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Timber and timber products
Introduction Timber material properties and characteristics
Table: Common softwoods and hardwoods used in Australia
Softwoods Oregon Radiata pine
Canada pine Redwood
Western red cedar Cypress pine
Queensland pine Hoop pine
Baltic pine
Note: All pines and firs are softwoods
Hardwoods Tallow wood Brush box
Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 1 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI)
Blackbutt Red gum
Spotted gum Blue gum
Mountain ash Stringybark
Ironbark Mixed hardwoods
Silky oak Silver ash
Queensland maple Red cedar
Pacific maple (Meranti)
Black bean
Blackwood Rami
Note: All eucalypts are hardwoods
Stress Grading Timber is stress graded to determine the amount of bending stress or loading it can safely
withstand. This allows timber to be used safely and efficiently.
There are two methods for stress grading timber:
• Visual Grading—the traditional method of determining a stress grade, occurs when experienced graders inspect timber and grade it by eye.
• Machine Grading—a machine applies continuous stress along the length of the timber and then marks it with dye (the colour of the dye indicating the stress grade). The most common stress grades and their colours are shown below (the higher the number, the greater the stress it can withstand). Most pine sold in Australia for structural use is now machine stress graded.
(from AEShareNet Timber Plus Toolbox)
2 Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI
Timber Sizes Timber is sold as either:
• sawn timber (i.e. as it comes, straight from the saw)
• dressed timber – sawn timber that has been machine-dressed straight all round (with rough surface smoothed away).
Timber sizes are given in the following order and units of measurement:
• length in metres or millimetres
• width in millimetres
• thickness in millimetres
For example: A piece of timber 2100 x 50 x 50, is 2.1m long, 50 mm wide and 50 mm thick.
Standard lengths generally start at 1800 mm (or 1.8 m) and increase in units of 300 mm up
to 6300mm. Large quantities of timber can, however, be produced to special lengths to
order.
Dressed timber can be specified as the finished size, or more commonly as the original sawn
size from which it is dressed. A piece of 100 x 75 timber for example, will measure several
millimetres less on each face when dressed, due to planing and sanding. The prefix ‘ex’
means ‘out of’; thus ex 100 x 75 means that the piece is dressed from a sawn section of 100
x 75, and may actually measure 95 x 70 mm.
Milled (or Dressed) Timber Timber that has been machine-finished to a particular width and thickness or has been
machined to a specific shape is called milled or dressed timber.
Milled timbers include the following:
• Square and rectangular sections—seasoned timbers are machined to suit a wide range of stock sizes of width and thickness. The timber is usually dressed on all four sides, but may be dressed on particular surfaces as required. If the members are dressed on all four sides, it is said to be ‘dressed all round’ or DAR.
• Tongue and groove floorboards—(T&G) floorboards and wall paneling are machine dressed from seasoned timber to a range of stock widths and thicknesses. A tongue is formed along one edge and a groove along the opposite edge (see figure below). When fitted together, the tongue and groove give great strength to a board (as the joined boards spread the load over a much wider area), and also will exclude draughts, dust and vermin.
Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 3 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI)
Tongue and groove flooring
• Wall cladding and lining—Weatherboards and other timber profiles used for external wall cladding are fixed horizontally to the studs so that they overlap for weatherproofing. Other profiles may be fixed horizontally, vertically or diagonally to studs or noggings. Slimmer profiles are used for internal wall lining and also may be fixed in various directions. Some profiles are illustrated in the figure below.
Examples of timber profiles for wall cladding or lining
• Mouldings—machined to a wide range of stock sizes and shapes and used as finishing pieces in a variety of situations.
4 Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI
Mouldings
Timber Preservation Some timbers are naturally durable. Durability can be affected by the chemical make-up of
the timber itself, its hardness and the amount of sapwood present in the sample.
Some timbers are vulnerable to termite attack. Termite destruction can be minimised by
isolating timber from the ground, using physical barriers and chemical treatment of timber
and soil.
