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TIFACEnergy Technology Vision - 2035
Rangan Banerjee
Forbes Marshall Chair Professor
Department of Energy Science and Engineering
IIT Bombay
Presentation at IOCL R&D Technology Foresight Programme - 3rd August, 2013
Timeline – TIFAC Energy Technology Vision 2035
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Constitution
of Advisory
Group –
Energy
Technology
Theme
TIFAC-
Technology
Vision 2035:
Constitution
of Apex
Committee
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2nd Meeting-
Advisory
Committee -
Energy
Technology
1st Meeting
– Apex
Committee,
TIFAC TV
2035 held at
New Delhi
Students
Initiative -
ETV 2035
presentatio
n to IITB
students
1st Meeting-
Advisory
Committee -
Energy
Technology
Preminary
Draft Report
- TIFAC
Energy
Technology
Vision 2035 D
ec
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3, 2
01
2
National
Apex
Committee,
Meeting-
TIFAC TV
2035 at
Delhi
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l. 1
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22 New
websites
and promo
video
launched
Did You
Know
campaign
and
DRISHTI
competition
launched
Group
Coordinators
and
Ambassadors
nomination
started
2
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n. 1
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3rd Meeting-
Advisory
Committee -
Energy
Technology
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4th Meeting-
Advisory
Committee -
Energy
Technology
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Summary
table
template
send to
members
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ne
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Deadline
for
summary
report
Advisory Group Members – ETV2035
Committee Members Mr. S P Dharne - Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), Mumbai
Dr. Naushad Forbes - Chairman & Managing Director, Forbes Marshall Pvt. Ltd., Pune
Dr. Anuradda Ganesh – Professor, IIT Bombay
Dr. Gautam Goswami / Shri. Manish Kumar - Director , TIFAC
Dr. Hari Shankar Jain - Executive Director, (R&D), BHEL, Hyderabad
Dr. Ajit K. Kolar – Professor, IIT Madras
Dr. Arun Kumar / Shri. Sanjay Khazanchi - President, Dev Alternatives,
Shri. Ashvini Kumar - Director, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
Shri. Sanjay Prakash – Director, SHiFt: Studio for Habitat Futures
Dr. Rangan Banerjee (Chairman) - Professor, IIT Bombay
Invitees / Authors Prof. Santanu Bandyopadhyay, Professor, IIT Bombay
Prof. Anand B. Rao, Professor, IIT Bombay
Prof. Arindam Sarkar, Professor, IIT Bombay
Prof. Doolla Suryanarayana, Professor, IIT Bombay
Dr. Mahesh Patankar, MP Ensystems Advisory Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai
Dr. Indu Pillai, ATE Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., Pune
Mr. R. R. Sahaya, Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), Mumbai
Mr. Jay Dhariwal / Ms. Tejal Kanitkar, Research Scholar, IIT Bombay
3
Outline of ETV 2035 report (~ 175 pages)
1 Preamble / Context 3-7
1.1 Challenges for the Energy Sector 8
2 Energy Scenarios 10-20
2.1 Drivers for scenarios
2.2 2035 Scenarios – Possibilities
3 Energy Technologies
3.1 Buildings and Communities energy use 21-28
3.2 Industrial Sector – efficiency 29-37
3.3 Energy for Transport 38-44
3.4 Fossil Fuel / Conventional Technologies
3.4.1 Clean Coal / Advanced Coal 45-54
3.4.2 Oil and Gas 55-62
3.4.3 Power equipment technologies 63-72
Outline of ETV 2035 report (contd.)
