Tik-109/110.300 Telecommunications architectures · Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 2 Agenda 1. Chicken or Egg? 2. Early history 3. 1900-2000

Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 1

Tik-109/110.300Telecommunications architectures:

History of telecommunications networks

Hannu H. KARI/Helsinki University of Technology (HUT)

TML-laboratory/CS/HUT


Agenda

1. Chicken or Egg?2. Early history3. 1900-2000


Chicken or Egg?

• Wired or wireless communication• Wireless

• Hand signals, fire beacons, flags, mechanical semaphores,telegraph

• Telegraph (Telegraph: Tele=Far;Graph=Graphien=To Write)

• Telephone• Radio


Early history

• 1753• Charles Morrison, in Europe, proposes an electrostatic

telegraph system in which the use of 26 insulated wiresconducting charges from a Leyden jar cause movements insmall pieces of paper on which each letter of the alphabet iswritten.

• 1763• Bosolus describes a system similar to Morrison's except he

uses only two wires, and a letter code.

• 1799• Volta, in Italy, develops the "Voltaic Pile," or battery.


Early history

• 1820• Sept. 18 – Schweigger invents his "multiplier," the

electromagnetic coil.

• 1830• Needle Galvanometers were in use in England to indicate

railroad track conditions & control trains.

• 1831• Faraday discovers the properties of induction between

parallel conductors.


Early history

• 1832• Nicholas demonstrates a 5-needle electric telegraph in

Berlin. Schilling, a Russian diplomat, demonstrates hiselectric telegraph in Germany. The system uses fivenumerical indicator needles which are used to identify aspecific 5-digit code.

• A code dictionary relates these codes to words.• Morse makes his first notes regarding his "Recording Electric

Magnetic Telegraph" and a dot - dash alphabet code. Later,Jackson claims credit for Morse's invention, saying he hadsupplied key information.


Telegraph pictures

5-needle

key register

sounder


Morse code and others

A .-B -...C -.-.D -..E .F ..-.G --.H ....I ..J .---K -.-L .-..M --

N -.O ---P .--.Q --.-R .-.S ...T -U ..-V ...-W .--X -..-Y -.--Z --..


Early history

• 1833• Gauss and Weber apply the idea of Schweigger's multiplier

to telegraphy.

• 1833• Samuel Morse demonstrated first device to send signals over

wires. Close switch on 1 end of wire, mark paper tape onother end. Device used to mark signals is called aREGISTER. Not until 1849 did people think of receiving codeby ear. Designed a SOUNDER - mounted in a wooden box (aresonator) to mechanically amplify sound.

• 1835• Morse (44 years old) develops the concept of the "Morse

Register" and a numbered-word code.


Early history

• 1836• Morse builds his first functional telegraph instrument (now

located in the National Museum in Washington). It consistsof an old picture frame fastened to a table. The wheels of anold wooden clock, which are moved by a weight, carry a thinstrip of paper forward. Morse demonstrates the instrumentto several friends, including Leonard D. Gale. Schillingsimplifies his electric telegraph to use a single needle and amore precise code. Morse invents the "relay” to solve theproblem of current loss on long lines.


Early history

• 1837• June 10 – The Cooke and Wheatstone electric "Five Needle

Telegraph" is patented (#7390) in London. The instrumentrequires six wires between each of its stations. ThisEuropean telegraph had no means of recording messages;Morse felt this to be a great disadvantage.

• 1838• Implementation of Morse's first letter code. Each letter of

type had sawteeth filed in the edge to activate the sendingmachine. A letter's code symbol length was based upon thevarious quantities of type found in the printer's office. Theregister was an electromagnet-activated pen, drawing thesawtooth symbols on a thin strip of moving paper.


Early history

• 1838• Jan 24 – Morse demonstrates his telegraph over a ten mile

circuit at N.Y. University. Transmission speed was recordedat 10 w.p.m.

• Steinheil, in Germany, publishes improvements to the Gaussand Weber work. He also discovers "earth return" (ground).

• 1839• June 26 – Morse applies for an English patent on his Electric

Telegraph, but is turned down because of the informationalready published by Cooke and Wheatstone (June 10, 1837)on their "Magnetic Needle Telegraph.


Early history

• 1842• Telegraph poles and ceramic insulators are in regular use in

Europe. Morse installs a submarine cable between CastleGarden and Governor's Island in New York.

• 1844• May 1 – First test of new overhead wire, quickly strung 35

km through treetops and on posts, from Annapolis Junctionto Washington, D.C.

• 1845• In Europe Cooke & Wheatstone patent a "Single Needle

Telegraph" which requires only one overhead wire and earthreturn.


Early history

• 1849• First teleprinter circuit, New York to Philadelphia. Uses Royal

E. House teleprinter. The unit, which resembles a smallpiano, was the first telegraph instrument to print actualletters rather than code symbols.

• 1851• Since the Morse code's space letters (C, O, R, Y and Z) and

long L cause problems when used with submarine cables,the "International" or "Continental" Morse code is developedat the International Telegraphic Conference in Berlin. Itcombines portions of the Davy code (1838) and the Baincode (1846).


