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iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
mariam toraZe
tician tabiZis publicistikaMA
masobrivi komunikaciebis doqtoris
akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
naSromi Sesrulebulia iv. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
samecniero xelmZRvanelebi -
filosofiis doqtori JurnalistikaSi,
profesori dali CikvilaZe;
filologiis doqtori,
profesori Tamaz jologua.
Tbilisi 2013
avtoris stili daculia
2
sarCevi
ОглавлениеSesavali....................................................................................................................................................................... 4
I Tavi............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
publicistis SemoqmedebiTi individuloba epoqis pirispir........................... 14
1.1. epoqasTan adaptaciis fsiqologiuri motivebi ..................................................... 14
1.2. tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ramdenimeTavisebureba.......................................................................................................................................................... 17
II Tavi........................................................................................................................................................................... 31
erovnuli problematikis amsaxveli statiebi................................................................. 31
2.1. „qarTuli idea“......................................................................................................................................... 31
2.2. `omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi~..........................................................................................40
2.3. ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”.....................................................................................................44
2.4. `saliteraturo qarTulisTvis~ ............................................................................................46
III Tavi.......................................................................................................................................................................55
werilebi qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis organizebis Sesaxeb....55
3.1. ”saxelmwifo gamomcemloba” (werili 1-li) ...............................................................55
3.2. ”saxelmwifo gamomcemloba” (werili me-2) .................................................................57
3.3. ”qarTuli Jurnali” .............................................................................................................................59
3.4. ”saagarako saxli” .................................................................................................................................63
3.5.”momavali sezoni” ....................................................................................................................................66
IV Tavi.........................................................................................................................................................................69
werilebi axalgazrda Taobis problematikaze .............................................................69
4.1. ”studentobis tradiciebi”...........................................................................................................69
4.2. ”სtipendiebi” ...............................................................................................................................................724.3. ”Cveni studentoba”................................................................................................................................77
V Tavi........................................................................................................................................................................ 81
werilebi qarTvel xelovanTa socialuri problemebis Sesaxeb............... 81
5.1. ”fondi xelovnebisTvis” ................................................................................................................. 81
5.2. ”xelovnebis sasaxle”........................................................................................................................85
5.3. `specebis kuriozi” ...............................................................................................................................86
VI Tavi.........................................................................................................................................................................88
werilebi xelovnebaze ...............................................................................................................................88
3
6.1. musika _ ”zaqaria faliaSvili”......................................................................................88
6.2. Teatri - ,,kote marjaniSvili” ............................................................................................. 91
,,durujis“ deklaracia”........................................................................................................................... 91
6.3. ”rusTavelis Teatri”......................................................................................................................97
6.4. ”cxvris wyaro” qarTul scenaze” ......................................................................................101
6.5. qandakeba - ”akakis Zegli”...........................................................................................................104
6.6. mxatvroba - ”niko firosmani”.................................................................................................109
6.7. ”qimerioni”...................................................................................................................................................129
daskvna .......................................................................................................................................................................135
bibliografia.....................................................................................................................................................140
4
Sesavali
tician tabiZis saxeli mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi asocirebulia mZafr
da elvare poeziasTan, modernistul-avangardistul mxatvrul ZiebebTan.
farTo sazogadoeba naklebad interesdeba misi publicisturi
SemoqmedebiT, romlis gacnobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba tician tabiZis
personis srulyofilad danaxva.
iseTi rangis poetis daintereseba JurnalistikiT, rogoric tician
tabiZe iyo, mxolod moduri gataceba, cxadia, ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
misi publicisturi Semoqmedeba ar hgavs am sferoSi SemTxveviT
aRmoCenili adamianis trafaretul opusebs.
tician tabiZe, iseve rogorc sxvadasxva qveynis bevri gamoCenili
mwerali, JurnalistikaSi da publicistikaSi miizida sazogadoebrivi
azrovnebis am formisTvis niSandoblivma mkveTrma pirdapirobam,
emociurobam, polemikurobam.
simbolisturi Tu avangardistuli poeziis da publicistikis
Tanaarseboba tician tabiZis SemoqmedebaSi am pirovnebis farTo
inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebsa da interesebze metyvelebs. Cans, rom
tician tabiZis talants TviTgamoxatvisTvis mravalferovani saSualebebi
sWirdeba.
tician tabiZis publicistika maxvili, emociuri da erudiciiT
aRWurvili azrovnebis produqtia. Ppublicisturi Janrebi gasaqans
aZlevs tician tabiZis aqtualur azrs, mis miswrafebas, Tavisufali
fiqris procesis Tanamonawile mkiTxvelic gaxados. tician tabiZis
publicistika misi mkafio humanisturi msoflxedvis gamomJRavnebaa _ aq
nebismieri mosazreba, dakvirveba, informacia, faqti emsaxureba adamianisa
da sazogadoebis tkiviliani arsebobis warmoCenas.
aqtualoba
TanamedroveobaSi, CvenTanac da uxcoeTSic, mZafria interesi
totalitarizmis epoqis, rogorc mZime istoriuli memkvidreobis mimarT.
5
am epoqis specifikis warmoCenas araerTi gamokvleva mieZRvna.
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria im mwerlebis, poetebis, saerTod, Semoqmedi
adamianebis naazrevis _ maT Soris publicisturis _ kvleva, romlebic
imsxverpla sastikma epoqam da romelTa sicocxle xSir SemTxvevaSi
swored am naazrevs Seewira. mkiTxvelisTvis sainteresoa, raze
fiqrobdnen da msjelobdnen isini im mZime wlebSi.
me-20 saukunis dasawyisis presa zogadad, da konkretulad _ tician
tabiZis publicistur-Jurnalisturi statiebi Tanamedrove Jurnalistikas
karnaxobs Tvalsawieris gafarToebas – dainteresebas adamianiT, misi
bediT, misi Rirseuli arsebobiT, SromiT da SemoqmedebiT.
dRes aqtualuria tician tabiZis weris meTodologiis gacnoba,
gaTvaliswineba. Aamas isic gansazRvravs, rom avtori Tavis statiebSi
warmodgeba rogorc aqtiuri da avtoritetuli moqalaqe.
mecnieruli siaxle
naSromSi gamovlenili da Seswavlilia tician tabiZis raritetuli
publikaciebi – me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gamomaval gazeTebSi _
,,barrikadi“, ,,rubikoni“, ,,baxtrioni“ da ,,saqarTvelo“ – dabeWdili
sagazeTo statiebi, romlebic pirveli publikaciis Semdeg aRar
gamoqveynebula.
agreTve gaanalizebulia sxvadasxva akademiur gamocemebSi
gamoqveynebuli tician tabiZis publicisturi werilebi, rac, erTi mxriv,
avsebs misi Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb mkiTxvelis warmodgenas da, meore mxriv,
amdidrebs qarTuli Jurnalistikis istorias.
kvlevis miznebi da amocanebi
kvlevis mTavar mizans warmoadgens tician tabiZis publicistikis
Sinarsis da Rirebulebis warmoCena, aqtualizacia da masSi areklili
epoqis problematikis gamokveTa.
am mizans ukavSirdeba kvlevis Semdegi amocanebi:
6
realobasTan tician tabiZis, rogorc publicistis, adaptirebis
fsiqologiuri motivebis gagebis cda;
tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis zogierTi
Taviseburebis, azris gamoxatvis saxeobrivi da kompoziciuri xerxebis
ganxilva;
imis warmoCena, Tu ras miiCnevda publicisti erovnuli idento-
bisTvis safrTxis Semqmnel epoqaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovnad qarTuli
cnobierebis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisTvis;
mweralTa da xelovanTa, agreTve studentobis socialuri
mdgomareobis, literaturisa da xelovnebis socialuri funqcionirebis
problemebis gamokveTa publicistis naazrevSi;
xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili statiebis specifikaze dakvirveba;
dakvirveba imaze, Tu ramdenad da rogor axerxebs Tavisufali
Semoqmedi totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi simarTlis gamoxatvas.
kvlevis meTodologia
kvlevisas teqstze muSaobis procesSi upirveles yovlisa
gamoyenebulia dokumentis detaluri da imavdroulad mTlianobiTi,
integrirebuli analizis meTodi, romlis meSveobiT interpretirebulia
teqsti, warmoCenili da gaazrebulia qveteqsti.
Kkvlevis analizis etapze gamoyenebulia istoriuli analizis
meTodi. tician tabiZis publicistika ganxilulia im epoqis konteqstSi,
romelSic igi Seiqmna, agreTve Tanamedroveobis gadmosaxedidan.
kvlevaSi gamoyenebulia SedarebiTi analizis meTodi, romlis
saSualebiT gamovlenilia paralelebi – warmodgenilia tician tabiZis
im TanamedroveTa araerTi mosazreba, romlebic amave TematikiT
interesdebodnen.
naSromSi ama Tu im formiT ganxilulia tician tabiZis 30-mde
publikacia – werilebi, romlebic sxvadasxva wyarodan iqna moZiebuli.
10-ze meti statia damuSavebulia tician tabiZis TxzulebaTa
7
samtomeulis meore da mesame tomebidan, xolo sxva statiebi _ me-20
saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli periodikidan – ZiriTadad
,,cisferyanwelTa” sagazeTo gamocemebidan: ,,baxtrioni” (redaqtori _
giorgi leoniZe. Ggamodioda 1922 wlis 3 ivlisidan 1923 wlis
Tebervlamde), ,,barrikadi” (redaqtori tician tabiZe. Ggamodioda 1922 -
1924 wlebSi, sakmao intervalebiT) da ,,rubikoni” (,,sruliad saqarTvelos
axali mwerlobis kavSiris” yovelkvireuli organo. gazeTs xels awers
saredaqcio kolegia. kavSirs, romelmac ori weli iarseba,
xelmZRvanelobda grigol robaqiZe). Aam gazeTebis araerTi nomeri
gadaurCa sabWoTa saxelmwifos mier maT mizanmimarTul ganadgurebas.
raritetebis fondi ZiriTadad daculia saqarTvelos parlamentis
erovnul biblioTekaSi da poet ioseb griSaSvilis saxl-muzeumSi
arsebul pirad arqivSi.
tician tabiZis publikaciebs Soris Cvens mier aqcenti gakeTda
maTze, romlebsac gamokveTilad publicisturi xasiaTi aqvT da amave
dros saSualebas iZlevian davakvirdeT, Tu ramdenad da rogor axerxebs
Tavisufali Semoqmedi totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi simarTlis
gamoxatvas.
naSromis struqtura
sakvalifikacio naSromi, Sesavlisa da daskvnis garda, Sedgeba eqvsi
Tavisagan. naSroms axlavs damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli literaturis
sia.
pirveli Tavi eZRvneba sabWoTa realobasTan tician tabiZis
adaptaciis fsiqologiur motivebs; aqve warmodgenilia misi
publicisturi stilis da ostatobis zogadi daxasiaTeba.
Mmeore TavSi gaerTianebuli statiebi gamoxatavs tician tabiZis
refleqsias qarTul erovnul xasiaTze, saqarTvelos bedze, qarTul
enaze.
8
Mmesame TavSi ganxilulia tician tabiZis raritetuli statiebi,
romlebic exeba qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis organizebis rTul
problemebs, arsebiTad ki literaturis gadarCenis problemas sabWoTa
reJimis pirobebSi.
meoTxe TavSi saubaria im rariteuli statiebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
warmoadgens publicistis cdas, sazogadoebis da xelisuflebis
yuradReba mimarTos axalgazrda Taobis, kerZod, studentebis mwvave
socialuri problemebisaken.
mexuTe TavSi laparakia publicistur statiebze, romlebSic
qarTvel xelovanTa mZime socialuri mdgomareobaa ganxiluli.
meeqvse TavSi msjelobis sagania tician tabiZis publicisturi
gamoxmaurebebi qarTuli Teatris, musikis, qandakebis, mxatvrobis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone novatorul movlenebze.
sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria
qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriaSi tician tabiZis publicistika
misi Semoqmedebidan ar gamocalkevebula rogorc sagangebo Seswavlis
sagani, magram misi calkeuli publicisturi nawarmoebebi, bunebrivia,
mkvlevarTa yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila.
poetis biografiisa da eseistikis mkvlevarTa Soris gansakuTrebuli
aRniSvnis Rirsia mirian abulaZis monografia ,,tician tabiZe” (abulaZe:
1961), sargis caiSvilis wigni ,,winamorbedni da Tanamedroveni” (caiSvili:
1986), akaki vasaZis ,,tician tabiZe” (vasaZe: 1985), zaza abzianiZis
,,literaturuli portretebi” (abzianiZe: 2009), soso siguas ,,modernizmi”
(sigua: 2008) da sxva samecniero-kvleviTi xasiaTis naSromebi. unda iTqvas,
rom am naSromebSi tician tabiZis publicistika ar aris gaanalizebuli,
magram zogadad Sefasebulia da es Sefaseba mniSvnelovania.
9
Mmirian abulaZe Seiswavlis tician tabiZis biografiasa da poetur
Semoqmedebas, xolo publicistikis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom is metyvelebs
misi avtoris farTo literaturul interesebze, romelic Janrobrivi
TvalsazrisiT arasdros izRudeboda. abulaZe maRal Sefasebas aZlevs
tician tabiZis publicistikas da miiCnevs, rom poetma ,,Tavis SesaniSnav
poeziasTan erTad, dagvitova ostaturad dawerili mxatvruli narkvevebi,
istoriul-literaturuli da Teoriuli gamokvlevebi, publicisturi
werilebi da brwyinvale eseisturi xasiaTis nawerebi” (abulaZe 1961: 12).
sargis caiSvilis azriT, tician tabiZis werilebSi ,,naTlad Cans is
farTo literaturuli horizonti da maRali gemovneba, rac udavod iyo
tician tabiZis mTeli Semoqmedebis mTavari niSan-Tviseba” (caiSvili 1986:
142).
akaki vasaZes tician tabiZe warmoudgeba ara mxolod qarTuli
leqsis novatorad, romelsac, agreTve, didi wvlili miuZRvis rusuli da
evropuli poeziis TargmnaSi, aramed ,,istoriulad principuli
mniSvnelobis Teoriuli da publicisturi werilebis avtorad, qarTuli
Teatris ganaxleba-aRorZinebis bed-iRbalze mzrunvel moamaged da im
WeSmarit saxalxo moRvawed, Tavis wil bevrad rom apirobebda
kulturul-SemoqmedebiTi atmosferos sisavses da cxovelmyofelobas”
(vasaZe 1985: 3). Aa. vasaZe saubrobs tician tabiZis mravalmxriv
SemoqmedebiT talantze, romlis upirvelesi niSnebia mZlavri pirovnuli
energia da dauokebeli swrafva TviTgamosaxvisken. Aavtori sagangebod
msjelobs tician tabiZis aRtacebul damokidebulebaze qarTvel
studentTa brZolisunarianobisadmi da Seaxsenebs mkiTxvels mis statias
,,studentobis tradiciebi” (vasaZe 1985: 14).
zaza abzianiZis statiaSi igrZnoba empaTia tician tabiZis poeturi
naturis mimarT. mkafio StrixebiT aris daxatuli misi SemoqmedebiTi
portreti. avtori am ganumeoreblad Taviseburi, artistuli da
Tavisufebismoyvare adamianis cxovrebis logikur finalad miiCnevs
sabWoTa represiebis epoqaSi mis tragikul daRupvas. ,,arc ticianamde,
arc Semdeg, arcerT qarTvel poets aseTi mondomebiT sagangebod ar
uZerwia Tavisi ieri... ticianis cxovreba am scenaze daiwyo rogorc
uwyinari TamaSi, rogorc farsi, Tavisi tradiciuli niRbebiT, magram
10
damTavrda, rogorc berZnuli tragedia _ ulmoblad da SemaZrwuneblad”
(abzianiZe 2009: 286).
soso sigua wignSi ,,modernizmi” mkiTxvels acnobs im ZiriTad
braldebebs, romlebic sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier iyo SeTiTxnili
tician tabiZis winaaRmdeg: poeti ,,mxilebul da ganadgurebul iqna...“ _
mas dabralda teroristul-diversiul, jaSuSur organizaciebTan
urTierToba sabWoTa kavSiris damxobis mizniT, monawileoba faSistur
organizaciaSi, mavnebloba literaturisa da xelovnebis frontze (sigua
2008: 184-185).
wignSi Tavmoyrilia informacia ,,cisferyanwelebis” mier gamocemuli
gazeTebis Sesaxeb (sigua 2008: 111-113).
statiaSi ,,omi da literatura” soso sigua mimoixilavs tician
tabiZis Tanamedrove qarTveli mwerlebis _ konstantine gamsaxurdias,
grigol robaqiZis, paolo iaSvilis da TviTon tician tabiZis
mosazrebebs am Temaze. wignis avtors gansakuTrebulad sainteresod
miaCnia tician tabiZis werili ,,omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi”, romelic
,,pacifizmis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli da amarTlebs omis aucileblobas,
qarTvelTa mebrZol suls, romelic hqonda dids Tu pataras”(sigua 2008:
70). mkvlevaris azriT, tician tabiZem omis heroika qarTveli eris
nacionalur Tvisebad miiCnia da Tanamokalmeebs mouwoda, egrZnoT omis
suli da ar efiqraT omis borotebaze (sigua 2008: 70).
amave statiis _ ,,omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi” _ Sesaxeb msjelobs
tician tabiZis prozis mkvlevari salome kapanaZe (kapanaZe 2005: 121-123).
2002 wels gazeTSi ,,Cveni mwerloba” gamoqveynda tician tabiZis am
statiis Cveni analizi, romelic warmodgenilia sadisertacio naSromSi
(toraZe 2002b: 4).
salome kapanaZis wigni ,,cisferi yanwebidan _ maradisobamde”
(kapanaZe: 2005) mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo naSromia tician tabiZis
publicistikis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT. aq gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom
tician tabiZis ,,sruli identifikaciisTvis, namdvili ragvarobis
gansazRvrisTvis sakmarisi ar aris misi lirikuli Sedevrebis Sefaseba,
aucilebelia misi prozauli memkvidreobis Rirebulebis
gaTvaliswinebac” (kapanaZe 2005: 12).