3.5 Renewables
3.5.1 Biomass 73-79
3.5.2 Solar Technologies 80-82
3.5.3 Wind, Hydro and other renewables 83-89
3.6 Nuclear Energy 90-99
3.7 Rural Energy Technologies
3.7.1 Rural Energy (electricity) 100-110
3.7.2 Rural Energy (non electricity) 111-119
3.8
3.8.1 Batteries and Storage 120-136
3.8.2 Smart Grids 137
3.9 Students Initiative 138-149
4 Blue Sky Research/ Technology for the future (beyond 2035)
Goals for Technology Development / Strategies
150
5 Summary / Conclusion 151-171
Annexures 172-175
Technology Forecasting
Extrapolative/ Exploratory
Normative
Brainstorming
Scenario generation
Learning Curves
Diffusion
Substitution
6
TF Techniques
Exploratory/Extrapolative
Technology driver. Capability desired when available
Trend Exploration,
Growth Curves,
Lead- Lag analogy,
Normative-future needs
met
Relevance Trees
Mission Flow
Diagram
Morphological Methods
Delphi, Scenario Generation
Global Share of Primary Energy mix
8
Source: GEA, 2012
9
India and World (Selected Indicators for 2010)
Population
1171 million
6825 million
GDP (PPP) 3763 Billion 2005 US$
(3213 $/person)
68431 Billion 2005 US$
(10,027 $/person)
Primary Energy 29.0 EJ 532.4 EJ
Energy/person 24.7 GJ/person/year 78.0 GJ/person/year
Electricity/person 644kWh/capita/year 2892 kWh/capita/year
CO2 emissions
Per person
Per GDP
1626 Million tonnes 30326 Million tonnes
1.39 tonnes /capita/year 4.44 tonnes /capita/year
0.43 kg /US$ ppp 0.44 kg /US$ ppp
Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics 2012
10
11
Source: IIASA- WEC Study
//www.iiasa.ac.at
World Energy Mix
Primary Energy Mix
12
Renewables and Nuclear
Coal Oil and Gas
20%
40%
60%
80%
0
0
0
Share of Energy Imports - India
13
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
Import Share (INDIA)
Electricity Mix Scenarios
14
HDI vs Primary Energy supply
15Source: Steinberger, Roberts, 2009
HDI and Electricity use
Source: Pasternak, 200016
Business as Usual Scenarios for 2035
2010
2035
5%
(Low)
6.4%
(Moderate)
8%
(High)
Population (in billions) 1.15 1.52 1.52 1.52
GDP (in US 2005 Billion PPP) 3763 12743 17745 25771
GDP/ capita 3272 8495 11830 17180
Primary Energy (in EJ) 29 58 81 118
Primary Energy per capita (in
GJ) 25 38 53 77
Electricity Supply (in billion
units) 811 3009 4190 6085
Electricity Supply (in units/
capita) 705 1979 2756 4003
17
Supply Scenarios for 2035 (BAU- Moderate) -Electricity- High Coal (A)
Supply Scenario (BAU) - 2%
Projections for 2035 Coal
Natural
Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro
Renewa
bles Total
% Electricity Supply
Share 66% 12% 2% 3% 11% 6% 100%
Electricity Supply/
year (in billion kWh) 2765 503 84 126 461 251 4190
Average Load Factor 70% 70% 16% 70% 38% 26%
Installed Capacity
(in GW) 449 82 59 20 137 112 860
18
Supply Scenarios for 2035 Electricity- High Renewables and Nuclear (C)
Supply Scenario
Green (Coal
Low, Nuclear
High, Renewables
Moderately High )
Projections for 2035 Coal
Natural
Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro
Renewa
bles Total
% Electricity Supply
Share 40% 12% 2% 13% 11% 22% 100%
Electricity Supply/
year (in billion kWh) 1676 503 84 545 461 922 4190
Average Load Factor 70% 70% 16% 70% 38% 26%
Installed Capacity
(in GW) 272 82 59 89 137 412 1051
19
20
Diffusion curve
L wind potential estimate.
P cumulative installed capacity
dP/dt increment in installed capacity
)( PLPdt
dP
21
Diffusion curve
BtAP
L
ln1ln
BtAe
LP
1 Value of coefficients R2
A B
641.99 -0.03 0.88
22
Diffusion Curves for wind energy
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Year
Inst
all
ed C
ap
aci
ty (
MW
)
Actual Installation
Diffusion curve
Upper limit of uncertainityLow er limit of uncertainity
Forecast Values by MNRE
Potential = 45000MW
a1
a2
a
am
23
Wind Diffusion
24
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000
130000
140000
150000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Ins
tall
ed
Ca
pa
cit
y (
MW
)
Year
Diffusion Curves for wind energy
Diffusion curve
Upper limit of uncertainity
Lower limit of uncertainity
Potential = 103000MW
25
Diffusion of SWH
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090
Year
So
lar W
ate
r H
ea
tin
g C
ap
acit
y (
co
llecto
r a
rea
in
mil
lio
n
sq. m
.)..
