Tìm hiểu EIGRP

Bo co thc tp chuyn ngnh ( ( ( Khoa: Cng ngh thng tin

TRNG H CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

-----(((((-----

THC TP CHUYN NGNH

TI TIM HIU VA M PHONG GIAO THC EIGRP TRN PHN MM GNS3

Sinh vin thc hin :Nguyn Khnh TonLp : Mang&TT K9AGio vin hng dn : ThS. Dng Thu MyThi Nguyn, thng 5 nm 2014MC LC4CHNG 1: C S L THUYT

41.1. Tng quan v tai

41.1.1.Ly do chon tai

41.1.2.Muc ich nghin cu cua tai

51.1.3 Y nghia cua tai

51.2 Tng quan v mng my tnh

61.2.1 Phn loi mng my tnh

71.2.2 Cc m hnh qun l mng

71.2.3 Cc m hnh ng dng mng

71.2.3.1 Mng ngang hng (peer to peer).

81.2.3.2 Mng khch ch ( client server)

81.2.3.3 M hnh mng LAN kt ni dy

111.2.3.4 M hnh mng LAN kt ni khng dy (Wireless)

121.3 Cc giao thc mng

121.3.1 B giao thc TCP/IP

131.3.2 B giao thc IPX/SPX

141.3.3 B giao thc Microsoft Network

141.4 Cc chun mng my tnh

151.4.1 M hnh OSI (open system interconnect)

161.4.2 Chun IEEE

171.5 Giao thc inh tuyn

171.5.1 Khi nim v giao thc nh tuyn

181.5.2 Phn loi giao thc nh tuyn

181.5.2.1 nh tuyn tnh

191.5.2.2 nh tuyn ng

261.6 Tng quan v a ch IPv6

261.6.1 Gii thiu v a ch IPv6

281.6.2 Nhng c trng ca IPv6 so vi IPv4

281.6.2.1 Tng kch thc ca a ch

291.6.2.2 S phn cp a ch ton cu

34CHNG 2: GIAO THC INH TUYN EIGRP

342.1 Gii thiu v giao thc EIGRP

342.2 Mt s khi nim v thut ng trong EIGRP

362.3 Nguyn tc nh tuyn ca EIGRP

372.3.1 Cch tnh metric trong EIGRP

382.3.2 Quan h gia cc Router hng xm trong EIGRP

412.3.3 Reliable Transport Protocol

422.3.4 Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)

452.3.5 Protocol Dependent Module

462.3.6 Cu truc cac goi tin trong EIGRP

482.4 Cn bng tai trong EIGRP

492.5 Xc thc MD5 vi EIGRP

502.6 EIGRP cho IPv6

52CHNG 3

52M PHONG GIAO THC EIGRP TRN PHN MM GNS3

523.1 Gii thiu phn mm m phong GNS3

583.2 M phong giao thc EIGRP trn GNS3

593.2.1 Cu hinh inh tuyn cho Router

683.2.2 Kim tra vic cu hinh inh tuyn bng cac lnh show.

733.2.3 Kim tra vic kt ni gia cac router bng lnh ping.

75KT LUN

76TAI LIU THAM KHAO

LI NOI US pht trin ca Internet cng ng ngha vi vic tng trng v quy m v cng ngh nhiu loi mng LAN, WAN V c bit l lu lng thng tin trn mng tng ng k. Chnh iu lm cho vn chia s thng tin trn mng hay l vn nh tuyn tr nn quan trng hn bao gi ht. Trong o vic thit k mng v la chn giao thc nh tuyn sao cho ph hp vi chi ph, ti nguyn ca t chc l c bit quan trng.Trong ni dung cua tai bao cao thc tp nay em xin c gii thiu giao thc nh tuyn hin nay ang c s dng ph bin v co nhiu u im o la giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP vi tn ti M phong giao thc inh tuyn EIGRP trn phn mm GNS 3. Ni dung ca ti c chia lm ba chng:

Chng 1: C s li thuyt

Chng 2: Giao thc EGIRP

Chng 3: M phong giao thc EIGRP trn phn mm GNS3

Do kin thc v nh tuyn qu thc rt rng ln, iu kin thi gian cng nh kin thc c hn, nghin cu ch yu da trn l thuyt nn ti cn s si v cn nhiu thiu st. Em rt mong cc thy c v cc bn gp thm em c th hon thnh tt bao cao ny.

Nhn y, em xin c gi li cm n su sc ti ton th thy c gio trng H Cng Ngh Thng Tin va Truyn Thng Thai Nguyn gip em trong sut qua trinh hoc tp va nghin cu ti trng, cm n cc thy c trong b mn Mang va Truyn thng v c bit l ThS.Dng Thu My trc tip gip , hng dn v ch bo nhit tnh em c th thc hin tt kha lun ny.

Thai Nguyn, ngay 15 thang 5 nm 2014

Sinh Vin

Nguyn Khnh TonCHNG 1: C S L THUYT1.1 Tng quan v tai1.1.1 Ly do chon tai

Internet pht trin cng mnh, lng ngi truy nhp cng tng yu cu nh tuyn cng phi tin cy, tc chuyn mch nhanh v khng gy ra lp trn mng. Hn na khi nhiu t chc tham gia vo mng th nhiu giao thc c a vo s dng dn n s phc tp v nh tuyn cng gia tng, v s lng cc giao thc phc v cho vic nh tuyn cng c rt nhiu. Vic hiu bit v thit k cc mng thng tin c ln c s dng cc thit b nh tuyn ang tr thnh mt nhu cu v cng cp thit trong thc t. N i hi ngi thit k mng phi c s hiu bit su v giao thc s s dng cho vic thit k mng cng nh cc loi giao thc nh tuyn khc.

Hin nay CISCO l mt trong nhng nh cung cp cc thit b mng hng u trn th gii. Vit Nam cc thit b ny ang c s dng ngy cng rng ri trong h thng mng Internet, trong cc m hnh mng ca cc cng ty, t chc, doanh nghip... Giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP c CISCO pht trin c quyn da trn giao thc nh tuyn IGRP nhm nng cao tnh hiu qu cho qu trnh nh tuyn trong cc router ca h. Vi nhiu u im ni tri EIGRP c coi la la chon li tng cho cac m hinh mang ln, a giao thc.

Vic nm ro cu truc hoat ng cua giao thc EIGRP cung trin khai trn cac thit bi Router Cisco se rt co li th, phuc vu cho chuyn nganh hoc cung nh cng vic v sau. Chinh vi vy em a la chon tai tim hiu v giao thc EIGRP va m phong giao thc EIGRP trn phn mm GNS3.

1.1.2 Muc ich nghin cu cua tai

Nm c nhng kin thc c ban, tng quan v mang may tinh. inh nghia giao thc inh tuyn, phn bit cac loai giao thc inh tuyn va u nhc im cua mi loai.

Hiu ro v nguyn tc inh tuyn cua giao thc EIGRP. C ch xy dng bang inh tuyn. Cach thit lp quan h hang xom gia cac Router. Cach tinh toan ng i tt nht trong mang. Cach lu tr cac tuyn ng d phong, nguyn tc la chon ng i d phong khi xay ra s c. Cu truc goi tin cua EIGRP.Thc hin m phong c giao thc trn phn mm m phong GNS3.

1.1.3 Y nghia cua taiGiup cho ngi oc co mt cai nhin tng quan nht v mang may tinh. Bit ro cac loai giao thc inh tuyn cung nh cach phn bit. Bit cach trin khai giao thc EIGRP thc hin cac cu hinh c ban, cung nh x ly khi co s c. Nm vng nguyn tc hoat ng cua giao thc se ti u hoa c qua trinh inh tuyn, nng cao hiu sut cua h thng mang. 1.2 Tng quan v mng my tnhNi mt cch c bn, mng my tnh l hai hay nhiu my tnh c kt ni vi nhau theo mt cch no . Khc vi cc trm truyn hnh gi thng tin i, cc mng my tnh lun hai chiu, sao cho khi my tnh A gi thng tin ti my tnh B th B c th tr li li A.

Ni mt cch khc, mt s my tnh c kt ni vi nhau v c th trao i thng tin cho nhau gi l mng my tnh.

T cc my tnh ring r, c lp vi nhau, nu ta kt ni chng li thnh mng my tnh th chng c thm nhng u im sau:

Nhiu ngi c th dng chung mt phn mm tin ch. Mt nhm ngi cng thc hin mt n nu ni mng h s dng chung d liu ca n, dng chung tp tin chnh (master file ) ca n, h trao i thng tin vi nhau d dng.

D liu c qun l tp trung nn an ton hn , trao i gia nhng ngi s dng thun li hn, nhanh chng hn.

C th dng chung cc thit b ngoi vi (my in, my scan).

Ngi s dng trao i th tn vi nhau d dng (Email ) v c th s dng mng nh l mt cng c ph bin tin tc, thng bo v mt chnh sch mi, v ni dung bui hp, v cc thng tin kinh t khc nh gi c th trng, tin rao vt (mun bn hoc mun mua mt ci g ), hoc sp xp thi kho biu ca mnh chen ln vi thi kho biu ca cc ngi khc

Mng my tnh cho php ngi lp trnh mt trung tm my tnh ny c th s dng cc chng trnh tin ch ca cc trung tm my tnh khc, s lm tng hiu qu kinh t ca h thng.

Rt an ton cho d liu v phn mm v phn mm mng s kho cc tp (files ) khi c nhng ngi khng quyn truy xut cc tp tin v th mc .

1.2.1 Phn loi mng my tnh Da vo phm vi phn b ca mng ta c th phn ra cc loi mng nh sau: Mng cc b LAN ( Local Area Network ): l mng c lp t trong phm vi hp, khong cch gia cc nt mng nh hn 10 Km. LAN thng c s dng trong ni b c quan, x nghip Cc LAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh WAN.

Mng th MAN ( Metropolitan Area Network) : L mng c ci t trong phm vi mt th hoc mt trung tm kinh t - x hi c bn knh khong 100 Km tr li.Cc kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50- 100 Mbit/s).

Mng din rng WAN ( Wide Area Network ) : Phm vi ca mng c th vt qua bin gii quc gia v thm ch c chu lc.Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng. Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN hay t n l GAN.

Mng ton cu GAN (Global Area Network ) : L mng c thit lp trn phm vi tri rng khp cc chu lc trn tri t.Thng thng kt ni thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh.

Trong cc khi nim trn, WAN v LAN l hai khi nim c s dng nhiu nht.1.2.2 Cc m hnh qun l mng1.2.2.1 WorkgroupTrong m hnh mng ny cc my tnh c quyn hn ngang nhau v khng c cc my tnh chuyn dng lm nghip v cung cp dch v hay qun l. Cc my tnh t bo mt v qun l ti nguyn ca ring mnh, ng thi cc my tnh cc b ny cng t chng thc cho ngi dng cc b.1.2.2.2 DomainNgc li vi m hnh Workgroup, trong m hnh Domain, vic qun l v chng thc ngi dng mng tp trung ti my tnh Primary Domain Controller. Cc ti nguyn mng cng c qun l tp trung v cp quyn hn cho tng ngi dng. Lc trong h thng c cc my tnh chuyn dng lm nhim v cung cp cc dch v v qun l cc my trm.

1.2.3 Cc m hnh ng dng mng1.2.3.1 Mng ngang hng (peer to peer).

Hinh 1.2.M hinh mang ngang hang

Mng ngang hng cung cp vic kt ni c bn gia cc my tnh nhng khng c bt k mt my tnh no ng vai tr phc v. Mt my tnh trn mng c th va l Client va l Server. Trong mi trng ny ngi dng trn tng my tnh chu trch nhim iu hnh v chia s ti nguyn ca my tnh mnh. M hnh ny ch ph hp vi cc t chc nh, s ngi gii hn (thng thng t hn 10 ngi) v khng quan tm n vn bo mt.

Mng ngang hng thng dng cc h iu hnh: Win95, Windows for Workgroup, WinNT Workstation, Win00 Professional, OS/2.

u im: Do m hnh mng ngang hng n gin nn d ci t, t chc v qun tr, chi ph thit b cho m hnh ny thp.

Khuyt im: Khng cho php qun l tp trung nn d liu phn tn, kh nng bo mt thp rt d b xm nhp. Cc ti nguyn khng c sp xp nn rt kh nh v v tm kim.

