TIMELINE OF MATHEMATICIANS

Jean-Robert Argand publishes proof of the Fundamental theorem of algebra and the Argand diagram,

Jean-Robert Argand

BornJuly 18, 1768

Geneva, Switzerland

DiedAugust 13, 1822

Paris

Nationality France

Fields Mathematics

Known forArgand diagram and Proof of Fundamental

Theorem of Algebra

1815 – Siméon-Denis Poisson carries out integrations along paths in the complex plane,

Siméon Poisson

Siméon Denis Poisson (1781-1840)

Born

21 June 1781

Pithiviers, Orléanais, Kingdom of

France

(present-day Loiret, France)

Died25 April 1840 (aged 58)

Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, Kingdom

of France

Nationality France

Fields Mathematics

Institutions École Polytechnique

Bureau des Longitudes

Faculté des Sciences

École de Saint-Cyr

Alma mater École Polytechnique

Doctoral advisorJoseph Louis Lagrange

Pierre-Simon Laplace

Doctoral studentsMichel Chasles

Lejeune Dirichlet

Joseph Liouville

Other notable students Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot

Known for

Poisson process

Poisson equation

Poisson kernel

Poisson distribution

Poisson bracket

Poisson regression

Poisson summation formula

Poisson's spot

Poisson's ratio

Poisson zeros

Conway–Maxwell–Poisson

distribution

Euler–Poisson–Darboux equation

1825 – André-Marie Ampère discovers Stokes' theorem,

André-Marie Ampère

André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836)

Born20 January 1775

Parish of St. Nizier, Lyon, France

Died10 June 1836 (aged 61)

Marseille, France

Residence France

Nationality French

Fields Physics

InstitutionsBourg-en-Bresse

École Polytechnique

Known for Ampere's Law

Signature

1832 – Évariste Galois presents a general condition for the solvability of algebraic equations, thereby essentially founding group theory and Galois theory,

Évariste Galois

Born25 October 1811

Bourg-la-Reine, French Empire

Died31 May 1832 (aged 20)

Paris, Kingdom of France

Nationality French

Fields Mathematics

Known forWork on the theory of equations and Abelian

integrals

1843 – William Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative,

William Hamilton

William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865)

Born4 August 1805

Dublin

Died2 September 1865 (aged 60)

Dublin

FieldsPhysicist, astronomer, and

mathematician

Institutions Trinity College, Dublin

Alma mater Trinity College, Dublin

Academic advisors John Brinkley

Known for Hamilton's principle

Hamiltonian mechanics

Hamiltonians

Hamilton–Jacobi equation

Quaternions

Biquaternions

Hamiltonian path

Icosian Calculus

Nabla symbol

Versor

Coining the word 'tensor'

Hamiltonian vector field

Icosian game

Universal algebra

Hodograph

Hamiltonian group

Cayley–Hamilton theorem

Influences John T. Graves

InfluencedZerah Colburn

Peter Guthrie Ta

1854 – Arthur Cayley shows that quaternions can be used to represent rotations in four-dimensional space,

Arthur Cayley

Portrait in London by

Barraud & Jerrard

Born16 August 1821

Richmond, Surrey, UK

Died26 January 1895 (aged 73)

Cambridge, England

Residence England

Nationality British

Fields Mathematics

Institutions University of Cambridge

Alma materKing's College School

Trinity College, Cambridge

Academic advisorsGeorge Peacock

William Hopkins

Doctoral studentsH. F. Baker

Andrew Forsyth

Charlotte Scott

Known forProjective geometry

Group theory

Cayley–Hamilton theorem

Notable awards Copley Medal (1882)

1859 – Bernhard Riemann formulates the Riemann hypothesis which has strong implications about the distribution of prime numbers,

Bernhard Riemann

Bernhard Riemann, 1863

BornSeptember 17, 1826

Breselenz, Kingdom of Hanover

(modern-day Germany)

DiedJuly 20, 1866 (aged 39)

Selasca, Kingdom of Italy

Residence Kingdom of Hanover

Nationality German

Fields Mathematics

InstitutionsGeorg-August University of

Göttingen

Alma materGeorg-August University of

Göttingen

Berlin University

Doctoral advisor Carl Friedrich Gauss

Other academic advisors

Gotthold Eisenstein

Moritz Abraham Stern

Notable students Gustav Roch

Known for See list

InfluencesJohann Peter Gustav Lejeune

Dirichlet

1873 – Georg Frobenius presents his method for finding series solutions to linear differential equations with regular singular points,

Ferdinand Georg Frobenius

Ferdinand Georg Frobenius

BornOctober 26, 1849

Charlottenburg

DiedAugust 31, 1917 (aged 67)

Berlin

Nationality German

Fields Mathematics

Institutions University of Berlin

ETH Zurich

Alma materUniversity of Göttingen

University of Berlin

Doctoral advisorKarl Weierstrass

Ernst Kummer

Doctoral students

Richard Fuchs

Edmund Landau

Issai Schur

Konrad Knopp

Walter Schnee

Known for

Differential equations

Group theory

Cayley–Hamilton theorem

Frobenius method

1882 – Ferdinand von Lindemann proves that π is transcendental and that therefore the circle cannot be squared with a compass and straightedge

Ferdinand von Lindemann

Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann

BornApril 12, 1852

Hanover, Germany

DiedMarch 6, 1939 (aged 86)

Munich, Germany

Residence Germany

Nationality German

Fields Mathematician

InstitutionsLudwig-Maximilians-Universität

München

Alma materFriedrich-Alexander-Universität

Erlangen-Nürnberg

Doctoral advisor C. Felix Klein

Doctoral students

Charles Hamilton Ashton

Franz Fuchs

David Hilbert

Martin Kutta

Hermann Minkowski

Oskar Perron

Arnold Sommerfeld

Josef Wagner

Known for Proving π is a transcendental number

1896 – Hermann Minkowski presents Geometry of numbers,

Hermann Minkowski

BornJune 22, 1864

Aleksotas, Kaunas, Russian Empire

DiedJanuary 12, 1909 (aged 44)

Göttingen, German Empire

Nationality German

Fields Mathematician

InstitutionsUniversity of Göttingen and ETH

Zurich

Alma mater Albertina University of Königsberg

Doctoral advisor Ferdinand von Lindemann

Doctoral studentsConstantin Carathéodory

Louis Kollros

Dénes Kőnig

1900 – David Hilbert states his list of 23 problems which show where some further mathematical work is needed.

David Hilbert

David Hilbert (1912)

Born

January 23, 1862

Königsberg or Wehlau, Province of

Prussia (today Znamensk, Kaliningrad

Oblast, Russia)

DiedFebruary 14, 1943 (aged 81)

Göttingen, Germany

Residence Germany

Nationality German

Fields Mathematician and Philosopher

Institutions University of Königsberg

Göttingen University

Alma mater University of Königsberg

Doctoral advisor Ferdinand von Lindemann

Doctoral students

Wilhelm Ackermann

Otto Blumenthal

Werner Boy

Richard Courant

Haskell Curry

Max Dehn

Paul Funk

Erich Hecke

Hellmuth Kneser

Robert König

Emanuel Lasker

Erhard Schmidt

Hugo Steinhaus

Teiji Takagi

Hermann Weyl

Ernst Zermelo

Known for

Hilbert's basis theorem

Hilbert's axioms

Hilbert's problems

Hilbert's program

Einstein–Hilbert action

Hilbert space

Notable awards FRS