Actual installed (million sq. m.)Potential 140 million sq. m.Potential 60 million sq. m.Potential 200 million sq. m.Extrapolated Potential (million sq.m.)
Potential = 60 million m 2
Potential = 140 million m 2
Potential = 200 million m 2
Estimated Potential in
2092 = 199 million m2
Model for Potential Estimation of Target Area
Target areaWeather data, area details
Identification and Classification of different end uses by sector (i)
Residential (1) Hospital
(2)Nursing
Homes (3)
Hotels
(4)
Others
(5)
POTENTIAL OF SWHS IN TARGET AREA
Technical Potential (m2 of collector area)
Economic Potential (m2 of collector area)
Market Potential (m2 of collector area)
Energy Savings Potential (kWh/year)
Load Shaving Potential (kWh/ hour for a monthly average day)
Sub-class (i, j)
Classification based on factors* (j)
Technical Potential
Economic Potential Market Potential
Potential for end use
sector (i = 1)
Potential
for i = 2
Potential
for i = 5
Potential
for i = 4
Potential
for i = 3
Base load for heating
Electricity/ fuel savings
Economic viability
Price of electricity
Investment for
SWHS
Technical
PotentialSWHS
capacity
Constraint: roof
area availability
Capacity of SWHS (Collector area)
TargetAuxiliary heating
Single end use point
Micro simulation using TRNSYS
Hot water
usage pattern
Weather
data
SIMULATION
Auxiliary heating requirement
No. of end
use points
Technical
Potential
Economic
Potential
Economic
Constraint
Market
Potential
Constraint:
market
acceptance
Potential for end use sector (i = 1)
* Factors affecting the adoption/sizing of
solar water heating systems
Sub-class (i, j)
Classification based on factors* (j)
Single end use point
POTENTIAL
SECTOR (i)
Learning Curve for Renewables
IPCC, 2012
Trend in Wind Machine Size
IPCC, 2012
Buildings and Energy use 2035
32
Populatio
n
Building
Stock
Building
Stock/cap
Embodied
Energy
Operating
Energy
Total
Energy
Total
Energy/cap
Scenario x109
people
109 sqm sqm/per 109
kWh(th)/yr
109
kWh(th)/yr
109
kWh(th)/yr
W(th)/per
"Today"
2010
1.15 10.9 9.44 2751 2757 5508 546
A. Business
as Usual
1.50 17.4 11.61 8723 7298 16021 1218
B. Green 1.50 17.4 11.61 8723 5360 14083 1071
C.
Sustainable
1.50 17.4 11.61 4272 5360 9632 733
D.
Sustainable
& Equitable
1.50 19.3 12.89 4806 6256 11062 841
E.
Sustainable
, Equitable
and Urban
1.50 20.2 13.44 3427 3964 7391 562
Technologies corresponding to Building scenarios
33
Scenario Structures and infill Finishes Operations Comfort levels
A.Business as
Usual
Concrete framed, bricks,
concrete blocks
Steel and aluminium
openings, fired
ceramic surface
finishes
Some window/ other
low efficiency air-
conditioning, CFL and
TLD lamps
Poor, with energy
shortages contributing
to the low standards
B. Green Concrete framed, concrete
blocks
UPVC and aluminium
openings, fired
ceramic surface
finishes
Some better efficiency
air-conditioning, CFL
and TLD lamps, solar
hot water and some
SPV
Better, with operating
demand containment
leading to fewer
blackouts, but
manufacturing demand
remains high
C. Sustainable Concrete and composite
framed and hybrid
structures, flyash containing
blocks
UPVC openings, cast
tiled surface finishes
Some better efficiency
air-conditioning, CFL
and TLD lamps, solar
hot water and some
SPV
Good, with demand
containment leading to
better energy security
for manufacture as well
as operations
D. Sustainable &
Equitable
Concrete and composite
framed and hybrid
structures, flyash containing
blocks
UPVC openings, cast
tiled surface finishes
Some better efficiency
air-conditioning, CFL
and TLD lamps, solar
hot water and some
SPV
Good, as above but
also available to greater
number of the lower
middle class
E. Sustainable,
Equitable and
Urban
Composite framed and
hybrid structures, carbon
absorbing concrete, flyash
and earth and stone blocks,
extensive recycling of debris
UPVC and advanced
composites for
openings, cast and
stone tiled and
recycled surface
finishes
Very high efficiency
air-conditioning,
hybrid cooling
systems, low velocity
fans, LED and CFL
lamps, distributed RE
generation
Very good, with
demand containment
leading to extreme
energy security for
manufacture as well as
operations
Coal technology comparison
34
Technology
Feature
PC-Conv PC-SC/USC PCFBC-SC-CC IGCC
Type Dedicated Power
Plant
Dedicated Power
Plant
Dedicated Power
Plant
Chemical Plant with
production of power,
chemicals, liquid
fuels and hydrogen
Complexity Simplest Simple Complex Very complex
Plant Integration Combustor-ST