1.2.3.2 Mng khch ch ( client server)

Hinh 1.3. M hinh mang client-server

Trong m hnh mng khch ch c mt h thng my tnh cung cp cc ti nguyn v dch v cho c h thng mng s dng gi l cc my ch server.

Mt h thng my tnh s dng cc ti nguyn v dch v ny c gi l my khch client. Cc server thng c cu hnh mnh (tc x l nhanh,kch thc lu tr ln) hoc l cc my tnh chuyn dng. H iu hnh mng dng trong m hnh client server l WinNT, Novell Netware, Unix, Win2k u im: Do cc d liu c lu tr tp trung nn d bo mt,sao lu v ng b vi nhau. Ti nguyn v dch v c tp trung nn d chia s v qun l, c th phc v cho nhiu ngi dng.

Khuyt im: Cc server chuyn dng rt t tin, phi c nh qun tr cho h thng. 1.2.3.3 M hnh mng LAN kt ni dyi vi m hnh mng Lan ny ta s dng m hnh mng sao tp trung.

u im : Khng ng hay ch tc trn tuyn ng truyn,lp t n gin,d dng cu hnh li.Nu c trc trc trn mt trm th ton mng khng nh hng qua d dng kim sot li v khc phc s c .Khuyt im : di gia hai nt mng di 100m,cn nhiu cable.

Hinh 1.4.M hnh mng LAN c kt ni dy

Mng cc b (LAN) l h truyn thng tc cao c thit k kt ni cc my tnh v cc thit b x l d liu khc cng hot ng vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l nh nh mt tng ca to nh, hoc trong mt to nh .... Mt s mng LAN c th kt ni li vi nhau trong mt khu lm vic. Mt s mng c kt ni hin nay:

Mang dng sao (Star Topology)Mng dng hnh sao bao gm mt b kt ni trung tm v cc nt . Cc nt ny l cc trm u cui, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc ca mng. B kt ni trung tm ca mng iu phi mi hot ng trong mng.

Mng dng hnh sao cho php ni cc my tnh vo mt b tp trung (Hub) bng cp, gii php ny cho php ni trc tip my tnh vi Hub khng cn thng qua trc bus, trnh c cc yu t gy ngng tr mng.

Cc u im ca mng hnh sao:

Hot ng theo nguyn l ni song song nn nu c mt thit b no mt nt thng tin b hng th mng vn hot ng bnh thng.

Cu trc mng n gin v cc thut ton iu khin n nh.

Mng c th d dng m rng hoc thu hp. Nhng nhc im mng dng hnh sao:

Kh nng m rng mng hon ton ph thuc vo kh nng ca trung tm.

Khi trung tm c s c th ton mng ngng hot ng.

Mng yu cu ni c lp ring r tng thit b cc nt thng tin n trung tm. Khong cch t my n trung tm rt hn ch (100 m).

Mng dng tuyn (Bus Topology)

Thc hin theo cch b tr hnh lang, cc my tnh v cc thit b khc (cc nt), u c ni v vi nhau trn mt trc ng dy cp chnh chuyn ti tn hiu. Tt c cc nt u s dng chung ng dy cp chnh ny.

Pha hai u dy cp c bt bi mt thit b gi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v d liu khi truyn i dy cp u mang theo i ch ca ni n. u im: Loi hnh mng ny dng dy cp t nht, d lp t, gi thnh r.Nhc im: S n tc giao thng khi di chuyn d liu vi lu lng ln.

Khi c s hng hc on no th rt kh pht hin, mt s ngng trn ng dy sa cha s ngng ton b h thng.

Cu trc ny ngy nay t c s dng

Mng dng vng (Ring Topology)

Mng dng ny, b tr theo dng xoay vng, ng dy cp c thit k lm thnh mt vng khp kn, tn hiu chy quanh theo mt chiu no .

Cc nt truyn tn hiu cho nhau mi thi im ch c mt nt m thi. D liu truyn i phi c km theo a ch c th ca mi trm tip nhn.

u im:

Mng dng vng c thun li l c th ni rng ra xa, tng ng dy cn thit t hn so vi hai kiu trn

Mi trm c th t c tc ti a khi truy nhp. Nhc im: ng dy phi khp kn, nu b ngt mt ni no th ton b h thng cng b ngng.Mng dng kt hp.Kt hp hnh sao v tuyn (star/Bus Topology)

Cu hnh mng dng ny c b phn tch tn hiu (spitter) gi vai tr thit b trung tm, h thng dy cp mng c th chn hoc Ring Topology hoc Linear Bus Topology.Li im ca cu hnh ny l mng c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic cch xa nhau, ARCNET l mng dng kt hp Star/Bus Topology. Cu hnh dng ny a li s uyn chuyn trong vic b tr ng dy tng thch d dng i vi bt c to nh no.

Kt hp hnh sao v vng (Star/Ring Topology).

Cu hnh dng kt hp Star/Ring Topology, c mt "th bi" lin lc (Token) c chuyn vng quanh mt ci HUB trung tm. Mi trm lm vic (workstation) c ni vi HUB - l cu ni gia cc trm lm vic v tng khong cch cn thit.

1.2.3.4 M hnh mng LAN kt ni khng dy (Wireless)

Mt s Lan khng dy gm c 3 phn: Wireless Client, Access Points v Access Server.

Wireless Client in hnh l mt chic laptop vi NIC (Network Interface Card) khng dy c ci t cho php truy cp vo mng khng dy.

Access Points (AP) cung cp s bao ph ca sng v tuyn trong mt vng no (c bit n nh l cc cell (t bo) v kt ni n mng khng dy.

Access Server iu khin vic truy cp .C 2 chun 802.11b (Lan 11Mbps ti tn s 2,4Ghz) v AP Bluetooth c h tr y.Mt Access Server (nh l Enterprise Access Server EAS) cung cp s iu hnh, qun l, cc c tnh bo mt cho mng khng dy Enterprise.

Hinh 1.5.M hnh mng khng dy

1.3 Cc giao thc mng

1.3.1 B giao thc TCP/IP

Giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t mng ARPANET v Internet v c dng nh giao thc mng v vn chuyn trn mng Internet. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng vn chuyn v IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng mng ca m hnh OSI. H giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l giao thc c s dng rng ri nht lin kt cc my tnh v cc mng.

Nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr ca IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (connectionlees) c ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu.

TCP/IP c thit k hon ton c lp vi cc phng php truy cp mng, cu trc gi d liu (data frame), mi trng truyn , do m TCP/IP c th dng lin kt cc mng khc nhau nh mng LAN Ethernet, LAN Token Ring hay cc dng WAN nh : Frame Relay, X.25.

TCP/IP l mt lp cc giao thc bao gm cc giao thc sau:

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) : FTP cung cc phng php truyn nhn file gia cc my vi nhau, n cho php ngi s dng c th gi mt hay nhiu file t my mnh ln h thong bt k (upload) v nhn mt hay nhiu file t mt h thng bt k v my mnh (download).Telnet: Ngi s dng c th kt ni vo h thng xa thng qua mng Internet.SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): L giao thc cho php thc hin dch v truyn nhn mail trn mng Internet.HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): L giao thc truyn siu vn bn HTTP l mt giao thc c s dng bi cc ng dng web. HTTP l mt giao thc c tin cy cao, c ci t da trn nn giao thc TCP. Tng t nh FTP, HTTP cng c s dng truyn cc tp tin qua mng. Tuy nhin, khng ging vi FTP, n c cc c trng nh m d liu, nh danh cc ng dng client, h tr cho cc nh dng km theo khc, nh MIME, Nhng c trng ny c trong header HTTP.

HTTPS-HTTP over SSL (Secure Socket Layer): Nu c yu cu trao i d liu mt vi mt webserver, ngi ta s dng giao thc HTTPS. HTTPS l mt s m rng ca giao thc HTTP v cc nguyn tc c tho lun mc trc vn c p dng y. Tuy nhin c ch th hon ton khc, HTTPS s dng lp Socket bo mt SSL (Secure Socket Layer) c pht trin bi Netscape. SSL tng trn ca giao thc TCP v bo mt thng tin c truyn trn mng bng cch s dng nguyn tc m ha cng khai.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): L giao thc chuyn giao chnh trong TCP/IP. TCP cung cp mt ng truyn c tin cy cao, l lin kt c nh hng, khi phc cc gi d liu b mt trong qu trnh truyn. Qu trnh truyn d liu theo TCP l cc byte.Mt s port TCP thng dng :

FTP (Data): cng 20. FTP (Control): cng 21.

Telnet: cng 23.

HTTP: cng 80.

Netbios: cng 139.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l loi lin kt mt mt hay mt nhiu, khng nh hng. khng c tin cy cao, thng hay dng khi dung lng d liu truyn ti trn mng l nh. Mt s port UDP thng dng:

Domain name system: cng 53.

Netbios name: cng 137.

Netbios Datagram: cng 138. SNMP: cng 161.

1.3.2 B giao thc IPX/SPX

Cng ging nh TCP/IP, IPX/SPX l mt lp giao thc gm cc giao thc sau:

SAP (Service Advertising Protocol): L giao thc dng d qung b a ch ca server v cc dch v khc trn mng nh File server v Print server.NCP (Netware Core Protocol): X l qu trnh tng tc gia client v server.SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange): Cung cp lin kt nh hng.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol): L giao thc tm ra ng i tt nht cho cc gi d liu.

IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange): L giao thc khng nh hng, dng xc nh a ch mng v tm ng trn mng IPX/SPX, IPX cung cp dch v v datagram.

ODI (Open Data Interface): Giao thc ny ng vai tr ca tn DataLink, cho php mt card giao tip c th giao tip vi nhiu giao thc khc nhau trn mng. ODI c pht trin bi Novell v Apple, do ban u ODI driver c vit cho Novell v Macintosh.1.3.3 B giao thc Microsoft Network

Microsoft Networking l s kt hp ca IBM v Microsoft, n l lp cc giao thc gm cc giao thc sau:

Redirector: C tc dng lm cho ti nguyn trn mng tr thnh cc b v trc tip truy xut ti ti nguyn trn cc server tng ng.

SMB: Cung cp lin kt ngang hng gia client v server, cho php thnh lp cc mng ngang hng. NetBios: L giao thc dng d thnh lp phin lm vic gia cc my tnh.

1.4 Cc chun mng my tnh t kh nng ti a, cc tiu chun c chn phi cho php m rng mng c th phc v nhng ng dng khng d kin trc trong tng lai ti lc lp t h thng v iu cng cho php mng lm vic vi nhng thit b c sn xut t nhiu hng khc nhau.

Hi ng tiu chun quc t l ISO (International Standards ganization), do cc nc thnh vin lp nn. Cng vic Bc M chu s iu hnh ca ANSI (American National Standards Institude ) Hoa K. ANSI y thc cho IEEE(Institude Electrical and Electroncs Engineers) pht trin v ra nhng tiu chun k thut cho mng LAN.

ISO a ra m hnh 7 tng (layers) cho mng, gi l kiu h thng kt ni m hoc m hnh tham chiu OSI (Open System Interconnection).1.4.1 M hnh OSI (open system interconnect) hai my tnh c th trao i thng tin c vi nhau cn c rt nhiu vn lin quan. V d nh cn c Card mng, dy cp mng, in th tn hiu trn cp mng, cch thc ng gi d liu, iu khin li ng truyn .... Bng cch phn chia cc chc nng ny vo nhng tng ring bit nhau, vic vit cc phn mm thc hin chng tr nn d dng hn. M hnh OSI gip ng nht cc h thng my tnh khc bit nhau khi chng trao i thng tin. M hnh ny gm c 7 tng: Tng 1: Tng vt k (Physical Layer)

iu khin vic truyn ti tht s cc bit trn ng truyn vt l. N nh ngha cc thuc tnh v c, in, qui nh cc loi u ni, ngha cc pin trong u ni, qui nh cc mc in th cho cc bit 0, 1, .

Tng 2: Tng lin kt d liu (Data-Link Layer)

Tng ny m bo truyn ti cc khung d liu (Frame) gia hai my tnh c ng truyn vt l ni trc tip vi nhau. N ci t c ch pht hin v x l li d liu nhn.

