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Title The endocrine system and hormone function – an overview Essential Question Describe how hormones bring about their effects in the body.

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Page 1: Title Essential Questiongiannou.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/4/8/5648347/endocrine_system_no… · Title • The major endocrine organs. Essential Question • List hormones produced by

Title

• The endocrine system and

hormone function – an

overview

Essential Question

• Describe how hormones

bring about their effects in

the body.

Page 2: Title Essential Questiongiannou.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/4/8/5648347/endocrine_system_no… · Title • The major endocrine organs. Essential Question • List hormones produced by

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 9.1 – 9.22

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 9

The Endocrine System

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook

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I. Characteristics

Slide 9.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Second messenger system

Uses chemical messages (hormones) that are released into the blood

Blood transfers hormones to target sites where they regulate the activity of other cells

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II. Hormone Processes Reproduction

Growth and development

Mobilization of body defenses

Maintenance of homeostasis

Regulation of metabolism

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III. Mechanisms of Hormone Action

Slide 9.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hormones affect only certain tissues or organs (target cells or organs) that have a specific protein receptors

Hormone binding influences the working of the cells

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IV. Effects Caused by Hormones

Slide 9.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state

Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes

Activation or inactivation of enzymes

Stimulation of mitosis

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V. Control of Hormone Release

Slide 9.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained by negative feedback

A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormone

Hormone release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached

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The Chemistry of Hormones

Slide 9.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Steroids – made from cholesterol

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Steroid Hormone Action

Slide 9.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Diffuse through the membrane of target cells

Enter the nucleus

Bind to a specific protein within the nucleus

Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA

Activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins

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The Chemistry of Hormones

Slide 9.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Non-Steroid Hormones made from

Amino acid-based hormones

Prostaglandins – made from highly active lipids

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Nonsteroid Hormone Action

Slide 9.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hormone does not enter the cell but binds to a membrane receptor

Sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme

Catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule

Oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response

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Hormonal Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

Slide 9.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones

Figure 9.2a

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Humoral Stimuli of Endocrine

Glands

Slide 9.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.2b

Changing blood levels of certain ions stimulate hormone release

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Neural Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

Slide 9.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Nerve impulses stimulate hormone release

Most are under control of the sympathetic nervous system

Figure 9.2c

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Video: The Lion, the Watch, & the Hormones

Page 16: Title Essential Questiongiannou.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/4/8/5648347/endocrine_system_no… · Title • The major endocrine organs. Essential Question • List hormones produced by

Title

• The major endocrine organs.

Essential Question

• List hormones produced by

the endocrine glands, and

discuss their general

functions.

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Location of Major Endrocrine Organs

Slide 9.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.3

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Pituitary Gland – Characteristics

Slide 9.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus

Has two functional lobes

Anterior pituitary – glandular tissue

Posterior pituitary – nervous tissue

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Characteristics of all anterior

pituitary hormones

Slide 9.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Proteins (or peptides)

Act through second-messenger systems

Regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback

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Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Slide 9.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.4

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Growth Hormone (GH)

Slide 9.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

General metabolic hormone

Effects growth of skeletal muscles and long bones

Causes amino acids to be built into proteins

Causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy

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Page 23: Title Essential Questiongiannou.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/4/8/5648347/endocrine_system_no… · Title • The major endocrine organs. Essential Question • List hormones produced by
Page 24: Title Essential Questiongiannou.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/4/8/5648347/endocrine_system_no… · Title • The major endocrine organs. Essential Question • List hormones produced by
Page 25: Title Essential Questiongiannou.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/4/8/5648347/endocrine_system_no… · Title • The major endocrine organs. Essential Question • List hormones produced by
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Pituitary dwarf (left), Giant (center), Normal height woman (right)

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Prolactin (PRL)

Slide 9.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Slide 9.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Slide 9.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Influences growth and activity of the thyroid

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Gonadotropic hormones

Slide 9.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulates follicle development in ovaries

Stimulates sperm development in testes

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Gonadotropic hormones (continued)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Triggers ovulation

Causes ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum

Stimulates testosterone production in males

Referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)

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Pituitary - Hypothalamus Relationship

Slide 9.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Release of hormones is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus

Hypothalamus produces two hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary

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Characteristics of Posterior Pituitary

Slide 9.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones

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Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

Slide 9.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oxytocin

Stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor

Causes milk ejection (let-down)

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Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

Slide 9.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Can inhibit urine production

In large amounts, causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure (vasopressin)

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Page 37: Title Essential Questiongiannou.weebly.com/uploads/5/6/4/8/5648347/endocrine_system_no… · Title • The major endocrine organs. Essential Question • List hormones produced by

Title

• The major endocrine organs.