(Sub critical
Condition )
Combustor-
ST(Supercritical
Condition )
Combustor-GT-ST Gasifier-GT-ST
Fuel Flexibility No No High Low
Operational
flexibility
Good Good Satisfactory Low
SOx Control Not Required for
Indian Coal
Not Required for
Indian Coal
Inherent Inherent
NOx as NO2 High High Acceptable High in gas
combustor
N2O Low Low High Low
Particulates Only ESP Required Only ESP Required HTHP filters
required
HTHP filters required
Reliability High , Proven High , Proven To be
demonstrated
To be demonstrated
Expected Plant*
Efficiency %
35.7 40.3 / 42.3 44.6 40.9
Oil technology summary and issues
35
Area Technological, Assessment, and Other Issues
Explorations
and production
Appraisal of the entire Indian sedimentary basins Optimization of the recovery from the discovered and future fields Enhanced oil recovery technologies to be developed/adopted Technologies should be developed/adopted to reduce gas flaring Exploration and production technologies for non-conventional gas sources Accurate estimation of various alternative sources: Shale Gas, Tight Gas,
Coal Bed Methane, Gas Hydrates, underground coal gasification, etc. Technological developments for exploration and production of
hydrocarbons form these alternative sources Technological development for oil substitutes: bio-fuels, coal-to-liquids,
and gas-to-liquids, etc.
Refining Process low-cost high-sulphur and heavy crudes, along with deep-cut operations of other crudes
Development of better catalysis for handling opportunistic crudes Technological developments on oxidative, biocatalytic, adsorption, and
membrane technologies Hydrogen production from heavier fossil fuels and hydrocarbon waste Optimization of hydrogen usage Continuous benchmarking to reduce ‗Fuel and Loss‘ Development of integrated bio-refinery Reprocessing petroleum processing waste Integration of solar thermal technologies for process heat demands
Oil technology summary and issues (contd.)
36
Area Technological, Assessment, and Other Issues
TransmissionandDistribution
Development of national gas grid Development of city gas distribution system Development of re-gasification facilities for liquefied natural gas
DemandReduction
Reduction of gas turbine based power plant through energy conservationand demand side management
Energy conservation to reduce hydrocarbon requirement Development of grid level energy storage to reduce peak power demand Energy storage for renewable power plants to reduce spinning gas turbine
power plant
Transport Energy labeling for entire transportation sector Intelligent traffic control Hybrid vehicles Efficient rail transportation system
Others Export value added petroleum products Technology development for coal to oil Acquiring overseas basins Strategic crude oil storage for around 30days‘ demand
Industrial End-use Efficiency
37
2035-2050 – Employing innovative solution (eg: Oxy flame boilers, steam engines). Saving ~ 2-5 %2020-2035 – Best practice technology (eg: Efficiency Optimization for boilers & processes). Saving ~ 4-6 %
2010-2020 – Reduce waste (eg: flash steam recovery, replace leaking traps). Saving ~ 10-15 %
PCFBC – SupC – CC - POWER PLANT
Cold cleanup
HTHP filter (supplementary)
CombustorFilter
PFBG
NaturalGas
ST ~
~
PCFBC -
SupC
CA
Crushed Coal
GT
HRSG
Chimney
Biomass
Condenser
Syngas
( + Biomass?)Pump
To ST
Exhaust
From HRSGC
CA
Pump
CA = Compressed Air38
Advanced Coal Technologies
39
Technologies Status
Short Term Medium Term Long term
PC SC Induction Diffusion & Standard Standard
PC USC R and D Tech Dev &Diffusion Standard
ACFBC Induction Induction &
Diffusion
Large Scale
Use
PCFBC SC CC R and D Demo &Induction Diffusion
Coal gasification Demo Induction &
Diffusion
Standard
IGCC Demo Induction Diffusion
SOFC R and D Demo Induction
IGFC R and D Demo Induction
UCG R and D Demo Induction
CCS R and D Demo Induction
Material
development
R and D Induction Diffusion
Cost Of Energy Supply- Renewable
40
Biomass
Power generation --including:
Biomass based power generation
Co-firing
Co-generation
Thermal Applications
Fuel substitution of Furnace oil and coal
Transport sector—
As substitutes for petrol, diesel or aviation fuels
Non –commercial cooking and other thermal applications
Fuel preparation and supply chain
Development of an organised sector
Biomass pricing
Biomass Briquetting/pelletising
Biomass – Renewable – Source of Carbon
Energy Vs Use as Fibres, Feedstock for chemicals fertilisers and food.