11
Mmkvlevari Tavis wignSi aanalizebs tician tabiZis prozas _
moTxrobebs, prozaul miniaturebs, novelebs, kinoscenars da maTSi
simbolizmis gamovlinebebs eZebs. magram avtoris yuradRebis miRma ar
darCenila tician tabiZis ramdenime publicisturi narkvevic, magaliTad,
,,axali mcxeTa” (kapanaZe 2005: 62-63), ,,qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi”
(kapanaZe 2005: 69-73). Aes ori narkvevi Cvens mierac iyo Seswavlili, rac
aisaxa 1997 wels Tsu Jurnalistikis fakultetis konferenciaze
wardgenil moxsenebasa da gamoqveynebul TezisebSi: ,,tician tabiZis
narkvevebis kompozicia” (toraZe 1997: 17,18). Ees kvleva asaxulia Cvens
sadisertacio naSromSi.
s. kapanaZe aanalizebs tician tabiZis statiebs _ ,,saliteraturo
qarTulisTvis” da ,,tfilisi” _ miZRvnils qarTuli enis diskriminirebis
Temisadmi da miaCnia, rom es statiebi ,,erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis mwvave
problemebiTaa aRsavse” (kapanaZe 2005: 184,185).
s. kapanaZis zemoTxsenebul wignSi mimoxilulia tician tabiZis
narkvevebi _ ,,axali kolxida”, ,,rionidan enguramde”, ,,tyvarCeli”,
,,orpiri”, ,,erTi kvira oseTSi” (kapanaZe 2005: 51-67) da Sefasebulia isini,
rogorc aRmSeneblobis ideiT gatacebuli humanisti mwerlis
Txzulebebi.
s. kapanaZis wignSi adgili eTmoba tician tabiZis narkvevs ,,ase iReba
kulturis kari darialTan” (kapanaZe 2005: 80-81). Ees narkvevi imiTac aris
mniSvnelovani, rom warmoaCens tician tabiZis aqtiur mcdelobas,
Seitanos wvlili saqarTvelos kulturul cxovrebaSi, gaaaqtiuros
erovnuli saganZuris dacva da popularizacia. Naq saubaria qarTveli
poetis cnobil iniciativaze, yazbegSi daearsebinaT saliteraturo da
mxareTmcodneobiTi muzeumi, romelic aleqsandre yazbegis cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis amsaxveli muzeumic iqneboda.
gasaziarebelia s. kapanaZis Sexeduleba ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis
me-15 wlisTavze dawerili tician tabiZis werilis paTosis Sesaxebac: ,,20-
30-ian wlebSi proletaruli kritika f. maxaraZis meTaurobiT gaafTrebiT
ebrZoda iliasa da misi Semoqmedebis mkvlevarT... aseT atmosferoSi t.
tabiZem mainc moaxerxa eTqva mTavari saTqmeli ilias, rogorc poetisa
da eriskacis did misiaze qarTul sinamdvileSi” (kapanaZe 2005: 133-134).
12
s.kapanaZis TqmiT, es ,,narkvevebi ufro saagitaciod arian
gamiznuli...” da maTSi vlindeba ,,ideologiuri da momwodebluri paTosi”
(kapanaZe 2005: 82). gasagebia, ra tipis agitaciasa da ideologiaze
saubrobs mkvlevari. am sakiTxis arsis interpretirebis cdaa mocemuli
Cvens moxsenebaSi _ ,,tician tabiZis sabWoTa periodis narkvevebis
fsiqologiuri motivaciis gagebis cda”, romelic wakiTxuli iyo
saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebisa da Tsu Jurnalistikis
fakultetis respublikur samecniero konferenciaze da aisaxa
gamoqveynebul TezisebSi (toraZe 2002a: 40-43) masala warmodgenilia Cvens
naSromSi.
samarTliania s. kapanaZis mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi, rom tician
tabiZis ,,mxatvruli koncefciis wyalobiT epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sazogadoebriv-politikuri, socialuri da sulieri cxovreba asaxulia
maxvili publicistis TvaliT... narkvevebi TvalsaCinos xdian mwerlis
ganswavlulobas, sinamdvilis novatorul, maRalxatovan xilva-aTvisebis
unars... publicistur sibrZnesa da gancdiTi simaxviliT savse mxatvrul
azrovnebas” (kapanaZe 2005: 82).
s. kapanaZis naSromSi saubaria tician tabiZeze, rogorc qarTuli
Teatrisa da mxatvrobis qomagze, am sferoSi novaciebis mxardamWerze.
mkvlevaris interesi fokusirebulia kote marjaniSvilis, sandro
axmetelis, niko firosmanis, lado gudiaSvilisa da iakob nikolaZis
SemoqmedebiT naturebze, kafe ,,qimerionis” STambeWdaobasa da
momxibvlelobaze (kapanaZe 2005: 172-183).
aRsaniSnavia, rom profesionalma qarTvelma Teatrmcodneebma _
profesorebma vasil kiknaZem da nodar gurabaniZem _ TavianT wignebsa da
saxelmZRvaneloebSi gamokveTes tician tabiZis, rogorc Teatraluri
reformis erT-erTi ideologis figura, daimowmes misi werilebi da
gamoxmaurebebi Teatris Sesaxeb. vasil kiknaZe msjelobs
,,cisferyanwelebisa” da ,,durujelebis” pirad megobrul kontaqtebze,
romelTac ,,uTuod esTetikuri xasiaTis principebic edo safuZvlad”
(kiknaZe 2003: 523). Aavtori sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom tician tabiZe
Tanadgomas ucxadebda ,,durujis” manifests da mis ,,kadnier tonsac” ki
13
uWerda mxars. Aaqve moyvanilia tabiZis citata statiidan ,,durujis”
deklaracia” (kiknaZe 2003: 525).
Nnodar gurabaniZe lope de vegas piesis _ ,,fuente ovexunas”
marjaniSviliseuli dadgmis mimoxilvisas imowmebs tician tabiZis,
rogorc TviTmxilvelis da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi pirveli
recenzentis, mosazrebebs: ,,marjaniSvils aqvs mozRvavebuli mewyeris
STagoneba da Tu zvavad wamovida...” (gurabaniZe 2012: 15).
1999 wels Jurnal ,,ciskarSi” daibeWda Cveni statia ,,tician tabiZe
erovnuli TviTcnobierebis Sesaxeb”, romelSic gaanalizebulia tician
tabiZis mier 1916 wels gazeT ,,saqarTveloSi” gamoqveynebuli statia
,,qarTuli idea” (toraZe 1999: 132-134). masala warmodgenilia sadisertacio
naSromSi.
14
I Tavi
publicistis SemoqmedebiTi individuloba epoqis pirispir
1.1. epoqasTan adaptaciis fsiqologiuri motivebi
,,...da me xandisxan meCveneba
viTom samyaro
baRia didi, dawyevlili
da Sxamiani.
mZime mxedarni, SublSekruli
da uabjaro
mohqrian: rembo, eredia,
emil verharni.
TiTqo SecdomiT Semiyvana
viRacam baRSi
da SiSiT vxedav gigantis Crdils
mimfrinav mxedars.
uRono, susti, avtirdebi
patara bavSvi
da Tan mrcxvenia, vixedebi,
xom arvin mxedavs...” _
uabjaroni
(tabiZe 1995: 30)
„ ...politikur ambebSi me savsebiT naTlad ver verkveodi. Cemi
damokidebuleba rusul da frangul simbolizmTan sruliad
arakritikuli iyo... metismetad did xarks vuxdidiT arajansaR, bohemur
artistizms, vqadagebdiT „xelovnebisaTvis“... samma welma, romelmac
ganvlo oqtombridan saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde
da siaxlovem axalgazrda bolSevik megobrebTan, romlebic
saqarTveloSi iatakqveS muSaobas eweodnen, SegnebaSi garkveuli sinaTle
15
Seitana“ (tabiZe 1960: 23-24) – sikvdilmisjilis Sewyalebis Txovnis
intonaciiT aRbeWdili avtobiografia misi avtoris – tician tabiZis
„miwasTan dabrunebas“ amcnobda sazogadoebas. am tragikuli
Semobrunebis Semdeg bohemuri artistebi, melanqoliuri pieroebi da
aristokrati dendebi, imdroindeli komunisturi nomenklaturis eniT rom
vTqvaT, „mxatvruli inteligenciis im saukeTeso warmomadgenlebad
iqcnen, romelTac partiis brZnuli politikis meoxebiT gadaWriT
gawyvites kavSiri Zvel samyarosTan, aRiares axali ideur-esTetikuri
mrwamsi, aqtiurad Caebnen axali cxovrebis mSeneblobaSi“ (saqarTvelos...
1976: 860). swored am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT tician tabiZis
Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis erTi aspeqti – sabWoTa publicisturi
narkvevebis ciklis Seqmna.
tician tabiZis poeturi msoflSegnebis mTavari Tviseba sicocxlis
siyvarulia _ „maS, gamarjveba, tkbilo sicocxlev!” (tabiZe 1982: 564).
magram sicocxlis winaSe aRtacebas Tan sdevda moaxloebuli sikvdilis
mwvave winaTgrZnoba _ „Tu Rrma ReleSi Cveni Tavebi sadme dagordes...”
(tabiZe 1982: 530) Zaladobis, Tavisufali nebis uzurpirebis pirobebSi,
sikvdilis pirispir mdgomi poeti misi daZlevis, masze amaRlebis Tu
misgan gaqcevis aucileblobis winaSe aRmoCnda. tician tabiZis mier am
wlebSi Seqmnil narkvevebSi zogjer ufro yrud, zogjer ki
yurismomWrelad gaismis sabWoTa propagandistuli paTetika, rac unda
ganvixiloT rogorc Sinagani SfoTviT gamowveuli, gaucnobierebeli
prevenciuli saSualeba, mimarTuli sicocxlisadmi muqaris Semcveli
situaciis aRsakveTad.
mosalodneli Tavdasxmis molodinSi, mZime moraluri presingis
pirobebSi individi uucxovdeba sakuTar Tavs, is mTlianad iTavisebs
pirovnebis im tips, romelsac mas sTavazobs sayovelTao Sabloni,
gaurbis Tavisuflebas da axdens arsebiTad Tavsmoxveul, magram
moCvenebiTad nebayoflobiT konformizacias. tician tabiZe narkvevebSi
cdilobs mihyves sabWoTa cxovrebis mdinarebas, aRfrTovandes sabWoTa
aRmSeneblobiT da daarwmunos sakuTari Tavi, rom aRmSenebloba
namdvilia da bednierebis momtani.
16
amasTan erTad, „aCrdilTa qveynidan“ dabrunebuli cisferyanwelis
Jurnalistur narkvevebSi aisaxa realuri, nivTieri samyaros monatreba,
romelSic garegnulad raRac TiTqos sasikeTod icvleboda. „axali
mcxeTa“ (tabiZe 1966b: 31-37), „axali kolxida“ (tabiZe1966b: 192-221) – „roca
ixsneba axali mcxeTa, roca safuZveli eyreba eris axal ekonomikur
aRorZinebas... unda ismodes axali gamarjvebis simRera Sromisa da Zmobis
kavSirisTvis, sabWoTa respublikebis SeduRebisa da saxalxo
saxelmwifos ganmtkicebisTvis“ (tabiZe 1966b: 35).
pirovnebis qvecnobieri samyaros Seswavlis gaRrmavebam Tanamedrove
fsiqologiaSi skefsisi gaaCina teqstis Riad mocemuli Sinaarsis mimarT
da gaamZafra interesi misi dafaruli plastebisadmi. Tu am rakursiT
ganvixilavT tician tabiZis narkvevebs, davinaxavT, rom frustraciisa da
sulieri gangaSis pirobebSi aRmoCenili pirovnebis fsiqikaSi _ „viRaca
dadis xmalamowvdili...” (tabiZe 2005: 67) gaucnobiereblad erTveba egos
erT–erTi damcavi meqanizmi – racionalizacia. am SemTxvevaSi adamians
eqmneba iluzia, rom is subieqturad gulwrfelia, sinamdvileSi ki Tavs
ityuebs da cru argumentaciis safuZvelze cdilobs iracionaluri qceva
dafaros racionalizaciiT (heli, zigleri 1997: 130-131). tician tabiZis
narkvevebis sabWoTa publicisturi paTosi TviTgadarCenis instinqtis
tragikul gamoZaxilad unda miviCnioT.
adamianis sulis gaxleCa sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi momxdari
gaxleCis epicentria, amitom, Tuki gvsurs ufro detaluri warmodgena
viqonioT siRrmiseul realobaze, saWiroa ufro dawvrilebiT
ganvixiloT ganxeTqileba adamianis sulSi (toinbi: 1991). tician tabiZis
faqiz, miamitur da mgrZnobiare naturaSi sulis gaxleCa, rogorc Cans,
swored e.w. „miwasTan dabrunebam“ gamoiwvia – codvilobis gancda,
zneobrivi marcxis mtanjveli SegrZneba dabada, mtkivneuli
refleqsiisken, TviTCaRrmavebis da TviTSefasebisken ubiZga, magram es
rTuli sulieri Sinaarsic kvlav sabWouri ideologiuri sqemebiT da
kliSeebiT, demonstraciuli sabWouri egzaltaciiT ifareba, romlis
miRma mainc igrZnoba sakuTar Tavze Zaldataneba. „oqtombris Semdeg
araTu axali adamianebi daibadnen, – oqtombris win dabadebuli xalxic
xelmeored daibada da moinaTla axali cecxliT da niaRvriT... da mec
17
Cems Tavze vakvirdebi am meore adamians, axal kacs, axali grZnobiT da
STabeWdilebiT” („tolstois dReebi“, tabiZe 1966b: 9).
“axali cecxliT“ naTloba tician tabiZisTvis tragikulad
dasrulda.
1.2. tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ramdenime
Tavisebureba
tician tabiZis publicisturi statiebi da narkvevebi ideurad,
Tematurad, siuJeturad, saxeTa sistemis Tu sxva TvalsazrisiT sagangebo
kvlevas, specifikur Seswavlas moiTxovs. amjerad Cveni mizania
ganvsazRvroT misi publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ramdenime
Tavisebureba, misi publicisturi opusebis kompoziciuri wyobis, Sinagani
aRnagobis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.
tician tabiZis narkvevTa kompoziciuri mTlianoba, rogorc Cans,
SemTxveviTi da uneblie movlena ki ar aris, aramed sruliad
gaazrebulia da mizandasaxuladaa miRweuli. Txrobis saSualebebi –
siuJeturi xazis dinamiuri ganviTareba an mSvidi, statikuri pasaJebi,
personaJTa ganlageba, svla warsulidan momavlisken da bevri sxva ram
gvaZlevs safuZvels, vifiqroT, rom nawarmoebis kompoziciuri simwyobre
da gamarTuloba tician tabiZis mier publicistikaSi poeziidan,
literaturidan “gadmonergili” mwerluri ostatobis komponentia.
tician tabiZis narkvevTa kompoziciaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
ipyrobs nawarmoebis siuJetis wyoba, agreTve siuJetisgareTa elementebi –
lirikuli wiaRsvlebi, analitikuri gansja, STabeWdilebebi da teqstis
Tanafardoba fragmentTan, avtoris teqstebis erTobliobasTan,
konteqstisa da qveteqstis gaazreba, avtoris Sinagani samyaros
spontanuri gamovlinebebi da sxv.
imisTvis, rom SeZlebisdagvarad warmogveCina tician tabiZis
publicisturi stili, misi, rogorc publicistis azrovnebis
konstruqcia, narkvevebis saerTo simwyobre da teqstobriv elementTa
urTierTmimarTebis sistema, gadavwyviteT am TvalsazrisiT
davkvirvebodiT mis or narkvevs – `axali mcxeTa” (tabiZe 1966b: 31-37) da
18
`qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi” (tabiZe 1966b: 192-220). Cveni survilia, am
nawarmoebebze dakvirvebiT da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maTi SedarebiT
SesaZlebeli gavxadoT ganzogadebuli daskvnebis gamotana imis Taobaze,
Tu ra sayrdenebze agebs avtori Tavisi narkvevebis arqiteqtonikas da
zogadad rogor warmoudgenia mas narkvevis struqturuli organizeba.
ratom SevarCieT maincdamainc es ori narkvevi?
upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom orive erT weliwads – 1927
welsaa dawerili. drois Tanxvedra saSualebas gvaZlevs Tvali
gavadevnoT mwerlis msoflmxedvelobriv evolucias, SemoqmedebiT
impulsebs misi Jurnalisturi moRvaweobis erT konkretul periodSi.
magram mTavari isaa, rom bevr identur, Tanmxvedr tendenciasTan erTad
am or narkvevSi ikveTeba erTi yvelaze Zlieri, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
magistraluri motivi, RerZi, romlis garSemo viTardeba nawarmoebis
fabula, Tavs iyris mTavari saTqmeli. es aris ,,Zvelis” da ,,axlis”
konfliqti, maTi urTierTmiziduloba Tu erTmaneTisgan ganzidva. orive
narkvevSi zogjer aSkarad mizanmimarTulad, zogjer ki, albaT,
gaucnobierebladac gamJRavnebulia es mTavari motivi.
tician tabiZis narkvevi `qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi” e.w.
samogzauro narkvevTa Janrs ganekuTvneba, magram aq daZleulia viwro
sabWoTa Janrobrivi SezRudvebi da werili originalur da efeqtur
publicistur nawarmoebad warmodgeba. saTauri da narkvevis daweris
TariRi Tavidanve aRZravs Sesabamis asociaciebs da ganwyobilebas –
gvaxsendeba “xalxTa megobrobis” sabWoTa fenomeni _
naxevradgulwrfeli da naxevradyalbi urTierTobebi, simarTlenarevi
tyuilebi, diTirambebi, fuWi uxvsityvaoba da sadRegrZeloebismagvari
moxsenebebi. Znelia imis warmodgena, rom am Temaze im wlebSi raime
arastandartuli SeiZleboda daweriliyo. arada, swored ase wers tician
tabiZe. misi inteligenturi fraza, gonebamaxviluri aqcentebi da
orazrovani svlebi saintereso da sasiamovno sakiTxavs xdis mezobel
respublikaSi mogzaurobis suraTebs. Nnarkvevi xuTi nawilisgan
Sedgeba. mwerali Tanmimdevrulad, mwyobrad, mSvidi da auRelvebeli
toniT, yovelgvari cru paTosis (romelic ase `mouxdeboda” am Sinaarsis
werils) gareSe aRwers qarTveli mwerlebis erTi jgufis mogzaurobas
19
Tbilisidan erevnamde. weris manera xSirad mogagonebT dRiuris ubralo,
gulRia stils – avtori TiTqos TavisTvis iwers STabeWdilebebs, rom
wlebis Semdeg siamovnebiT gadaikiTxos isini.
iseve rogorc tician tabiZis narkvevTa umravlesoba, narkvevi `axali
mcxeTac” nawilebad, momcro Tavebad aris dayofili (4 Tavi). TiToeuli
nawili warmoadgens ganumeorebeli azrobrivi daniSnulebis mqone
erTeuls, romelTa gamTlianebiTac iqmneba srulyofili literaturuli
“organizmi”.
narkvevi eZRvneba zemo avWalis hidroelsadguris gaxsnas, rasac
avtori qarTveli eris istoriaSi axali epoqis dawyebis kvalifikacias
aZlevs; magram aq imdeni urTierTgadamkveTi Tema da motivia, rom
sabolood gacilebiT farTovdeba narkvevis Sinaarsi da tician tabiZe
eris istoriuli warsulis, xalxis aRmSeneblobiTi energiis saTaveTa
originalur kvlevas gvTavazobs. mogvianebiT poeti dawers leqss ,,axali
mcxeTa”: ,, ...da im adgilas, sadac odesRac
Zvel dinastiaT dagrovda ferfli,
eleqtros cecxlSi sdgas qvis taZari
fantastiuri da eifeli...”
(tabiZe 1933: 7).
`axali mcxeTa” – sityva `axali”-s (romelic TavisTavad gulisxmobs
,,Zvelis” arsebobas) da qarTul cnobierebaSi siZvelisa da arqaulobis
sinonimis – `mcxeTis” – SekavSirebiT iqmneba erTgvari opoziciuri
wyvili, romlis saTaurSi gamotana ukve amJRavnebs avtoris tendencias.
es tendencia SeimCneva meore narkvevSic – `qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi”,
sadac vkiTxulobT – `aq mainc sagrZnobia axali cxovrebis dabadeba da
SeiZleba arsad ar iyos iseTi kontrasti Zvelisa da axlisa, rogorc aq,
gogCis tbaze”(tabiZe 1966b: 203). amgvari mkveTri Sepirispirebis _
gamokveTili laitmotivis – garSemo agebs da mxatvrulad amTlianebs
avtori am narkvevebs.
