Time (in years)

Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology

Practice Final Exam PFNX

Session:

Section:

Class Location:

Days / Time: Instructor:

FALL 2015

54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL

Page 1 of 28 BIO 112 F 2015 54018 PFNX 151201.doc

Student Learning Outcome 1

Apply quantitative models that describe population growth and dynamics.

Population Change

1. Population density: [Mark all that apply]

a) is a global constant.

b) is constant for a given habitat.

c) may vary for a single habitat, but only due to human impact.

d) varies among different environments.

e) is never determined by external factors in the environment.

2. – 4. Population Growth Profiles – Match the Term with the Curves shown below

A. Declining B. Rapid C. Stable

2. 3. 4.

5. The graph below best illustrates

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 10 20 30

Time (in years)

Popu

latio

n Si

ze

a) logistic growth.

b) a population that has reached carrying capacity.

c) exponential growth.

d) linear growth.

e) a population crash.



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FALL 2015

54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


The graph below represents three individual and very different types of species life cycles

Match the description below with the respective Type illustrated on the graph above.

6. Probability of Survival is not dependent on age B

7. Probability of life as a mature adult is low A

8. Probability of living to maturity is high C



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54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


9. At which point on the graph below is the population size increasing most rapidly?

a) Point A

b) Point B

c) Point C

d) Point D

e) Cannot be determined from this graph

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 200 400 600

Time (in years)

Po

pu

lati

on

Siz

e

A B

CD



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FALL 2015

54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


10. In the associated figure, the gull has the highest concentration of DDT because it is:

Data CODE Relationship

A

B

C

D

E

AB

a more complex organism.

an older organism.

at the bottom of the food chain.

at the top of the food chain.

homoeothermic (warm-blooded).



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FALL 2015

54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


Student Learning Outcome 2

Describe and compare competitive interactions between two species.

Species Interaction and Interdependence

CODE TERM / Relationship

A

B

C

D

E

AB

Commensalism

Competitive Exclusion

Competitive limited resources

Mutualism

Predation

Resource partitioning

Species A

Species B Positive for A Neutral for A Negative for A

And Positive for B 11. Mutualism 12. Commensalsim 13. Competitive exclusion of Species

And Neutral for B 14. Resource partitioning

And Negative for B 15. Predation 16. Competition of

Limited resources



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M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


17. Which statement best portrays the deer? Refer to the food web BELOW

a) consumers that eat producers are primary consumers or herbivores

b) secondary consumers eat primary consumers

c) both secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores

d) tertiary consumers are also called heterotrophs

e) primary consumers are detritus feeders



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4. Ecosystems and Living Organisms

18. The common way that a species is defined is that a members of a species includes all organisms that are similar enough to

a) fill the same niche

b) occupy the same community

c) live together

d) freely interbreed in the wild

e) be classified in the same kingdom

19. The associated figure provides support for which of the following processes?

Data Relationship / Dynamic

a) secondary succession

b) competitive exclusion

c) coevolution

d) mutualism

e) resource partitioning



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54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


20. Based on the figure below, as the structural complexity of the vegetation decreases, species richness:

Data Relationship / Dynamic

Structural complexity of vegetation

Nu

mb

er

of

bir

d s

pe

cie

s

a) increases.

b) decreases.

c) remains relatively stable.

d) exponentially oscillates.

e) displays geometric growth.



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FALL 2015

54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


Chapter 1: Environmental Science and Sustainability

21. The ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is termed:

a) ecology.

b) environmental sustainability.

c) natural balance.

d) synergism.

e) environmental science

22. Non-renewable resource IS TO renewable resource AS;

a) living is to non-living

b) limited supply is to sustainable supply

c) tree is to coal

d) wind energy is to fossil fuel energy

e) conservation is to overexploitation

23. Which of the following represents an idea associated with environmental sustainability?

a) The capacity of the environment to absorb toxins is unlimited.

b) The human population continues to grow.

c) We are using fossil fuels as if they were present in unlimited supply.

d) The Earth's resources are not present in infinite supply

e) None of the above

Chapter 2: Environmental Laws, Economics, and Ethics

24. One approach to pollution control is incentive-based regulation. In this tactic

a) industries adopting specific pollution control methods recommended by the government are rewarded

b) industries are encouraged to emit an amount of pollution that is economically most desirable for that company

c) green taxes are levied on industries that represent an emission charge on polluters

d) pollution control laws establish emission targets and industries are provided enticements to reduce emissions

e) both c and d

25. Pollution is considered an external cost because:

a) it has a harmful effect borne only by people who purchased the product that caused it.

b) its cost to the environment is not reflected in the price of the product that produces it.

c) it has a significant impact on the consumer's decision to buy the product that causes it.

d) it is a hidden cost that would produce increased demand if the consumer were aware of it.

e) it is an advertised cost that may affect consumer demand for a given product.