Early history

• 1852• The first "Channel Cable" is laid between London and Paris.

• 1854• Cyrus Field consults with Morse on an "Atlantic Cable."

• 1857• Automatic sender, 70 w.p.m., is invented. Ink recorders and

perforators are re-introduced.

• 1858• Trans-Atlantic cable is successfully laid by warships, but

breaks limit its usefulness. In only 24 days, communicationbetween the U.S. and Europe is lost.


Early history

• 1859• Western Union sets up the "92 Code" of numbered phrases.

"73" is included and means "Accept my compliments. "30" isdefined to mean "The end. No more."

• 1861• Oct 21 – Beginning of coast to coast telegraph

communication in the United States. Western Union joinswires from the east with wires from the west at Salt LakeCity, completing the first transcontinental telegraph.

• Oct 24 – Pony Express ends, ruining many investors.


Early history

• 1866• Permanent communication is established by wire from the

United States to Europe with the completion of the secondAtlantic telegraph cable.

• 1867• U.S. buys Russian America (Alaska) from Russia. Purchase

was initially urged by Western Union president Hiram Sibley,because W.U. needed that route, a 16,000 mile land wirethrough western Canada, Russian America, across the BeringStrait and through Siberia, to link America with Europe. Thisscheme was abandoned in 1868 when the Trans-Atlanticcable proved to be successful.


Early history

• 1868• July 28 – A truly successful Trans-Atlantic cable is finally laid

by the vessel "Great Eastern."

• 1870• The Post Office takes over several failing telegraph

companies.

• 1875• First "gallows type" telephone tested by Bell and Thomas

Watson in an attic room at 109 Court Street, Boston. Ittransmitted recognizable speech sounds but not intelligiblespeech.


Phone pictures

gallows phone


Early history

• 1876• Bell files his patent application. First telephone patent (U.S.

No. 174,465) allowed and issued to Bell on March 7th.• March 10th, Bell speaks the first complete sentence

transmitted by variable resistance transmitter ..."Mr. Watson, come here. I want you!”

• The world's first long distance telephone call (one-way) wasreceived at Paris, Ontario by Bell from his father and uncleat Brantford, Ontario over "borrowed" telegraph lines.

• Gardiner Greene Hubbard, one of Bell's financial backers andsharer in Bell's patents, offers to sell the telephone inventionto Western Union Telegraph Company for $100,000.Western Union refuses the offer.


Early history

• 1876• The world's first two way long distance telephone

conversation over an outdoor wire (borrowed telegraph line)takes place between Cambridgeport and Boston,Massachusetts between Bell and Watson.

• 1877• First telephones rented for business use, on a private line

between Boston and Somerville, Massachusetts.• First service rental paid for telephones (private use) in

Charlestown, Massachusetts ($20 for 2 Telephones for 1Year).


Early history

• 1878• The first commercial telephone exchange is the world is

opened at New Haven, Connecticut with 21 subscribers onJanuary 28th

• The first telephone directory is published by the New HavenDistrict Telephone Co. (21 Listings) on February 21st

• 1879• (February 17th) National Bell Telephone Company formed• Telephone Numbers. The latter part of 1879 and the early

part of 1880 saw the first use of telephone numbers atLowell, Massachusetts.


Early history

• 1879• This story is that during an epidemic of measles, Dr. Moses

Greeley Parker feared that Lowell's four operators mightsuccumb and bring about a paralysis of telephone service.He recommended the use of numbers for calling Lowell'smore than 200 subscribers so that substitute operatorsmight be more easily trained in the event of such anemergency. The telephone management at Lowell fearedthat the public would take the assignment of numbers as anindignity but the telephone users saw the practical value ofthe change immediately and it went into effect with no stirwhatsoever.


Early history

• 1880• The first telephone pay stations (not coin boxes but

attended telephones) are opened in certain districts of NewYork

• 1881• The first commercially successful long distance line, 45 miles

between Boston and Providence, Rhode Island, is opened forbusiness on January 12th

• 1884• The New York to Boston line is opened for commercial

service on September 4th. (Rates: $2.00 daytime; $1.00 atnight)


Early history

• 1886• AT&T begins to offer private line service.

• 1887• November 1st marks the first differentiation between day

and night long distance rates coming into effect, with nightrates in most, but not all, instances lower than day rates

• 1888• The first pay telephone which required the deposit of a coin

to gain access to the telephone instrument was brought outby William Gray. (The pay telephone was not the first coinoperated device.)

• Hertz, in Germany, discovers radio waves.


Early history

• 1893• Expiration of the first Bell patent makes it possible for

anyone who so desired to make telephone equipment andsell telephone service

• 1894• May 10 – Marconi sends a radio wave 3/4 mile. "Wireless" is

born.

• 1896• June 2 – Marconi receives a British patent for his wireless

apparatus.