Sepirispirebebze damyarebuli azrovnebis stili, rogorc Cans,
saerTodac damaxasiaTebelia tician tabiZisTvis. misi narkvevebis
kompoziciur struqturaSi erTmaneTs kveTs polarulobis Semcveli
20
araerTi laitmotivi, romlebic, albaT, isev da isev ,,axlisa” da ,,Zvelis”
dapirispirebis Taviseburi variaciebia.
es laitmotivebia sicocxle da sikvdili, ocneba da sinamdvile,
sakuTari da sxvisi, tyuili da marTali, miTi da reloba, buneba da
civilizacia, romantizmi da realizmi, suli da materia da sxv. isini
kompoziciis iseT msxvil komponentebSi arian SeWrilni, rogorebicaa
peizaJebi, portretebi, istoriuli CanarTebi, an Tavs iCenen ambis
Txrobasa Tu intimur lirikul wiaRsvlebSi. Cveni saubaric swored am
ramdenime „binarul opozicias“ Seexeba.
tician tabiZisTvis ucxoa weris mxolod aRweriTi an gansjiTi
manera, is qmnis dauviwyar tropebs, saxeebs, saxeTa mTel sistemas. am
sistemaSi eqceva ,,Zvelisa” da ,,axlis” dapirispirebis laitmotivic.
`Zvelis” mxatvruli saxis Seqmnas ZiriTadad emsaxureba am narkvevebis
umSvenieresi pasaJebi, – nawarmoebis kompoziciis mniSvnelovani
komponenti – istoriuli eqskursebi, romlebic erudiciis
brwyinvalebiTa da virtuozuli artistulobiT aris Sesrulebuli
(narkvevebSi maT sakmaod mozrdili adgili – mTeli Tavebi aqvs
daTmobili).
narkvevi _ `qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi” _ II nawili – `gogCis tba
– sevani” (tabiZe 1966b: 197-205) swored amgvari istoriuli CanarTia,
romelic poeturi STagonebiT aris dawerili. es, rasakvirvelia, im
winaswarganwyobamac ganapiroba, aleqsandre WavWavaZis romantiuli
sevdiT gamsWvalulma leqsma rom aRuZra `cisferyanwel” poets da axla
TiTqos or poets erTad ucqerda istoria...
`gogCa” aleqsandre WavWavaZis saukeTeso leqsad miaCnia tician
tabiZes. vrceli citatebi leqsidan poeturi ilustraciaa tragikuli
bedisa, romelic am qveyanas ergo, im saSineli movlenebisa, romlebic
swored aq – sevanze datrialda – `rasac osmalos jari ver gawvda, is
moaTava partaxtianma tifma da SimSilma. swored aq, sevanis napirebze
yofila mTavari banaki ltolvilebisa – es uzarmazari tba Turme maSin
raRac veeberTela morgvs warmoadgenda, sadac mkvdrebis gaxrwnil
ormoebSi suls levda jer kidev cocxali xalxi” (tabiZe 1966b: 200).
21
tician tabiZes ar SeuZlia istoriaze mSralad, qronistis saqmiani
da ugrZnobeli toniT wera. misi naweri mdidaria iseTi kompoziciuri
elementebiT, rogoricaa asociaciebi da emociuri wiaRsvlebi, mdidaria
movlenaTa Taviseburi interpretaciis Semcveli analitikuri StrixebiT.
sevanis tba am narkvevSi TiTqos simboloa somxeTis istoriisa,
TiTqos am tbaSi CaZirula, gaqvavebula aqauri sicocxle, silamaze: `ra
silamazeze unda ifiqro aq kacma, roca mTeli es qveyana bewvis xididan
Camovardnili da SemTxveviT gadarCenili xalxiT aris dasaxlebuli”
(tabiZe 1966b: 200) _ TanagrZnoba gamosWvivis am qveynis istoriis
TxrobaSi. aq istoria gacocxlebulia adamianebiT, mis sivrceSi
adamianebi moCanan, TavianTi ubedurebiTa da tkiviliT – `visac mxolod
gazeTebis qronikaSi waukiTxavs, Tu rogor avlebda musrs aq enver-faSas
armia imperialisturi omis dros, vinc icis, rom yofili mefis jaris
generlebic aTasi momizezebiT uTavebdnen xels somxebis Jletas, agreTve
kavkasiis frontis moSlis Semdeg rogor atilas risxviT gaiara aq
osmaleTis jarma, da garSemo dasaxlebulma musulmanurma tomebmac
rogor gaiwafes xeli ltolvilTa JletaSi, mas kidev ar aqvs
warmodgena, Tu ra jojoxeTis geena yofila aq datrialebuli” (tabiZe
1966b: 202).
es midamo mwerlisTvis bibliuri adgilebia, `SeqmnaTa wignis”
uZvelesi istoriis Tvalxiluli ilustraciaa – `mTebis ferdobze
CaRrmavebul ubeSi kidev moCans CarCenili Tovli. da es atirebuli
TeTri lanqeri TiTqo im mtredebis gundia, bibliuri gadmocemiT
patriarqma noem rom gamouSva Tavisi kidobnidan, da warRvnis Semdgom
araratze darCa...” (tabiZe 1966b: 206).
sevanze mogzaurobis aRweras emociur fonad aRfrTovanebasTan
erTad gasdevs mowiweba, agreTve dardi, wuxili da sinanuli imis gamo,
rom `mimavali feodaluri klasis saukeTeso ostatis” – aleqsandre
WavWavaZis Tqmisa ar iyos, `sad hyvavebulan დdidebula qalaqni vrcelni...
dRes vxedavT oden buTa da natamalTa...” (tabiZe 1966b: 202). tician tabiZe
wers: `es adgili sakacobrio kulturis uZvelesi keraa... uneburad
gipyrobs sidiade da grZnob gadasuli uzarmazari kulturis gavlenas”
(tabiZe 1966b: 202). mas am Zveli kolizeumis elferis mqone midamos
22
danaxva sakraluri gancdiT msWvalavs da fiqrobs, rom iSviaTad iqneba
kaci, rom aq marTla guli ar SeuRondes da raRac zeadamianuri grZnoba
ar ganicados. aseTia `Zveli” samyaro...
magram swored “zeadamianuri”, zeaweuli grZnobebisa da poeturi
melanqoliis gverdiT Tavs iCens metad miwieri adamianuri gancdebi da
prozauli yofa – `magram aq mainc sagrZnobia axali cxovrebis dabadeba
da SeiZleba arsad ar iyos iseTi kontrasti Zvelisa da axlisa, rogorc
aq, gogCis tbaze” (tabiZe 1966b: 203) da aqve SemoiWreba `axali” samyaro –
romantikul msoflio sevdas, amaoebis grZnobas cvlis `oflisa da
Sromis mxneobis” motivebi.
Txrobis stili dinjia da sada. Nnarkvevis avtoris daxvewili
gemovnebis da mwerluri ostatobis wyalobiT masSi yovelgvari paTosis
gareSe Cndebian enTuziasti mecnierebi, pionerebi da komkavSirelebi.
iwyeba mitingi aucilebeli “repertuariT” – dafdafebis xmiTa da
sazeimo sityvebiT moZme xalxTa Sromisa da megobrobis Sesaxeb... cxadia,
sagangebodaa gamoyenebuli kontrastis efeqti, raTa warmoCndes da
erTmaneTisagan advilad gasarCevi iyos namdvili da surogati, azri da
absurdi.
Tu `Zveli” tician tabiZesTan, rogorc wesi, istoriis sakuTrebaa,
mkvdaria da dangreuli, `axali” – momavlis safuZvelia, sicocxlisa da
aRmSeneblobis simboloa. es ori cneba – sicocxle da Seneba –
erTmaneTs ejaWveba avtoris cnobierebaSi – `ver icnobT axal erevans: aq
pirdapir Senebis cieb-cxelebaa. quCebi Sekrulia axali saxlebis
SenobaTa fardulebiT. yvelgan yria kiri, sila da xreSi. Tu sadme
naxavT karg Senobas, uTuod axali aSenebulia”(tabiZe 1966b: 214,215).
`Zvelisa” da `axlis” ZiriTad laitmotivs erwymis meore polaroba –
ngreva da Seneba: `ramdenadac avi da sastiki iyo stiqia dangrevisa,
imdenad didia axla aSenebis paTosi” da polarul sawyisTa kidev erTi
gadakveTa: `avtomobilidan Sors Canda erevnis cixis galavani da es
kidev ufro aSkarad xdida Zvelisa da axlis kontrasts” (tabiZe 1966b:
217).
`binaruli opoziciis” erT-erTi komponentis _ `Zvelis” – mxatvruli
saxe narkvevSi `axali mcxeTa” isev da isev istoriuli CanarTiT aris
23
xorcSesxmuli. saqarTvelos istoriis `pirveli fuZe”, `saZirkveli” –
aseTi აSefaseb aqvs micemuli am qalaqis ganuzomlad did mniSvnelobas
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRmocenebis, wignierebis da sarwmunoebis
damkvidrebis saqmeSi. SeimCneva CvenTvis ukve nacnobi, tragizmiT
aRbeWdili azrobrivi konstruqcia: Zveli – sikvdili – ngreva: `maSinac
mtkvari iyo pirveli embazi am axali mcnebisa, romelmac Semdeg sisxliT
dascala saqarTvelo, radgan man qristianoba da erovneba gaxada
erTmaneTis damfarav mcnebad. ase iyo mcxeTa istoriuli saqarTvelos
saZirkvlad, sanam ar dairRva da saxsrebSi ar daiSala Zveli
saxelmwifoebrioba, sanam ar amoSra sveticxovlis mironi”(tabiZe 1966b:
32). mecxramete saukunis dasasruls ki mcxeTam ukve ase icvala feri –
`didi akldama didis cxovrebis... aw samikitno dabad gamxdara, ngreulan
misi didni palatni...” (tabiZe 1966b: 33) – citata ilia WavWavaZis poemidan
`aCrdili” amyarebs avtoris Tvalsazriss.
poeturi ilustraciebi narkvevTa avtoris literaturismcodneobiT
simpaTiebs da midrekilebebs amJRa სvneb . poeti tician tabiZe gulgrilad
ver uvlis gverds mcxeTis istoriis poetur ilustrirebebs; aqve kvlav
Cndeba aleqsandre WavWavaZis cnobili leqsis aluzia da laparakia
imaze, rom Seudarebelia romantiuli sevda gadasuli siyvarulisa... da
yvelafer amas mainc bolo erTi aqvs, yvelafers warwymeds dro Tavisi
msaxvrali celiT.
amgvari ramdenime literaturuli wiaRsvla amSvenebs narkvevebs da
maTi kompoziciuri wyobis erT-erT gamamdidrebel elementebad
gvevlineba.
Tu davukvirdebiT da Tvals gavadevnebT mwerlis azris moZraobas
da ganwyobaTa cvlas, erT kanonzomierebas aRmovaCenT – aSkarad
formulirebul, garegnul laitmotivSi – `Zveli” da `axali” –
gamosWvivis narkvevis kompoziciis faruli, Sinagani laitmotivi –
romantizmi da realizmi, anu samyaros romantikuli, amaRlebuli,
istoriaze orientirebuli xedva da yofiT damZimebuli Tanamedrove
sinamdvilis aRqma.
`vidre axal sinamdviles miiRebda da SeiTvisebda, tician
tabiZisaTvis aucilebeli iyo... garemomcveli samyarosadmi axali
24
damokidebuleba gamoemuSavebina” – wers guram asaTiani (asaTiani 2002:
177).Aam axali damokidebulebis gamomuSavebas aadvilebda is, rom im
dros inteleqtualebisTvis Sinaganad axlobeli iyo progresis idea,
aRmSenebloba, teqnikuri Tu mecnieruli siaxleebi, ganviTarebis da
winsvlis enTuziazmi. qarTveli simbolistebi, da maT Soris tician
tabiZec, Sepyrobili da atacebuli iyvnen am ideiT.
20-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi tician tabiZis `miwasTan dabruneba”,
anu mis mier simbolizmis e.w. `epigonuri” principebis uaryofa da axali
literaturuli poziciis dakaveba Tanxvdeba misi bevri narkvevis, maT
Soris, `axali mcxeTis” Sinagan paToss da weris amaRlebul registrs:
`ase iyo mcxeTa marTla samikitno dabad gadaqceuli, sanam axalma
cxovrebam ar uxmo mas axali didi misiisaTvis. da aq xelmeored xdeba
mtkvari saqarTvelos embazad – dRes mamasaxlisebi da gvirgvinosani
mefeebi ki ar hqmnian am istorias, dRes TviTon xalxs auRia iniciativa,
TviTon xalxis energia da sicocxlis wyurvili uxmobs da hqmnis am
epoqas” (tabiZe 1966b: 33).
narkvevSi ramdenjerme meordeba kontrasti `Zvelsa” da `axals“
Soris – „am ocdaaTi wlis winaT mcxeTidan aTi kilometris daSorebiT
qarTvelma mowinave inteligenciam... moawyo erTi TvalsaCino
dResaswauli – amaze maSin mTeli saqarTvelo laparakobda. es iyo
winamZRvrianTkarSi sameurneo skolis gaxsna... dRes saqarTvelo
mofenilia aseTi skolebiT...” (tabiZe 1966b: 34).
kidev erTi laitmotivi, romelic `Zvelisa” da `axlis”
dapirispirebas qmnis, aris miTi da realoba. tician tabiZe ixsenebs
berZnebis mier Seqmnil miTs argonavtTa mogzaurobisa kolxidaSi oqros
verZis mosataceblad, magram ixsenebs imisTvis, rom axal realobasTan
Seapirispiros: `dRes xalxi TviTon daeufla Tavis simdidres, safuZveli
eyreba eris axal ekonomikur aRorZinebas” (tabiZe 1966b: 35).
narkvevis idea, mTavari saTqmeli azrobriv polusTa
dapirispirebiT ikveTeba – `winaT, marTalia, xmali icavda qarTvelT
saxelmwifoebriobas, magram es rainduli dro didi xania gadavarda –
ukve warsul saukuneSi wamoayenes lozungi xmlis Secvlisa patiosani
SromiT... da Tu Zvelad mcxeTaSi jer kerpTayvanismcemelTa RaRadi da
25
Semdeg qristianuli qoralebi ismoda, aseve dResac unda ismodes
Sromisa da gamarjvebis SeZaxilebi” (tabiZe 1966b: 36).
narkvevebis kompoziciur struqturaSi erTmaneTis gadmkveTi
laitmotivebi, `axlisa da Zvelis” Sepirispirebis variaciebi, ganfenilia
kompoziciis iseT elementSic, rogoricaa peizaJi. erT-erTi laitmotivi,
opoziciuri wyvili, romelic peizaJSia gamoxatuli, sikvdili da
sicocxlea.
sikvdili Tavisi saSineli naturalizmiT iWreba tician tabiZiseul
peizaJebSi, romlebic mkveTri ferebiTa da xmebiT Rrmad aRibeWdeba
mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi – tbis `napiri Seyvarebul mijnurTa nacvlad
daumarxav auarebel aTasobiT ltolvils xedavda da mgalobeli
mefsalmune berebis magier tyidan gamovardnili afTrebi da turebi
Rmuodnen da leSiT ver ZRebodnen” (tabiZe 1966b: 203).
unda iTqvas, rom narkvevSi `qarTveli mwerlebi somxeTSi” swored
STambeWdavi, emociurad datvirTuli peizaJebi qmnis sevanis dauviwyar
suraTs. PpeizaJi aq am uZvelesi samyaros danaxvis da aRqmis mTavari
mxatvruli saSualebaa.
tician tabiZis peizaJebis xatvis Tavisebureba, iseve rogorc
istoriuli suraTebisa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom naxatSi organulad
“ewereba” adamiani. buneba adamianisagan gancalkevebulad, misagan
mowyvetiT ki ar ganixileba, aramed, istoriis msgavsad, adamianis beds,
mis tkivils ireklavs _ `unda TvaliT naxoT es nafuzari, gaoxrebuli,
gapartaxebuli da mospobili midamo, rom gaigoT, Tu ra gadautania aq
xalxs da gaikvirvoT, rom kidev darCenila mosaxleoba”(tabiZe 1966b: 199-
200). sul erT xatovan frazaSi igrZnobs mkiTxveli somxeTis `arqtikul”
sicives da dainaxavs cxovrebis mkacri pirobebis, cxovrebis simkacris
gamZlebi eris xasiaTs, misi cxovrebis wess – `advilad warmosadgenia, ra
iqneba aq zamTarSi, da gasagebia, ratom damalulan saxlebi miwaSi da
ratom aurCevia aq glexs Txunelas xvreli” (tabiZe 1966b: 198).
NnarkvevebSi savsebiT aridebulia Tavidan bunebis aRweris banaluri,
trafaretuli xerxebi. `palatTa didebulTa ngreuli naSTis” suraTi
civi da lakonuri frazebis magivrad ukve fantastikosi mxatvris
zRaprul – miTosuri xilviTaa Seqmnili – `sevans garSemo
26
gveleSapebiviT axvevia titveli mTebi, TiTqo miTiuri drakonebi
daswafebian laJvard wyals, magram gzaSi gaqvavebulan da eSvebi Ria
darCeniaTo” (tabiZe 1966b: 199).
poetis mdidari warmosaxva, xatovani azrovneba bunebis uCveulo,
ganumeorebel saxeebs badebs da apirobebs suraTis aRweris im specifiur
esTetikas, Tavisebur maneras, romlis meSveobiTac mkiTxvelic imsWvaleba
waruSleli STabeWdilebebiT – `am uzarmazari mTebis gamoqvabulSi es
tba Cawolila, rogorc cidan Camovardnili laJvardi: ggonia kidec, rom
es miraJia, mTa gatyuebs da ca ukuRmidan moCans”(tabiZe 1966b: 198).
tician tabiZisTvis somxeTis buneba xelovnebis Taviseburi
nimuSicaa, romelic meoreulad irekleba ferwerul tiloebze –
peizaJebis SeqmnaSi `monawileoben” sariani, vrubeli, firosmani.
delegacia sevanisa da araratis gavliT Casula erevanSi. ararats,
rogorc Cans, gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba ar mouxdenia tician
tabiZeze. sevanis tbis zRapruli auris fonze araratis veli mas
banalurad da erTferovnad esaxeba.
garemos tician tabiZis aRweris stili mkiTxvels სmoagoneb
dokumenturi filmis scenars, xolo saxeobrivi qsovili marTlac
kinokadrebiviT warmogvidgeba Tvalwin: `gzaSi sul momTabare xalxi
gvxvdeboda. TaTrebi yazaxidan modiodnen mTebSi – cxvarTan. visac unda
warmoidginos, ra iqneboda xalxTa didi gadasaxleba, an ra iqneboda
aziur dampyrobTa urdoebi, SeiZleba aqedan iqonios warmodgena...…maTi
didi, Cardaxiani, xaliCebiT gadakruli urmebi savsea bargiT: uzarmazari
qvabebi, WuWyiani logini, uTvalavi bavSvebi... kameCebs an xarebs win
miuZRvis didxanjliani TaTari, xSirad, dedakacebic, magram es
dedakacebi iseTi Sesaxedavia, bevr vaJkacs fers ucvlis da gaafiTrebs”.