Tng 3: Tng mng (Network Layer) Tng ny m bo cc gi tin d liu (Packet) c th truyn t my tnh ny n my tnh kia cho d khng c ng truyn vt l trc tip gia chng. N nhn nhim v tm ng i cho d liu n cc ch khc nhau trong mng.

Tng 4: Tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer)

Tng ny m bo truyn ti d liu gia cc qu trnh. D liu gi i c m bo khng c li, theo ng trnh t, khng b mt mt, trng lp. i vi cc gi tin c kch thc ln, tng ny s phn chia chng thnh cc phn nh trc khi gi i, cng nh tp hp li chng khi nhn c. Tng 5:Tng giao dch (Session Layer) Tng ny cho php cc ng dng thit lp, s dng v xa cc knh giao tip gia chng (c gi l giao dch). N cung cp c ch cho vic nhn bit tn v cc chc nng v bo mt thng tin khi truyn qua mng.

Tng 6: Tng trnh by (Presentation Layer)

Tng ny m bo cc my tnh c kiu nh dng d liu khc nhau vn c th trao i thng tin cho nhau. Thng thng cc my tnh s thng nht vi nhau v mt kiu nh dng d liu trung gian trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh. Mt d liu cn gi i s c tng trnh by chuyn sang nh dng trung gian trc khi n c truyn ln mng. Ngc li, khi nhn d liu t mng, tng trnh by s chuyn d liu sang nh dng ring ca n.

Tng 7: Tng ng dng (Application Layer)

y l tng trn cng, cung cp cc ng dng truy xut n cc dch v mng. N bao gm cc ng dng ca ngi dng, v d nh cc Web Browser (Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer), cc Mail User Agent (Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger, ...) hay cc chng trnh lm server cung cp cc dch v mng nh cc Web Server (Netscape Enterprise, Internet Information Service, Apache, ...), cc FTP Server, cc Mail server (Send mail, MDeamon). Ngi dng mng giao tip trc tip vi tng ny.

1.4.2 Chun IEEETiu chun IEEE LAN c pht trin da vo y ban IEEE 802. Tiu chun IEEE 802.3 lin quan ti mng CSMA/CD bao gm c 2 version bng tn c bn v bng tn m rng. Tiu chun IEEE 802.4 lin quan ti s sp xp tuyn token v IEEE 802.5 gm cc vng tuyn token.Theo chun 802 th mc ni d liu c chia thnh 2 mc con : mc con iu khin logic LLC (Logical Link Control Sublayer). Mc con LLC gi vai tr t chc d liu, t chc thng tin truyn v nhn. Mc con MAC ch lm nhim v iu khin vic xm nhp mng. Th tc mc con LLC khng b nh hng khi s dng cc ng truyn dn khc nhau, nh vy m linh hot hn trong khai thc.

Chun 802.2 mc con LLC tng ng vi chun HDLC ca ISO hoc X.25 ca CCIT.

Chun 802.3 xc nh phng php thm nhp mng tc thi c kh nng pht hin li chng cho thng tin CSMA/CD. Phng php CSMA/CD c a ra t nm 1993 nhm mc ch nng cao hiu qu mng. Theo tiu chun ny cc mc c ghp ni vi nhau thng qua cc b ghp ni.

Chun 802.4 thc cht l phng php thm nhp mng theo kiu pht tn hiu thm d token qua cc trm v ng tuyn bus.

Chun 802.5 dng cho mng dng xoay vng v trn c s dng tn hiu thm d token. Mi trm khi nhn c tn hiu thm d token th tip nhn token v bt u qu trnh truyn thng tin di dng cc frame. Cc frame c cu trc tng t nh chun 802.4. Phng php xm nhp mng ny quy nh nhiu mc u tin khc nhau cho ton mng v cho mi trm, vic quy nh ny va cho ngi thit k va cho ngi s dng t quy nh.1.5 Giao thc inh tuyn1.5.1 Khi nim v giao thc nh tuyn

Trong vic ni mng my tnh th thut ng nh tuyn (routing) l ch s chn la ng i trn mt mng my tnh gi d liu.

nh tuyn ch ra hng, s di chuyn ca cc gi d liu c nh a ch t ngun ca chng, hng n ch cui thng qua cc nt trung gian, thit b phn cng chuyn dng c gi l router (b nh tuyn). Tin trnh nh tuyn thng ch hng i da vo bng nh tuyn, l bng cha nhng l trnh tt nht n cc ch khc nhau trn mng. V vy vic xy dng bng nh tuyn, c t chc trong b nh ca router tr nn v cng quan trng cho vic nh tuyn hiu qu.

nh tuyn khc vi bc cu (bridging) ch trong nhim v ca n th cc cu trc a ch gi nn s gn gi ca cc a ch tng t trong mng, qua cho php nhp liu mt bng nh tuyn n m t l trnh n mt nhm cc a ch. V th, nh tuyn lm vic tt hn bc cu trong nhng mng ln, v n tr thnh dng chim u th ca vic tm ng trn mng Internet.

Cc mng nh c th c cc bng nh tuyn c cu hnh th cng, cn nhng mng ln hn c cu trc mng phc tp v thay i lin tc th xy dng th cng cc bng nh tuyn l v cng kh khn. Tuy nhin, hu ht mng in thoi chuyn mch chung (PSTN) s dng bng nh tuyn c tnh ton trc, vi nhng tuyn d tr nu cc l trnh trc tip u b nghn. nh tuyn ng c gng gii quyt vn tc nghn bng vic xy dng bng nh tuyn mt cch t ng, da vo nhng thng tin c giao thc nh tuyn cung cp, v cho php mng hnh ng gn nh t tr trong vic ngn chn mng b li v nghn.

Nhng mng trong cc gi thng tin c vn chuyn, v d nh Internet, chia d liu thnh cc gi, ri dn nhn vi cc ch n c th v mi gi c lp l trnh ring bit. Cc mng xoay vng, nh mng in thoi cng thc hin nh tuyn tm ng cho cc vng (v d nh cuc gi in thoi) chng c th gi lng d liu ln m khng phi tip tc lp li a ch ch.

nh tuyn IP truyn thng vn cn tng i n gin v n dng cch nh tuyn bc k tip (next-hop routing), router ch xem xt n s gi gi thng tin n u, v khng quan tm ng i sau ca gi trn nhng bc truyn cn li. Tuy nhin, nhng chin lc nh tuyn phc tp hn c th c, v thng c dng trong nhng h thng nh MPLS, ATM hay Frame Relay, nhng h thng ny i khi c s dng nh cng ngh bn di h tr cho mng IP.

1.5.2 Phn loi giao thc nh tuyn1.5.2.1 nh tuyn tnh

i vi nh tuyn tnh, cc thng tin v ng i phi do ngi qun tr mng nhp cho router. Khi cu trc mng c bt k thay i no th chnh ngi qun tr mng phi xa hoc thm cc thng tin v ng i cho router. Nhng loi ng i nh vy gi l ng i c nh.

i vi h thng mng ln th cng vic bo tr bng nh tuyn cho router nh trn tn rt nhiu thi gian. Cn i vi h thng mng nh, t c thay i th cng vic ny mt thi gian hn. Chnh v nh tuyn tnh i hi ngi qun tr mng phi cu hnh mi thng tin v ng i cho router nn n khng c c tnh linh hot nh nh tuyn ng. Trong nhng h thng mng ln, nh tuyn tnh thng c s dng kt hp vi giao thc nh tuyn ng cho mt s mc ch c bit.

i vi cc mng LAN khng c nhng thit b nh tuyn chuyn dng th vic nh tuyn tnh l bt buc. Nhng mng ny thng l nhng mng c nh, khng c thay i v mt vt l. Khi thm mt thit b nh my tnh vo mng th ngi qun tr trc tip cu hnh trn my tnh sao cho ph hp vi cc thit b khc.

1.5.2.2 nh tuyn ngi vi nh tuyn ng th Router s t ng cp nht bng nh tuyn t cc router khc, chng chia s d liu nh tuyn vi nhau v t router s t ng thay i thng tin ca bng nh tuyn vi vic la chn ra ng i tt nht ti mt mng. u im ca nh tuyn ng l n gin trong vic cu hnh v t ng tm ra nhng tuyn ng thay th nu nh mng c s thay i.

nh tuyn ng chim u th trn Internet. Tuy nhin, vic cu hnh cc giao thc nh tuyn thng i hi nhiu kinh nghim, chng ta khng nn ngh rng k thut ni mng pht trin n mc hon ton t ng cho vic nh tuyn.

nh tuyn ng c chia ra lm hai loi chnh sau :

Giao thc nh tuyn cng ni (IGP)

Giao thc nh tuyn cng ngoi (EGP) Giao thc nh tuyn cng ni : c s dng nh tuyn trong phm vi mt h t tr (AS). Giao thc ny c chia lm 2 loi :

nh tuyn theo vector khong cch (Distance Vector) bao gm : RIP, RIPv2, IGRP.

nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt (Link State) bao gm : OSPF, IS-IS.

Giao thc nh tuyn cng ngoi (EGP) bao gm : BGPNgoi ra cc giao thc nh tuyn cn chia theo cc loi h tr nh tuyn IP: Classfull, classless, IPv6.

Classfull: RIP, IGRP, EGP

Classless: RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, BGPv4

IPv6: RIPng, EIGRP for IPv6, OSPFv3, IS-IS for IPv6, BGPv4 for IPv6.

Hnh 1.6 : Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn ng

Trong giao thc nh tuyn cng ni (IGP) c 2 loi l nh tuyn theo vector khong cch v nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. C 2 loi giao thc ny u thc hin nh tuyn trong phm vi mt h t tr. Chng s dng 2 phng php khc nhau thc hin cng mt nhim v.

A. nh tuyn theo vector khong cchThut ton vector khong cch so snh chnh xc cc ng nhm tm ra con ng tt nht ti bt k a ch ch cho no. Thut ton cung cp thng tin c th v cu trc ng i trong mng v hon ton khng nhn bit v cc router trn ng i.

Cc router theo vector khong cch thc hin gi ton b hoc mt phn cc bng nh tuyn ca mnh v ch gi cho cc router kt ni trc tip vi mnh. V thng tin trn bng nh tuyn rt ngn gn, ch cho bit tng ng vi mt mng ch l cng no trn router, router k tip c a ch IP l bao nhiu, thng s nh tuyn ca con ng ny l bao nhiu. Do , cc router nh tuyn theo vector khong cch khng bit c ng i mt cch c th, khng bit v cc router trung gian trn ng i v cu trc kt ni ca chng.

Cc router nh tuyn theo vector khong cch thc hin cp nht thng tin nh tuyn theo nh k nn tn nhiu bng thng ng truyn. Khi c s c thay i xy ra, router no nhn bit s thay i u tin s cp nht bng nh tuyn ca mnh trc ri chuyn bng nh tuyn cp nht cho router lng ging. Router lng ging nhn c thng tin mi, cp nht vo bng nh tuyn c cp nht cho cc router lng ging k tip. Qu trnh cp nht c ln lt nh vy ra ton b h thng. Do thi gian hi t chm.

Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn (RIP) l mt trong nhng giao thc lu i nht trong cc giao thc nh tuyn. RIP cng l mt trong cc giao thc khng r rng, v c rt nhiu giao thc nh tuyn ging nh RIP ang pht trin, mt vi trong s c s dng cng tn. RIP v v s cc giao thc ging nh RIP u da trn cng mt b thut ton l s dng vect khong cch so snh chnh xc cc ng nhm tm ra con ng tt nht ti bt k a ch ch cho no. Cc thut ton ny xut hin t cc nghin cu khoa hc trc nm 1957.B. nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt

Thut ton nh tuyn trng thi theo ng lin kt, hay cn gi l thut ton chn ng ngn nht (SPF), thut ton ny i khi cn c gi l thut ton Dijkstra (t theo tn gi ca ngi pht minh ra thut ton). Thut ton lu gi mt c s d liu phc tp cc thng tin v cu trc h thng mng v c y thng tin v cc router trn ng i v cu trc kt ni ca chng.

Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF l mt trong nhng giao thc nh tuyn s dng thut ton ny. OSPF c nhiu nhng u im m cc giao thc nh tuyn trc nh RIP hay IGRP s dng nh tuyn theo vect khong cch khng c c. V vy m OSPF c c ch hot ng tri ngc hon ton vi RIP v IGRP.

Giao thc ny pht cc thng tin v ng i cho mi router cc router trong mng u c ci nhn y v cu trc h thng mng. Hot ng cp nht ch c thc hin khi c s kin thay i, khng cp nht nh k, do bng thng c s dng hiu qu hn v mng hi t nhanh hn. Ngay khi c s thay i trng thi lin kt, thng tin lp tc c pht ra cho tt c cc router trong mng.

Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt thu thp thng tin v ng i t tt c cc router khc trong cng h thng mng hay trong cng mt vng c xc nh. Khi tt c cc thng tin c thu thp y th sau mi router s t tnh ton chn ra ng i tt nht cho n n cc mng ch trong h thng. Nh vy mi router c mt ci nhn ring v y v h thng mng khi chng s khng cn truyn i cc thng tin sai lch m chng nhn c t cc router lng ging.

Sau y l cc u im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt :

S dng chi ph lm thng s nh tuyn chn ng i trong mng. Thng s chi ph ny c th phn nh c dung lng ca ng truyn.

Thc hin cp nht khi c s kin xy ra, pht cc gi qung co trng thi ng lin kt (LSAs) ra cho mi router trong h thng mng. iu ny gip cho thi gian hi t nhanh hn.

Mi router c mt s y v ng b v ton b cu trc h thng mng. Do chng rt kh b lp vng.

Router s dng thng tin mi nht quyt nh chn ng i.

Cn thit k h thng mng mt cch cn thn c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt c th c thu nh li, nh chng ta c th tit kim c cc tnh ton Dijkstra v hi t nhanh hn.

Mi router s dng s cu trc mng ca ring n chn ng. c tnh ny s gip chng ta khi cn x l s c.

Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c h tr CIDR v VLSM.

Cc nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt:

Chng i hi nhiu dung lng b nh v nng lc x l cao hn so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch. Do chng kh t tin i vi cc t chc nh, chi ph hn hp v thit b c.

Chng i hi h thng mng phi c thit k theo m hnh phn cp, h thng mng c chia ra thnh nhiu cp mng nh lm gim bt ln v phc tp ca c s d liu v cu trc h thng mng.

Chng i hi nh qun tr mng phi nm vng giao thc.

Trong sut qu trnh khi ng, cc router thu thp thng tin v cu trc h thng mng xy dng c s d liu, chng pht cc gi LSA ra trn ton b mng. Do tin trnh ny c th lm gim dung lng ng truyn dnh cho d liu khc.Bng1.1 : Phn bit gia Distance Vector v Link- State

Loi giao thcV dc im

nh tuyn theo vector khong cch (Distance vector)RIPv1 v RIPv2-Copy bng nh tuyn cho router lng ging.

-Cp nht nh k.

-RIPv1 v RIPv2 s dng s lng hop lm thng s nh tuyn.

-Mi router nhn h thng mng theo s chi phi ca cc router lng ging.

-Hi t chm.

-D b lp vng.

-D cu hnh v d qun tr.

-Tn nhiu bng thng.

nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt (Link State)OSPF-S dng ng ngn nht.

-Ch cp nht khi c s kin xy ra.

-Gi gi thng tin v trng thi cc ng lin kt cho tt c cc router trong mng.

-Mi router c ci nhn y v cu trc h thng mng.

-Hi t nhanh.

-Khng b lp vng.

-Cu hnh phc tp hn.

-i hi nhiu b nh v nng lng x l hn so vi nh tuyn theo khong cch.

-Tn t bng thng hn so vi nh tuyn theo khong cch.

C. So snh v phn bit nh tuyn theo vector khong cch v trng thi ng lin ktCc router theo vect khong cch thc hin gi ton b bng nh tuyn ca mnh v ch gi cho cc router kt ni trc tip vi mnh. Thng tin trn bng nh tuyn rt ngn gn, ch cho bit tng ng vi mt mng ch l cng no ca router , router k tip c a ch IP l g, thng s nh tuyn ca con ng ny l bao nhiu. Do , cc router nh tuyn theo vect khong cch khng bit c ng i mt cch c th nn khng bit v cc router trung gian trn ng i v cu trc kt ni gia chng. Hn na, bng nh tuyn l kt qu chn ng tt nht ca mi router. Do , khi chng trao i bng nh tuyn vi nhau, cc router chn ng da trn kt qu chn ca router lng ging. Mi router nhn h thng mng theo s chi phi ca cc router lng ging.

Cc router theo vect khong cch thc hin cp nht thng tin nh tuyn theo chu k nn tn nhiu bng thng ng truyn. Khi c s thay i xy ra, cc router no nhn bit s thay i u tin s cp nht bng nh tuyn ca mnh trc ri chuyn bng nh tuyn cp nht cho cc router lng ging. Cc router lng ging nhn c thng tin mi, cp nht vo bng nh tuyn c cp nht cho cc router lng ging k tip. Qu trnh cp nht c ln lt nh vy ra ton b h thng. Do thi gian hi t chm.

By gi ta xt n giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt. Khi bt u hot ng, mi router s gi thng tin cho bit n c bao nhiu kt ni v trng thi ca mi ng kt ni nh th no, v n gi cho mi router khc trong mng bng a ch nhm (multicast). Do , mi router u nhn c t tt c cc router khc thng tin v cc kt ni ca chng. Kt qu l mi router s c y thng tin xy dng mt c s d liu v trng thi cc ng lin kt, hay cn gi l c s d liu v cu trc mng. Nh vy, mi router u c mt ci nhn y v c th v cu trc ca h thng mng. T , mi router t tnh ton chn ng i tt nht n tng mng ch.

Khi cc router nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt hi t xong khng thc hin cp nht nh k. Ch khi no c s thay i th thng tin v s thay i c truyn i cho tt c cc router trong mng. Do thi gian hi t nhanh v t tn bng thng hn.

Ta thy u im ni tri ca nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt so vi nh tuyn theo vect khong cch l thi gian hi t nhanh hn v tit kim bng thng ng truyn hn. Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt c h tr nh tuyn lin min khng theo lp a ch (CIDR) v k thut VLSM. Do , chng l mt la chn tt cho mng ln v phc tp. Thc cht giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt thc hin nh tuyn tt hn so vi giao thc nh tuyn theo vect khong cch mi kch c mng. Tuy nhin, giao thc nh tuyn theo trng thi ng lin kt khng c trin khai mi h thng mng v chng i hi dung lng b nh ln v nng lc x l mnh hn, do c th gy qu ti cho cc thit b x l chm. Mt nguyn nhn na lm cho chng khng c trin khai rng ri l do chng l mt giao thc thc s phc tp, i hi ngi qun tr mng phi c o to tt mi c th cu hnh ng v vn hnh c.1.6 Tng quan v a ch IPv61.6.1 Gii thiu v a ch IPv6Nm 1973, TCP/IP c gii thiu v ng dng vo mng ARPANET. Vo thi im , mng ARPANET ch c khong 250 Site kt ni vi nhau, vi khong 750 my tnh. Internet v ang pht trin vi tc khng khip, n nay c hn 60 triu ngi dng trn ton th gii. Theo tnh ton ca gii chuyn mn, mng Internet hin nay ang kt ni hng trm ngn Site vi nhau, vi hng trm triu my tnh. Trong tng lai khng xa, nhng con s ny khng ch dng li . S pht trin nhanh chng ny i hi phi km theo s m rng, nng cp khng ngng ca c s h tng mng v cng ngh s dng.NmHnh 1.7 S cn kit ca IPv4 qua cc nm

Bc sang nhng nm u ca th k XXI, ng dng ca Internet pht trin nhm cung cp dch v cho ngi dng trn cc thit b mi ra i: Notebook, Cellualar modem, Tablet, Smart-Phone, Smart TV... c th a nhng khi nim mi da trn c s TCP/IP ny thnh hin thc, TCP/IP phi m rng. Nhng mt thc t m khng ch gii chuyn mn, m ngay c cc ISP cng nhn thc c l ti nguyn mng ngy cng hn hp. Vic pht trin v thit b, c s h tng, nhn lc... khng phi l mt kh khn ln. vn y l a ch IP, khng gian a ch IP cn kit, a ch IP (IPv4) khng th p ng nhu cu m rng mng . Bc tin quan trng mang tnh chin lc i vi k hoch m rng ny l vic nghin cu cho ra i mt th h sau ca giao thc IP, chnh l IPv6.

IPv6 ra i khng c ngha l ph nhn hon ton IPv4 (cng ngh m h tng mng chng ta ang dng ngy nay). V l mt phin bn hon ton mi ca cng ngh IP, vic nghin cu, ng dng vo thc tin lun l mt thch thc rt ln. Mt trong nhng thch thc lin quan n kh nng tng thch gia IPv6 v IPv4, lin quan n vic chuyn i t IPv4 sang IPv6, lm th no m ngi dng c th khai thc nhng th mnh ca IPv6 nhng khng nht thit phi nng cp ng lot ton b mng (LAN, WAN, Internet...) ln IPv6.

1.6.2 Nhng c trng ca IPv6 so vi IPv4

Khi pht trin phin bn a ch mi, IPv6 hon ton da trn nn tng IPv4. Ngha l hu ht nhng chc nng ca IPv4 u c tch hp vo IPv6. Tuy nhin, IPv6 lt b mt s chc nng c v thm vo nhng chc nng mi tt hn. Ngoi ra IPv6 cn c nhiu c im hon ton mi.

1.6.2.1 Tng kch thc ca a ch

Hnh 1.8. S Bits ca IPv4 so vi IPv6

IPv6 s dng 128 bit a ch, tng gp 4 ln s bit so vi IPv4 (32bit). Ngha l trong khi IPv4 ch c 2^32 ~ 4,3 t a ch, th IPv6 c ti 2^128 ~ 3,4 * 1038 a ch IP. Gp 296 ln so vi a ch IPv4. Vi s a ch ca IPv6 nu ri u trn b mt tri t (din tch b mt tri t l 511263 t mt vung) th mi mt vung c khong 665.570 t t a ch.Ipv4 : 4 Octets

11000000.10101000.00000001.01110000

192.168.1.112

4,294,467,295 IP

Ipv6 : 16 Octets

11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001.11010001.11011100. 11001100.01110001.11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001. 11010001.11011100.11001001.01110001

A524:72D3:2C80:DD02:0029:EC7A:002B:EA73

3.4 X 1038 IP

Hnh 1.9. S khc nhau c bn gia IPv4 v IPv6

a ch IPv6 c biu din bi k t Hexa vi tng cng 8 Octet. Mi Octet cha 4 k t Hexa tng ng vi 16 bit nh phn. Du hai chm ngn cch gia cc octet. Giao thc IPv4 hin ti c duy tr bi k thut NAT v cp pht a ch tm thi. Tuy nhin v vy m vic thao tc d liu trn payload ca cc thit b trung gian l mt bt li cc li ch v truyn thng ngang hng (peer-peer), bo mt u cui v cht lng dch v (QoS). Vi s lng cc k ln a ch IPv6 th s khng cn n k thut NAT hay cp pht a ch tm thi na. V lc , mi thit b (My tnh, in thoi, tivi, robot, thit b dn dng...) u s c mt a ch IP ton cu.

y l mt khng gian a ch cc ln vi mc ch khng ch cho Internet m cn cho tt c cc mng my tnh, h thng vin thng, h thng iu khin v thm ch cho tng vt dng trong gia nh. Trong tng lai, mi chic iu ha, t lnh, my git hay ni cm in... ca mi gia nh trn th gii cng s mang mt a ch IPv6 ch nhn ca chng c th kt ni v ra lnh t xa. Nhu cu hin ti ch cn 15% khng gian a ch IPv6, cn 85% d phng cho tng lai.

1.6.2.2 S phn cp a ch ton cu

A. Phn cp a ch lc ban u

Hnh 1.10. Kin trc qun l vic cp pht a ch IPv6 lc ban u

Trong :

- FP - Format Prefix : 3 bit 001 nhn dng l a ch ton cu.

- TLA ID - Top Level Aggregate ID : Nhn dng tng hp cp cao nht.

