9 110 30 43 6 6 2{, 843 .. .. " 843 105 !148

12 5 3 :l07' tlH 30 liS 4 3 13 lii4 .. .. 14 588 35 623 2U 18 12 6iO 224 86 ]50 16 16 28 1042 .. .. " 1042 105 1147

12 10 2 359 129 38 79 6 3 tl 619 .. " 40 659 ]49 HI3

11 3 5 140 67 3a 32 3 .. 3 .. .. .. 47 49 15 442 12;. 46 153 13 6 14 868 ,., 20 30 918 182 1100

25 12 8 783 98 43 84 9 29 38 710 " 100 ,. 810 1'\64 1674

7 3 4 HIS 12ii 611 45 11 1 10 ;15 120 11 4S 1194 1020 1914

35 18 10 304 69 32 26 11 6 17 430 100 36 15 581 163 734-

10 [} 2 227 37 17 10 4 .. .. 90 25 .. 5 120 .. 120

5 1 .. 70 11 9 6 5 5 2 66 " .. .. 6R 23 89

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. " .. .. .. . . .. ~8744 587-14

-1----------1- --1---------- ----73!l 616 222 12688; 43272155 3219 270 276 535 23078 1180 450 1638 26846 6!>345 g;.!i!ll

17(16 4901206 14104/454i 2447 13604 1m "485 [.91f22269 20231

433 -1-1312 26039 70886 9(;871>

:a § c U

~ t5 'g ~

t3 = z

bIl .E 13 t: = I': = .~ ~ C

~ u

~ =

CHURCHES -= cJ?

.s ~ :=:0 ~Z

'S 0 1>, ... .... ~o

Q) 0 frn S Q)

._ C1J

III ~ ~I>-< z ~ ~

1837 No t: Do. Station •• 1838 Yes ,d t \Di"digul Xu, .•••••

o D W t 1892 N o. es .••••• 0 Palam ......... ••. 1864 No

1

Andipntti •••••••••• 1859

1

No Batlagundu • • • ••• 1892 Yes Bodinaikallur .••••• 1856 Yes

"'" Kambam...... .... 1850 No g; Kodaikanal •.••••• 18:;9 Yes ~ Kombai............ IBM No

Koteimedu ........ 1858 No Kovilapuram .••••• 1866 No Nilakotai .......... 1868 No

( Pasumala.i. •••.••••• _ I Tirlllllaugalam .••••• el Usilampatti .... .. do( East Gate ...... : .. . a lNortJ: Union .... ..

South Gate ....... . \Vest Gate ...... ..

11

Aruppukottai •••••• Kamllthi .......... Karisalkulam •.•••• Mallankiual'u •••••• Yandapasalai •••••• Mundudaipu ...... Pal'alechi •••••••••• Sevalpatti. .........

!{ Mallamadura ••.•.• Melur .............. Tirupuvanam ••.••• Sethur ............

Konganadu Mission

18G8 1839 1918 1892 1904 1895 186B

18B3 1889 1855 18:;5 1851 1894 1855 1855

1864 1848 1838 1911

Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes No No

No. 111.-

COMMUNI-CA!\TS

I': 0 :::: cI

PASTORS I:::

~ 0

~ .... '" ." 0 I::: 0 ....

~ 0 "a :E :g ~ '0 :a 0

~ ~ u b

Rev. N. Gnanasigamoni ••.. 1911 9 3011

.. I

301 Y. Yeyappau •.••..•••. }911 13 1134 .. 334 G J b 1913 14 3/;4 3M • osep .......... .

,. R..A.. Soulldararaj •• , ••• 1918 206 '2! 208

S. A. Devasaga.yam .... 1913! " 1. D. Barnabas •••••.•• 1919 " S. Yethamanikam ...... 1890 4

S. Isaac .............. 1872 6 " G. P. George .......... 1914 1 .. S. Nallntham by ........ 1883 1 .. A. Ma>!i1amoni ........ 1908 1 " R. C. SelV;anayagam •••• 1910 8

" P. Addison Hnll ........ 1905 /) P. Asirvatham ........ 18911

;Il!l 192 278 351 2!l4 8 269 221 278 23 9.98

3iO ~8 329 14

.. Y. S. T~;i~r .......... 1916 93 6

8 1i06

., Y. S. Nallathll.mby .... H!!J5

I " Thallgam Gabriel ...... 1904 4 1140 13

2 128 James Rowland ........ 1890 2 204

Samnel Joseph ••••.... 111905 I " Y. J. Taylur .......... 1894 18

I .. S. Gnanamuthu ........ 1911

.. R. Daniel. ............. 190\) ,. .A.. Gnanamnthn ...... 1894 ! " G. P. V~th~yagam .. UiU6 2