(tabiZe 1966b: 206).
tician tabiZisTvis, rogorc poetisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia
istoriul-miTologiuri xilvebi. amjeradac, samogzauro narkvevSic,
realisturi dakvirvebebi amgvar xilvebSi gadaizrdeba, romelTac Tavisi
egzotikuri personaJebi hyavs. erT-erTi aseTi “personaJia” aqlemi,
romelic simbolistebs Taviseburi poeturi ე დSaravand iT hyavdaT
27
Semosili da romlis gamoCenac somxeTis landSaftze gulgrils ver
tovebs poets (tabiZe 1966b: 208).
mainc, raki tician tabiZisTvis yvelaze saintereso adamiania, midamo,
romelic erevanTan miaxloebasTan erTad sul ufro titvldeba da
udaburi xdeba, mwerlisTvis mimzidveli aRar aris. mas molodiniT
avsebs ararati. iseve, rogorc ilias _ myinvari, ticiansac ar xiblavs
adamianTa samyaros daSorebuli araratis giganturi mTa _ `...saRamovdeba.
nisli TandaTan exveva ararats da Rrublebi ikumSebian. Mmale sadac
aris, TeTri orTqli aitacebs am gigants da cas SeuerTdeba” (tabiZe
1966b: 208).
tician tabiZis peizaJebi xan narkvevis ideis gamokveTas da gaxsnas
emsaxureba, xan ki kompoziciis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi elementiT _
qveteqstiT itvirTeba da qmnis axal laitmotivs, opoziciur wyvils,
“sxvisi – sakuTari”. velze „kolosiviT“ amomarTuli “martodmarto”
araratis danaxvisas mwerals axsendeba myinvari _ `roca Sehyureb
myinvars, zogjer verc ki amCnev, romelia myinvari, isea mis garSemo
dayrili uTvalavi mwvervalebi” (tabiZe 1966b: 207).
Mmwerali ver faravs Tavisi samSoblos bunebiT aRfrTovanebas,
romelic gansakuTrebiT am mwiri da yamiri miwebis danaxvam gaumZafra,
Tumca taqtianad poulobs kompliments maspinZeli mxarisaTvis _ `visac
alaznis veli unaxavs siRnaRidan, mas, rasakvirvelia, ver gaakvirvebs
araratis veli _ miTumetes, rom is ar aris mwvane tyeebiT daburuli,
magram mainc araCveulebrivi sanaxaobisaa” (tabiZe 1966b: 207-208). tician
tabiZis poeturi cnobiereba aRsavsea qarTuli bunebis xatebiT, amitom es
xatebi aucileblobis ZaliT Cndeba mis narkvevebSic, amjerad _ somxeTis
landSaftis aRqmis dros. Mmas TiTqos Sinaganad ar asveneben situaciis
Sesatyvisi qarTuli paralelebi, romlebic moulodnel poetur –
musikalur talRebad iWrebian mis warmosaxvaSi da Zvel, nostalgiur
mogonebebs aRZraven _ `magondeba simRera Cveni meurmeebisa aRzevans rom
midiodnen marilze. TiTqos mesmis vano sarajiSvilis neli qviTini:
aRzevans waval marilze,
marils movitan brolsao,
jer dedas gadavexvevi,
28
mere Svilsa da colsao...
TiTqo me vmRerode am hangs, ase mgonia, vxedav qarTveli meurmeebis
qaravans da aTasi xma mReris am urmuls. da ase vuaxlovdebiT erevans”
(tabiZe 1966b: 209). erevnis Semogarens qarTul romantikul warsulSi
gadahyavs tician tabiZe, agondeba grigol orbelianis `sadRegrZelo,
anu omis Semdgom Rame lxini erevnis siaxloves” _ amgvari
literaturuli poeturi reminiscenciebi mniSvnelovnebas da azrobriv-
emociur sisavses matebs tician tabiZis narkvevebs.
Tu sevanis tbis suraTebi dinji, statikuri aRweris xerxiT aris
daxatuli, mSenebare erevnis urbanistuli peizaJi sxvagvari –
temperamentiani, mZafrad dinamikuri stiliT warmoisaxeba: `aq pirdapir
Senebis cieb-cxelebaa. QquCebi Sekrulia axali saxlebis SenobaTa
fardulebiT... saxlebs aSeneben somxuri tufiT – es erTgvari
granitisebri qvaa. Tu sadme naxavT karg Senobas, uTuod axali
aSenebulia...… qva, kiri da qvebi da qvebi...” (tabiZe 1966b: 217). narkvevebSi
warmodgenili istoriuli eqskursebis fonze gaSlili es intensiuri
mSenebloba avtoris da mkiTxvelis mier aRiqmeba TviTgadarCenis da
TviTdamkvidrebis mZafri instinqtiT Sepyrobili xalxis arsebobisTvis
brZolis simbolod – ë`etyoba es qveyana Raribia, magram am siRaribes
miucia swored es gamwareba da SromiTi gataceba” (tabiZe 1966b: 216).
erevnis peizaJebSi isev da isev Tavs iCens Zveli da axali qalaqis
suraTebi – `saerTod erevnis Zveli nawili miagavs sparsul qalaqs,
brWyviala meCeTebiT da hiniT SeRebili sparselebiT...…gzebi viwroa,
urmebi da avtomobilebi Zlivs uvlian erTmaneTs gverds. roca gaiWedeba
gza, dadgeba erTi aliaqoTi. Mmagram gzebi keTdeba da TiTqmis yvelgan
sxedan qvismWrelebi da gugunebs satkepni manqana...… TiTqo mTel qalaqs
erTbaSad aSenebdnen” (tabiZe 1966b: 215).
Txrobis ritmi da tempi hyveba mSeneblobis ritms da aq mcxovrebi
da momuSave xalxis erovnul energias, xasiaTis specifikas warmoaCens.
am narkvevebSi Tavs iCens kidev erTi dapirispireba – buneba da
civilizacia, sadac es ukanaskneli ganadgurebas uqadis bunebis
ulamazes landSaftebs. sevanis Zveli ,,kolizeis” nangrevebis aRwera
icvleba informaciiT am tbaze Tevzis warmoebisTvis saWiro macivris
29
agebis Sesaxeb; uzarmazari taZrebi, romlebic ë`erTmaneTs exvevian”, axla
gauqmebulia da kacic ver ipoves, rom kari gaeRo, raTa stumrebs iSviaTi
freskebi da mozaikuri mxatvroba daeTvalierebinaT...…male am taZris
midamoSi klimatur sadgurs gaaSeneben da TviTon tbasac kurortad
gadaaqceven; saubars `xmovanebiT zRvisa mbaZavi” tbis Sesaxeb cvlis
saubari aqaur ekonomikur resursebze, sameurneo gegmebze da
eleqtrofikaciaze. am kontrastuli svlebiT mwerali Tavis Sefarulad
tkivilian ganwyobas da saTqmels gviziarebs – sevanis mkvdar midamoSi
is sidiades, silamazes, sevdian da tragikul sicocxles aRmoaCens;
xolo aq civilizaciis SemoWrasa da axali cxovrebis dawyebis
enTuziazmSi am sidiadis gardauval sikvdils dainaxavs.
tician tabiZis narkvevebSi mniSvnelovania elementTa urTierTmi-
marTebis sistema, romelic mTlianobas qmnis. aRsaniSnavia narkvevis
frangmentisa da teqstis, anu nawilisa da mTelis mimarTebaTa Sinagani
Tavisufleba, TamaSebrivi silaRe. xSirad fragments ,,pikanturi”
qveteqstic axlavs. magaliTad, rogorc tician tabiZe wers, somxeTisTvis
da somexi xalxisTvis bolSevikebs marTlac wuTi–wuTze miuswriaT da
ganadgurebisgan gadaurCeniaT – `kidev cota rom dagvianebodaT mosvla,
aq ambis momtani kaci ar darCeboda da marTlac, somxeTis xalxi
aRigveboda pirisagan miwisa. es icis xalxma da sabWoTa xelisuflebas
marTlac magari fesvi aqvs am qveyanaSi. Kklasobrivi interesis Segnebas,
romelzedac damyarebulia komunizmi, aq emateba gadarCenis grZnoba,
romelsac yoveli somexi grZnobs” (tabiZe 1966b: 200). Ees dakvirveba,
romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, dRevandel politikur situaciasac exmianeba,
Tavisi qveteqstiT gveubneba, rom is, rac erTi qveynisTvis aucilebloba
da xsnaa, meorisTvis ZaliT Tavsmoxveuli `wyaloba” da tragikuli
iZuleba SeiZleba iyos. tician tabiZis teqsti “danaRmulia” amgvari
siRrmiseuli SepirispirebebiT, paralelebiT. `...sabWoTa xelisuflebas
marTlac magari fesvi aqvs am qveyanaSi” – striqonebs Soris ikiTxeba am
patara fragmentis mimarTeba mTel teqstTan da Ffaruli Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTva eZleva mTeli narkvevis prosabWour pasaJebs.
ngrevisa da Senebis Sepirispirebis originaluri variacia gvxvdeba
narkvevSi ä`axali mcxeTa”. aq gamoCndeba leninis fataluri figura.
30
portreti, rogorc kompoziciis erT–erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementi,
ar rCeba tician tabiZis “arsenalis” miRma. avtori ostaturad axerxebs
sul ramdenime fraziT warmogvidginos eleqtrofikaciis ideafiqsiT
Sepyrobili leninis SemakrTobeli portreti. Lleninis nebiT ruseTis
`quCebi yumbarebiT gadaxnulia, yoveli saxli omis banakad aris
gadaqceuli, inteligencia sabotaJs eweva da cxovreba damdgara”; lenini
ki – `patara tanis adamiani, romelic ijda arc ise maRal skamze,
erTianad wasuli iyo inteleqtis daZabvaSi” (tabiZe 1966b: 31).
detalurad damuSavebuli, monumenturi portretebi am narkvevebSi ar
Cans. keTilganwyobiT moxazuli siluetebis saxiT gaielveben ovanes
Tumaniani, mixeil javaxiSvili, delegaciis sxva wevrebi, agreTve is
`usaxelo” adamianebi, romelTa energia da sicocxlis wyurvili qmnida
am epoqas.
am narkvevebSic yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovania tician
tabiZis _ mxatvrisa da Semoqmedis _ sulieri cxovrebis anarekli,
romelic aq moCans. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori Segnebulad Tavs
aridebs sakuTari personis xazgasmul demonstrirebas, misi gaorebuli
Sinagani samyaro mainc mkafiod xilulia. is TiTqos zogjer
Tavisufldeba sakuTari Tavisgan _ avtorisgan _ da wers sakuTari
TavisTvis _ mkiTxvelisTvis.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis narkvevebis kompoziciis
mravalferovan, ostaturad gamoyenebul da urTierTSexamebul
elementebs erT mTlianobad kravs avtoris mkafio Tu uCinari
avtoportreti.
31
II Tavi
erovnuli problematikis amsaxveli statiebi
2.1. „qarTuli idea“
(gazeTi ,,saqarTvelo”, № 142. 26.06.1916; № 143. 27.06.1916)
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi sul ufro da ufro gamokveTili xdeboda
erovnuli „me“-s TaviseburebaTa gacnobierebis gansazRvris moTxovnileba.
qarTveli avangardistebis maSindeli Taoba ar yofila nacional–
nihilisturad ganwyobili da kosmopolituri. am TvalTaxedviT
sainteresoa tician tabiZis publicisturi da eseisturi naazrevi.
amjerad mkiTxvelis yuradRebs mivapyrobT tician tabiZis erT
publikaciaze – publicistur werilze „qarTuli idea“, romelic gazeT
„saqarTveloSi“ 1916 wels daibeWda (N 142, 143).
niSandoblivia, rom tician tabiZis erT–erTi pirveli statia
erovnuli TviTSemecnebis problemas eZRvneba. es aris Tormeti arabeska,
romelic avtoris eseistur-intimur, lirikul, Tavisufal gansjas
emyareba. am, erTi SexedviT, usistemo, qaotur, amave dros publicisturi
emociurobiT damuxtul etiudebSi qarTuli ideis gamokveTis
sayuradRebo cdaa ganxorcielebuli.
unda iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos fenomeniT aseTi intensiuri
daintereseba, rogorc am eseSia gamovlenili, Sefasebebis aseTi
radikalizmi da TviTSemecnebis ase gamZafrebuli survili erTi arcTu
umniSvnelo mizeziTac iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod, imiT, rom moskovSi
saswavleblad wasul ticians gamZafrebuli aqvs sakuTari qveynis
monatrebis grZnoba, romlis fonze ufro Rrmad da winaaRmdegobrivad
warmarTula misi moqalaqeobrivi da SemoqmedebiTi msoflxedvis
momwifebis procesi.
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gulgrils ver dagtovebT 22 wlis kacis gulwrfeli da emociuri
msjeloba: “ar ari bedniereba utkbesi, rogorc sikvdili
samSoblosaTvis. Cven amas vkiTxulobT sxvebis saxeebze, Cven amas
vkiTxulobT Cven Zvel wignebidan. Cven wagvarTves, rac wminda gvqonda,
Cven wagvarTves samSoblo!..” (saqarTvelo 1916a: 2) warTmeulis
dabrunebisa da dakargulis povnis survilis gamomxatveli tragikuli
intonacia mTel werils gasdevs – es xan warTmeuli samSoblos Ziebaa,
xan daviwyebuli RmerTis _ „me Zveli maxsovs aRTqmebi wminda da
daviwyebul RmerTs vevedrebi“ (tabiZe 1982: 493) da xan dakarguli saxisa...
maTi povna tician tabiZisTvis qarTuli ideis aRmoCenis tolfasia.
sad eZebs avtori am ideis gasaRebs? mis msoflaRqmaSi ikvreba wre:
samyaro – samSoblo – individi. swored am sami fenomenis warmoCeniT,
maTi sinTezis, urTierTSeRwevis safuZvelze igeba saqarTvelos sulieri
gadarCenis Taviseburi proeqti.
„qveyana didia. gaixedav aRmosavleTiT, gaixedav dasavleTiT, ar
uCans kide, ar uCans sazRvari“ (saqarTvelo 1916b: 2) – usasrulo
samyaros aseTi suraTiT iwyeba es werili. survili, ekuTvnode raime
grandiozuls, SeerTo Senze ufro didsa da Zliers, iqce da aRiqva Tavi
mis nawilad, albaT, provinciaSi mcxovrebi, magram didi Sinagani
potenciis mqone adamianis umweobis autaneli SegrZnebis daZlevis cdaa.
„saqarTvelos swams, rom is keTilSobili stumaria msoflio
nadimze, mas swams ukvdaveba“ (saqarTvelo 1916g: 3) – sakuTari qveynis
msoflio gigantebTan gajibreba isev da isev arasrulfasovnebis
mtanjveli grZnobisgan gaqcevad, Tavis daRwevad unda miviCnioT: „iyvnen
erebi... egonaT am erTa mefeebs, rom maT samefoSi mze arasdros ar
Cadioda... dRes es erebi aRar arian; maTi xseneba gadavarda... iryeodnen,
ingreodnen, ifSvneboden islamis mrisxane maxvilisagan uzarmazari
saxelmwifoni didi tradiciebis. Cven videqiT saswauliT, ar vkvdebodiT“
(saqarTvelo 1916d: 2). Cven gadavrCiT, Cven varsebobT! – es erTgvar
TviTCagonebad, TviTgamxnevebad, sasowarkveTisTvis Tavis daRwevis cdad
aRiqmeba.
individi mtkivneulad eZebs raRac simyares, romelsac daeyrdnoba da
miakuTvnebs sakuTar Tavs. aseTi „simyarea“ samSoblo.
33
„sjobs aRar mqondes sulac samSoblo, anda ar iyos ase lamazi“
(tabiZe 1982: 565) – dramatulad da paTetikurad aris gancdili tician
tabiZis poeziaSi samSoblo, magram „es gonebismieri aRtacebis an sazeimo
maRalfardovnebis paTetika ki ar aris, aramed yelSi mobjenili
cremlebis paTetikaa“ (asaTiani 2002: 169). igive SeiZleba iTqvas „qarTul
ideasTan“ dakavSirebiT, romelic, arsebiTad, poetis paTetikuri
lirikuli monologia – mtanjveli fiqrebia samSobloze.
saqarTvelos fenomenis gaazrebas tician tabiZe upirvelesad
istoriis gaazrebas ukavSirebs: „saqarTvelos aRorZineba maSin daiwyeba,
roca vnaxavT da SeviswavliT Cven kvals da istorias“ (saqarTvelo 1916e:
2) – wers igi. istoriaze apelireba qarTul sinamdvileSi ar aris ucxo
da originaluri ram, aq ufro saintereso is aris, rom poeti exmianeba am
periodis axalgazrdul mwerlobaSi momZlavrebuli erTgvari
politikuri neoromantizmis suliskveTebas – magaliTad, geronti qiqoZis
„CaquCian mamakacs“(1915), giorgi leoniZis „Tamars“(1917), “Cabnelebul
armazs“(1917) (qarTuli literaturuli esse 1986: 67-70; 71; 72-74).
am werilSi ucnaurad „dafrinaven“ wamebi, dro ucnaurad aris
daxleCili – xan warsulSi varT, romelic ukve aRar arsebobs; xan
momavalSi, romelic jer ar damdgara; xan ki awmyoSi, romelic
nawilobriv warsulia, nawilobriv ki ukve momavali... aseTi e.w.
„organizebuli qaosi“ qmnis swrafmaval droSi CaZiruli sinamdvilis
ararealurobis simbolistur efeqts.
Tu amovkrebT gabneul frazebs da qronologiiT: warsuli – awmyo –
momavali – davalagebT, aseT suraTs miviRebT - warsulSi: „sisxlis
mdinare saqarTveloSi ar ari metafora“ (saqarTvelo 1916v: 2) „istoria
rom gulmaviwyi ar iyos da SemTxveviT ar iwerebodes, vin icis
kleopatras da mariam stiuarts ra Crdili daadgeboda Tamar-mefis da
misi qaliSvilis rusudan dedoflisagan“(saqarTvelo 1916z: 2); awmyoSi:
„Zveli istoria ufro patiosania. Cveni dro istoriasac daetyo, is gaxda
usindiso spekulaciis sagani“ (saqarTvelo 1916T: 3), „omianobis dros Sin
rCebodnen jabanebi da kutebi, romelTac moaSenes dRevandeli
qarTveloba, vaglax, ari zari da ubedureba. CvenSi dadian Ciyviani
kretinebi, dadian da arxeinad aniaveben eris didebas... ar aris siwminde,
34
rom sawamlavi ar gadaasxan; ar aris siwminde, imaT ar gaaorgulon...”.