- Res - Reserved : D phng cho tng lai.

- NLA ID Next Level Aggregator ID : Nhn dng tng hp cp tip theo.

- SLA ID - Site Level Aggregator ID : Nhn dng tng hp cp vng.

- Interface ID : a ch nh danh interface ca 1 node trong 1 mng con.

B. Phn cp a ch hin nay

a ch IPv6 s dng mt gii php gi l prefix (tin t) phn cp mt a ch thnh cc khi xc nh.

Hnh 1.11. Kin trc qun l vic cp pht a ch IPv6 hin nay

a ch IPv6 hin nay do t chc cp pht a ch Internet quc t IANA cp pht.

Bng 1.2. c t cp pht a ch IPv6 trn ton cu

PrefixS BitsChc nng

/33 bitsLun l 001 c dnh cho cc a ch kh nh tuyn ton cu. (Globally Routable Unicast - GRU)

/2320 bitsXc nh cp pht cao nht l t chc IANA. IANA phn phi tip cho 5 RIR- t chc cp khu vc cp pht a ch IP, bao gm: AfriNIC (Chu Phi), ARIN (Bc M v Caribe), APNIC (Chu Thi Bnh Dng), RIPE (Chu u, Trung ng v Chu ).

/329 bitsXc nh cp khu vc hoc quc gia. c cc RIR cp cho cc ISP cao nht trong h thng cc nh cung cp dch v ca mi quc gia.

/4816 bitsXc nh cp vng. L cc nh cung cp dch v mi vng ca mi quc gia hoc cc t chc ln.

/6416 bitsXc nh cp thp nht. c cc ISP cp pht n khch hng.

64 bit cui l phn a ch Host, ng vi mi interface (giao din) trong mng cc b ca khch hng.

n gin ha vic t a ch Host

IPv6 s dng 64 bit sau cho a ch Host. Mt k thut gi l EUI-64 lm n gin vic t a ch host rt nhiu so vi IPv4. K thut ny tn dng 48 bit a ch MAC lm a ch host.V chn thm chui FFFE vo gia mi 16 bit ca a ch MAC hon chnh 64 bit phn a ch host. Bng cch ny, mi Host s c mt Host ID duy nht trong mng.

T ng cu hnh a ch

n gin cho vic cu hnh cc trm, IPv6 h tr c vic t cu hnh a ch Stateful nh kh nng cu hnh DHCP server hoc t cu hnh Stateless (phi trng thi).Vi kh nng cu hnh phi trng thi, cc my trm trong mng t ng lin kt vi Router v nhn v a ch prefix ca phn mng. Thm ch nu khng c Router, cc my trm trn cng mt lin kt c th t cu hnh v giao tip vi nhau m khng cn bt k mt thit lp th cng no khc.

Hiu sut cao hn

Vi IPv4 c s dng private address trnh ht a ch. Do , xut hin k thut NAT chuyn i a ch, dn n tng Overhead cho gi tin. Trong IPv6 do khng thiu a ch nn khng cn n private address, do NAT c loi b -> Gim c thi gian x l Header, gim Overhead v chuyn dch a ch.

Gim c thi gian x l nh tuyn: nhiu khi a ch IPv4 c phn pht cho cc user nhng li khng tm tt c, nn phi cn cc entry trong bng nh tuyn lm tng kch thc ca bng nh tuyn v thm Overhead cho qu trnh nh tuyn. Ngc li, cc a ch IPv6 c cp pht qua cc ISP theo mt kiu phn cp a ch gip gim c Overhead.

Trong IPv4 s dng nhiu Broadcast nh ARP Request, trong khi IPv6 s dng Neighbor Discovery Protocol thc hin chc nng tng t trong qu trnh t cu hnh m khng cn s dng Broadcast. Bn cnh , Multicast c gii hn trong IPv6, mt a ch Multicast c cha mt trng scope (phm vi) c th hn ch cc gi tin Multicast trong cc node, trong cc link, hay trong mt t chc.

H tr tt tnh nng di ng

Tnh di ng (Mobility) l mt tnh nng rt quan trng trong h thng mng ngy nay. Mobile IP l mt tiu chun ca IETF cho c IPv4 v IPv6. Mobile IP cho php thit b di chuyn m khng b t kt ni, vn duy tr c kt ni hin ti. Trong IPv4, mobile IP l mt tnh nng mi cn phi c thm vo nu cn s dng. Ngc li vi IPv6, tnh di ng c tch hp sn, c ngha l bt k node IPv6 no cng c th s dng c khi cn thit.

Thm vo phn Header ca nh tuyn trong IPv6 lm cho Mobile IPv6 hot ng hiu qu hn Mobile IPv4. Chnh v vy, trong tng lai cc thit b di ng nh laptop, my tnh bng, smartphone... s dng a ch IPv6 tch hp s dng trn c s h tng ca mng vin thng.

Bo mt cao

IPSec (IP Security) l mt tiu chun do IETF a ra cho lnh vc an ninh mng IP, c s dng cho c IPv4 v IPv6. Mc d cc chc nng c bn l ging ht nhau trong c hai mi trng, nhng vi IPv6 th IPSec l tnh nng bt buc. IPsec c kch hot trn tt c cc node IPv6 v sn sng s dng. Tnh sn sng ca IPsec trn tt c cc node lm cho IPv6 Internet an ton hn.

Header n gin hn

Header ca IPv6 n gin v hp l hn IPv4. IPv6 ch c 6 trng v 2 a ch, trong khi IPv4 cha 10 trng v 2 a ch. Do vy cc gi tin IPv6 di chuyn nhanh hn trong mng. Dn n tc mng s c ci thin.

Tng hp a ch (Addresss Aggregation)

Addresss Aggregation l k thut tng t vi k thut Address Summarize trong IPv4. Mt ISP s tng hp tt c cc prefix ca cc khch hng thnh mt tin t duy nht v thng bo tin t ny vi cp cao hn.

Vic tng hp a ch s lm cho bng nh tuyn gn hn v kh nng m rng nh tuyn nhiu hn trn cc Router. Dn n s m rng hn cc chc nng mng nh ti u ha bng thng v tng thng lng s dng kt ni c ti nhiu hn cc thit b v dch v trn mng nh: VoIP, tryn hnh theo yu cu, Video nt cao, ng dng thi gian thc, game-online, hc tp hay hi tho qua mng...

nh s li thit b IPv6 (Renumbering)

nh s li mng IPv4 l iu nhng nh qun tr rt quan ngi. N nh hng ti hot ng mng li v tiu tn nhn lc cu hnh li thng tin cho thit b trn mng.

a chi IPv6 c thit k c mt cch thc nh s li mng mt cch d dng hn. Mt a ch IPv6 gn cho node s c hai trng thi, l cn c s dng - preferred v loi b - deprecated ty theo thi gian sng ca a ch . My tnh lun c gng s dng cc a ch c trng thi cn c s dng. Thi gian sng ca a ch c thit lp t thng tin qung b ca router. Do vy, cc my tnh trn mng IPv6 c th c nh s li nh thng bo ca router t thi gian ht hn c th s dng cho mt prefix. Sau , router thng bo prefix mi cc my tnh to li a ch IP. Trn thc t, cc my tnh c th duy tr s dng a ch c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh trc khi xa b hon ton.CHNG 2:GIAO THC INH TUYN EIGRP2.1 Gii thiu v giao thc EIGRP

nh ngha IGRP: l mt giao thc c s dng trong b giao thc TCP/IP v m hnh tham chiu OSI. Phin bn u tin c thit k v trin khai thnh cng vo nm 1986. IGRP ban u c thit k nh l mt Interior Gateway Protocol nhng cng c s dng rng ri nh mt Exterior Gateway Protocol. IGRP s dng cng ngh nh tuyn da vo distance vector.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) L mt giao thc ring ca Cisco ln u tin c a vo s dng trong phin bn iOS 9.21, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing protocol (EIGRP) l mt s nng cp ca IGRP. Bn cnh nhng tnh cht vn c ca IGRP l mt distance-vector protocol, EIGRP cn mang mt s tnh cht ca link state protocol. So vi IGRP, EIGRP c thi gian hi t nhanh hn, c kh nng m rng tt hn v kh nng chng loop cao hn. V c bit hn, EIGRP cn thay th c cho giao thc Novell Routing Information Protocol (Novell RIP) v Apple talk Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) phc v tt cho c 2 mng IPX v Apple Talk.

EIGRP cn c coi l mt giao thc lai gia distance vector v link state. N c nhng u im ni bt nht ca c hai loi giao thc nh tuyn da vo distance vector v trng thi ng lin kt. Ngoi ra EIGRP cn loi b c mt s nhc im ca cc giao thc distance vector l thi gian hi t ln v hin tng loop. D thc hin cu hnh v qun tr hn cc giao thc da vo trng thi ng lin kt nh OSPF. Da vo nhng u im trn th EIGRP l mt la chn l tng cho cc mng ln, a giao thc c xy dng trn cc Router Cisco.

2.2 Mt s khi nim v thut ng trong EIGRP

- Neighbor: 2 Router c gi l hang xm ca nhau khi c kt ni trc tip vi nhau.

- Neighbor Table: Bng lu tr d liu v cc router hng xm. Bao gm danh sch cc router, a ch IP, interface, hold-up time, SRTT , RTO, Q Cnt, Seq Num. Bng ny c xy dng da trn thng tin nhn c t cc gi tin hello.

- Routing Table: Bng nh tuyn. Cha danh sch cc mng hin c v ng i tt nht n cc mng. Mt route EIGRP s c ghi vo bng ny khi EIGRP tm c feasible successor.

- Topology Table: Mt bng cha tt c cc ng i c qung b bi cc router lng ging. y l danh sch tt c cc route d phng, route tt nht, gi tr AD v cc interface. Gii thut DUAL s tnh ton trn bng topology ny xc nh successor v feasible successor xy dng mt bng nh tuyn.

- Gi tin hello: Mt thng ip c dng duy tr bng cc router lng ging. Cc gi hello ny c gi nh k v c gi theo kiu khng tin cy.

- Gi tin update: Mt gi EIGRP cha cc thng tin thay i v mng. Cc gi ny c gi theo c ch tin cy. N c gi ch khi c mt thay i nh hng n router:Khi mt router lng ging xut hin. Khi mt router lng ging i t trng thi active sang trng thi passive. Khi c mt s thay i trong tnh ton metric cho mt a ch mng ch.

- Querry: c gi t router khi router mt mt ng i v mt mng no . Nu khng c ng i d phng (feasible successor), router s gi ra cc gi tin truy vn (query) hi v ng i d phng. Gi tin truy vn c gi di dng multicast v kiu tin cy.

- Reply : L mt tr li cho gi tin query. Nu router khng c thng tin no trong gi reply, router s gi gi query n tt c cc router lng ging. Mt unicast s c gi li.

- ACK : Bn cht l mt gi tin Hello nhng khng c d liu bn trong. ACKs c gi dng unicast.

- Hold Time: Gi tr c thit lp trong gi hello. Thi gian hold time ny s xc nh router s i mt khong thi gian bao lu trc khi cng b l mng b down. Thng tin ny c trong bng neighbor.

- Smooth Round-Trip Time (SRTT): Khong thi gian router phi i sau khi gi mt gi tin nhn c ACK. Thng tin ny c gi trong bng neighbor v c dng tnh khong thi gian RTO.

- Retransmission Timeout (RTO): Xc nh khong thi gian m router phi ch trc khi truyn tin.

- Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP): l giao thc lp vn chuyn (trong m hnh OSI), thc hin vic chuyn gi EIGRP mt cch tin cy v c th t n cc router lng ging.

- Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL): l mt gii thut c thc hin trn bng topology gip mng hi t. Gii thut ny tnh ton da trn vic router pht hin nhng thay i trong mt khong thi gian nht inh.

- Advertise Distance: Khong cch chi ph ca ng i n mng xa t Router lng ging.

- Feasible Distance: Thng s nh tuyn nh nht l EIGRP tnh c cho ng i n mng ch. Hay cn gi l ng i tt nht n mt mng.

- Report Distance: Thng s nh tuyn n mt mng xa do Router lng ging thng bo.

- Feasible condition: Trng thi ny xut hin khi mt Router lng ging thng bo mt gi tr AD nh hn gi tr FD.