Timbers can be placed into one of four classes for durability; class 1 being the most durable
when in contact with the ground. Examples of common timbers in each of the four classes
are shown in the table below.
Timber durability classes:
Class 1 - most durable
ironbarks
grey box
tallow wood
turpentine
cedar
grey gum
junipers
redwood
Class 2 blackbutt
forest red gum
spotted gum
white stringybark
Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 5 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI)
Class 3 brushbox (class 1 or 2 for
termites)
brown stringybark
silvertop ash
Class 4 - Least durable
radiata pine
white birch
sassafrass
tulip oak
birches
douglass fir
spruces
beeches
yellow carabeen
slash pine
Timber which is not naturally durable may be impregnated with preservatives to improve its
durability. Preservative treatment of timber before sale and use is most effective.
Commercial or large-scale treatments available in Australia fall into one of five main
categories:
a) oil-based preservative
b) waterborne preservatives—unfixed salts
c) waterborne preservatives—fixed salts
d) organic solvents or light oil solvent preservatives (LOSPs)
e) synthetic pyrethroids
Manufactured Boards A number of different types of manufactured boards are produced for a variety of uses with
some advantages over regular timber, and include plywood, particleboard, hardboard, solid
core board, composite sheet, laminated sections and medium density fibreboard (MDF).
Advantages of manufactured boards • Strength is greatly increased and is more uniform. Solid wood is, on average, 20
times stronger along the grain than across. Thick plywood (over 10mm thick) on the other hand, is almost equally strong in both directions.
• Shrinkage is practically eliminated
• Boards are available in much larger sizes than can be obtained from a tree trunk
• More economical use can be made of expensive timbers for finishes, while cheaper timbers can be used for the cores
• Matching uniform panels can be obtained
• Plywood can be formed or bent to make curved surfaces
• Fewer splitting problems can occur when nailing or screwing
6 Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI
• In the case of composite boards, much greater strength-to-weight ratios are
obtained and they also have improved insulating qualities
• Boards are made to very accurate measurements
Plywood Thick continuous sheets are peeled off rotating logs of wood and then glued together in
layers, under pressure. Each layer is laid at right angles to the grain direction of the previous
layer (see Figure 10 below), and there is always an odd number of layers. Plywoods are
often named according to the numbers of layers (eg three-ply, five-ply etc).
Grain directions in a sheet of three-ply
Decorative timber surfaces on sheets of plywood provide attractive finishes for cabinet
making, wall panels or whenever an attractive timber finish is required.
Plywood has very good strength for its weight, and is very resistant to shear stress. Thin
sheets can be readily bent to required curved shapes. Glues and coatings can, when
needed, make plywood moisture resistant so that it can survive weather, wet concrete and
marine conditions (e.g. marine ply).
Plywood has a wide range of uses including sheet flooring, external and internal wall
cladding, sheet roofing underneath other roofing materials, components for structural
members, formwork for concrete, decorative panelling, furniture and wall bracing.
Standard sheet sizes (for residential construction) are:
• Standard length: 2400, 2100, 1800mm
• Standard width: 1200, 900mm
Other sizes are manufactured for special uses.
Particleboard Also called chipboard, this board is made from wood chips glued together under pressure to
form solid sheets.
Particleboard has good dimensional stability, and is easy to work with normal carpentry
tools, making it ideal for cabinet work. It does not have the same bending and shear
strengths as most other timbers and prolonged exposure to moisture will make it swell,
causing a reduction in strength and hardness.
Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 7 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI)
Particleboard is used for tongue and grooved sheets for flooring (both sheets are grooved
and a plastic tongue fits into each groove); plain sheets for internal fittings and cabinet
making; plain sheets surfaced with plastic laminate (such as Formica) for tables, benchtops,
cupboard sides and doors. Sheets are also made in widths suitable for shelving and edge-
stripped with timber along one edge to enhance their appearance.