(saqarTvelo 1916i: 2).
am mZime Sefasebis Semdeg Znelia xsnaze, momavalze fiqri da
msjeloba. aseT Sefasebebs iwvevs apaTia, gaucxoeba sakuTari erisgan,
samSoblosgan, Sinagani konfliqti pirovnebasa da istorias Soris –
moazrovne adamianisTvis erT–erTi yvelaze mZime da damTrgunveli
mdgomareoba. am dros adamians eCveneba, rom misi yovelgvari moRvaweoba
azrs kargavs, yvelaferi ucxoa da „aranamdvili“, rom WeSmariti
faseulobebi gayalbebulia da dakarguli, igi sruliad marto
aRmoCndeba „mSobliur“ garemoSi; magram raki pirovneba mainc
winaaRmdegobaTa daZlevisken mswrafveli arsebaa, am werilSic Cans
avtoris swrafva istoriis tvirTis CamoSorebisken, swrafva axali
istoriis Seqmnisa da masSi sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi Zalis
ganxorcielebisken. „marTlmorwmune da namdvili qarTvelebi unda
SevudgeT liturgias Tavis Tavisas... Cven davkargeT Cveni saxe, Cven unda
vnaxoT igi“ (saqarTvelo 1916k: 2) – Tavisi individualobis, Tavisi
dakarguli saxis Ziebas gahyavs tician tabiZe „momavlis gzaze“ – „droa
movagrovoT yvela sabuTebi, rac Cven individualobas ganamtkicebs, rac
amtkicebs Cveni sicocxlis uflebas“ (saqarTvelo 1917l: 2) – e.i.
sicocxlis, arsebobis ufleba aqvs mxolod im ers, romelmac Seimecna,
dainaxa da gaiazra Tavisi Tavi. „RmerTma imitom mogvca sakuTari saxe da
gagvigrZela sicocxlis Jami, rom sakuTari gziT mivdiodeT“
(saqarTvelo 1916m: 2) _ arsebobis ufleba da azri mxolod imas aqvs,
rac individualuria da es azri mdgomareobs swored individualobis,
sakuTari saxis SenarCunebasa da ganviTarebaSi. aSkaraa, rom
individualizmi tician tabiZes msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis rangSi
ahyavs.
Cveni dakarguli saxis, individualobis povna, avtoris azriT,
SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu „wavikiTxavT qarTul ideas...
unda adges idea qarTuli. manamdi CvenSi mkvdari iqneba
suli“(saqarTvelo 1916n: 2). qarTuli sulierebis gadasarCenad Cveni saxe
unda veZioT qarTuli religiuri Segnebis Sinagan bunebasa da
SemoqmedebaSi, radgan „qriste ekuTvnis poetebs... musikiT aSendeba RvTis
35
qalaqi“. niSandoblivia, rom tician tabiZis imave periodis poetur
SemoqmedebaSic sakuTari warmomavlobis, Zirebis Zieba religiur
Seferilobas iZens:
da gana vici, sidan movedi,
romeli qveynis cxeli mze mwvavda,
me didi myavda winamorbedi,
winamorbedi macxovars hgavda.
„balaganis mefe“ – 1917 (tabiZe 1982: 493).
Tumca tician tabiZes surs, qarTuli idea ipovos qarTuli
qristianobis specifikaSi, es specifika mis mier maincdamainc naTlad
gaxsnili da gagebuli ar aris; msjelobas aklia konkretuloba da
damajerebloba, magram aq mainc aris zogierTi sagulisxmo momenti. misi
azriT, qriste saqarTveloSi Semovida, rogorc saqmro, e.i. avtori xazs
usvams qarTuli qristianobis mamrul sawyiss, mis aqtiur, Zlier,
vaJkacur bunebas da SeniSnavs, rom es aris kontrasti ruseTTan, sadac,
mereJkovskis TqmiT, qriste „skopecia“; xolo qarTuli gagebiT, qriste
mxatvaria – Semoqmedia, amqveyniuri silamazis, materiis Semqmnelia,
saqarTvelo ki „didi poetia, man daujera qristes, rom musikiT SeiZleba
RvTis qalaqis aSeneba“ (saqarTvelo 1916o: 3).
rogorc vTqviT, saqarTvelos fenomenis gaazreba tician tabiZem
qveynis istoriis gaazrebas daukavSira, istoria ki mas, erTi mxriv,
tradiciuli qarTuli cnobierebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli trafaretiT aqvs
moxelTebuli (warsuli – diadi, awmyo – ubadruki), meore mxriv ki, eris
sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas, eris istoriul
perspeqtivas originalurad xedavs.
am originalobaSi erTi saintereso aspeqti SeimCneva, romelic me–20
saukunis dasawyisis niSniT aris aRbeWdili, im drois inteleqtualuri
da emociuri tvifari aCnia: es aris qarTuli rasobrivi upiratesobisa da
mesianizmis ideebi. „Cven ver vityviT, rom vinme dagvexsnas
ubedurebisagan, an evropis kultura gadagverCinos, magram qveyana imis
madlieric unda iyos, rom Cven gadavirCineT sakuTari Tavi da miveciT
36
bedniereba Cvenis xilvis“(saqarTvelo 1916p: 2). kacobriobam ki es
bedniereba saTanadod ver daafasa, madliereba mxolod argonavtebis
miTiT da sxvadasxva qveynis matianeTa moTxrobebiT gamoxata, rac „ar
hsaxavs mTel saxes saqarTvelosas, magram ara uSavs, mainc dasafasebelia
enabluisa da Zunwis ZRveni...“ (saqarTvelo 1916J: 3)
Wabuki poetis cnobiereba, rogorc Cans, zogjer ver uZlebs
gulwrfeli patriotizmisa da pirovnuli ambiciebis wnexs da
pretenziulad kicxavs samyaros. samyaro ki, albaT, ar aris damnaSave, Tu
misi romelime mcire nawili mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze
Tavganwirulad ibrZvis provincializmis daZlevisa da ararealizebuli
potenciis ganxorcielebisTvis.
avtoris cnobiereba erTianad aris moculi daRupvisa da gadarCenis
ideiT, „mijaWvulia“ am ideasTan, romelsac ukavSirdeba zemoT
xsenebuli ,,rasistuli” da mesianuri tendenciebi. „droa Cvenc daviwyoT
„TeTr sisxlze“ laparaki da keTilSobil saxelze... gavigoT, rom
saqarTvelo mowveulia msoflio msaxurebisTvis, rogorc mxedari, da
mxatvari... saqarTvelo mexuTe maxarobeli aris. saqarTvelosgan wminda
saxarebaSi mtkicdeba buneba qriste – mxatvrisa“ (saqarTvelo 1916r: 3). es
is ideologemebia, romlebsac adamiani (an eri) uangarod Txzavs, raTa
fsiqikas CamoaSoros saukuneebis manZilze daleqili arasrulfasovnebis
gancda, moaxdinos Tavisi sisustis da damcirebis kompensacia.
amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT istoriuli pirobebi, romelmac
warmoSva saqarTveloSi aseTi ideologiuri tendenciebi – maTi
aRmoceneba ukavSirdeba politikurad, moralurad damTrgunveli
Zalisadmi winaaRmdegobis gawevis, misi wnexisgan gaTavisuflebis,
sxvisTvis Tu sakuTari TavisTvis upiratesobis damtkicebis
moTxovnilebas. „ar aris eri, romelsac hqondes didi istoria da
romlis gulSi ar gaexicinos mesianistur fiqrebs“(saqarTvelo 1916s: 2)
– ebraelebi, Zveli elinebi, germania, mesame romi, kelturi safrangeTi,
ruseTi, poloneTi – avtori ver faravs am „planetaTa aRlumSi“
saqarTvelos monawileobis survils da radgan mesianizmi Tavisi arsiT
momavlis rwmenas, molodins ukavSirdeba, tician tabiZis mesianizmic
imediania – „viyviroT xma maRla, viyviroT cremlebiT: saqarTvelo
37
auRebeli ilionia... bevrjer fiqrobdnen aRebas da dangrevas Wkua–eSmaki
ulisebi, TiTqos egonaT kidec rom daangries, magram isev sdgas, isev
Sendeba: – axali ilioni...“ (saqarTvelo 1916t: 3)
tician tabiZis azriT, axali ilioni axalma da lamazma jiSma unda
aaSenos. Znelia ar daeTanxmo am mosazrebas, magram isic Znelia, ar
SeniSno narcisizmi da aSkarad gadaWarbebuli erovnuli TviTSefaseba:
„rasiul silamazis kibis safexuri qarTuli silamaziT bolovdeba, arc
erT xalxis eposSi ar aris iseTi warmtaci aRwera mzeTunaxavis, rogorc
Cven eposSi, xalxma icoda sad izrdeboda mzeTunaxavi...“ (saqarTvelo
1916u: 2).
rogorc aRvniSneT, avtoris cnobiereba daRupvisa da gadarCenis
ideiT aris moculi. es raRac fobia ki ar aris, aramed sruliad gasagebi
SfoTva, racionaluri SiSia, romelic biZgs aZlevs, ganapirobebs da
warmarTavs brZolas arsebobisTvis. es brZola ki male sisxlian
msxverpls moiTxovda. atmosfero ukve avismomaswaveblad iwamleboda
erTa Serwymis absurduli marqsistuli TeoriebiT, rac pirovnebasa da
ers srul nivelirebas, gaqrobas uqadda da araras winaSe Zrwolis,
RmerTis mier mitovebulobis Tu urwmunobis mtanjvel gancdas badebda.
aseT viTarebaSi Caeyara safuZveli qarTuli fenomenis, ideis, saxis
maZiebel radikalur ideologias.
es ideologia, arsebiTad, politikuri neoromantizmi ufro iyo,
vidre Sovinizmi an nacionaluri SezRudulobisa da egoizmis
gamovlineba, romelTa „saboloo daZlevas“ didi kmayofilebiT
gvamcnobda xolme sabWoTa literaturaTmcodneoba. amasTan, es
ideologia aSkarad nasazrdoebi iyo nicSeanuri sicocxlis
filosofiiT, rac modisadmi gaRebuli xarki namdvilad ar yofila.
sruliad axali politikuri da socialur–fsiqologiuri realobis
formirebis xanaSi „sicocxlisa“ da „Zalauflebis nebis“ cnebebi mSrali
filosofiuri konstruqciis elementebad da ganyenebul simboloebad ki
ar warmodgeboda, aramed maTSi SenivTdeboda TviTon yofiereba, neba,
TviTgadarCenis instinqti, Tavs iyrida „erovnuli energia“.
nicSeseulma „zeadamianis“ miTma, romelSic Zlieri pirovnebis kulti
SeerTebulia „momavlis adamianis“ romantikul ideasTan (danto: 2000),
38
qarTul cnobierebaSi Taviseburi metamorfoza ganicada – moxda
„adamianis“ Canacvleba „eriT“, romelmac ukan Camoitova mankieri,
sicruiT savse Tanamedroveoba da ukeTesi momavlis perspeqtiva gaxsna.
„verc senma, verc siRaribem da siberem ver gatexa qarTveli eri. is isev
mravldeba, isev esizmreba mzeTunaxavi... is inaxavs rasiul silamazis
upiratesobas“ (saqarTvelo 1916f: 2) – wers tician tabiZe; sxvaTa Soris,
igi nicSes „zaratustras“ profetul stilsac baZavs – nawyvet-nawyvet
amonaTqvamebs, idumal miniSnebebs, sadac gansxvavebuli, xSirad
urTierTgamomricxavi motivebi ejaxeba erTmaneTs. es wyvetili stili
avtoris erTgvar artistul dabneulobasac warmoaCens – is TiTqos
poulobs sakuTar Tavs, Semdeg isev kargavs da a.S. werilis avtori
xSirad eqceva winaaRmdegobaSi da gaorebas ganicdis. sxvagvarad Zneli
warmosadgenia, magaliTad, Tu rogor moaSenebdnen mzeTunaxavebi
jabanebs, kutebs, Ciyvian kretinebs da sxv.
am eseSi xan optimizmi Warbobs – „dRes sxva Jamia... kidev Senaxulia
simamace, Cven unda gvjerodes imisi saswaulis“ (saqarTvelo 1916q: 2), xan
ki Tanamedroveobis kritika totalur gulgatexilobad warmogvidgeba –
„vaglax, ari zari da ubedureba...” (saqarTvelo 1916R: 2). es totaluri
gulgatexiloba TviT nicSes mier gaazrebulia rogorc nihilizmi,
tradiciuli idealebis iluzorulobis gacnobiereba. erovnuli
nihilizmic erovnul TviTaRqmaSi moZalebuli iluziebis msxvrevas
mohyveba xolme.
depresiuli ganwyobilebebi saqarTveloSi 20-iani wlebisTvis
ufro gaRrmavda da gaZlierda. 1921 wlis Tebervlis tragikulma
movlenebma mTlianad SeZra qarTuli erovnuli cnobiereba. rogorc
cnobilia, 1928 wels Jurnal „qarTuli mwerlobis“ furclebze gaimarTa
mwvave polemika nikoloz miwiSvilis werilis „saqarTveloze fiqrebis“
gamo (fiqrebi... : 2006). polemikaSi monawileobdnen grigol robaqiZe,
beno gordeziani, simon Ciqovani, mixeil javaxiSvili da sxvebi,
romlebic mkveTrad daupirispirdnen nikoloz miwiSvils. miwiSvilis
werilSi laparakia „qarTuli ideis“ bundovanebis Tu ararsebobis
Sesaxeb, rac, unda vifiqroT, 10-ian wlebSi gabatonebul
msoflmxedvelobasTan dapirispirebis gamoxatulebaa. avtori sruliad
39
uimedod aris ganwyobili saqarTvelos momavlis mimarT, warsulzec
xelCaqneulia da amas metismetad mkveTrad gamoxatavs. igi wers:
“saqarTvelo pasiuri movlenaa. misi energia gamowveuli iyo sxva, mis
gareSe myof movlenisagan (energia Wiis, roca mas fexs aWireben)“
(fiqrebi saqarTveloze 2006: 22).
nikoloz miwiSvilis citirebuli mosazreba tician tabiZis
sityvebis – „gavigoT, rom saqarTvelo mowveulia msoflio
msaxurebisTvis...” (saqarTvelo 1916y: 3) – sruli antiTezaa. orive azri
ultraradikaluria, isini erTmaneTs kvebaven da warmoSoben, rogorc
mouzomavi pretenziebis gaqarwyleba warmoSobs skepticizms.
me–19 saukunis qarTulma patriotulma msoflmxedvelobam me–20
saukunis dasawyisSi nawilobriv daTmo poziciebi, sakuTari qveynisadmi
ilia WavWavaZiseuli realisturi, praqtikul moqmedebaze da praqtikul
Sedegebze orientirebuli damokidebuleba, pragmatul-racionalisturi
azrovnebis wesi, rig SemTxvevebSi, egzaltirebulma miTisqmnadobam
Secvala.
statias “qarTuli idea” erTgvarad avsebs tician tabiZis
publikacia “manieфesti azias” (gaz. ,,barrikadi”, №1 – 18.10.1920.). tician
tabiZes ar moswons, rom `saqarTvelos ise ar axseneben, Tu ara aziasTan
erTad~(barrikadi 1920a: 2). azia misTvis `beberi, gasuqebuli kretinia”
(barrikadi 1920b: 2), unayofo sicarielea, kacobriobis ganviTarebis Cixia,
sadac arasodes warmoiSoba raime progresuli – `misi niadagi
amoSra”(barrikadi 1920g: 2); azia gaxevebaa, tradiciis monobaa.
dRes Zalian Tanamedrove da aqtualuri JReradoba aqvs tician
tabiZis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rim qarTuli kultura midrekilia
evropisken – `axali qveynis... da poeziis meridiani parizia, da samxreTiT
tfiliss eyrdnoba... qarTulma poeziam samudamoT datova muxambazis gza~
(barrikadi 1920d: 2).
evropa manifestis avtorisTvis inteleqtis, analizis, nebis
simtkicis primatia da saqarTveloc misTvis foladis samSobloa, rac
Zlier nebisyofas, gonebis primats unda niSnavdes: `foladis simtkiciT
sWedda is Tavis nebisyofas. es saswaulis winagrZnobaa... azri Cveni
epoqis – fantasmagoriaa foladis” (barrikadi 1920e: 2).
40
tician tabiZis azriT, evropa aziaSi saqarTvelos gavliT Seva da
amiT saqarTvelo samsaxurs gauwevs evropas – iqneba misi kulturis
erTgvari gamtari, misi ideebis damnergavi – evropis mowinave simagre,
forposti aziaSi. EaRsaniSnavia, rom publicistis es mosazreba Zalian
mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis.
2.2. `omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi~
Tanamedrove samyaroSi bevrs fiqroben da msjeloben omze, brZolaze,
antagonizmze, romelic ukavSirdeba adamianis sulis destruqciul
sawyisebs.
magaliTad, umberto eko wers: ,,omebs awarmoebdnen xolme im imediT,
rom raime sargebeli enaxaT mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebaSi, omebi ki
warmoebda ise, rom ganzraxva sisruleSi moyvanili yofiliyo raime
iseTi saSualebiT, romelic aayiravebda mowinaaRmdegis Canafiqrs” (eko
2000: 19).
tician tabiZis ese „omis Tema qarTul mwerlobaSi” swored amgvari
sargeblis naxvis _ „ferfliT amdgari saqarTvelos” xilvis molodinSia
dawerili, 1915 wels (tabiZe 1966a: 5-12). saqarTvelo I msoflio omSi
„aRmoCnda Careuli” da avtoris gansja, Cafiqreba omis sakiTxebze am
omSi Cveni monawileobiT, CvenTvis misi mniSvnelobiT aris
ganpirobebuli.
eses mTavari paTosi mis pirvelive sityvebSia gamJRavnebuli – „aravis
vmsaxurebdeT, arca vemonoT, gareSe RvTisa dambadebelisa... da vin ityvis,
rom saqarTvelom ar icoda sicocxle, rom man ar icoda brZola da
Tavisufleba, silamazisTvis ar mietanos msxverpli” (tabiZe 1966a: 5).
Tavisuflebisadmi miZRvnili aseTi himniT iwyebs eses tician tabiZe da
Tavisuflebis ideas sicocxlis – brZolisa da silamazis esTetikas
ukavSirebs.
qarTveli moazrovneebisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze sakraluri idea –
samSoblos Tavisuflebisa – tician tabiZis mier damuSavebulia
eseisturi – naxtomiseburi, fragmentuli araTanmimdevrulobiT da
41
urTierTgamomricxavi argumentebiT gajerebuli msjelobiT, magram am
formaluri mozaikurobis miRma Sinaganad Sekruli Sinaarsi ikiTxeba –
logikuri da Tavisufali. es Sinaarsi, erTi mxriv, emyareba tradiciul
damokidebulebas qveynis Tavisuflebisadmi – „vaJas saqarTvelo is
saqarTveloa, roca is Tavis Tavs eyudnoda” (tabiZe 1966a: 10). es aris
qveynis politikuri damoukideblobis survili. masTan Tanaarsebobs
Tavisuflebis, rogorc adamianis mier samyaroSi Tavisi mowodebis
ganxorcielebis upirvelesi pirobis gaazreba da samSoblosa da
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis cnebebi erTmaneTisgan ganuyrel fenomenebad
warmodgeba.
Tavisufleba gulisxmobs eris mier Tavisi Tavis Secnobas, xolo
TviTSemecnebis stimulatorad ticians msoflio omi esaxeba.
„Tanamedrove omis erTi didi mniSvneloba, sxvaTa Soris, imaSic aris,
rom yvela ers Caaxedebs Tavis sulis siRrmeSi, naTelze gamoiyvans im
fiqrs, romelic didi xania mtvermiyrili da cocxalmkvdari iyo... am
omSi saqarTveloc aris Careuli... da damtkicda, rom winaparTa anderZi
kidev cocxlobs qarTvelebSi” (tabiZe 1966a: 9).
erovnuli sulis Semecneba tician tabiZesTan avangardistuli
paTosiT xorcieldeba da mebrZoli antitradicionalizmis elferi aqvs.
oRond es paTosi damangreveli ki ar aris, aramed, piriqiT, Tavisufali
da keTili nebis gamoxatulebaa, romelsac surs pozitiurad gardaqmnas
samyaro.