Early history

• 1896• Dial telephones - the first machine switching telephones with

finger wheels resembling those of today - were placed inservice at the city hall of Milwaukee, Wisconsin by theAutomatic Electric Company

• 1897• July 7 – The Marconi Company successfully communicates

"ship to shore" over a distance of 12 miles.

• 1899• Mar 3 – First rescue using wireless. The lightship East

Goodwin sent the word "help" while sinking.


1900

• 1900• There are now 855,900 telephones in the Bell Telephone

System• December – Fessenden develops radio telephony.

• 1901• Dec 12 – Marconi's letter "S" is heard across the Atlantic,

from St. Johns, Newfoundland to Poldhu, England – 1800miles.

• 1903• Jan 18 – Marconi has a two-way contact with England.


1906

• 1906• First International Wireless Conference discusses a universal

distress signal. The German SOE is suggested, but becausethe letter E is so short, another S is used in its place.

• Lee de Forest, "Father of Radio," invents the first amplifyingvacuum tube, the Audion, by adding a third element (a grid)to the Fleming Valve.

• First telephone directory featuring classified businessadvertising on yellow pages issued in Detroit by theMichigan State Telephone Company

• 1910• "International Ship Act" requires a wireless set on all ships.


1912

• 1912• Apr 15 – The Titanic sinks, killing 1517. Its radio operator,

Jack Phillips, sends both CQD and the new SOS distresssignals in International Morse.

• Aug 9 – The Radio Act of 1912 officially adopts:International Morse; the "Q" code (QRM, QRN, QSO etc.);CQ (from English landline) as general call or "attention."

• 1917• Bell system engineers demonstrate one way radio telephone

transmission from airplane to ground.• By August, two way, air-ground communications is

maintained for the first time and communication betweentwo airplanes is also demonstrated


1919

• 1919• The Bell System announces plans for the introduction of

machine switching (dial telephones) in its exchanges

• 1920• WWJ Detroit and KDKA Pittsburgh start regular radio

broadcasts.

• 1927• A public demonstration of television by wire from

Washington, D.C. to Bell Telephone Laboratories in NewYork City was made on April 7th. First color photographssent over wire from San Francisco to New York, for the NewYork World.


1934

• 1934• The Communications Act of 1934 establishes the Federal

Communications Commission.

• 1936• First coaxial cable installed between New York and

Philadelphia made available for multi-channel telephonetests

• 1940• Broad band carrier systems are introduced allowing for

simultaneous calls over a single pair of wires.


1946

• 1946• First commercial multi-channel high frequency microwave

radiotelephone system in Bell System is introduced insouthern California as well as between Nantucket (MA) andthe mainland. Mobile telephone service placed in commercialuse in St. Louis.

• 1947• August 15th sees the introduction (on an experimental

basis) of telephone service from moving trains to any othertelephone. Mobile Telephone service opened along Boston-Washington highway on September 26th.


1954

• 1954• Production of color telephones in eight shades is now

underway.• July 2nd, the handsfree Speakerphone is in limited

production.

• 1961• Bell System (January 16th) proposed a new service called

TELPAK which would create "electronic highways" betweenspecific points, over which many types of communicationscould be transmitted.

• On January 18th, the FCC authorizes AT&T to operateexperimental radio stations for basic earth-satellitecommunications study ("Project Telstar").


1962

• 1962• In March, the FCC approved "Bellboy" radio paging system

on a developmental basis for use at the Century 21 World'sFair in Seattle.

• On July 10th, the world's first international communicationssatellite - Telstar - rocketed into space. First transmissioncame during Telstar's sixth orbit of the earth.

• On July 25th, the Bell System's "Skyphone" air-to-groundpublic telephone service opened for commercial airline usefor the first time when TWA introduces the service on anexperimental basis.


1964

• 1964• On April 20, the first transcontinental Picturephone call is

made between Bell System exhibit at the World's Fair andDisneyland, California.

• 1965• The first commercial communications satellite, Early Bird, is

launched from Cape Kennedy on April 6th.• April 23 sees the launch of the first Soviet communications

satellite, Molniya 1, which carries out transmissions oftelevision programs.


1966

• 1966• In April, Illinois Bell introduces a new residential telephone

set that provides for two lines for making calls and a holdbutton for switching back and forth between calls.

• 1976• AT&T installs its first digital switch.

• 1983• ISDN trials begin in Japan.

• 1988• The first transatlantic fiber optic cable is completed.


1994

• 1994• The FCC begins PCS auctions.

• 1995• There are now 25 million cellular subscribers in the U.S.

Worldwide, 30 million users are now on the Internet.


Links on history of telecom

• http://www.ex.ac.uk/~jbcalver/morse.htm• http://www.ex.ac.uk/~jbcalver/electric.htm• http://phworld.tal-on.com/history/• http://www.twi.ch/~sna/SU/Block3/TelephoneHistory/hi

story1.htm• http://www.sri.com/policy/stp/techin2/chp4.html

Documents

Tik-109/110.300 Telecommunications architectures · Tik-109/110.300 Fall 2000 © Hannu H. Kari Page 2 Agenda 1. Chicken or Egg? 2. Early history 3. 1900-2000