41
Thermal conversion
Combustion
Cook stoves
Co-firing in large scale coal fired boilers, Industrial boilers for process steam and power generation, industrial furnaces, domestic water heaters
Gasification
Power generation using engine
Firing in industrial furnaces, small inverted gasifierstoves for cooking
Power generation using gas turbines, precursor for Fischer-Trophs process for production of liquid fuels , Production of Hydrogen for fuel and chemicals
Pyrolysis
Bio-oil for upgradation to transportation fuels with or without charcoal as a byproduct
Biomass Routes
(green—short term target, red---long term target, blue medium term target)42
Battery Comparision
43
44
Energy Storage
device
Energy
density/
Capacity
(Wh/kg)
Efficiency
of
recovery
(%)
Approximate
cost (in rupees
/kWh)
Advantages Disadvantages Life time
(yr)/
charge-
discharge)
cycles
Suitability
Applications
Comments/
Recommendations
Lead acid
batteries
25 – 45 60 - 95 3500 – 10,500 Low capital cost Low energy
density, Toxic
5 /
250‐1,000
No new
improvement
Nickel batteries 20 -120 60 - 91 14,000 – 30,000 High power and
energy density
High cost,
Toxicity
10 – 15
/50,000
R&D required
Lithium batteries 80 -150 90 - 100 10,000 – 17,500 High power and
energy density
High cost,
limited supply of
lithium
NA/5000 R&D required, may
be viable
Sodium sulphur
batteries
150 – 240 > 86 % 12,000 High power and
energy density
High cost, liquid
Sodium
NA/40,000 R&D required, is
viable
Metal air
batteries
110 – 420 ~ 50 % NA High power and
energy density
Charging issues NA Unproven
technology
Redox flow
batteries
250 MWh > 75 % 90,000
/MW
Hig h (depends
on tanks)
Low energy
density
15 /10,000 R&D required, is
viable
Fuel cells NA 25 – 58 % 4,20,000 –
21,00,000/MW
High power Expensive
catalyst
NA R&D required, may
be viable
Electro-chemical
capacitors
0.1- 5 85 – 98 % 14,000 – 70,000 Long life, high
efficiency
Low energy
density
NA/> 106 R&D required
Pumped
hydroelectric
NA 75 – 80 % 10,000 – 50,000
/ MW
High capacity,
low cost
Geology
dependent
NA Geological features
need to be identified
Flywheels 30 – 100 90 % 2,00,000 –
7,00,000
High power Low energy
density
NA R&D required, may
not be viable
Super conducting
magnets
NA 97 – 98 % 24,500 High power Sensitivity &
cost
NA Unproven
technology
Renewable Integration Micro Grid Home storage Automotive Large Grid
Mature and available Development and available Development and demonstration Development
IIT Bombay Student Initiative orientation
45
Orientation about the initiative in IIT Bombay in April, 2012
Framework on ETV student website
46
ETV Facebook page
47
ETVision2035 new website
48
http://www.etvision2035.in/
ETVision2035 promo video
49
Snapshot of the promo video on youtubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_58aWKoOt0
50
Map showing the Ambassadors from over 30 colleges
ETV Ambassadors – colleges
Etvision 2035 Poster
51
Poster that was sent to different colleges in India
"DRISHTI‖ competition
52
"DRISHTI" was launched in October, 2012
DRISHTI poster
Snippets from the Board Game
53
Facebook "Did You Know" Campaign
54
Summary Table template proposed
(Please sort
these
technologies
in order of
priority within
each
chapter, and
group them
as much as
possible)
Short Term
(2020)
Medium Term
(2035)
Capability
M-
Manufacturing
R&D-Research
and
Development
Barriers Implementation