„meSCanur Waobs jer kidev ar dauZiravs kacobrioba” (tabiZe 1966a: 9)
_ wers tician tabiZe da es antimeSCanuri paTosi gvaxsenebs vaJa-
fSavelas 1909 wels daweril leqss ,,kai yma”: „...Rame maZRrebi daswvebiT,
diliT mSivrebi sdgebiTa, Tavis jams CascqerT, saqveynod arcros ar
gamasdgebiTa, ar iciT, dasCndiT risada, an risaTvisa hkvdebiTa!” (vaJa-
fSavela 1979: 345).
meSCanuri Waobisgan TavdaRweva, cxadia, ver ganxorcieldeba
Tavisuflebis – pirovnebisa Tu eris Tavisufali nebis aRsrulebis
SesaZleblobis gareSe. Tavisufleba SemoqmedebiTi Zalaa, mxolod am
Zalis meSveobiT xdeba inertuli mdgomareobidan gamosvla – axali
cxovrebis, axali sazogadoebis, axali samyaros Seqmna: „arc erTi axali
42
grZnoba, axali gancda, fiqri... windawin grZnob vis SeuZlia axali
sityvebis monaxva, vis gauelvebs axali fiqri” (tabiZe 1966a: 10) _ wers
tician tabiZe.
tician tabiZe vaJas poeziaze dayrdnobiT iazrebs omis fenomens:
„vaJas poeziaSi fiqric araa omis borotebaze” (tabiZe 1966a: 11). igi oms
cxovrebis ganmaaxlebel stiqiad miiCnevs.
omSi adamianis fizikur garss spoben, adamianis Suaguli ki, misi
suli, SesaZloa, ara mxolod ar moispos, aramed aRdges da ganaxldes
kidec (berdiaevi 1993: 305). aseTi paradoqsuli azrovneba modernizmisTvis
Sinaganad axlobelia, man bevri tradiciuli norma da Sexeduleba
gadasinja. tician tabiZisTvis omi borotebis, sikvdilis dammarcxebeli
Zalaa. „saqarTvelo Tavis kuboSi cocxladac rom CaiWedos, sikvdilze
ar fiqrobs... eris suli kidev yvavilobs da ar Wkneba” (tabiZe 1966a: 8);
yvelaze did antihumanur absurdad aq miCneulia araTavisufleba. oms
amarTlebs ZiriTadad is, rom arsebobs sikvdilze uaresi boroteba –
monoba, anu gamudmebuli kvdoma.
avangardistuli paTosis miuxedavad, tician tabiZe emyareba
omisadmi qarTul literaturaSi gamokveTil damokidebulebas, qarTuli
literaturis heroikul ideals – „sjobs sicocxlesa nazraxsa...”.
ticiani am tradiciuli damokidebulebis transponirebas XX saukunis
rTul viTarebaze axdens, magram am politikur da sulier viTarebaSi
orientireba mas uWirs, rogorc „romantikoss“.
omis filosofiis Sesaxeb Zalian saintereso statias aqveynebs 1915
wels geronti qiqoZe – „axali epoqis dasawyisi“ (qiqoZe 1919: 5-10). avtori
miiCnevs, rom didi omebi cvlian kacobriobis msoflgancdas, samyaroze
warmodgenas. aseTi iyo makedonelis, napoleonis omebi, aseTia pirveli
msoflio omic. geronti qiqoZis azriT, am omis Sedegi iqneba is, rom Tu
manamde batonobda individualizmi, pragmatizmi da hedonizmi, amieridan
gaZlierdeba stoicizmi, idealizmi, patriotizmi, cxovrebis ufro
seriozuli da tragikuli gageba. geronti qiqoZe wers: „guSin kidev Cveni
filosofia pragmatuli iyo, Cveni zneoba individualisturi da
egoisturi... Cveni Tvalebi, yurebi da xelebi xarbad eZebda siamovnebas...
43
udides bednierebas individualur keTildReobaSi vxedavdiT da
fufuneba arsebobis uaRres pirobad migvaCnda...” (qiqoZe 1919: 9).
geronti qiqoZis fiqrebis qveteqsti saqarTvelos momavals
ukavSirdeba da, rogorc Cans, is imedovnebs, rom omi ganamtkicebs
qarTul patriotizms, SezRudavs qarTul egocentrizms: „omi saukeTeso
saSualebaa socialuri SerCevisa. Tanaswor pirobebSi is xalxi
imarjvebs, romlis wevrebi nakleb egoizms iCenen da mets
Tavganwirulebas did erovnuli miznebis miRwevaSi, nakleb
partikularizms da met disciplinas moqmedebasa da brZolaSi. omi
aRmzrdelic aris...” (qiqoZe 1919: 10).
geronti qiqoZe oms ar ganixilavs moralisturi poziciebidan, misi
Tvalsazrisi zogadkulturologiuria da Tavis siRrmeSi patriotuli,
nacionaluri interesebiT sazrdoobs.
tician tabiZis imedic I msoflio oms tyuilubralod ar
ukavSirdeboda: am omma gamoiwvia sami imperiis daSla da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobac misi Sedegi iyo. magram, meore
mxriv, msoflio omma gza gauxsna totalitarul moZraobebs –
bolSevizms, faSizms da saqarTelos xanmokle damoukideblobac xom
erT-erTma am moZraobam imsxverpla. ase rom, omi, sabolood, totaluri
boroteba aRmoCnda. swored ase iazrebda am oms zogierTi evropeli
mwerali, magaliTad, herman hese.
rogorc cnobilia, hese Tavidanve SeewinaaRmdega I msoflio oms. 1914
wels gamoqveynda misi statia „o, megobrebo, nu gamagonebT am xmebs” (hese
1987: 54-58), romelic dasaTaurebuli iyo reCitativis striqoniT
beThovenis mecxre simfoniis finalidan. beThovenis idealebis
kvaldakval, mwerali aRelvebul sazogadoebas Caagonebda: „siyvaruli
siZulvilze maRla dgas, mSvidoba ki omze ufro keTilSobiluria” (hese
1987: 54). msgavsma mowodebebma da, saerTod, heses mTelma antisaomarma
mxatvrulma publicistikam, romelic ibeWdeboda misi redaqtorobiT
gamomaval gazeTSi „doiCe internirter caitung“, mTeli germanuli
presis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. humanisti mwerlisTvis ar daiSures
cnobili iarliyebi – „samSoblos moRalate“, „naZirala“, „dezertiri“.
44
yovelive aman da pirvel rigSi ki TviT omma mwerlis cnobierebaSi mZime
msoflmxedvelobrivi krizisi gamoiwvia.
erTmaneTis Tanamedrove ori moazrovnis – germanelis da qarTvelis
_ urTierTsapirispiro damokidebuleba I msoflio omisadmi sruliad
aSkaraa. es gansxvaveba poziciebs Soris ganpirobebulia, erTi mxriv,
saqarTvelos da germaniis mdgomareobis gansxvavebiT. qarTveli poeti
moelis Tavisi qveynis gaTavisuflebas, germanelisTvis ki es problema
ar arsebobs. igi oms aRiqvams ara qveynis politikuri interesebis
TvalTaxedviT, aramed humanisti individumis poziciidan. tabiZec, cxadia,
humanistia, magram misTvis mTavari qveynis interesebia. hesesTvis omis
saSineleba axlos arsebuli realobaa, ticianisTvis – Soreuli
(geografiuli azriTac). am Soreul realobas ticiani poeturad
warmosaxavs, poetur – heroikul saburvelSi xvevs. misi poeturi
ocnebisTvis biZgis mimcemi ki mtkivneuli patriotuli grZnobaa.
2.3. ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni” № 18. 06.11.1922)
tician tabiZe Rrma emociiT da gulwrfeli tkiviliT wers
bunebrivi stiqiiT _ wyaldidobiT dazaralebuli adamianebis Sesaxeb.
jer kidev ar gadaetana saqarTvelos is ubedureba, romelic Tavs
daatyda goris miwisZvriT, roca mTeli qarTli erT dRes nangrevebad
qceula, rom mas Tavs daatydomia uaresi saSineleba. movardnil
niaRvrebs da wyaldidobas sruliad gaunadgurebia naxevari saqarTvelo:
,,TiTqo bedi scdis saqarTvelos da geologiuri procesi umatebs imas,
rac istoriiT mas misjili hqonia tanjva da wameba”(baxtrioni 1922f: 1).
miniSneba aq aSkaraa _ bunebis stiqia Tan daerTo istoriul
stiqions da rac bolSevikebma daakles qveyanas, is wyaldidobam daamata
mas. tician tabiZe mZafrad SeigrZnobs tragikul politikur movlenebs,
mtkivneulad ganicdis saqarTvelos beds, mas aRelvebs is garemoeba, rom
adamianebi, eri SesaZloa sasowarkveTaSi Cavardes, SeSindes da guli
45
gautydes samudamod, roca ,,bedi ar isvenebs da egviptis sasjeliT scdis
mis ganadgurebas”(baxtrioni 1922q: 1). Aam konteqstSi werilis saTauri _
,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi” _ mkiTxvelis mier aRiqmeba mxatvrul
metaforad _ bolSevikur warRvnad, romelmac waleka adamianebis
sicocxle.
rogorc qmediTi, aqtiuri publicistisTvis, tician tabiZisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia problemis ara marto danaxva da wamoweva, aramed am
problemis gadaWris, gadalaxvis gzebis dasaxva. amjeradac werilis
avtori mouwodebs saxelisuflebo instanciebs, ar miatovon gansacdelSi
aRmoCenili xalxi sakuTari Tavis anabara: ,,didi moraluri da
materialuri daxmarebaa saWiro, rom eri, ganadgurebuli yovelmxriv,
samudamoT ar daeces suliT da ar Sesdges erovnuli energia”
(baxtrioni 1922R: 1). sabWoTa xelisuflebas, romelmac aq sisxliT da
teroriT daimkvidra Tavi, Tavi mohqonda, TiTqos is xalxis
xelisufleba iyo, xalxze mzrunveli da misi moamage. magram, rogorc
statiidan Cans, saWiro dros man sruli gulgriloba da umoqmedoba
gamoiCina stiqiiT gaubedurebuli adamianebis mimarT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom tician tabiZe ara mxolod xelisuflebas sdebs
brals gulgrilobaSi, aramed mTel xalxs, danarCen saqarTvelos
mouwodebs gasaWirSi aRmoCenilTa Tanadgomisken. mas unda, rom erSi meti
konsolidacia da TanagrZnoba dainaxos: ,,xalxi Tavis Tavad ver aitans
am ubedurebas Tu mas yoveli qarTveli ar miRebs Tavis Tavze”
(baxtrioni 1922y: 1).
tician tabiZes ar moswons Cveni inertuloba da paralels avlebs
sxva erebTan, romlebsac uaxles warsulSi msgavsi siZneleebi hqondaT:
,,sxva xalxi goris miwisZvris gamo qveyanas SesZravda...”(baxtrioni 1922S:
1). avtori ixsenebs volgis mxaris damSevis gamo rus erSi gamowveul
enTuziazms, sadac arc eklesiam dazoga oqro, evropaSic daaarses
damxmare komitetebi da qarTvelebisganac iRebdnen daxmarebas, roca
Cveni xalxi TviTon SimSiliT ixoceboda.
tician tabiZis bevri publicisturi werilis finalisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia imperatiuli toni, riTac is problemis dasaZlevad
qmediT RonisZiebebs wamowevs da xelisuflebas moTxovnebad wamouyenebs:
46
,,unda daarsdes komiteti wyaldidobisgan dazaralebulTa
dasaxmareblad, romelSic unda Sediodnen sazogadoebriv
dawesebulebaTa warmomadgenlebi, unda daarsdes pres-biuro, romelic
gamoikvlevs dawvrilebiT momxdar katastrofis Sedegebs da daayenebs
daxmarebis saqmes saWiro maStabiT” (baxtrioni 1922C: 1).
unda iTqvas, rom 1922 wels gazeT ,,baxtrionis” redaqcia
dRevandeli Jurnalistikis Tanamedrove standartebis msgavsad
moqmedebda. tician tabiZem moaxdina korespondentebis mobilizacia,
gagzavna redaqciis TanamSromlebi da Semdeg nomerSi movlenaTa
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb ,,cnobebis” gamoqveynebas dapirda mkiTxvelsac da im
xelisuflebasac, romlisganac moiTxovda gadamWreli zomebis miRebas.
2.4. `saliteraturo qarTulisTvis~
1928 wels daiwera tician tabiZis werili `saliteraturo
qarTulisTvis” (tabiZe 1966a: 285-295). cnobilia, rom am wlebSi qarTuli
sazogadoeba aqtiurad msjelobda am Temaze da garkveuli simwvavec ar
aklda ganxilvebs. tragikomikuria, rom mweralTa kavSiris yrilobaze
`Zveli literatori” filipe maxaraZe aRmoCnda saliteraturo qarTulis
dacvis avangardSi, romlis azriTac, qarTuli ena im droisTvis metad
Seryvnili da damaxinjebuli iyo. enis siwmindis dacvam iseTi simwvave
SeiZina, rom saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis plenumze
`daisva misi sakiTxi”.
tician tabiZes statiaSi `saliteraturo qarTulisTvis” mohyavs
aseTi citata: `amx. kaxiani Tavis moxsenebebeSi ambobs: `...proletarul
mwerlobaSiac jer kidev mraval defeqts aqvs adgili; literatura kidev
moikoWlebs, qarTuli ena, stili aSkarad sustia [gaugebaria, ras niSnavs
`literatura moikoWlebs”, albaT is ideologiurad „moikoWlebda”.
mweralTa stilsac, rogorc Cans, propagandistuli simZafre aklda –
m.t.] Cven, komunistebi, enis siwmindeze unda vzrunavdeT. lenini werda,
rom diadi rusuli ena daamaxinjes da Seryvnes, radganac masSi Seitanes
mravali iseTi sityva, romelic sruliad gaugebaria muSisa da
47
glexisTvis. Cvenc aseve energiulad unda vicavdeT qarTuli enis
siwmindes” (tabiZe 1966a: 285).
cxadi xdeba, rom qarTveli bolSevikebi qarTuli enis siwmindeze
zrunvisas imeorebdnen rusi bolSevikebis Setevas ,,masebs daSorebuli”
rusuli inetligenciis winaaRmdeg, misi e.w `elitaruli” enis da stilis
winaaRmdeg.
kaxianis gamosvla arsebiTad gulisxmobda Setevas enaze misi
gaprimitiulebis, misTvis masobrivi, ,,xalxuri” elferis micemis da
mweralTa enobriv-stiluri individualobis waSlis, nivelirebis mizniT.
es SeuZlebelia gamorCenoda tician tabiZis faqiz, mgrZnobiare xedvas.
,,enisaTvis brZola msoflmxedvelobisTvis brZolaa” (tabiZe 1966a: 286) –
wers igi.
problemis ganxilvis konteqsti farTovdeba analogiebis moZebniT
uaxloes istoriaSi: `Tavis droze enas uwunebdnen ruseTSi puSkins da
saqarTveloSi – ilia WavWavaZes. enis reformacia maSindel sazogadoebas
barbarosobad miaCnda...” (tabiZe 1966a: 287). tician tabiZis cnobierebaSi
amotivtivebuli cneba ”barbarosoba”, romelic TiTqos me-19 saukunis
garkveuli movlenis epiTetad aris gamoyenebuli, arsebiTad swored im
bolSevikuri iniciativis Sefasebad iqca, romelsac statias uZRvnida
avtori.
tician tabiZe mZlavrad SeigrZnobs da mkafiod xedavs istoriis
fatalur nebas, xedavs istoriul samsjavros, romelzec mTel mis
inteleqtualur Taobas mouwevda wardgoma: ,,mTel frontze gamodis
axali klasi da gamarjvebuli proletariati ibrZvis axali
socialisturi kulturisTvis. ramdenadac es brZola Rrmaa, imdenad
didia zrdis tkivilebi” (tabiZe 1966a: 287).
Aam gardauvali istoriuli procesis Tanmdevi ,,enis siwmindisTvis
brZola” sinamdvileSi iyo mxolod niRabi, romlis ukan bolSevikuri
grimasa imaleboda. Eenaze zrunvis egidiT bolSevikebi cdilobdnen enaze
kontrolis dawesebas, usicocxlo da unificirebuli, ideologizebuli
enis damkvidrebas. Ees is fenomenia, romelic groteskulad gamosaxa
jorj oruelma romanSi ,,1984” (orueli: 2011).
48
tician tabiZe, rogorc qarTuli enis Tanamedrove
`uflebadamcveli”, saubrobs rusTavelis, sulxan-sabas, nikoloz
baraTaSvilis, vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb da qarTuli enis ganviTarebaze
zrunvis uZveles tradicias gamokveTs, TiTqos unda Seaxsenos ZlierTa
ama qveynisaTa, rom enis siwmindeze zrunva maTi aRmoCena ar aris, rom Tu
am enaze kulturuli, moazrovne da niWieri adamianebi weren da
metyveleben, es ena daxvewili, mdidari da Rrmad inteleqtualuria.
tician tabiZe Tavis savaraudo komunist mkiTxvelebs miuTiTebs
akademikos niko maris Tvalsazrisze: `qarTuli eniT yvelaferi
gamoiTqmeba, rac dedamiwaze SeiZleba gamoiTqvas, ruseTis an dasavleT
evropis arc erT enaze ar moipoveba azri, rom qarTvelma araTu savsebiT
ver gamoTqvas, mxatvrobiT yalibSic ver Camoasxas... SeiZleba iTqvas,
Sinagani TvisebebiT qarTuli ena msoflio enaa” (tabiZe 1966a: 287-288).
qarTuli enis evropul enebTan gaTanabreba aq iqceva imaze miniSnebad,
rom qarTveli eri, aRmoCenili rusul-sabWoTa saxelmwifos
SemadgenlobaSi, azrovnebis wyobiT da sulierebiT evropis nawilia.
sabWoTa mwerlebi sakmaod xSirad mimarTavdnen xolme striqonebs
Soris azris Sefarvis teqnikas da sabWoTa mkiTxvelebic daostatebulni
iyvnen qveteqstis amocnobaSi. Tumca aq tician tabiZe arc ise
vualirebulad ambobs, rom ena daculi unda iyos ara bolSevikebis mier
gamocemuli dekretebiT, aramed qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi
ZalisxmeviT: `yoveli mwerali, romelic Tavis Tavs pativs scems, ityvis,
rom samSoblo enis codna misTvis cxovrebaSi miuRweveli idealia da
mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi amisTvis unda ibrZodes... iseTi
dawmendili da gamarTuli ena, rogorc frangulia, xSirad aTqmevinebda
Tavis saukeTeso ostatebs _ balzaks, flobersa da anatol franss, rom
maTi mwerloba am enisTvis brZolaa” (tabiZe 1966a: 288). Lliteraturis aq
naxseneb klasikosTa fonze komikurad gamoiyureba maxaraZisa da kaxianis
ganazrebebis pretenziuloba.
tician tabiZis werilSi moulodnelad da uneblieT Tavs iCens
sakuTari braleulobis, danaSaulis grZnoba, romelsac reJimi
sistematurad unergavda adamianebs: `am werilis avtors araviTari
pretenzia ara aqvs swori qarTulis codnisa da yvelaze ufro TviTon
49
icis Tavisi momakvdinebeli codva, magram Tu am sakiTxs exeba, mxolod
imitom, rom TviTonac naxos gamosworebis saSualeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 288).
ironiulad JRers tician tabiZis komentari kaxianis mier gazeT
`komunistis” enisa da stilis kritikuli Sefasebis Sesaxeb:
`komunistebs emarjvebaT TviTkritika” (tabiZe 1966a: 288). mweralTa
kavSiris yrilobaze gamosulma yvela momxsenebelma yuradReba miapyro
imas, Tu rogori mdare eniT iwereboda maSindeli saxelmZRvaneloebi.
tician tabiZe wers: `am saxelmZRvaneloebSi mweralTa cud qarTuls
emateba wignebis SemdgenelTa ufro cudi qarTuli da amrigad ufro
iryvneba qarTuli ena da maxinjdeba axali Taoba” (tabiZe 1966a: 288, 289).