- Successor: ng i c chn lm ng i chnh n ch.

- Feasible Successor: ng i d phng cho ng successor.

- Active: Trng thi ca route khi m c mt thay i v mng nhng sau khi kim tra bng topo, khng c FS no c tm thy. Route s c gn gi tr active v router s truy vn cc router lng ging cho nhng route d phng.

- Passive: Mt ng i ang trong trng thi passive. Nu ng i b mt, router s kim tra bng topology tm ra FS. Nu c mt FS, route ny s c t trong bng nh tuyn. Nu khng, router s truy vn cc router lng ging v a route vo trng thi active.

2.3 Nguyn tc nh tuyn ca EIGRP

EIGRP l mt giao thc dng Distance vector c ci tin (Advanced Distance vector). EIGRP khng s dng thut ton truyn thng cho Distance vector l thut ton Bellman Ford m s dng mt thut ton ring c pht trin bi J.J. Garcia Luna Aceves thut ton DUAL(Diffusing Update Algorithm). Cch thc hot ng ca EIGRP cng khc bit so vi RIP v vay mn mt s cu trc v khi nim ca OSPF nh: xy dng quan h lng ging, s dng b 3 bng d liu (bng neighbor, bng topology v bng nh tuyn). Chnh v iu ny m EIGRP thng c gi l dng giao thc lai ghp (hybrid). Tuy nhin, v bn cht th EIGRP thun ty hot ng theo kiu Distance vector: gi thng tin nh tuyn l cc route cho lng ging (ch gi cho lng ging) v tin tng tuyt i vo thng tin nhn c t lng ging.

EIGRP c 3 thnh phn c bn c yu cu trong thut ton DUAL :

- Quan h gia cc router hang xm: Bao gm vic pht hin, thit lp quan h hang xm, v pht hin s thay i.

- Reliable transport protocol: iu khin vic gi nhn cc gi tin update gia cc router hang xm.

- Protocol-dependent modules: 2.3.1 Cch tnh metric trong EIGRPMetric l mt thng s c cc Router s dng chn ra ng i tt nht n ch. Vic la chn ny da vo vic tuyn ng no c metric cng nh th c nh gi l cng tt. Vi mi loi giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau th cch tnh metric l khc nhau.

- i vi EIGRP metric c tnh ton thng qua 4 thng s chnh l :

+ Bandwitdh

+ Delay

+ Load

+ Reliability.

Cch tnh ton metric ca EIGRP ging vi IGRP. Tuy nhin EIGRP tng thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP ln 256 ln v EIGRP s dng thng s 32 bit, cn IGRP s dng thng s 24 bit. Bng cch nhn ln hoc chia i 256 ln, EIGRP c th d dng chuyn i thng s nh tuyn ca IGRP.

Metric = [BanW + Delay ] * 256 .

Cng thc y l nh sau:

Mc nh bng 1. Cn li bng 0.

C th thay th tr s ca cc gi tr K bng lnh:

metric weights tos k1 k2 k3 k4 k5

Tuy nhin Cisco khuyn co khng nn thay i cc tr s ny.

Gi tr bandwidth v delay trong cng thc trn c tnh nh sau:

= Gi tr Delay trong Interface C th xem cc gi tr Bandwidth, Delay, Load, v Reliability thng qua cu lnh. Show ip route /c ip mng ch.

V d nh sau:

NewYork#sh ip route 172.16.50.0

Routing entry for 172.16.50.0 255.255.255.0

Known via "eigrp 10", distance 90, metric 2195456, type internal

Redistributing via eigrp 10

Last update from 172.16.250.2 on Serial0, 00:00:21 ago

Routing Descriptor Blocks:

* 172.16.50.0, from 172.16.250.2, 00:00:21 ago, via Serial0

Route metric is 2195456, traffic share count is 1Total delay is 21000 microseconds, minimum bandwidth is 1544 Kbit Reliability 255/255, minimum MTU 1500 bytes

Loading 1/255, Hops 1- Mt s gi tr mc nh c quy nh cho mt s loi cng thng s dng trn router:

Ethernet: Bandwidth = 10Mbps; Delay = 1000 Micro second.

Fast Ethernet: Bandwidth = 100Mbps; Delay = 100 Micro second.

Serial: Bandwidth = 1,544Mbps; Delay = 20000 Micro second.2.3.2 Quan h gia cc Router hng xm trong EIGRPNgay khi bt EIGRP trn mt cng, router s gi cc gi tin hello ra cc cng thit lp quan h lng ging vi router kt ni trc tip vi mnh. im khc bit l cc gi tin hello c gi n a ch multicast dnh ring cho EIGRP l 224.0.0.10 vi gi tr hello timer (khong thi gian nh k gi gi hello) l 5s.V cng ging nh OSPF, khng phi cp router no kt ni trc tip vi nhau cng xy dng c quan h lng ging. quan h lng ging thit lp c gia hai router, chng phi khp vi nhau mt s thng s c trao i qua cc gi tin hello, cc thng s ny bao gm:

1) Gi tr AS c cu hnh trn mi router.

2) Cc a ch u ni gia hai router phi cng subnet.

3) Tha mn cc iu kin xc thc

4) Cng b tham s K.

- Ch : Cn phn bit gi tr AS trong cu hnh EIGRP vi gi tr AS trong nh tuyn lin mng BGP nh sau:

+ Vi nh tuyn ngoi nh tuyn BGP, mi AS l mt tp hp cc router thuc v mt doanh nghip no cng chung mt s qun l v k thut, s hu, chnh sch nh tuyn v s c cp mt gi tr nh danh cho AS gi l ASN Autonomous System Number t t chc qun l a ch Internet v s hiu mng quc t (IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). Thng cc AS theo ngha ny l cc ISP hoc cc doanh nghip c nhiu ng i Internet v mun chy nh tuyn vi cc mng khc quy m Internet c c ng i ti u n cc a ch trn Internet. Ta c th tm coi AS theo ngha ny nh l mt h thng mng ca mt doanh nghip hay mt ISP.

+ EIGRP l mt giao thc nh tuyn trong, chy bn trong mt AS cp trn. Kin trc ca EIGRP cho php to nhiu process domain khc nhau trong mt AS: mt s router s c gn vo mt process domain ny v mt s router khc li c gn vo mt process domain khc. Cc router s ch trao i thng tin EIGRP vi cc router thuc cng process domain vi mnh. cc router EIGRP thuc cc process domain khc nhau c th bit c thng tin nh tuyn ca nhau, router bin gia hai domain phi thc hin redistribute thng tin nh tuyn gia hai domain. S di y s th hin r s khc nhau gia 2 thng s AS ny:

Hinh 2.1.Phn bit cac gia tri AS

Khong thi gian gi gi tin hello t cc Router mc nh l 5s (hoc 60s vi kt ni c bng thng thp ). Thi gian hold-time l khong thi gian ti a m Router phi ch trc khi cp nht li quan h lng ging nu khng nhn c gi tin hello. Mc nh thi gian hold time l 15s hoc 180s, nu trong khong thi gian router khng nhn c gi tin hello t hng xm thi thut toan DUAL se c thng bao rng Router hang xom a down. Nh vy ngoai vic giup tim ra mt router hang xom mi. Goi tin hello con c s dung phat hin s mt mat cua mt router hang xom.

Thi gian hello-time va hold-time co th c thay i bi cu lnh:

ip hello-interval eigrp autonomous-system-number seconds ip hold-time eigrp autonomous-system-number seconds

Chu y rng khac vi OSPF. EIGRP khng yu cu cac router hang xom phai thng nht vi nhau v cp gia tri hello-time va hold-time.

- tng cng tnh an ninh trong hot ng trao i thng tin nh tuyn, ta c th cu hnh trn cc router cc password ch cc router thng nht vi nhau v password mi c th trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau. Hai router nu c cu hnh xc thc th phi thng nht vi nhau v password c cu hnh th mi c th thit lp quan h lng ging vi nhau.

- Khi a thit lp c quan h lang ging cac thng tin se c ghi vao bang neighbor nh sau:NewYork#sh ip eigrp neighbor

IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 10

H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq

(sec) (ms) Cnt Num

1 172.16.251.2 Se0/1 10 00:17:08 28 2604 0 7

0 172.16.250.2 Se0/0 13 00:24:43 12 2604 0 14.

Trong o: H Danh sch cc quan h lng ging m router thit lp c

Address a ch IP ca router EIGRP lng ging.

Interface Cng nhn thng tin ca router EIGRP lng ging.

Hold Thi gian holddown-timer, nu mang gi tr 0 s xo b quan h lng ging.

Uptime Thi gian thit lp quan h lng ging.

SRTT (Smooth Round Trip Time) Thi gian trung bnh m bo gi v nhn gi tin EIGRP.

RTO (Round Trip Timeout) Thi gian router phi ch truyn li gi tin nu router khng nhn c gi tin.

Q Count (Queue Count) S lng gi tin EIGRP ch gi n router EIGRP lng ging.

Sequence Number S tun t ca gi tin EIGRP cui cng nhn c t router EIGRP lng ging.2.3.3 Reliable Transport ProtocolGiao thc truyn ti tin cy (RTP Reliable Transport Protocol) l giao thc lp vn chuyn (trong m hnh OSI), thc hin vic chuyn gi EIGRP mt cch tin cy v c th t n cc router lng ging. Trong mng IP, host s dng TCP vn chuyn cc gi mt cch tun t v tin cy. Tuy nhin, EIGRP l mt giao thc c lp vi giao thc mng, do n khng da vo TCP/IP thc hin trao i thng tin nh tuyn ging nh RIP, IGRP v OSPF lm. khng ph thuc vo IP, EIGRP s dng RTP lm giao thc vn chuyn ring c quyn ca n m bo thng tin nh tuyn.

Thut toan DUAL yu cu mt s chinh xac trong vic anh s th t va truyn tai cac goi tin trong giao thc EIGRP. Giao thc RTP c s dung am bao iu nay da trn cac trng ack va seq num trong cac goi tin gi i. Giao thc RTP s dung protocol number la 88 va ia chi multicast la 224.0.0.10 cho tt ca cac m hinh mang. Cac goi tin cp nht co cha d liu bang inh tuyn c phn phi di dang tin cy, co anh s th t ti tt ca cac router lang ging di dang multicast. Cac goi tin xac nhn ack vi s th t chinh xac c gi lai t cac router hang xom. Nu s th t la khng chinh xac, mt goi tin cp nht se c gi lai di dang unicast.

Seq num trong cac goi tin c gi dung am bao s chinh xac v th t cac goi tin gi i cung nh nhn c gi cac router. Q Cnt la s cac goi tin con trong hang i cn c gi i. S Q Cnt nay phai co gia tri la 0, am bao tt ca cac goi tin u a c chuyn n ich.

EIGRP s dung cac goi tin querry va reply trong thut toan DUAL. Goi tin querry co th la multicast hoc unicass phn phi di dang tin cy. Goi tin Reply lun lun la unicast la phn phi di dang tin cy.

