Upload
grace-miller
View
218
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
SPELLINGTips to help you become
a better speller
2
Introduction
Spelling can be complex. For example, there are eleven different ways of representing the sh sound: shoe, sugar, ocean, issue, nation, schist, suspicion, conscious, nauseous, mansion, and fuchsia.
3
Remember that the regularity in spelling relates not only to sound-letter connections but also to our stored visual memory of related words.
We know that president is not spelled « presadent, » because we recognize its relation to the word preside.
4
Paying attention to guidelines of spelling can help you avoid spelling errors.
5
20 Most Commonly Misspelled Words
A study revealed the following twenty words as being the most common misspelled words. Compare them to words you have trouble spelling correctly.
1. their/there/they’re 2. too/to 3. a lot 4. noticeable 5. receive/d/s 6. lose 7. you’re/your 8. an/and 9. develop/s 10. definitely11. than/then 12. believe/d/s13. occurred 14. affect/s15. cannot 16. separate17. success 18. through19. until 20. where
6
Recognizing HomonymsDefinition: Words that sound alike but have
different spelling and meaning.
their (possessive form of they) there (in that place) they’re ( contraction of they are)
to (in the direction of) too (in addition; excessive) two (number between one and three)
7
Homonyns (continued)your (possessive form of you)you’re (contraction of you are)
affect (to have an influence)effect (noun: result, verb: to cause to happen)
accept (to take or receive)except (to leave out)
who’s (contraction of who is or who has)whose (possessive form of who)
its (possessive form of it)it’s (contraction of it is or it has)
8
Spelling Rulesi before e except after c or when pronounced « ay » as in neighbor or weighor in weird exceptions like either
i BEFORE e
achieve experience piecebelieve friend relievebrief field thiefchief
EXCEPT AFTER c
ceiling deceive perceiveconceive receive
9
OR WHEN PRONOUNCED « AY »
neighbor weigh eighthfreight reign sleigh
OR IN WEIRD EXCEPTIONS
weird leisure heighteither seize caffeineneither foreign protein
10
Adding Prefixes
Prefixes-letters placed at the beginning of words to add to or qualify their meaning. The prefix re-, for example, adds repetition to the meaning of a word: reappear means« appear again. » Prefixes do not change the spelling of the words they are added to, even when the last letter of the prefix and the first letter of the word it is added to are the same. In such cases, keep both letters. Example next page . . .
11
dis + service = disservice over + rate = overrate
*Some prefixes require the use of hyphens. When in doubt, check the dictionary..
12
Adding Suffixes
Suffixes – letters placed at the end of words in
to form related words. For example, we can build on
basic word short to get the following words:
shortage shorten shorter
shortly shortness
13
Dropping the final e
For words ending in an unpronounced e (receive, lose, definite), you must decide whether or not to drop the e when adding a suffix. In general, if the suffix starts with a vowel, drop the e.
explore + -ation=exploration future + -ism futurism
imagine + -able=imaginable exercise + ing= exercising
continue + -ous=continuous productive + ity productivity
14
Exceptions
•To distinguish homonyms or potentially confusing words
dye + -ing = dyeing (not dying)singe + -ing = singeing (not
singing)•To clarify pronunciation
be + -ing = being (not bing)shoe + -ing = shoeing (not shoing)
15
More exceptions . . .To keep the sound of C or G soft
notice + -able = noticeable
marriage + -able = marriageable
salvage + -able = salvagable
courage + -ous = courageous
peace + -able = peaceable
16
Keeping the final e If the suffix starts starts with a consonant, keep
the e. force + -ful = forceful excite + -ment = excitement state + -ly = stately same + - ness = sameness
Exceptions argue + -ment = argument true + -ly = truly whole + -ly – wholly
nine + -th = ninth
17
Exercise
Combine each of the following words and suffixes, dropping the unpronounced e when necessary.
1. future + -ism 2. hope + -ful
3. lone + -ly 4. malice + -ous
5. outrage + -ous 6. exercise + -ing
18
Using –allyUsing –ally
Use –ally if the base word ends in ic. Examples:
drastic + -ally = drastically basic + -ally = basically, characteristic + -ally = characteristically, dramatic + -ally = dramatically
**Exception: public + -ly = publicly
Using –ly
Use –ly if the base word does not end in ic. Examples:
apparent + -ly = apparently certain + -ly = certainly conscious + -ly = consciously quick + -ly = quickly supposed + -ly = supposedly
19
Doubling the final consonant
When a word ends in a consonant, the consonant is sometimes doubled when a suffix is added. If the
word ends in consonant-vowel-consonant, the suffix
beginswith a vowel, and the word contains only one
syllable orends in an accented syllable, double the final
consonant.
stop + -ing = stopping slap + -ed = slappedhot + -est = hottest run + -er = runnerbegin + -ing = beginning refer + -ing =
referringoccur + -ence = occurence
20
EXCEPTION
Double the final l even in words that do not end in an
accented syllable.
counsel + -or = counsellor travel + -ed = travelledlabel + -ing = labelling
21
DO NOT DOUBLE THE CONSONANT
If it is preceded by more than one vowel or by another consonantbait + -ing = baiting sleep + -ing = sleepingfight + -er = fighter start + -ed = started
If the suffix begins with a consonantship + -ment = shipment fit + -ness = fitness
If the word is not accented on the last syllablebenefit + -ing = benefiting fasten + -er = fastener
22
If the accent shifts from the last to the first syllable when the suffix is added.
infer + -ence = inference prefer + -ence = preference
**If the last letter of the word and the first letter
of the suffix are the same, keep both letters:
mortal+ -ly = mortally room + -mate =roommate
rotten + -ness = rottenness usual + -ly = usually