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FALL 2015

54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


Chapter 3:. Ecosystems and Energy

26. Which of the following is an abiotic factor of the environment?

a) living spaces

b) disease organisms

c) photosynthesis

d) producers

e) detritivores

27. A species is defined as:

a) organisms that live together.

b) organisms that live in the same area at the same time.

c) a group of similar organisms whose members freely interbreed with one another.

d) all of the organisms that live together in an area, plus the physical environment that they live in.

e) all organisms at a given trophic level within a particular community.

28. The crust of our planet that is made of rock and soil is what layer?

a) hydrosphere.

b) ecosphere.

c) biosphere.

d) lithosphere.

e) atmosphere.

29. Which term encompasses the other four?

a) community

b) population

c) species

d) biosphere

e) ecosystem



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54018 3 Units

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M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Living Organisms

30. The common way that a species is defined is that a members of a species includes all organisms that are similar enough to

a) fill the same niche

b) occupy the same community

c) live together

d) freely interbreed in the wild

e) be classified in the same kingdom

31. The reason(s) that tropical regions of the world have such high biodiversity is:

a) because they are geologically stable.

b) because they have a high productivity.

c) because there are many ecological niches.

d) All of the above

e) None of the above

Chapter 5: Ecosystems and the Physical Environment

32. Approximately what percentage of the atmosphere is N2?

a) 0.001%

b) 0.037%

c) 10%

d) 20%

e) 37.5%

ab) 50 %

ac) 79.8%

ad) 98%

33. The phenomenon in which high levels of carbon dioxide cause global warming is known as:

a) the Gaia theory.

b) acid deposition.

c) the greenhouse effect.

d) global distillation.

e) the El Niño—Southern Oscillation.



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54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

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Chapter 6: Major Ecosystems of the World

34. The biome most suitable for the development of farmland is:

a) taiga.

b) tropical rain forest

c) temperate grassland.

d) chaparral.

e) tundra.

35. According to the diagram below, chaparral biomes would fall into the area marked by the letter:

a) a

b) b

c) c

d) d

e) e

WET Decreasing Precipitation DRY

Cold

Decreasing

Temperature

Hot

Artic

Increasing Latitude

Tropics

A

B

C

D E



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FALL 2015

54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


Chapter 7: Human Health and Environmental Toxicology

36. Acute toxicity:

a) is only caused by synthetic chemicals.

b) is poorly understood by toxicologists.

c) may mimic symptoms of chronic diseases.

d) produces an effect within a short period of a single exposure.

e) always results in death.

37. A dose that is represented as ED50 is a dose that

a) is administered to 50% of the population.

b) causes 50% of a population to exhibit whatever response is under study.

c) has a threshold response of 50%.

d) kills half of the population of test animals.

e) has an acceptable risk level of 50%.

Chapter 9: The Problems of Overpopulation

38. Which of the following approximates US population as a % of WW population?

a) 45%

b) total number of people

c) 4.5%

d) .45%

e) 44.5%

39. In which of the following countries has the highest average of children born to each woman of reproductive age?

a) Germany (TFR = 1.3)

b) Latin American nations (average TFR = 2.6)

c) Bangladesh (TFR = 3.3)

d) China (TFR = 1.7)

e) Saudi Arabia (TFR = 4.8)

Chapter 10: The Urban World

40. What percentage of the U.S. population lives in regions outside of cities?

a) 25%

b) 50%

c) 75%

d) 85%

e) 100%



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54018 3 Units

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RIDDELL




Session:

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Class Location:


FALL 2015

54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


41. Urbanization:

a) is growing more quickly in developing countries than in developed countries.

b) currently accounts for housing about 75% of the global population.

c) results in fewer employment opportunities in developed countries as compared to rural areas.

d) refers to the migration of city people to the country to enjoy country living.

e) describes a grouping of 10,000 or more individuals.