Essential Question

• List hormones produced by

the endocrine glands, and

discuss their general

functions.

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Location of Major Endrocrine Organs

Slide 9.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.3

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Thyroid Gland

Slide 9.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Found at the base of the throat

Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus

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Thyroid Gland

Slide 9.23b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.6

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Thyroid Hormone

Slide 9.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Major metabolic hormone

Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

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Calcitonin

Slide 9.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Decreases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone

Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

Figure 9.9

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Location of Major Endrocrine Organs

Slide 9.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.3

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Parathyroid Glands

Slide 9.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid

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Parathyroid Glands

Slide 9.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

parathyroid hormone

Stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone

Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

Raise calcium levels in the blood

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Location of Major Endrocrine Organs

Slide 9.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.3

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Adrenal

gland

Kidney

Adrenal gland

Kidney

Me

du

lla

C

ort

ex

Capsule

Mineralocorticoid-

secreting area

Glucocorticoid-

secreting area

Sex hormone

secreting area

Adrenal

medulla

Adrenal

cortex

• Cortex

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Adrenal Cortex

Slide 9.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Makes hormones to prepare the body to deal with long-term stress response

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Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Slide 9.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance

Target organ is the kidney

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Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Slide 9.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.10

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Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Slide 9.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Glucocorticoids (including cortisone and cortisol)

Promote normal cell metabolism

Help resist long-term stressors

Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH

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Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Slide 9.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sex hormones

Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)

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Adrenal Medulla

Slide 9.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Makes hormones to prepare the body to deal with short-term stress

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Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

Slide 9.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Increase blood glucose

Increase rate of metabolism

Constrict certain blood vessels

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Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal

Glands in the Stress Response

Slide 9.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.12

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Title

• The major endocrine organs.

Essential Question

• List hormones produced by

the endocrine glands, and

discuss their general

functions.

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Location of Major Endrocrine Organs

Slide 9.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.3

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Pancreatic Islets

Slide 9.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The pancreas is a mixed gland that produces hormones that have an antagonistic effect to maintain blood sugar homeostasis

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Pancreatic Islets

Slide 9.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Insulin – allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells

Glucagon – allows glucose to enter the blood

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Pancreatic Islets

Slide 9.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.13

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Pancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar

Slide 9.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.14

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Location of Major Endrocrine Organs

Slide 9.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.3

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Pineal Gland

Slide 9.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Found on the third

ventricle of the

brain

Secretes melatonin

Helps establish the

body’s wake and

sleep cycles

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Location of Major Endrocrine Organs

Slide 9.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.3

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Thymus

Slide 9.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Located posterior to the sternum

Largest in infants and children

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Thymus

Slide 9.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Produces thymosin

Matures some types of white blood cells

Important in developing the immune system

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Location of Major Endrocrine Organs

Slide 9.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.3

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Ovaries Characteristics

• Internal gonads in females

• Composed of ovarian follicles (sac-like

structures)

• Each follicle consists of

• Oocyte (immature egg)

• Follicular cells – surround the oocyte

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Hormones of the Ovaries

Slide 9.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Estrogens

Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics

Matures female reproductive organs

Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg

Helps maintain pregnancy

Prepares the breasts to produce milk

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Hormones of the Ovaries

Slide 9.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Progesterone

Produced by the corpus luteum

Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle

Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

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Testes Characteristics

• External gonads in males

• Produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones

• During puberty, luteinizing hormone (LH

activates interstitial cells to produce androgens

such as testosterone

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Hormones of the Testes

Slide 9.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Testosterone

Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics

Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system

Required for sperm cell production

Video: Put Some ACh Into It!