P. Thomas ............ 1899 M S. Thirithuvathason 1896

" Y. D. Samuel. ......... 19]5 8

016 .. 482 194

92 446 163 140 346

191 1 169 1 132 D 4;

319 1112 278 351 302 21llJ 221 301 2!l8

388 343 99

!i06 353 128 204

016 482 194

92 446 163 140 34.6

192 170 137 4;

.. 35 31 31l Total Pastors 27 \ Others ordained 3

Total for 1920.. .. 122~~1 94 \ 8712

Totll.lfor 1919.. .. 10919262 1!l2 ! 9454

Churches, 1920

DURING YEAR

By Profession

LUlSlSJJ:lS DURING YEAR :a

= s ~ t III 8 Co .a.g III

'E ~:E.<:l ~ ~ s a Iffi N ~ i!l dl.. j

.f!! ·s 1''8 S ~ ~ l' :ai ~ Q g ~ c ~ ~ ~ 0 t! i3 a m ~ _ '5 ~ '5 .!

.... ~ § .5 1 ~~ ...'" ~ = J: oS.3 fl.l ri5 fl.l ~! rJ 1l g ~ ::r: 1.0 ~ ~ I ] as '" 0...... ~ :S .<:l ~ ~ ~r.$ 8 ~ - = ~ z -_c= ~ 8 11 .d 0 s ! ! -~.s ,g 2 ~ .~ :;,. .; .,0 ~=2 ~ E ~ ~ -; .; ~ .t:l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~=-~-=~~~~~~=-~~~~-~~~=-~~~~oo~~~~~~~~~~7-~='~-=~~~~~~fl.l~~~u.~~~~u~'~~~~

2

11 2

34 25

4 5

5

16 3

23 14

12 35

7 4 2' 1 f>

'21 .. '2122 17 4il'4 :: l~; :Il~~-ln\}:;;: 1199{1 ~ 6:gI2: :I~!~ " 3 I) 21 " 2( 9 .. 34 9] 6~ -26 T 17 410 24 23 439 .. .. .. 11 .. 11 14 .. 15 4 33 -22 9 230 11 10 406

14 26 7 !l

11 50 2 27 8 17 4 !l 1 1

10

5 12

1

11 2 8

23 39 10 6 !l 1 2 II 2 2 26 8 6 20 II 8 11 2 7 30

15 3

10

)7 85

7 19

7 1

15

2 60 1

6 2

36 7

.. !

49 29 1~ 56

2 ~ 3

~~ 1~ 19 10 37 20

U 95 57 1 4 7

6 :11 III 2 11 2

<17 1 22 69

l,i"1 ~5' 2u~ J !! :~i, f co 2~31 j ~!:: ~! ~i!~ 5 119-241 ~ u 6 170 13 6 21U

.. 5H 14 721"--'-,\71 I 9 4<1H 9 9 515

.. <10 4 44 -35 9 220 11 7 210 • . 4 121 22 -22 4 103 7 4 113 7 72 13 105 -ssl 6 163 11 7 2116

.. 102 .. 131f-S21t (8 659 61 7 826

.. H :I 67~i 11 350 :lU 6 150

.. 10 2 15 r-!l.., I 4 96 i, 4 60 6 fj 3U 4 ~ 2021( 10 613 35 I) 410

1 94 5 I\)2 -82 I 14 150 21 12 liHU Ii 5 21 - 2 ) Iii 380 15 2 61 4 4 28 [) 3 iO 4 1 40

7f) 22

8

5 2

6 til 6"

:I H4 -Ii) 1 2 1;; -l~

. ~ 3~ r--- : )-82 2379

1 2 35 6 81-li9

1{) 90ti 14 224 8 206 5 66

15 395 7 178 2 62

12 400

60 23 801 :ll 14 225 10 9 240

6 4 lUIi 1ii 13 2112

9 6 2110 4 2 46

l1i 14 fi(W

2 17 HI ,. " 19 2 59 1 62 -43t {12 175 18 12 1 1 1 3 2,26.\ 4 32 28 1 .. 3 3:.1 12 IiUO 21 13 520 111 23 21i 2 . , • -"2 568 7 85 7 1

~~ ,: ..., :: 21i .. :: ,~ 1~ 2! 2~} ~ 4{ 6U ~ 4 ~~

21··J-'~~~~~_7 ~~JlO-=~~'-:_4 ___ 4-= 2281 26 166\ 420 308 53, 801 4241 44; 8861189 1543f742 -74218712 2JG 9293 1)21 i 2818957

mla:7 210'4; 312i---;\77.,\ ill 22 269 -w; 752 212t 9454 29710127 14961213 964;)

No. IV.-Evangelistic, Medical

- ., . • '!'>~"IIJj,Mr<II'

I ITINERACT WORK OF

BIBLE WOllEN

N I~ I ~

I CD

rd .~ ~

O'J ~ ..,.