Standard sizes are:
• Thickness: ranges from 10-43mm
• Width 600-1800mm
• Length 1800-4800mm
Note: Standard sizes for particleboard flooring are:
• Thickness: 19mm
• Width 600 and 900mm
Particleboard
Hardboard (Masonite) Wood is pulped and a felt of wood fibres, impregnated with glues, is compressed and cut
into sheets of hardboard, also commonly called masonite. The sheets are rough on one side
and hard and smooth on the other (unless a decorative texture is pressed into them during
manufacturing).
Hardboards fall into several groups:
• Natural-colour hardboards
• Prime-coated hardboards (i.e. natural colour hardboards which have been factory primed with pigmented paint sealers)
• Perforated hardboards (with a regular pattern of holes punched in them and used for ‘peg’ boards, notice boards and sound insulation)
• Prefinished hardboards (with a variety of finishes and textures)
Hardboards are extensively used in the building industry. Uses include as a wall and ceiling
lining; as an underlay for cork and vinyl tiles or sheets (to provide an even surface); in
cabinet making as face panels on doors; for decorative feature walls; for partitions and wall
bracing. With the use of appropriate glues hardboard can also be used externally for
weatherboards.
8 Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI
Solid coreboard This is made up of a number of solid strips of timber glued together and sandwiched
between sheets of cross bonding and face veneering (see Figure 12 below)
Coreboard
Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) Medium density fibreboard, MDF is made of timber chips or fibres which are compressed
with glues to form smooth, even-textured boards which are easily worked and stable. They
are ideal for cabinet work and their superior finish has made them a viable alternative to
timber for domestic mouldings.
Manufactured Structural Timber Products
Laminated Sections (e.g. Glulam, LVL) These are structural members (such as beams, planks and boards) of long length and large
cross-section made by gluing together medium lengths of seasoned, small cross-section
timber (glue laminated beams see figure) or layers of timber veneers (Laminated Veneer
Lumber, LVL). In glue laminated beams timbers approximately 25-37 mm thick are usually
selected, dressed smooth and then placed together with adjacent faces glued and pressed.
The use of laminations is necessary due to difficulties in obtaining solid timber in large cross-
section which is structurally sound due to depleting timber resources. There is also a
considerable time delay and energy usage in seasoning large timber sections.
Advantages of glue laminated components: • Strength characteristics can be carefully controlled throughout the length of the
beam and, depending on the types of timber used, glue laminated beams can be obtained in stress grading ranging from F8 to F27
• Large structural members can be made from readily available commercial sizes of seasoned timber
• Laminated beams will be more dimensionally stable and free of surface checks and faults than the necessarily unseasoned single piece of solid timber
• Design and fixing can be based on the properties of seasoned timber
• Material of lower grade can be positioned in the made-up member in locations where it will not affect the overall strength of the member
Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 9 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI)
• Structural members with curved, tapered or cambered shapes can be produced
readily. In this process, the section can be bent to follow desired forms and the resulting shaped components have great stability and structural strength
• They have a good degree of fire resistance because the surface usually chars then resists further burning. They are also useful in corrosive industrial atmospheres
• Depending on the type and class of timber used they can produce an attractive appearance for high-quality work, such as public building interiors
Laminated timber beam
10 Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI
Examples of the use of timber
Timber as a structural material Timber in sustainable building
design
Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 11 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI)
Timber for flooring and furniture Timber windows and stairs
Timber joinery Timber visual qualities
Timber colour, grain and features are important aesthetic qualities for selection of timber
particularly for interior applications.
12 Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI
Additional reading: This topic has been an introduction to timber in residential construction. To gain a more
detailed knowledge of timber and its properties and practical use, you should now read the
Timber in detail reading material provided. If you would like to know more about the
practicalities of the use of timber, go to:
• http://www.timber.net.au/
• http://www.woodsolutions.com.au/
• http://www.tdansw.asn.au/ (Timber Development Association)
Collect interesting pieces of information about the use of timber and add them to your
resource and reference collection.
Topic 2.3 Timber CPCCBS6001 Ed 1 13 © New South Wales Technical and Further Education Commission, 2015 (TAFE NSW – WSI)