2.3.4 Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)Tt ca nhim vu tinh toan tuyn ng trong EIGRP u c x ly bi DUAL. Trong o DUAL duy tri mt bang lu tr tt ca cac ng i n router ich c goi la bang topology. Khng ging nh cac giao thc Distance Vector thng thng chi lu tr gia tri ng i tt nht hay co cost thp nht, DUAL lu tr tt ca cac ng i. ng i tt nht se c chuyn t bang topology sang bang inh tuyn va s dung lam tuyn ng chinh vn chuyn goi tin goi la ng successor. Trng hp tuyn ng nay gp s c bang topology se ngay lp tc a ra mt tuyn ng d phong c lu tr sn. Trng hp khng tim thy ng d phong lu trong bang topology, DUAL se tinh toan lai cac tuyn ng bng cach gi cac goi tin query n cac router hang xom. Cac router hang xom tip tuc gi goi tin query n cac router khac trong mang. Sau o da vao cac goi tin reply tinh toan ra cac ng i khac n ich. Chinh vi cach thc gi cac goi tin query nh vy ma thut toan nay c goi la Diffusing khuch tan Update Algorithm. Sau khi thit lp xong quan h lng ging, cc router lng ging ca nhau ngay lp tc gi cho nhau ton b cc route EIGRP trong bng nh tuyn ca chng. Khc vi RIP, bng nh tuyn ch c gi cho nhau ln u tin khi mi xy dng xong quan h lng ging, sau , cc router ch gi cho nhau cc cp nht khi c s thay i xy ra v ch gi cp nht cho s thay i y. lam ro hoat ng cua bang topology va cac thng s Successor, Feasible Successor, Feasible Distance, Report Distance xet s sau:

Hinh 2.2: S minh hoa giao thc EIGRPGi thit rng s hnh 7 chy nh tuyn EIGRP. Xt trn router R. T router R i n mng 4.0.0.0/8 ca R4 c tng cng 03 ng: ng s 1 i thng qua lng ging l router R1, ng s 2 i thng qua lng ging l router R2 v ng s 3 i thng qua lng ging l router R3. Trn hnh cng ch ra cc gi tr metric cho mi tuyn ng:

ng s 1: metric t router ang xt n mng 4.0.0.0/8 l 1000, metric t lng ging trn ng ny (R1) n 4.0.0.0/8 l 900. ng s 2: metric t router ang xt n mng 4.0.0.0/8 l 2000, metric t lng ging trn ng ny (R2) n 4.0.0.0/8 l 1200. ng s 3: metric t router ang xt n mng 4.0.0.0/8 l 3000, metric t lng ging trn ng ny (R3) n 4.0.0.0/8 l 800.- Vi mi ng i, gi tr metric t router ang xt i n mng ch c gi l FD Feasible Distance.

- Cng vi ng i y, gi tr metric t router lng ging (next hop) i n cng mng ch c gi l AD Advertised Distance. Mt s ti liu gi khi nim ny bng mt tn khc l RD Reported Distance. Lu khng c nhm ln khi nim AD ny vi khi nim AD Administrative Distance dng trong vic so snh u tin gia cc giao thc nh tuyn.

Nh vy, ta c cc gi tr FD v AD rt ra t s hnh 3 vi router ang xem xt l router R nh sau:

- ng s 1: FD1 = 1000, AD1 = 900.

- ng s 2: FD2 = 2000, AD2 = 1200.

- ng s 3: FD3 = 3000, AD3 = 800.

Tt c cc thng tin ny s u c lu vo trong bng Topology ca router R. Ta cng xem xt tip cc khi nim: Successor v Feasible Successor.

- Successor: Trong tt c cc ng cng i n mt ch c lu trong bng topology, ng no c FD nh nht, ng s c bu chn lm Successor, router lng ging trn ng ny c gi l successor router (hoc cng c gi mt cch ngn gn l Successor). ng Successor s c a vo bng nh tuyn s dng chnh thc lm ng i n ch.

- Feasible Successor: Trong tt c cc ng cn li c FD ln hn FD ca Successor, ng no c AD nho hn FD ca successor, ng s c chn l Feasible Successor v c s dng lm d phng cho Successor.

Trong v d trn, ta thy trong 03 ng nu, ng s 1 l ng c FD nh nht trong 03 ng, vy ng s 1 s c bu chn lm Successor. Hai ng cn li u c FD > FD1 (FD2 = 2000, FD3 = 3000). Tuy nhin, ch ng s 3 mi c AD < FD ca successor (AD3 = 800 < FD1 = 1000) nn ch c ng s 3 mi c bu chn lm Feasible Successor. ng s 1 Successor s c a vo bng nh tuyn s dng lm ng i chnh thc ti mng 4.0.0.0/8 v ng s 3 s c s dng lm d phng cho ng i chnh thc ny. Nu ng s 1 down, router s ngay lp tc a ng s 3 vo s dng.

L do ca lut chn Feasible Successor phi c AD < FD ca successor l chng loop. Ngi ta chng mnh c rng trong mt mng chy giao thc kiu Distance vector, nu metric t im A i n mt mng no y nho hn metric i t im B n cng mng y th khng bao gi trn hnh trnh t im A i n mng nu trn li i qua im B. Chnh v vy nu AD ca Feasible Successor < FD Successor th khng bao gi d liu i theo Feasible Successor li i vng tr li router Successor t loop khng th xy ra.

Lu Successor l loi route duy nht va nm trong bng nh tuyn va nm trong bng Topology.

Trong trng hp khng co ng nao thoa man iu kin Feasible Successor. Router vn s dung ng successor lam ng chinh gi goi tin n ich, va khng co ng d phong. Trong trng hp ng chinh gp s c. Router se c t trang thai Active va thc hin ky thut Query tinh toan lai cac ng i n mang ich. Cc gi tin truy vn c gi n tt c cc router EIGRP lng ging ngoi tr router lm successor. Nu cc router lng ging khng c thng tin v tuyn b mt th cc gi tin query tip tc c gi n cc router lng ging khc cho n khi ht AS. Khi gi tin query c gi i, router phi ch hi p t router lng ging trc khi router thc hin tnh ton chn successor.

Nu trong khong thi gian 3 pht m router lng ging khng hi p li, router c gi l stuck in active (SIA), v router s tin hnh thit lp li quan h lng ging.

Sau khi trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi lng ging, cp nht bng Topology, rt ra c cc Successor a vo bng nh tuyn, hot ng ca mt router chy EIGRP c bn l hon thnh, luc nay mang a hi tu va co th truyn thng c.

2.3.5 Protocol Dependent Module EIGRP thi hnh module cho IP, IPX v AppleTalk bng cch mi module c giao mt nhim v xc nh ring bit. V d module IPX EIGRP c giao trch nhim trao i thng tin nh tuyn v mng IPX vi IPX EIGRP router v a thng tin vo module DUAL.

EIGRP t ng redistribution vi cc giao thc khc trong cc trng hp sau:

- IPX EIGRP t ng redistribution vi IPX RIP v NLSP.

- AppleTalk EIGRP t ng redistribution vi AppleTalk RTMP.

- IP EIGRP t ng redistribution IGRP nu IGRP process c cng autonomous system.

2.3.6 Cu truc cac goi tin trong EIGRPCac packet trong EIGRP c ong goi trc tip theo cu truc IP vi protocol id la 88. ia chi IP ich lun la 224.0.0.10. ia chi IP ngun la ia chi cua Interface ma goi tin c gi ra. Cu truc goi tin co dang nh hinh sau:

Hinh 2.3. Cu truc goi tin EIGRP

Trong o:

Version : S hiu phin ban EIGRP

Opcode th hin loai packet: update, query, reply, hello

Ma Checksum cho tt ca cac EIGRP Package.

Flags: S dung trong vic thit lp quan h lang ging.

Seq num va Ack Num s dung trong RTP.

AS number: xac nhn s EIGRP Process. Cac router phai co cung s AS mi truyn thng c vi nhau.

Type field: Loai ban ghi. Co th la Internal Gi gia cac router trong cung mt AS. Co th la External Gi gia cac AS vi nhau.

Internal. Co type field la 0x0102. Co cu truc nh sau:

Hinh 2.4.Cu truc goi tin Internal

External. Co type field la 0x0103. Co cu truc nh sau:

Hinh 2.5. Cu truc goi tin External

2.4 Cn bng tai trong EIGRP

Mt c im ni tri ca EIGRP l giao thc ny cho php cn bng ti ngay c trn nhng ng khng u nhau. iu ny gip tn dng tt hn cc ng truyn ni n router. hiu c k thut ny chng ta cng kho st li v d trong hinh 2.2 .

Nh phn tch trong 03 ng i t router R n mng 4.0.0.0/8 hnh 2.2, ng s 1 l ng c metric tt nht (FD nh nht), ng ny c chn lm Successor v a vo bng nh tuyn s dng. Nu bnh thng khng cu hnh g thm, router R s lun chn ng 1 l ng i n mng 4.0.0.0/8. Nh vy, hai ng s 2 v s 3 s b b ph khng bao gi c s dng. khc phc vn ny, chng ta c th hiu chnh cc tham s trn cc cng thch hp metric i theo cc ng l ging nhau, khi c 3 ng s u c a vo bng nh tuyn s dng. Tuy nhin, nh chng ta thy, trong cng thc tnh ton metric ca EIGRP c nhiu tham s, c php chia l thp phn v kt qu tnh ra thng rt ln v c phn gii c th n mt phn triu nn vic hiu chnh c cho cc ng chnh xc bng nhau khng phi l mt iu d dng (Vd: mt ng c metric 2174976 v m ng c metric 2174977 c th coi l tt nh nhau nhng EIGRP khng ng nh vy, vi EIGRP ng 2174976 vn tt hn 2174977 d hai ng ny metric ch chnh lch nhau c 1 phn triu!).

Vi EIGRP, ta c th chn mt gii php cn bng ti n gin hn: cho php cn bng ti trn c nhng ng khng c metric bng nhau. thc hin iu , ta thc hin chnh mt tham s c tn l variance trn router bng cu lnh:

R(config)#router eigrp AS number

R(config-router)#variance gi tr variance

Sau khi hiu chnh xong, gi tr variance ny s c nhn vi gi tr FD ca Successor. Kt qu nhn c nu ln hn metric ca ng no th router s cn bng ti lun qua c ng . Vi v d trn, gi s ta chnh variance = 4:

R(config-router)#variance 4

Khi , gi tr 4 s c nhn vi FD Successor : 4 * 1000 = 4000. Ta thy 4000 > 3000 l metric khi i theo ng s 3 nn router s thc hin cn bng ti qua c ng ny. Ta lu rng d ng s 2 c metric 2000 Preferences .

Hinh 3.2 Hng dn kim tra cai t. Trong ca s Preferences. Chon Dynamips .

Hinh 3.3 Test settings GNS 3Kch chut vao Test Settings. Nu hin dong ch successfully started nh hinh ve tc la a kim tra xong.

Ta co th kim tra ng dn cung nh cai t cac phn mm tich hp khac trong ca s nay. Bng cach chuyn qua cac muc nh Capture, VirtualBox

Sau o tin hanh nap IOS cho cac Router Cisco. lam c iu nay thi phai co sn 1 file image IOS. Cac bc thc hin nh sau

Trn thanh cng cu chon Edit => IOS image and hypervisions.

Ca s hin ln nh sau:

Hinh 3.4 Thm IOS cho GNS3 Tai dong Image file chon ng dn n file image cua IOS.

Dong base config file lu tr nhng cu hinh c ban.

Platform, Model: tn loai Router .

Sau o chon Save va Close.

Quay tr lai giao din lam vic chinh. Chon loai Router trung vi model ma IOS cung cp. Keo tha vao khung cha topology.

khung Topology Summary bn phai se thy tn Router va en mau o. Tc la Router cha c bt.

Kick chut trai vao Route chon Start hoc kick vao nut Start trn thanh cng cu. en khung topology summary se chuyn sang xanh tc la Router a c bt.

Lu y rng khi start 1 router trong gns3 ta se thy CPU Usage trong may tng cao n 100%. iu nay khin cho khi s dung phn mm trn cac may tinh cu hinh yu chng trinh se chay rt nng va chm chap. Ta co th giai quyt bng cach chuyn Router v ch IDLE PC. Click chut phai vao Router chon IDLE PC la chon thng s phu hp va chon Apply.

Hinh 3.5 Ch IDLE PC

Hinh 3.6 Ch IDLE PC

Sau o click chut phai vao Router va chon Console. bt u tin hanh cu hinh cho Router.

Hinh 3.7 Vao ch Console trn Router trong GNS3

Hinh 3.8 Ca s cu hinh Router

Sau khi hoan thanh cac bc trn ta co th tin hanh cu hinh cho Router nh binh thng.3.2 M phong giao thc EIGRP trn GNS3

- Cho s mang nh hinh ve.

Hinh 3.9 S mang Yu cu:

Cu hinh inh tuyn EIGRP vi AS 100 va AS 10 nh hinh ve am bao tt ca cac Router u co th truyn thng c vi nhau.

Kim tra vic thit lp quan h lang ging.

3.2.1 Cu hinh inh tuyn cho Router

Cu hinh tng th cho cac Router: Vao ch cu hinh tng th. t tn Routervi lnh hostname.

t ia chi IP cho cac interfaces.

