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Time and Money: Using Federal Data to Measure the Value of Performing Arts Activities

May 2011

Office of Research & AnalysisNational Endowment for the Arts

arts.gov/research

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• Size of Industry, Workforce, Revenue

-United States Census Bureau

•Consumer Spending-Bureau of Economic Analysis

•Consumer Spending-Bureau of Labor Statistics

Value as Expressed by

U.S. Performing Arts Industry(Number of Establishments)

Source: U.S. Economic Census, 2007= for-profit

5,000

10,000

4,899

2,500

7,500

Furniture repair shops

Movie theaters

General medical and surgical hospitals

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U.S. Performing Arts Industry(Number of Establishments)

Source: U.S. Economic Census, 2007

5,000

8,840

10,000Life insurance

firms

Business, management, and computer training

schools

Men’s clothing stores

2,500

7,500

4,899

= not-for-profit

= for-profit 4

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

54,000 Cable companies

Public relations agencies

Computer and office machine repair

U.S. Performing Arts Industry(Number of Paid Workers)

Source: U.S. Economic Census, 2007= for-profit

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U.S. Performing Arts Industry(Number of Paid Workers)

Source: U.S. Economic Census, 2007

127,648

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

Catering

Marketing consultancies

Ambulance services

54,000

= not-for-profit

= for-profit 6

U.S. Performing Arts Industry(Number of Paid Workers)

Source: U.S. Economic Census, 2007

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000 Oil and gas pipeline construction Advertising agencies

Coffee shops

183,648

127,648

54,000

= not-for-profit = for-profit = self-employed

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U.S. Performing Arts Industry(Total Revenue of Organizations)

Source: U.S. Economic Census, 2007

$5 bil.

$8 bil.

$10 bil.

$15 bil.

$20 bil.

Cafeterias and buffets

Drycleaning and laundry services

Parking lots and garages

= for-profit

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U.S. Performing Arts Industry(Total Revenue of Organizations)

Source: U.S. Economic Census, 2007

$13.6 bil.

$5 bil.

$10 bil.

$15 bil.

$20 bil.

HR consulting services

Ambulatory surgical and emergency

centers

Direct mail advertising

$8 bil.

= for-profit

= not-for-profit

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Not-for-Profit Performing Arts IndustryRevenue by Source

Source: 2007 Economic Census, U.S. Census Bureau

46%

41%

13%

Earned Income

Contributed Income

Individuals 21%

Foundations 8%

Business 6%

Government 4%

Other 2%

Other Income

Total:$5.6 bil.

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$14.5 bil.

U.S. Consumer Spending on Admissions

$5 bil. $9 bil. $13 bil. $17 bil. $21 bil.

Sporting events

Performing arts

Movie theaters

Museums and libraries

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2009

Car, van, and truck rentals ($11.4 bil.)

Moving, storage, and freight delivery ($15.5 bil.)

Parking fees and tolls ($15.6 bil.)

$6 bil.

$10.5 bil.

$20.5 bil.

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• Size of Industry, Workforce, Revenue

-United States Census Bureau

•Consumer Spending-Bureau of Economic Analysis

•Consumer Spending-Bureau of Labor Statistics

Value as Expressed by

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Movie attendance

1 mil. 2 mil. 3 mil. 4 mil.

Number of Americans Doing Selected Cultural Activities on an Average Day

Sports attendance

Museum visits

Performing arts attendance

Other arts and entertainment

Arts/crafts activities

Source: American Time Use Survey, 2003-2009

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Movie attendance

1 mil. 2 mil. 3 mil. 4 mil.

Number of Americans Doing Selected Cultural Activities on an Average Day

Sports attendance

Museum visits

Performing arts attendance

Other arts and entertainment

Arts/crafts activities

6.5 mil.did at least one activity

Source: American Time Use Survey, 2003-2009

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Percent of those who attend, by time of dayWHEN DO THEY ATTEND?

10 AM 11 AM 12 PM 1 PM 2 PM 3 PM 4 PM 5 PM 6 PM 7 PM 8 PM 9 PM 10 PM 11 PM0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Performing Arts Museums Sports

Source: American Time Use Survey, 2003-2009

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WHERE DO THEY ATTEND?

65%

10%

9%

8%

8%4%

36%64%

Places of Worship

Schools

Outdoors, away from home

Bars and restaurants

Other

Performing Arts Attendees “Other” Arts and Entertainment Attendees

Source: American Time Use Survey, 2003-2009

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Time spent on an average day

Watching TV and movies 3:18Sports-going 2:48“Other” arts and entertainment 2:42Performing arts attendance 2:36Arts/crafts 2:30Museum-going 2:24Write for personal interest 1:36Use computer for leisure 1:30Read for personal interest 1:24

TIME SPENT ON SELECTED CULTURAL ACTIVITIES How long?

Source: American Time Use Survey, 2003-2009

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Percent of Americans doing the activity with

friendsPerforming arts attendance 41%Sports-going 33%Movie-going 31%Other arts and entertainment 23%Museum-going 19%Arts/crafts 5%Watch TV and movies 5%Use computer for leisure 2%Write for personal interest 1%Read for personal interest <1%

TIME SPENT ON SELECTED CULTURAL ACTIVITIES With whom?

Source: American Time Use Survey, 2003-2009

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•Social Capital

-Performing arts attendees are 3.5 times more likely than non-attendees to volunteer in their communities

-Regardless of education, gender, or age, performing arts attendance boosts the likelihood of volunteering by 25 percentage points

-1.6 million Americans volunteer primarily or secondarily with arts organizations, and 7.1 million provide “free artistic services” to non-arts groups

(Source: Nichols et al., NEA Research Notes #94 and #95, 2007)

Value as Expressed by

Measures of Subjective Well-Being

Happiness Surveys

• Measures of subjective well-being have recently gained credence

(Stiglitz and Sen)

•Alan Krueger and the National Institute on Aging

(Scale of 0-6)4.3 happiness score for listening to music2.7 happiness score for doing homework

•Special considerations for arts participation

Happiness Surveys

Other Models, Other Measures

•Economic Impact Studies(New spending, indirect spending/multipliers)

•Contingent Valuation Studies(Willingness to pay)

•Hedonic Housing Price Models(Proximity to arts and culture)

•Cultural Asset Clusters(Social and economic development)

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