TvalSisacemia bolSeviki momxseneblebis farisevloba – maT TiTqos
ar ician, rom saxelmZRvaneloebSi Setanili proletaruli mwerloba
proletaruli gemovnebiT da inteleqtiT iqmneboda, xolo kaxiani ki
saxelmZRvaneloebSi ebrZoda swored proletar `mweralTa cud
qarTuls” (tabiZe 1966a: 289). tician tabiZe faqizad mianiSnebs mkiTxvels
momxseneblis poziciis amgvar winaaRmdegobriobaze.
totalitaruli reJimis yalb ideologias sworedac rom xelovnuri,
mdare enobrivi sistema unda morgeboda – formas ganapirobebda Sinaarsi;
da arsebiTad swored es `amaxinjebda axal Taobas” (tabiZe 1966a: 289).
`is urCevda axalgazrdobas swavlas, swavlas da swavlas” (tabiZe
1966a: 289) – leninis cnobili sentenciis proletaruli mwerlebis
gasagonad moxmobaSi ironia gamosWvivis. tician tabiZe koreqtulad,
magram pirdapir ambobs saTqmels – `proletmwerlisTvis... upirveles
yovlisa saWiroa Tavisi xelobis codna da ostatoba. es ki pirdapir
emyareba qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis Seswavlas, da swored aq ibadeba
siZnele” (tabiZe 1966a: 290) _ eWvqveS dayenebulia proletmwerlebis
ganaTleba, profesionalizmi, enobrivi kompetencia da zogadi kultura.
werilis avtori plenumze wakiTxuli moxsenebis mimoxilvas sababad
iyenebs imisTvis, rom wamoWras qarTuli enis ganviTarebis problemebi. is
miiCnevs, rom kulturis ganviTarebis stimulad SeiZleba iqces
klasikuri literaturis gamocema da popularizacia: `CvenSi jer kidev
ar gamocemula klasikuri mwerlebi, Tumca maTi ricxvi ruseTTan
50
SedarebiT Zalian mcirea; srulebiT ar moipoveba am mwerlebis
Sesaswavli saxelmZRvaneloebi” (tabiZe 1966a: 290).
tician tabiZe mimarTavs taqtikur xerxs – apelirebs ruseTze,
romelic qarTveli komunistebisaTvis yovelgvari sikeTis etalons
warmoadgenda da ruseTis magaliTis moxmobiT aqezebs maT imisken, rom
qarTuli kulturis da mecnierebis ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyon: `ruseTSi
dRe ar gava, rom ar gamovides wigni, romelic exeba
literaturismcodneobas, leqsisa da ritmis sakiTxebs; arseboben mTeli
institutebi enis Sesaswavlad, akademiasac aqvs aseTi ganxra;
specialurad arsebobs mxatvruli sityvis instituti da Jurnalistikis
saxelmwifo institutic... CvenSi ki ubralo saxelmZRvaneloc ar
arsebobs sityvierebis Teoriis Sesaswavlad” (tabiZe 1966a: 290).
statiis avtori msjelobas asrulebs Tavisufali eseisturi stiliT
dawerili pasaJiT. is wydeba plenumis masalebis, oficialuri moxsenebis
mimoxilvas da aRmoCndeba, rom werilis daweris pirvelmizezi yofila
`is mtkivneuli adgili, dRes qarTul mwerlobas rom amCnevia” (tabiZe
1966a: 292). tician tabiZe iCens iniciativas, moiwvion mweralTa federaciis
konferencia, raTa iq daisvas da gadawydes qarTuli mwerlobis
mtkivneuli sakiTxebi.
statiis publicisturi muxti Zaldautaneblad gadadis
literaturaTmcodneobiT-saenaTmecniero msjelobaSi. `mwerali, rac ar
unda daxelovnebuli iyos Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi, ...uZveles klasikur
mwerlobaSic, – Tu mas ara aqvs Tanamedrove cxovrebis aTvisebis, axali
ritmisa da yofis gagebis alRo, CvenTvis mkvdari iqneba misi codna”
(tabiZe 1966a: 292). rogorc Cans, tician tabiZes ar moswons, ar
aRafrTovanebs tradiciiT SeboWili Tavisi Tanadrouli mwerloba, misi
arqauli literaturuli ena. misTvis literaturaSi mTavaria
Tanamedroveobis SegrZneba, siaxlis grZnoba; igi prioritets aniWebs ara
civ da usargeblo ganswavlulobas, aramed Tanamedroveobis xedvis
unars; mas miaCnia, rom Tu mwerali Tanamedroveobas ver grZnobs, misi
arqaizebuli `konservatoroba SeiZleba ufro mavnec iyos, vidre
axlandeli Taobis ucodinaroba”.
51
tician tabiZis azriT, siaxle unda eyrdnobodes tradicias; is
tradicias da siZveles xelaRebiT ki ar uaryofs, aramed mas ar moswons
siZvelis xelovnuri aRdgena, is ewinaaRmdegeba usicocxlo siZveles,
romelic siaxles Trgunavs.
imis warmosaCenad, rogor asazrdoebs Tanamedrove enas tradicia,
avtori ramdenime metyvel magaliTs moixmobs _ ,,Tanamedrove frangi
dadaistebi da siurrealistebi am gzas ase aCveneben; filipo supo
emyareba lotreamons da rembos, lotreamonis da rembos Zirebi ki uweven
fransua rablesa da fransua viionamde. ruseTSi velimir xlebnikovi
emyareba tiutCevs da tiutCevidan – ”Слово о Полку Игореве”-s” (tabiZe
1966a: 293).
iseTi novatoruli bunebis Semoqmedi, rogoric tician tabiZe iyo,
enis ganaxlebis mowinaaRmdege ar SeiZleba yofiliyo. misTvis cxadia,
rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ena ganuwyvetliv icvleboda da
saliteraturo enaSi mudmivad aisaxeboda cocxali sametyvelo formebi.
Eenis problemebze msjelobaSi bunebrivad Cndeba ilia WavWavaZis
figura: `misTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda tradiciis gadatexas, is ar
yofila dogmatikosi...” (tabiZe 1966a: 293). tician tabiZe gulisxmobs
ilias novatorul Zalisxmevas qarTuli saliteraturo enis
gansaaxleblad.
ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli, Tu vityviT, rom tician tabiZis werilis
paTosi ilias enobrivi poziciis aRdgenas da TanamedroveobaSi danergvas
emsaxureba. es statia ilias STagonebiT, iliaseburi tkiviliT aris
dawerili.
uneblieT Cndeba amgvari paraleli: ilia iwunebda kozlovis
erisTaviseul Targmans, – tician tabiZe akritikebs enis armcodne,
ugemovno, magram pretenziul proletkultel mwerlebs: `mwerali,
romelic guSin `lubokiT” iyo aRtacebuli, radgan am mwerlobaze
gaizarda, dRes urcxvad ifarebs novatorobis niRabs, anatol fransobas
iCemebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 293). ilias Tavis movaleobad miaCnda enis
mesveuroba, movla-patronoba da tician tabiZec ilias kvaldakval,
rogorc enis meurve, wers: `CvenSi ubralo saxelmZRvaneloc ar
arsebobs sityvierebis Teoriis Sesaswavlad... Tbilisis saxelmwifo
52
universitetSi qarTuli literaturis Seswavlis saqme saWiro doneze ara
dgas... qarTuli mwerloba kritikulad ar aris Seswavlili... mowveul
iqnes qarTuli enis SeswavlisaTvis konferencia... gamoucemelia bevri
saWiro leqsikoni, uromlisodac mwerali iaraRayrilia. TiTqmis araferi
icis qarTvelma mweralma qarTuli leqsis bunebis Sesaxeb...” (tabiZe 1966a:
293-294); da bolos, sxvadasxva Taobis ori qarTveli poeti erTnairad
ganicdis sakuTari TaviT ukmayofilebas mSobliuri enis dacvis
aucileblobis gacnobierebisas. ilia WavWavaZe werilSi `oriode sityva
Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis kazlovis mier `SeSlilis”
Targmanzeda” wers: `Cven yvelani qarTul enis xmarebaSi codvilni varT...
rogor unda gavswordeT, Tu Cveni simrude ar gvecodineba? netavi
oriode kaci iyos saqarTveloSi, rom Cveni boroteba erTianad asweros
da dagvanaxos... borotebis aRiareba naxevari gasworebaa... ena saRvTo ram
aris, sazogado sakuTrebaa, magas kaci codvilis xeliT ar unda Seexos”
(WavWavaZe 2012b: 3-26); xolo tician tabiZe iliaseburi ganwyobiT ambobs:
`ar maqvs araviTari pretenzia sakuTari ucodveloba vaRiaro. me
windawin veTanxmebi im mwerlebs, romelnic fanqars aiReben da am
werilSic aRmoaCenen Secdomebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 295).
tician tabiZisTvis mTavari enobrivi problema ar aris misi
normebis dacva, razec apelirebda momxsenebeli kaxiani. tician tabiZe
wers – `gazeT `komunistisTvis” rom moinaxos kargi mTargmnelebi, amiT
xom ar wydeba sakiTxi. enis siwmindis sakiTxi sxva mxaresac emyareba da
swored es unda gaxdes yuradRebis Rirsi” (tabiZe 1966a: 295). es `sxva
mxare” misTvis aris axali enobrivi formebis Zieba da aRmoCena,
sityvaTqmnadoba, SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba enisadmi.
tician tabiZe saubrobs imdroindeli rusuli literaturuli
skolebis paeqrobebis da brZolebis, erTgvari inteleqtualuri
Setakebebis Sesaxeb, ixsenebs cnobil rus poets – velimir xlebnikovs,
romelic sityvis geniad, `enis ainStainad” iyo miCneuli. tician tabiZis
miswrafebaa, rom enobrivi problemebi saqarTveloSic aseTive
inteleqtualur-SemoqmedebiTi damokidebulebis sagani gaxdes. is
miiCnevs, rom am Temaze msjeloba ukavSirdeba saenaTmecniero kvlevebis
gaaqtiurebas, enis ganviTarebisadmi profesiul midgomas, enis siRrmeebSi
53
wvdomis aucileblobas, siaxlis Ziebas. am seriozul misias tician
tabiZe akisrebs qarTul mwerlobas, qarTvel mwerals, romelic, Tu
sakuTar Tavs pativs scems, `ityvis, rom samSoblo enis codna misTvis
cxovrebaSi miuRweveli idealia da mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
amisTvis unda ibrZodes” (tabiZe 1966a: 295). tician tabiZe fiqrobs, rom
qarTveli mwerlebi unda uziarebdnen erTmaneTs TavianT dakvirvebebs,
gamocdilebas da unda `gamonaxon mkvdari wertilidan daZvris
saSualeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 295), rogorc es Tavis droze SeZlo ilia
WavWavaZem: `man Tavis pirovnebas Seuzarda misi Tanamedrove azrovneba da
yofa da amitomac aicila Tavidan epigonoba” (tabiZe 1966a: 294).
tician tabiZe fiqrobs, rom Tu iliam Tavis droze `mamaTa”
epigonoba daZlia, dRes dasaZlevia ara mxolod `iveriisa” da `cnobis
furclis”, aramed ukve `komunistis” epigonoba (tabiZe 1966a: 292).
tician tabiZe statiaSi mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs msjelobas
dialeqtizmebiTa da provincializmebiT enis damaxinjebis Temaze;
aanalizebs am problemas istoriul-kulturologiuri aspeqtiT da
miiCnevs, rom es `erTgvari erovnuli seni” Zveli feodaluri cxovrebis
ukuRmarTobis da saqarTvelos provinciebad dayofis naSTia.
amis sademonstraciod statiis avtori ixsenebs akaki wereTlis da
vaJa-fSavelas cnobil polemikas.
tician tabiZis azriT, akaki wereTeli imdenad Rrmadaa dajerebuli
Tavisi enobrivi poziciis sisworeSi, rom ver grZnobs, Tu TviTon,
rogorc mwerali, poeti, ramdenad uxvad sazrdoobs imeruli dialeqtiT
da fSauri dialeqtiT gatacebas sayvedurobs vaJas, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, samarTlianad fiqrobs, rom fSauri kilo aris qarTuli enis
avTenturi gamovlineba, myari fundamenti. unda iTqvas, rom tician
tabiZis es Sexeduleba sakmaod originaluria da arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
im tradiciuli Tvalsazrisisgan, romelic damkvidrebulia am polemikis
Sesaxeb (tabiZe 1966a: 294).
da bolos, tician tabiZes mxedvelobidan ar rCeba enis dabinZurebis,
Selaxvis kidev erTi forma – `Tbilisis yizilbaSuri dialeqti”,
romelic `samwuxarod, Cvens mwerlobaSi aqamde karg tonad iTvleboda”
(tabiZe 1966a: 294). mkvlevar salome kapanaZis azriT, am Temaze saubrisas
54
tician tabiZes mxedvelobaSi hqonda is aRmosavluri nakadi, romelic
SemoiWra zogierTi Tbiliseli poetis leqsikonSi da romelmac
gaarTula urTierTobebi maTsa da ,,cisferyanwelebs” Soris.
gasaziarebelia mkvlevaris sityvebi, mimarTuli axalgazrda poetis
moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsis demonstrirebisadmi: ,,aRtacebas iwvevs
ocdaerTi wlis Wabukis SemarTeba, mwerluri siTamame da movlenebis
obieqturi Sefasebis unari” (kapanaZe 2005: 185).
es movlena, marTlac, `avzned” unda yofiliyo miCneuli. tician
tabiZe, rogorc esTeti, daxvewili gemovnebis literatori, evropeisti,
evropuli poeziisa da zogadad evropuli kulturis Tayvanismcemeli, ver
egueba aRmosavluri kulturis epigonobis recidivebs Tanamedrove
literaturaSi. misTvis miuRebelia saliteraturo qarTulis Seryvna
vulgarizmebiT, mdare leqsikis da frazeologiis moZaleba.
55
III Tavi
werilebi qarTuli literaturuli cxovrebis organizebisSesaxeb
3.1. ”saxelmwifo gamomcemloba” (werili 1-li)
(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №№2 - 10.07.1922.)
im droisTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, romelsac tician
tabiZe, rogorc Jurnalisti da publicisti, wamowevs wina planze, aris
saxelmwifos mier gamomcemlobis dafinanaseba da wignebis gamocemis
saqmis gaaqtiureba, rac, misi TqmiT, iyo katastroful mdgomareobaSi. es
yofila yvelaze mwvave sakiTxi, radgan saxelmwifo TviTon ar
uzrunvelyofda wignis gamocemas, mas mindobili hqonda es saqme
mecenatebis kerZo iniciativisTvis, es ki gamoricxavda gegmazomier
sagamomcemlo politikas da gzas uxsnida saeWvo gemovnebas.
aSkara iyo, rom Tu sagamomcemlo saqme saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis
sagani ar gaxdeboda, am saqmes gagrZeleba ar ewera. kerZo gamomcemeli
ki, cxadia, mogebas eZebda, Tumca gansakuTrebuli perspeqtiva arc mas
hqonda. tician tabiZe sinanuliT wers: `Cveni eri mcirea statistikiT da
rac unda didi ar iyos mkiTxvelis procenti, mainc ver Seiqneba iseTi
mdgomareoba, rom gamocemas mogeba SeeZlos” (baxtrioni1922a: 1).
werilis avtoris gansakuTrebul SeSfoTebas iwvevs is, rom im
droisTvis jer klasikosebic ar yofilan gamocemuli, sul ramdenime
wigni gamoucia “qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel
sazogadoebas”. werilidan vigebT, rom mweralTa kavSirs memorandumiT
miumarTavs maSindeli saxalxo ganaTlebis ministrisTvis, raTa
`gamomcemlobas saxelmwifo xasiaTi miscemoda~, magram gasabWoebis
Semdeg `faqtiurad gamomcemloba srulebiT SeCerda, radgan umTavresi
56
texnikuri saSualebani, rogorc qaRaldi da stambebia, gaiflanga”
(baxtrioni1922b: 1).
rogorc vxedavT, statia mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs imis
Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis Semdeg mweralTa
kavSirs waerTva wignebis damoukideblad gamocemis ufleba da
gaCanagebula gamomcemlobis mTeli teqnikuri baza: `me amas maSinve
mivaqcie yuradReba da SarSan amis Sesaxeb gazeT `komunistSi~ werilic
mqonda dastambuli, romelic Seicavda kritikas da aCvenebda
gamomcemlobis saqmis katastrofas” (baxtrioni1922g: 1).
werilis avtori TiTqos agrZelebs gazeT `komunistSi~
gamoqveynebul Tavis statias da axla ufro mwvaved svams sakiTxs:
`dakarguli qaRaldis da stambebis SeZena SeuZlebeli gaxda, da Tan im
TaviTve am saqmes sistema ar eRirsa... Tu saqmes exlave ar mieqca
yuradReba, qarTuli wigni samudamoT moispoba” (baxtrioni1922d: 1).
tician tabiZe qarTuli mwerlobis stimulirebis umTavres pirobad
miiCnevs mwerlobis, rogorc erT-erTi profesiis aRiarebas, rac imas
niSnavs, rom mwerlebi sxvadasxva, maTTvis Seuferebeli samuSaos Zebnas
ki ar daiwyebdnen da bankebSi, kooperativebSi da erobebSi ki aRar
imuSavebdnen, aramed TavianT ZiriTad, mudmiv saqmianobad CaTvlidnen
mwerlobas, sakuTari wignebis gamocemas da aRar gaifanteboda mweralTa
niWi, SemoqmedebiTi unari da dro saarsebo saSualebebis Ziebaze:
`mwerlebi toveben mwerlobas da sxvagan eZeben samuSaos...”
(baxtrioni1922e: 1).
Temas amZafrebs da aRrmavebs kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqti,
romlis aqcentirebisTvis avtori moixmobs ironias. seqtemberSi iwyeba
akademiuri saswavlo weli da saxelmZRvaneloebis dabeWdvis saSualeba
ar aris – `SesaZlebelia enkenisTvidan... Cven isev daubrundeT im pirvel
yofil dros, roca wera-kiTxvas beWze aswavlidnen winandeli ostatebi
Segirdebs” (baxtrioni1922v: 1) – ironia aq, cxadia, mimarTulia im
saxelmwifo struqturebisken, romelTac evalebodaT sagamomcemlo
saqmis regulireba. statiis avtori Tamami didaqtikuri toniT moiTxovs
saxelmwifo manqanisgan qveynis kulturuli winsvlis garantiebs,
romelTagan umTavresia literaturis maRali socialur-
57
saxelmwifoebrivi statusis uzrunvelyofa: `kulturisaTvis saWiroa
aseTi obiektiuri Rirebulebis aRdgena, rogorc mwerlobaa sazogadoT”
(baxtrioni1922z: 2).
avtorisTvis mwerlobas unikaluri mniSvneloba aqvs umZimes
istoriul pirobebSi eris gadarCenisTvis, istoriis da dRevandelobis
mTlianobisTvis. is grZnobs gulgrilobas Tu mizanmimarTul
umoqmedobas saxelmwifos mxridan da amitom amTavrebs statias mwvave da
mtkivneuli sityvebiT: `is krizisi, romelic dRes arsebobs, miva Tavis
logikur daskvnamde da saqarTveloSi warsulis xseneba ar iqneba”
(baxtrioni1922T: 2).
albaT, swored aseTi mtkivneuli patiotuli gancda ar apaties mas
1937 wels...