Cu hinh inh tuyn RIP:

Trn R1:

R1(config)#ipv6 unicast-routing

R1(config)#ipv6 router rip 1

R1(config-router)#exit

R1(config)#interface Serial1/0

R1(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:2::1/64

R1(config-if)#ipv6 rip 1 enable

R1(config-if)#no shutdown

R1(config-if)#interface Serial1/0




Trn R2:





R2(config)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:3::2/64

R2(config)#ipv6 rip 1 enable

R2(config)#no shutdown









Trn R4:








R4(config-if)#interface FastEthernet0/0




Cu hnh EIGRP :

Trn R3 :



R3(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 10 metric 5


R3(config)#ipv6 router eigrp 10

R3(config-router)#router-id 3.3.3.3

R3(config-router)#no shutdown

R3(config-router)#redistribute rip 1 metric 2169856 20000 255 1 1500R3(config-router)#redistribute connected







R3(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:A::1/64





R3(config-if)#ipv6 eigrp 10



R3(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:B::1/64



Trn R5 :







R5(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:AE::1/64








R5(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:E::2/64




R5(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:EA::1/64







Trn R7 :







R7(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:AE::2/64




R7(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:C::1/64




R7(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:B::2/64



Trn R8 :







R8(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:D::1/64




R8(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:C::2/64




R8(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DC8:EA::2/64



Trn R9 :







R9(config-if)#ipv6 address 2402:800:1::2/64




R9(config-if)#ipv6 address 2402:800:A::1/64



Trn R10 :











R10(config-if)#ipv6 address 2402:800:B::1/64


R10(config-if)#no shutdownTrn R11 :




R11(config-router)#redistribute connected

R11(config-router)#redistribute isis metric 10000 100 255 1 1500 level-1-2 include-connectedR11(config-router)#no shutdown


R11(config)#interface Serial1/0R11(config-if)#ipv6 address 2402:800:C::1/64






R11(config-if)#no shutdownR11(config)#router isisR11(config-router)#net 49.0001.1111.1111.1111.00R11(config-router)#redistribute connected

R11(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 100 metric 20R11(config)#interface Serial1/1R11(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:dc8:456::1/64

R11(config-if)#ipv6 router isisR11(config-if)#no shutdownTrn R12 :







R12(config-if)#ipv6 address 2402:800:A::2/64




R12(config-if)#ipv6 address 2402:800:B::2/64




R12(config-if)#ipv6 address 2402:800:C::2/64




R12(config-if)#ipv6 address 2402:800:D::1/64


R12(config-if)#no shutdownTrn R6 :





R6(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 10 metric 2172416 20100 255 255 1500






R6(config-router)#redistribute eigrp 100 metric 2172416 20100 255 255 1500












R6(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:dc8:D::2/64




R6(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:dc8:E::2/64








R6(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:dc8:F::1/64


R6(config-if)#no shutdown Cu hnh IS-IS:

Trn R13 :


R13(config)#router isisR13(config-router)#net 49.0001.3333.3333.3333.00R13(config)#interface Serial1/3R13(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:dc8:123::2/64

R13(config-if)#ipv6 router isisR13(config-if)#no shutdown


R13(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:dc8:789::1/64R13(config-if)#ipv6 router isisR13(config-if)#no shutdownTrn R14 :


R14(config)#router isisR14(config-router)#net 49.0001.2222.2222.2222.00R14(config)#interface Serial1/1R14(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:dc8:456::2/64

R14(config-if)#ipv6 router isisR14(config-if)#no shutdown

R14(config-if)#interface Serial1/3R14(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:dc8:123::1/64R14(config-if)#ipv6 router isisR14(config-if)#no shutdown

3.2.2 Kim tra vic cu hinh inh tuyn bng cac lnh show.Kt qu trn R3: R3#show ipv6 route

IPv6 Routing Table - 26 entries

Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP

U - Per-user Static route, M - MIPv6

I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summary

O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2

ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external

D 2001:DC8:1::/64 [90/2195456]

via FE80::C00A:CFF:FE50:0, Serial1/1

C 2001:DC8:2::/64 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/0

L 2001:DC8:2::2/128 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/0

R 2001:DC8:3::/64 [120/2]

via FE80::C008:15FF:FECC:0, Serial1/2


C 2001:DC8:4::/64 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/2

L 2001:DC8:4::2/128 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/2

R 2001:DC8:5::/64 [120/2]


R 2001:DC8:6::/64 [120/3]


C 2001:DC8:A::/64 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/1

L 2001:DC8:A::1/128 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/1

C 2001:DC8:B::/64 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/3

L 2001:DC8:B::1/128 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/3

D 2001:DC8:C::/64 [90/2681856]

via FE80::C00B:CFF:FE50:0, Serial1/3

D 2001:DC8:D::/64 [90/3193856]



D 2001:DC8:E::/64 [90/2681856]


D 2001:DC8:F::/64 [90/2707456]


D 2001:DC8:AE::/64 [90/2681856]



D 2001:DC8:EA::/64 [90/2681856]


EX 2402:800:1::/64 [170/3193856]


EX 2402:800:2::/64 [170/3193856]


EX 2402:800:3::/64 [170/3193856]


EX 2402:800:A::/64 [170/3193856]


EX 2402:800:B::/64 [170/3193856]


EX 2402:800:C::/64 [170/3193856]


EX 2402:800:D::/64 [170/3193856]


L FF00::/8 [0/0]

via ::, Null0

R3#show ipv6 eigrp neighbors

IPv6-EIGRP neighbors for process 10


(sec) (ms) Cnt Num

1 Link-local address: Se1/1 13 00:24:17 906 5000 0 33

FE80::C00A:CFF:FE50:0


FE80::C00B:CFF:FE50:0

- Trn Router R6 :

R6#show ipv6 route

IPv6 Routing Table - 28 entries

Codes: C - Connected, L - Local, S - Static, R - RIP, B - BGP

U - Per-user Static route, M - MIPv6

I1 - ISIS L1, I2 - ISIS L2, IA - ISIS interarea, IS - ISIS summary

O - OSPF intra, OI - OSPF inter, OE1 - OSPF ext 1, OE2 - OSPF ext 2

ON1 - OSPF NSSA ext 1, ON2 - OSPF NSSA ext 2

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external

D 2001:DC8:1::/64 [90/2195456]


EX 2001:DC8:2::/64 [170/3193856]


EX 2001:DC8:3::/64 [170/7827456]


EX 2001:DC8:4::/64 [170/3193856]


EX 2001:DC8:5::/64 [170/7827456]


EX 2001:DC8:6::/64 [170/7827456]


D 2001:DC8:A::/64 [90/2681856]


D 2001:DC8:B::/64 [90/3193856]

via FE80::C00C:CFF:FE50:0, Serial1/1


D 2001:DC8:C::/64 [90/2681856]


C 2001:DC8:D::/64 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/1

L 2001:DC8:D::2/128 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/1

C 2001:DC8:E::/64 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/2

L 2001:DC8:E::2/128 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/2

C 2001:DC8:F::/64 [0/0]

via ::, FastEthernet0/0

L 2001:DC8:F::1/128 [0/0]

via ::, FastEthernet0/0

D 2001:DC8:AE::/64 [90/2681856]


D 2001:DC8:EA::/64 [90/2681856]



C 2402:800:1::/64 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/0

L 2402:800:1::1/128 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/0

C 2402:800:2::/64 [0/0]

via ::, Serial0/0

L 2402:800:2::1/128 [0/0]

via ::, Serial0/0

C 2402:800:3::/64 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/3

L 2402:800:3::1/128 [0/0]

via ::, Serial1/3

D 2402:800:A::/64 [90/2681856]

via FE80::C003:BFF:FEBC:0, Serial1/0

D 2402:800:B::/64 [90/2681856]


D 2402:800:C::/64 [90/2681856]


D 2402:800:D::/64 [90/2707456]




L FF00::/8 [0/0]

via ::, Null0

R6#show ipv6 eigrp neighbors



(sec) (ms) Cnt Num


FE80::C00A:CFF:FE50:0


FE80::C00C:CFF:FE50:0



(sec) (ms) Cnt Num


FE80::C002:BFF:FEBC:0





3.2.3 Kim tra vic kt ni gia cac router bng lnh ping.

- Router R4 ping n mng 2402:800:D::1 ca R12, mng 2001:dc8:F::1 ca R6

R4#ping 2402:800:D::1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2402:800:D::1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 92/108/132 ms

R4#ping 2001:dc8:f::1

Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:DC8:F::1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 104/162/252 ms Router R12 ping n mng 2001:dc8:1::1 ca R5 v mng 2001:dc8:F::1 ca R6

R12#ping 2001:dc8:1::1Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:DC8:1::1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 28/53/68 ms

R12#ping 2001:dc8:f::1Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 2001:DC8:F::1, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!

Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 20/35/48 msNhn xt: Nh vy h thng ci t v cu hnh thnh cng, cc Router trong AS 10 v AS 100 truyn thng c mi nhau, cc Router s dng nh tuyn RIP cng truyn thng c vi cc Router s dng EIGRP v ngc li.KT LUNTrn y la nhng net c ban nht v giao thc EIGRP nh: nguyn tc inh tuyn, cach tinh toan metric cho mi ng i trong mang. Cach cac router phat hin s thay i trong m hinh mang. Phng phap cu hinh inh tuyn c ban vi ia chi IPv6. Qua thi gian tim hiu em co i n nhng kt lun nh sau: EIGRP la mt giao thc dang distance vector nhng a c cai tin. No mang thm mt s tinh cht cua nhng giao thc inh tuyn dang link state. Nh iu nay ma EIGRP khc phuc c nhng nhc im cua giao thc dang distance vector truyn thng.

EIGRP d cu hinh va quan tri. Mang hi tu nhanh, h tr VLSM va CIDR tit kim khng gian ia chi IP v4. H tr IP v6. H tr mang khng lin tuc. Tit kim bng thng, chng lp. Vi nhng u im sn co EIGRP c coi la s la chon li tng cho cac m hinh mang ln c xy dng trn cac Router Cisco. Va cac cai tin cua cng ngh th h mi.Vi han ch cua ban thn cung vi o la quy m cua mt bai bao cao thc tp chuyn nganh. Bai bao cao nay vn co nhiu thiu sot nh : cha kt hp c EIGRP vi cac cng ngh mang hin ai, cha anh gia c ht u nhc im cua giao thc cung nh nhng m hinh trong thc t.

Hng phat trin cua tai:

Tip tuc thc hin m phong lai cac trng hp co th xay ra trong thc t qua o anh gia c chinh xac nhng u nhc im cua giao thc va a ra phng phap trin khai ti u.

Trin khai kt hp vi cac loai giao thc khac cung nh cac cng ngh mang mi phat trin.

B sung sa cha nhng thiu sot a c gop y.Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n c Th.S Dng Thu My nhit tnh hng dn, ch bo v nh hng cho em thc hin thnh cng ti.TAI LIU THAM KHAO[1]. EIGRP Documentation at http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_white_paper09186a0080094cb7.shtml[2]. IP Routing .by Ravi Mahotra . OReilly . Jan 2002 .

[3]. EIGRP Network Design Solutions: The Definitive Resource for EIGRP Design, Deployment, and Operation Cisco Press 2000.Read more at http://ebookee.org/EIGRP-Network-Design-Solutions-The-Definitive-Resource-for-EIGRP-Design-Deployment-and Operation_69647.html#SBh0xjhPHrLShZUS.99 .[4]. CCNA version 4 Exploration 2 Chapter 11 .

[5]. GNS3 Documentation at http://www.gns3.net/documentation/[6] Khng Anh CCAI,CCNP. Gio trnh h thng my tnh CCNA q3. Nxb Lao ng X Hi.

[7] Alex Zinin .Cisco IP Routing Packet Forwording and Intra- Domain Routing Protocols, tr. 551- 613

[8] McGraw Hill. Advanced IP Routing in Cisco Networks.[9] Jeff Doyle. Routing TCP/IP . McMilan Technecial, 1998.

Website :

[1] http://vnpro.org[2] http://www.gccom.net[3] http://www.vnexperts.netHinh 1.1.M hnh mng cn bn.

IPv4 = 32 Bits

IPv6 = 128 Bits

[Type text][Type text][Type text]PAGE GVHD: ThS. Dng Thu My SV: Nguyn Khnh Ton

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