Chapter 11: Fossil Fuels

42. The energy consumption of each person in highly developed countries

a) is about the same as each person in developing countries

b) is twice as much as each person in developing countries

c) is four times as much as each person in developing countries

d) is eight times as much as each person in developing countries

e) cannot be compared because people in developing countries don’t use energy

43. Most energy in the United States is used for

a) motor vehicles

b) industries

c) buildings

d) agriculture

e) trains

44. The US coal reserves could last for possibly another:

a) 20 years

b) 50 years

c) 100 years

d) 200 years

e) 500 years



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FALL 2015

54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


45. Based on the figure below, which region of the world has the fifth largest oil deposits?

Percent of Worldwide Oil Reserves (2001)

65.2%

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

Persian Gulf

Countries

Africa South and

Central

America

East Europe

and former

U.S.S.R.

North America Western

Europe

a) North America

b) Africa

c) Asia and Oceania

d) East Europe and former U.S.S.R.

e) South and Central America

Chapter 12: Nuclear Energy

46. Nuclear energy:

a) is released when the chemical bonds that hold atoms together are changed.

b) involves changes within the nuclei of atoms.

c) involves converting a large amount of matter from the nucleus into a small amount of energy.

d) results in the production of greater mass at the end of the energy process.

e) All of the above.



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47. Nuclear fission:

a) is a form of combustion.

b) is the blending or "melting together" of two small atoms to form a large atom.

c) is the splitting of a large atom into two smaller atoms of different elements.

d) is the rearrangement of electrons that occurs during a chemical reaction.

e) is the process that powers the sun and other stars.

Chapter 13 : Renewable Energy

48. Clusters of non-polluting wind turbines are called:

a) photovoltaic centers.

b) solar wind farms.

c) wind farms.

d) air generating systems.

e) wind electric centers.

49. Which of the following is an emerging alternative, renewable resource energy technology? Mark all that apply.

a) nuclear energy

b) wind farms

c) alcohol fuels

d) photovoltaic solar cells

e) geothermal energy

50. Which of the following renewable energy sources can be used to produce electricity? Mark all that apply

a) solar heating

b) geothermal

c) biomass conversion

d) photovoltaics

e) wind

Refer to Energy Sources, Uses and Waste

51. The majority of the carbon source fuel for generating electricity comes from

a) nuclear energy

b) coal

c) petroleum

d) natural gas

e) geothermal energy



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54018 3 Units

NVC 2240

M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

RIDDELL


52. The majority of the renewable sources for generating electricity comes from

a) nuclear energy

b) hydrothermal

c) hydroelectric

d) wind

e) biomass

53. The majority of the fossil fuel sources for generating energy comes from

a) nuclear energy

b) coal

c) hydroelectric

d) petroleum

e) natural gas

Chapter 14: Water: A Limited Resource

54. Most fresh water is present in the form of:

a) water in lakes.

b) ice caps and glaciers.

c) water in rivers.

d) groundwater.

e) atmospheric water vapor.

55. The fraction of WW fresh water available for human life is approximately :

a) 5%

b) 3%

c) 1%

d) .3%

e) .03%.

56. The region with highest demand for additional water to support human activities and habitation is/are:

a) arid and semiarid areas.

b) flood plains.

c) wetlands.

d) coastal areas.

e) the upper colorado watershed.



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M 6:00 PM – 8:50 PM

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Chapter 15: Soil

57. Soil is formed from parent material by biological, chemical, and physical:

a) digestion processes.

b) weathering processes.

c) composting.

d) terracing.

e) leaching.

58. In soil formation, the parent material provides:

a) humus.

b) minerals.

c) water-holding capacity.

d) mycorrhizae.

e) detritus.

Chapter 16: Minerals

59. Which of the following are important minerals? Answer all that apply

a) sulfur

b) nitrogen

c) iron

d) sodium

e) copper

60. Which of the following is not a characteristic of metals?

a) all are relatively abundant in the Earth's crust

b) lustrous

c) good conductor of electricity

d) good conductor of heat

e) malleable

Chapter 17: Biodiversity

61. Ecosystem diversity is:

a) variety of interactions among organisms in natural communities.

b) the number of different species in a given area.

c) the variety of abiotic characteristics within a given area.

d) the genetic variety within all populations of a given species.

e) synonymous with ecosystem services.



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62. Of those listed below, the richest biome regarding diversity is

a) tundra / arctic

b) taiga forests

c) savannah / desert

d) ocean / marine

e) blackwater swamp / wetlands

63. Organisms that provide an early warning of environmental damage are:

a) endemic species.

b) endangered species.

c) threatened species.

d) bellwether species.

e) commercial species.

Chapter 18: Land

64. Approximately 55 percent of the land in the United States is owned by:

a) the federal government, as national parks.

b) Native Americans.

c) citizens, corporations, and non-profit organizations.

d) state and local governments.

e) the federal government, as national forests and rangelands.