CD ~ ..,. AME OF LOCAL COUNCIL *6 ;:::: O'J rd = C,) 'r; ::= ct! E "'"' ~ 0 011 0 s:l

OR CD ~ CD ~ 0 .S E (3 t1.o C) :c

DEPARTMENT ~ .::0 ~ 0

H ~ ~ ~ p ~ C,) .....

~ .~ ~ ~

0 00 s:l ~~ ~ h $ 0

CD ..... C:l <Il !XI !XI H ..... !XI 0 rdi:l ~ ~ ~

,.0 ~ CD §~ ~ 0 CD

S III _CD ct! ~ CDrd

I ~

~ g 1:0

1

~ ct! fc:r. rd s:l as p as 0<: CD CD 0).-1 ~Cl)

CD Z ~ H r:f1 IJ:! Po; ~

North Local Counoil ... . .. ... 256 256 303 20,151 242 190 4,299

West "

... ... 15 88 306· 135 28,579 3t!5 189 14,020

Central " ... ... 12 49 357 143 22,222 199 191 3,901

Suuth "

... . .. 12 93 601 115 9,09( .. , ... . .. East

" ... ... 2 7 414 242 5,309 251 236 6,855

Konganadu Mission ... ... 5 24 250 100 25,00 15 15 . .. Tr. & H. Schools, Pasumalai... 5 7 245 65 8,000 ... ... ... Union Theol. Sem. Do. ... 2 19 597 236 !!5,737 ... ... ... L. P. N. Bible School ... 2 14 520 25 2,995 140 45 1,848

B. W. Dep't, Aruppukottai... 1 8 8 5 980 927 704 23,4.67

Do. Madura. ... ... ... .. . ... ... 2,107 1,526 33,735

Men's Hospita.l, Madura. ... ... . .. ... . .. . .. .. . ... ..,

Womenta Hospital Do. ... ... ... ... .., .. . . .. . .. 1,500

---Total for 1920 ... 561565355411,369 125,563 4,266 3,096 89,625

.- ------------Total for 1919 ... 69 398 2584, 1,089 153,725 4,038 3,221 94,627

and Other Wor7(, 1920

MEDICAL WORK BOOK DISTRIBUTION

I I I I

\ I I'~ l'1 I

IX: :)

::i ~ Q ~

-= 0 ~ 0 !~oo ~ Q)

"0 "C 0 I>- ;B P=l ...

2 'So 0 I : ::-= .8 "C '" I '-0 WJ .. 0 "C = I ~ I _'M

"C ...:> "C

~ ~

Q) "C as ~ '" Q) Q.,

00 s ;:: rn ::r:I ~8.. 1lI .~ Q)

~

:3 0

~ID .~ III d "C ~ "C "0 g~ Q)

-Ill as ~ Q) '0 .. ;:: s.... ;:: fg ~

3 III '" ~ ;., d III d 8 00 I ::> gj .oJ d ....

1:; -= ;::... § <T.I

~~ .~

I II> 0 ID 2 '0 0

3 Q)

~ ~ ~ :0 ~ i

Q) <:.> 0 o I: g~ ] 0 ;S d ..::: S BI ::r:I d is Q) 0

~ C! '" Q i: ~ 0 Po. Z 8 ~ ~ 8 00 ~ I < 8

48 84\ 3,olli ]0,874 2,467 103 I

267 370 .. .. , ... ... .. , .0' .. , ... ... ... 57 75 1,124 19,226 3,078 134 500 634

. " ... .. . ... ... 18 22 2,125 12,045 1,430 52 455 507

... ... ... ... .. . 41 34 390 3,288 ],051 80 214- 354 I

... ... .. . ... .. . J.4 23 896 8,615 456

2.~ I ]2 39

0" ... ... . .. ... .,. . .. . .. 200 .. ... ... ... .. , 1 ... 2,000 25 17 48 .. . 2,100 43 1,600 1,643