strategies
Remarks and
Explanatory
Comments
Technology/
System
PCSC
Induction
(stage 3)
Indian PCSC
Standardized
(stage 4)
M-Stunted
today due to
lack of
investment
R&D- gaps
exist
Cheap and
unreliable
Chinese
imports
Incentivize
indigenous
technology
development
Tech
development
should focus on
Indian Quality
of Coal to
increase
indigenous
development of
the sector
Part 1. Prioritised List of Energy Technologies /Systems
(Replace all the italicized parts with your inputs and delete the italicized text)
55
Summary Table template proposed (contd.)
Part 3. Blue Sky Research (Beyond 2035)
(Please list
these
technologies)
Expected Time
Frame with Stage
Significance of
Technology/
System in the
Energy Economy
Suggested National
Strategy for
Technology
Development or
Acquisition
Risks and
Probability of
Success
Fusion 2050 for RD&D Allows large scale
renewable zero
emissions energy
production
Import; maintain
alliances with
international blocks
conducting this
RD&D
High risk, success
may still need high
investment and
acquisition costs
Part 2. Enabling PoliciesPolicy 1Policy 2Policy 3Policy 4
56
Enabling Policies
57
Buildings
Policy 1: Competitive market driven feed in tariffs
Policy 2: Dynamic tariff and real-time trade
Policy 3: Mandating thermal comfort standards based on new research on
adaptive comfort and operative temperatures
Policy 4: Creation of sufficiency standards to enable lifeline levels of access
to building services
Policy 5: Enabling extremely high levels (household levels) of distributed
power generation
Policy 6: Creating multiple models of property use: ownership, lease,
fractional, temporal
Policy 7: Rationalization of land value
Policy 8: Mandating construction standards for recycling water, debris etc.
Policy 9: Extreme incentives for efficiency and substitution of building
materials
Nuclear Summary Table
58
Short Medium Capability
(Mfg and
RD&D)
Barriers Implementation
Strategies
Comments
IPHWR
(standardiz
ed)
Growth Saturation Exists Fuel
availability
U-238
Indigenous
BWR
(Imported)
Establishing
and
Multiplication
Saturation To be
developed
Manufacturi
ng,
Import of
technology with
component
indigenization in
phased manner
PWR
(Imported)
Establishing
and
Multiplication
Saturation To be
developed
Manufacturi
ng,
Import of
technology with
component
indigenization in
phased manner
IPWR Design &
Development
Maturing,
Establishing
Fuel
enrichment
/
manufacturi
ng
Indigenous
FBR Maturing of
Technology
Establishing
and
Multiplication
Prototype
reactor in
progress.
Experience
gathered from
FBTR
Manufacturi
ng,
reprocessin
g capacity
augmentati
on
Important
for thorium
utilization
AHWR Technology
development
Prototype +
Commercial
RD&D
intensive
Design and
RD&D in
progress
Important
for thorium
utilization
References TIFAC Energy Technology Vision 2035 draft report 2013. Pasternak, A.D. (2000) A.D Pasternak, Global Energy Futures and Development, UCRL-ID-
40773, 2000. Steinberger, J.K. and Roberts, J.T. (2009) Across a Moving Threshold:energy, carbon and
the efficiency of meeting global human development needs, Vienna. Kanitkar, T. and Banerjee, R. (2011) Power Sector Planning in India, Journal of Economic
Policy and Research, 7(1), 1-23, October, 2011. Bloomberg (2012) Bloomberg, Global Trends In Renewable Energy Investment 2012,
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