65.

66. Forests:

a) fix large amounts of oxygen, removing it from the atmosphere.

b) promote soil erosion.

c) maintain watersheds.

d) provide habitat for few animal species.

e) release large amounts of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere.

67. Timber companies prefer to harvest trees by:

a) clear cutting.

b) seed tree cutting.

c) selective cutting.

e) shelterwood cutting.

e) even-age harvesting.

68. Why are tropical rain forests considered so important to global ecology? Mark all that apply

a) they contribute greatly to the world's carbon and oxygen cycles

b) they retard soil erosion

c) they contain much of the world's biodiversity



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d) they mitigate floods and droughts

e) they are ancient and self generating

Chapter 19: Food

69. The two areas of the world with the greatest food insecurity are:

a) South America and South Asia.

b) South America and sub-Saharan Africa.

c) China and sub-Saharan Africa.

d) South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

e) the Middle East and South Asia.

70. The average WW adult human consumes the less than recommended calories per day? An estimate is

a) 2000 kilocalories

b) 3000 kilocalories for males, 2200 kilocalories for females

c) 1500 kilocalories

d) 2500 kilocalories for males, 2000 kilocalories for females

e) 2300 kilocalories for males, 1800 kilocalories for females

71. Which of the following is a sustainable long-term solution to world food problems? Answer all that apply.

a) overcome cultural barriers to the acceptance of different types of food

b) increase the sustainable production of food

c) assist overall economic development

d) stabilize populations at sustainable levels

e) increase dependence on energy-intensive, high-yield agricultural methods

Chapter 20: Air Pollution

72. The two atmospheric gases most abundant in our atmosphere are :

a) carbon dioxide and oxygen.

b) hydrogen and oxygen.

c) oxygen and argon.

d) oxygen and nitrogen.

e) carbon monoxide and oxygen.

73. The stratospheric chemical that prevents much of the solar ultraviolet radiation from penetrating to Earth's surface is:



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a) carbon dioxide.

b) water vapor.

c) ozone.

d) particulate matter.

e) nitrogen oxides.

74. Which of the following air pollutants is correctly paired with one of its major effects?

a) sulfur oxides — acid precipitation

b) carbon oxides — corrosion of metal

c) hydrocarbons — reduced visibility

d) nitrogen oxides — blocks UV radiation

e) particulate matter — production of photochemical smog

Chapter 21: Regional and Global Atmospheric Changes

75. Which of the following are greenhouse gasses? Mark all that apply

a) carbon dioxide

b) methane

c) water vapor

d) chlorofluorocarbons

e) sulfur oxide

76. The greenhouse effect occurs because:

a) greenhouse gases released interact chemically to produce excess heat.

b) there are too many greenhouses scattered across the Earth's surface.

c) carbon dioxide and other trace gases trap infrared radiation in the Earth's atmosphere.

d) sulfur emissions from smokestacks and volcanoes continue to occur.

e) the gases produced by human activities allow significantly more heat to pass out of the Earth's atmosphere.

Chapter 22: Water Pollution

77. One major problem with sewage is that it adds which of the following to water?

a) sodium chloride and dissolved oxygen

b) carbon dioxide and nitrogen

c) nitrogen and phosphorus

d) human wastes and heavy metals

e) soil and microorganisms

78. Escherichia coli:



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a) is a deadly virus found in sewage.

b) is an infectious protozoan.

c) is a good indicator of the amount of sewage in the water.

d) cannot be transmitted through water.

e) was responsible for a large outbreak of diarrhea in Milwaukee in 1993.

Chapter 23: The Pesticide Dilemma

79. One benefit of using a machine like the "bug vac" to remove pests from crop plants is:

a) it targets specific pest species.

b) one treatment per season is sufficient for pest control.

c) it is safer for farm workers than pesticides.

d) it is much cheaper to use than pesticides.

e) All of the above.

Matching Match the numbered Functions with their respective term

TERM Function

a) fungicide.

b) herbicide.

c) insecticide.

d) botanical.

e) rodenticide.

80. Kills / inhibits growth of weeds and plants

Kills / inhibits growth of mice, rats, gophers

Kills / inhibits growth of bugs

Kills / inhibits growth of yeasts and smut

81. Pesticides are effective: Mark all that apply (3)

a) at reducing crop productivity due to competition with weeds.

b) for controlling some organisms that cause diseases in humans.

c) at decreasing the amount of crop damage due to insects.

d) at controlling insects and weeds, but ineffective against plant pathogens.

e) at increasing the farmer's cost for a particular crop.