... ... ... ... .. . .. . ... 1,025 4,305 436 16 365 381

... ... ... ... .., .. . 4 11] 500 233 4 20 24

... ... ... ... .., 7 52 198 1,0811

2,877 fi 180 185

... ... . .. ... ... .. . 30 1i7 3,865 570 10 80 90

1 664 ... 19,305 2(,615 3 1 100 5,000 ... 7 . .. 7

1 1255 1 14,355 58,933 ... ... ... 100 ... ... . .. .. . --------------1-----'--

2 1 919 2 33,660 85,57t- 213 342 9,2101 69,099j 14,698 481 1 3,753 4,234

970\--2 ------3341 fi,3] 11~! 11 ,4281-;96\3,488 2 34,199i 68,011 209 4,084

No. V.-El.iucational

SpgCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND ELgIRNTUY BOARDING SCHOOLS

. I ' Total Christian Day Boarders ChriS~iaD

Teachers I Teachers Scholars I .!!! Scholari' '0 ---

NAllS OJ' LOCAL COUNCIL IXl

08 § INSTITUTION ~

III GO Ii GJ Q)

GO f: III III 21

'0 III - GO

0 .s ~ .s b' III III III III

I~ III :s .a :4 III :i 011 ~ ~ ~ :E ~

0 ~ s:J S CS' 0 00 ::;;t ~ = c:tl C!:l Eo!

North Local Council ... I

:1 ~ 1 ~ II 241 45 48 123 64 12C

West Do. ... 1 2 g

:1 72 37 121 40 li8

I Central Do. ... 1 1 3' 1 3 6 53 28 92 33 79

Sonth Do. ... 1 2 6 2 6 14 121 86 89 201 99 195

East Do. ... 1 ... 4 . .. 4 10 14 22 16 62 30 62

Konganadu Mission •• 1· •• ... ... ... ... . .. .., . .. .. . ... .. . ...

Am. College, Madura ... 3 53 1 25 1 803 6 212 ... 1021 5 54

Capron Hall Tr. & H. Sch .. 2 6 22 5 22 27 185 ... 288 500 451 476

Hindn Girls' Schools, ... ... ... ... ... .., .., ... ... 7~~1 . .. ... Madura.

Tr. & H. Soh. Pasumalai...

~I 34 4 31 5 348 39 390 ... ... 500

Union Theo1. Sem'y. "

4 ... 4 . " 3i 20 ... . .. 57 20 57

L. P. N. Bible Sohool .. 1 ... 2 ... 4 .., ... ... 59 .. . 59 59

B.W. Dep't, Amp. ... . ... ... ... .., ... .. , ... ... . .. ... . .. 1-------nr26D aosi 8801660 2954 801 'me Total' for 1920 ... U 103 48/ 71 1----

~9;~ "52 1_ 3111853/5603010 8051'80~ Totai ior 1919" ••• 13 96 , - '

Work, 1920

VILLAGE ELEDNTAIlY SCHOOLS

HINDU G IIlLS' SCHOOLS

Christian Soholarll

Total \Christian Total Christian ~ Teaohel'8 Teachers Scholars Scholars T

34 30118 ]9 18 1211593

60 54 39 50 36 185 2636

48 36 30 a4 35 76,1300

42 44 23512289

22 23 14 24 10 411 770

66 31 44

4 5 2 4 2 Wi 155

621195 5' 18115 425 10 2141 126 325 ... 1513

109 52~ 5 6 6 16256 2919 ]57 807: 8 2786

44' 12~ 1 1 1 28 ... 1112 ';9 201 ... 2111

167 616., "',... ...... 2289 167 616 ••. 2131 J8 9; 4 9. 9 178 6 824 52 165 5 2037

4 .... " ". 155· ..

........ -........ .

. " 42222 45814

..... , .. , ......... .

102]

458

23

] 89018

...... 7681

.. , 14 177

822 38 D0814911868

57 20 57 ...

11 .• " 2 ... .., •• ' .:. 8 40......... ...... ... ... ... . ..

... 1 ........... , ............ 213113 365 4 365 4 4... . ..

;~f 149,~ 140 668 "7~1 40811603§1,1~ ~ 1771190tl05~~ 643 2683 ::!.~ 69345 :W31 2~1 ]87 174 104,1 756

1

9123' 41816041969 641638 92t~14261 ]298356519065517 I Ii' I

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

IIIIII~I~~IIIIIIIIIII~ 3 9002 10638 2998