82. The techniques of using naturally occurring disease organisms, parasites, or predators to control pests is called:



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a) biological control.

b) biological magnification.

c) biological amplification.

d) bioaccumulation.

e) genetic control.

83. Genetically modified, pest-resistant crops:

a) may contain new and different gens outside of the normal genome for that species.

b) have been shown to be completely safe for non-pest insect species, such as the monarch butterfly.

c) have not yet been developed.

d) may become invasive pests or persist in the environment longer than unmodified crops.

e) require more frequent applications of pesticide, although in lower doses, than unmodified crops.

84. DDT is still in use in countries such as China, India, Kenya, and Brazil because:

a) they do not have access to alternative pesticides.

b) they are unaware of the serious consequences to human health associated with DDT.

c) they are unaware of the serious consequences to the environment.

d) it has been shown to be safe to use under certain conditions and in certain environments.

e) it is particularly effective against mosquitoes, which carry malaria.

Chapter 24: Solid and Hazardous Wastes

85. The country with the highest solid waste production per capita is:

a) China.

b) Canada.

c) Japan.

d) Sweden.

e) United States.

86. Plastics are the fastest growing component of solid waste, largely due to the contribution of:



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a) obsolete computers.

b) disposable diapers.

c) packaging.

d) discarded automobiles.

e) clothing.

87. The average American family of four produces approximately ______pounds of material each day per person?

a) 1 lbs

b) 2 lbs

c) 4 lbs

d) 8 lbs

e) 12 lbs

88. Bioremediation:

a) is faster than conventional hazardous waste disposal methods.

b) is much less expensive than traditional hazardous waste disposal methods.

c) for toxic wastes has only been demonstrated in the laboratory.

d) involves the use of either microorganisms or plants to clean up a contaminated site.

e) is particularly effective in deep soil and groundwater applications.

89. Which of the following correctly identifies the challenges of US / Western lifestyle and economy: Answer all that apply

a) increased use of disposable items

b) increased materialization

c) increased consumption

d) increase reuse of products

e) decreased need for recycling of packaging materials

Chapter 25: Tomorrows World Sustainability

90. We often speak of throwing garbage away. Where is “away?”

a) a local somewhere in the community

b) someone else’s property

c) a regulated storage site for waste

d) our backyard

e) the planet’s back yard

ac) local communities do not care about other communities



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91. What is biological diversity on a global scale?

a) Building a sustainable society

b) Number of and respective / relative ratios of organisms in a balanced ecosystem

c) number of earths organisms

d) number and variety of earth’s organisms

.

92. Define sustainability: Mark all that apply (3)

a) use < carrying capacity

b) use levels = synthesis / regeneration levels

c) development = net loss of material

d) production = consumption

e) unrestricted limits



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93. The loss of Tropical rain forests is due to which of the following Mark all that apply

a) Subsistebce agriculture

b) Commercial logging

c) Cattle ranching

d) Mining

e) Human settlement / development

94. In what way would improving the status of women in developing countries have a positive impact on achieving sustainable development?

a) Women are disproportionately disadvantaged

b) Women are charged with child care

c) Women are the only ones that think or work

d) Improvement in women’s status contributes to the stability and prosperity of the community

e) nothing

95. Mark the one answer that is the best choice for all 3 questions.

What should you do to improve the global environment?

What can you do to improve the global environment?

What will you do to improve the global environment?

a) Take responsibility for others actions

b) Take responsibility for my actions

c) Practice consumption

d) Practice scarcity

e) Practice conservation, recycling and reuse

ab) Base all my decisions on long term consequences to the environment

ac) influence my nearest social communities to practice what I do

ad) some blend of the above

ae) not change anything I do



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Refer to the Table of Population Statistics on the following page. Choose the value closest to your calculation for the following indicated populations.

96. The population of Africa is about ____ times the population of the Americas A

97. The population of the USA is about _____ the population of China AD

98. The population of India is about _____ the population of Africa A

99. The percent of the population under 15 years of age in the developed countries is about _____ the population under 15 years of age in the lesser developed countries as a group. C

RATIO times

As BIG As

CODE RATIO times

Smaller than

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

7

8

9

10

15

20

25

30

A

B

C

D

E

AB

AC

AD

AE

BC

BD

BE

CD

CE

DE

ABC

ABD

ABE

BCD

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

10

20

25

40

50

100

200

300

400

500

Documents

Time (in years)