3.2. ”saxelmwifo gamomcemloba” (werili me-2)(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №№ 6 - 25.02.1923.)
tician tabiZes, rogorc Jurnalists da publicists, axasiaTebs
Zvel, mtkivneul TemasTan mibruneba, am Temis kvlav aqtualizeba, misi
axali problemuri momentebis moZebna da gaanalizeba. erT-erTi amgvari
Temaa saxelmwifo gamomcemlobebis daarseba da Semdeg maTi qarTuli
mwerlobis samsaxurSi Cayeneba, rasac tician tabiZe kidev erT statias
uZRvnis.
avtori xazs usvams, rom saxelmwifo gamomcemlobis Seqmnisa da
amoqmedebis koncefcia mweralTa kavSirma imaze adre Seqmna da
waradgina, vidre sabWoTa xelisufleba damyardeboda. sabWoeTSi ki
gamomcemlobebis saqmianobis warmarTva ratomRac muSaTa da glexTa
inspeqcias daevala. garda amisa, rogorc pirvel werilSic iyo
aRniSnuli, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier saxelmwifo qonebis
nacionalizaciis dros stambebis mTeli teqnikuri arsenali ganadgurda.
statiis avtorisTvis yvelaze mTavari mainc is iyo, rom maSindeli
saxelmwifo gamomcemlobis ,,mTavari gamge”, romelic dauflebia
stambebs, qaRalds, presas, wignebs da zogadad mTel qarTul mwerlobas,
58
pirdapir ambobda, aravisTvis saWiro ar aris wignebis gamocema, mainc
aravin waikiTxavso; `Tanac umatebda, rom kavkasiaSi unda SemoRebul
iqnas laTinuri Sriftio... maSin amas cinizmis xasiaTi hqonda” (rubikoni
1923o: 1) – dasZens tician tabiZe.
erTi mxriv, mwerlebis sazogadoebisTvis zedmet adamianebad,
,,umoqmedo pensionerebad” gamocxadeba da, meore mxriv, qarTuli anbanis
laTinuriT Secvlis iniciativiT gamosvla, cxadia, antagonizms badebda
qarTvel inteligencias, qarTvel mwerlebsa da mmarTvel Zalebs Soris.
`daibada undobloba“ (rubikoni 1923p: 1) – ase gamoxatavs protestis
grZnobas tician tabiZe da marTlac gasakviria im wlebSi gamoCenili
misi pirdapiroba da siTamame.
tician tabiZe “TeTri SuriT” Sescqeris ruseTis sagamomcemlo
saqmianobis progress da amas ruseTis imdroindeli saxalxo ganaTlebis
komisris – lunaCarskis iniciativas miawers. amiT is mkiTxvels
mianiSnebs, rom wignis gamocemaze zrunva inteleqtualuri adamianebis
saqmea da ruseTSi `auarebeli wignebis mozRvavebiT, romelsac
vulkaniviT isvris marTla rusuli saxelgami” (rubikoni 1923J: 1), swored
inteleqtualebi arian dakavebulni da ara iseTi ubiri da uwignuri
moxeleebi, rogorebic im dros uZRvebodnen saqarTveloSi kulturis am
sferos.
werilis avtoris azriT, aucilebeli iyo mweralTa CarTva
saxelmwifo gamomcemlobaSi – e.w. `saxelgamSi”. ,,marTlac samarcxvinoa
mwerlebisTvis iRebdnen saxelmwifodan pensiebs da maTi nawerebi
gamoucemeli elagon” (rubikoni 1923r: 1). rogorc Cans, saxelmwifo
manqana iseT politikas atarebda, rom oRond qarTvel mwerlebs araferi
SeeqmnaT, mzad iyvnen isini pensiiT – garkveuli materialuri
anazRaurebiT uzrunveleyoT.AN
rogorc werilidan Cans, honorars ar uxdidnen im mwerlebs,
romlebic siduxWiris miuxedavad ar Ralatobdnen mwerlobas da mainc
aqveynebdnen TavianT nawarmoebebs – `mTavari moZravi Zala, is kadris
mwerloba, romelic dRes arian Semoqmedebis procesSi, sruliad ar
iReben saxelmwifosgan arafers~ (rubikoni 1923s: 1). esec, etyoba,
mweralTa daTrgunvis Taviseburi meTodi iyo.
59
`mwerlobis profesia isev gaxda SimSilis profesia ... isev daiwyo am
profesiis datoveba da sxvagan Tavis Sefareba. saqarTvelosTvisac da
saxelmwifosTvisac metad ufro saWiroa, rom mwerlebi SerCnen
mwerlobas... am TaviTve unda dafiqreba, rom erT dRes mwerloba ar
darCes fiqciaT es iqneba didi ubedureba“ (rubikoni 1923t: 1) – aseT
mwvave Sefasebas aZlevs tician tabiZe saxelmwifos mxridan mwerlobis
aSkara Seviwrovebas, yovelive amas zewolis da terorizebis
kvalifikacias aZlevs da TiTqmis erovnuli katastrofis rangSi ahyavs
mwerlobis gaqrobis problema.
werilis finalSi avtori ajamebs Tavis moTxovnebs: ,,Cveni daskvnaa:
unda ... “ (rubikoni 1923u: 1) _ rogorc Cans, jer kidev SesaZlebeli iyo
mTavrobasTan presis furclebidan amgvari imperatiuli toniT
laparaki.……
3.3. ”qarTuli Jurnali”
(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №7 – 11.03.1923.)
tician tabiZes, rogorc publicists da Jurnalists, axasiaTebs
weris amgvari manera – is xSirad iwyebs msjelobas imiT, rom saubrobs
Temis preistoriaze, ganixilavs am Temis istoriul Zirebs, safuZvlebs,
Semdgom aRwers Tanamedrove viTarebas da dasaxavs momavlis
perspeqtivas. Ees meTodi avtors saSualebas aZlevs, ufro moculobiTi
iyos misi analizi da ufro farTo iyos xedvis rakursi.
tician tabiZis werili `qarTuli Jurnali” iwyeba mcireodeni
eqskursiT qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoriaSi – aq dasaxelebuli arian
pirveli qarTuli literaturuli Jurnalebis redaqtorebi,
moxseniebulia maTi Rvawli da Sefasebulia maTi Rirseuli saqmianoba –
`roca saqarTveloSi mkiTxvelebi TiTze daiTvlebodnen da nikoloz
baraTaSvili ojaxebSi kiTxulobda leqsebs, roca mosakiTxi baraTebis
weris garda daviwyebuli iyo mwerloba im eris, romelmac ganicada
rusTaveli da mTawmindelebi, pirvelad mainc daarsebuli iyo Jurnali
`ciskari” (rubikoni 1923f: 1).
60
am asi wlis winandeli viTarebis Sexseneba mkiTxvelisTvis avtors
saSualebas aZlevs, gaavlos paraleli dRevandelobasTan da mTeli
simwvaviT warmoaCinos arsebuli viTareba – is mZime garemoeba, rom
saqarTveloSi arc erTi didtaniani Jurnali ar arsebobs. ,,ivane
kereseliZe Cven dReSiac unda iTvlebodes gmirad, radgan moaxerxa is,
rasac dResac Cvenda samarcxvinod ver axerxebs qarTuli mwerloba”
(rubikoni 1923q: 1).
ivane kereseliZis saredaqtoro RvawlTan erTad avtori saubrobs
ilia WavWavaZis, niko nikolaZis, akaki wereTlis da sxvaTa saredaqcio
saqmianobaze da, cxadia, yvelaze metad gamoarCevs ilias `iverias”:
`pirveli evropiuli stilis didi Jurnali iyo ilia WavWavaZis `iveria”.
es sityva ise ismis XIX saukunis literaturis istoriaSi, rogorc arc
erTi saxeli” (rubikoni 1923R: 1).
tician tabiZes mkafiod aqvs gaazrebuli inteleqtualuri Jurnalis
ganumeorebeli roli da mniSvneloba eris TviTSegnebis gaRrmavebis da
ganviTarebis procesis organizebaSi.N rogorc Cans, mas da mis
Tanamoazreebs Cafiqrebuli hqondaT sabWoTa saxelmwifo iZulebuli
gaexadaT daearsebina da daefinansebina didtaniani literaturuli
Jurnali, romelic Semdgom qarTuli kulturis mTavar kerad SeiZleboda
qceuliyo: `XIX saukunis dasasrulSi da Cven saukunis gadasavalSic
gamodioda didi Jurnali `moambe”... es didi kulturis maCvenebeli ambavi
iyo. aq ibeWdeboda Targmanebi: dostoevskis, ibsenis, balzakis, zolasi,
viktor hiugos, pol burJec ki. aq ibeWdeboda werilebi evropis
mwerlobis ukanasknel Skolebze. ucxoeTis politikis mimoxilvas
awarmoebda niko nikolaZe, aq daiwyes Tavis kariera daviT kldiaSvilma
da Sio aragvispirelma” (rubikoni 1923y: 1).
im pirobebSi, rodesac ar arsebobda wignis gamomcemlobebi,
mxatvruli literaturis beWdva JurnalSi namdvilad gaacocxlebda
mkiTxvelis interess msoflio klasikis mimarT da aziarebda qarTul
sazogadoebas evropuli kulturis miRwevebs.
Jurnalis saganmanaTleblo funqcia isic unda yofiliyo, rom aesaxa
msoflioSi arsebuli avangarduli literaturuli da saxelovnebo
skolebis da mimdinareobebis Tanamedrove tendenciebi, hqonoda qarTuli
61
kulturis progresis da ganviTarebis mastimulirebeli efeqti. da rac
mTavaria, am JurnalSi gamoCndeboda axali saxelebi, rac xels Seuwyobda
qarTuli erovnuli literaturis winsvlas da ganviTarebas.
rogorc Cans, sworad amas ufrTxodnen `zeda eSelonebSi” da amitom
uwevda tician tabiZes nomridan nomerSi sabWoTa saxelmwifosTvis
Txovna, moTxovna da zogjer misi damunaTeba kategoriuli toniT: `da
gana dRes qarTuli sazogadoebis, qarTuli mwerlobis da saqarTvelos
mTavrobaTa Tavmoyvareobis sakiTxi ar unda iyos, rom saqarTveloSi
arsebobdes erTi did taniani Jurnali” (rubikoni 1923S: 1).
tician tabiZe mkacr SefasebasTan erTad ar erideba sabWoTa
mTavrobisTvis aSkarad usiamovno paralelis gavlebasac da mkiTxvelis
yuradRebas miapyrobs im garemoebas, rom didtaniani qarTuli Jurnali
caristuli ruseTis pirobebSic ki gamodioda – im droSi, `roca carizmi
anadgurebda yovelive Canasaxs erovnuli kulturisas”(rubikoni 1923C: 1).
es, cxadia, iyo werilis avtoris sakmaod mZafri gamowveva,
mimarTuli imdroindeli xelisuflebasadmi. werilSi miniSnebuli iyo am
xelisuflebis miswrafeba, SeeboWa da gaenadgurebina erovnuli
kultura.
suraTis gamZafrebis mizniT avtori saqarTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebas
adarebs rusul kulturaSi arsebul situacias, aRniSnavs, rom rusi
emigrantebic ki `SimSilobis da maTxovrobis dros” (rubikoni 1923c: 1)
axerxeben vrceli Jurnalis – `Русская Мысль”-is gamocemas, rom aRaraferi
vTqvaT rusul saxelmwifo gamomcemlobebze, `sadac asobiT iTvlebian
aseTi Jurnalebi” (rubikoni 1923Z: 1).
unda aRiniSnos, rom tician tabiZe erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs
vrcel, didtanian Jurnalebs da iseT momcro, elegantur gamocemebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, `meocnebe niamorebi” da `xomaldi”, romlebic
konkretuli mxatvruli fraqciebis an redaqtorebis viwro
literaturul interesebs da gemovnebas emsaxureboda da panoramulad
ver asaxavda epoqis mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT process. amgvari momcro
Jurnalebi `Segnebulad icema patara saxiT, radgan dRes evropaSic ki
gadavidnen mebrZoli literaturuli jgufebi patara Jurnalebze... magram
62
samagieroT literaturis istoriis plastebi did JurnalSi iyrian Tavs”
– tician tabiZes surda axali qarTuli Jurnali gamxdariyo
literaturuli procesebisaTvis stimulis mimcemi seriozuli da
mniSvnelovani organo, romelic maqsimalurad gaaaqtiurebda da Semdgom
asaxavda imdroindel samwerlo cxovrebas.
`saqarTvelos muzeumebSi obiT iRrRneba iseTi xelnawerebi,
romelnic gazrdidnen axal Taobas... romelic moklebulia mSobliur
kulturis yovelive miRwevas” (rubikoni 1923w: 1).
tician tabiZe ar upirispirebs erTmaneTs Zvel, klasikur
`samuzeumo eqsponatebs” da Tanamedrove, mimdinare SemoqmedebiT
cxovrebas. is miiCnevs, rom erTi asazrdoebs meores da erTi araferia
meoris gareSe: `marTalia marrineti, roca ebrZvis muzeumebis kulturas,
magram vai im ers da mis mwerlobas, romelic es muzeumi da istoria ar
aqvs” (rubikoni 1923W: 1).
werilis avtori, erTi mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba usicocxlo,
sqolastikur azrovnebas, romelsac Tavi ver dauRwevia warsulis
tyveobisgan, magram, meore mxriv, arasaxarbielod esaxeba im eris xvedri,
romelsac warsuli ar gaaCnia. axali Jurnali, romelic `mwerlobis
TavmoyvareobisTvis” unda arsebobdes, tician tabiZis azriT, iqneboda
qarTuli kulturis istoriisa da Tanamedroveobis gamaerTianebeli
cocxali sivrce.
Jurnalis gamocemis funqcias tician tabiZe akisrebs sruliad
saqarTvelos xelovanTa kavSiris mTavar komitets: `Tu man es mizani ver
Seasrula, maSin es komiteti iqneba fiqcia da ...misi moraluri
avtoriteti gauqmebulad CaiTvleba” (rubikoni 1923x: 1).
moralur avtoritetze apelireba im wlebSi xelisuflebisTvis
marTlac fiqcia iyo.
63
3.4. ”saagarako saxli”
(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №№9- 03.04.1923.).
tician tabiZis is werilebi, romlebSic mkveTradaa gamoxatuli
publicisturi paTosi, xSirad dabeWdilia varam gagelis fsevdonimiT. am
fsevdonimis avTenturobas adasturebs ioseb griSaSvilisa (griSaSvili
1987: 31) da givi miqaZis (miqaZe 1984: 51) ,,fsevdonimebis leqsikonebi”. 1
tician tabiZis publicistikaSi faqizad moxelTebuli StrixebiT
ikveTeba dro. is, rogorc wesi, mZimea, damTrgunveli; zogjer
TvalnaTliv Cans Cveni inteligenciis imdroindeli damamcirebeli da
gausaZlisi yofa _ `qarTveli mwerlis profesia – aris profesia
SimSilis. es ase iyo winad da asea axlac... ar unda CamoTvla im
magaliTebs, roca qarTveli mwerlebi kvdebodnen ukidures gaWirvebaSi
da sardafebSi” (rubikoni 1923h15: 1).
werilis avtoris mizania, TanagrZnoba gauRvivos mkiTxvels da, rac
mTavaria, e. w. `kompetentur organoebs~ – profkavSirTa sabWos da
`qarTuli kulturis moyvarulTa sazogadoebas~ mosTxovos
mweralTaTvis saagarako dasasvenebeli saxlis aSeneba an ukve
aSenebulis gadmocema. rogorc werilidan irkveva, im wlebSi TiTqmis
yvela profesiuli kavSiri xsnida Tavis saagarako saxlebs da
`imaragebdnen zafxulSi avadmyof wevrebisaTvis binebs” (rubikoni 1923h16:
1).
amgvari dasasvenebeli saxlebi ixsneboda muSaTa klasisTvis,
ganaTlebis sistemis muSakebisTvis da sxv.
tician tabiZis azriT, dasasvenebeli saxlebi `bevrs avadmyof da
daRlil muSas ixsnis sikvdilisagan...” (rubikoni 1923h17: 1), magram
avtoris survilia, yuradReba mieqces qarTvel xelovanebsa da
1 Gvaram gageli, qarTveli didgvarovani, mefeebis _ Tamaris, laSa giorgis darusudanis msaxurTuxucesi, ibrZoda saqarTvelos dampyroblebis _ monRolebiswinaaRmdeg; iZulebuli iyo Tavi Seefarebina quTaisisTvis (qarTuli... 1977: 611).mkvlevar givi miqaZis dakvirvebiT, XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTveli avtorebis mier,,fsevdonimad gamoyenebuli iyo ama Tu im istoriuli piris saxeli, rom aReniSnaTTavisi ideuri siaxlove maTTan, magaliTad: varam gageli _ tician tabiZe” (miqaZe 1984:51). MniSandoblivia, rom tician tabiZe fsevdonimad irCevs qveynis erTguli msaxuris,saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis mcvelis saxels, romelic misTvis Zvirfas qalaqTan iyoasocirebuli.
64
mwerlebsac. swored mwerlebi iyvnen daviwyebulni: `yovelTvis iyo
dapireba, magram roca saqme saqmeze midioda, yvela iRebda TavisTvis
yvelafers da mxolod mwerlebi da artistebi rCebodnen gariyuli”
(rubikoni 1923h18: 1) – guldawyvetili wers avtori.
sainteresoa, rom profkavSirTa sabWos xalxis SemowirulobebiT
Seuqmnia `miliardebiani fondi da TiTqmis yvela kurortze xsnis
sakuTar sanatoriumebs” (rubikoni 1923h19: 1).
tician tabiZe principulad svams sakiTxs – `daiwyes waRverSi
Seneba mwerlebis saagarako saxlis, romelsac maSin meTaurobda qarTul
kulturis moyvarulTa sazogadoeba...… sakmao fulic Seikriba am
saqmisTvis, yovel mxriv modioda Semowiruleba, magram arc es saxli
aSenebula, da aqamde aravis arc is gamourkvevia, sad wavida es xalxis
fuli” (rubikoni 1923h20: 1).
unda iTqvas, rom metad Tanamedrove motivebi moismis am
sityvebidan. dRevandeli mediis mier mTavrobis mimarT wayenebuli
pretenziis intonacias mogagonebT tician tabiZis mier imdroindeli
mTavrobis mimarT gamoTqmuli sayveduris toni. sxvaTa Soris, is
ramdenjerme aRniSnavs swored mediis mniSvnelovan rols mTavrobis
`gamofxizlebis~ saqmeSi – `qarTul yoveldRiur gamocemebSi xSirad
amoikiTxavs dainteresebuli mkiTxveli, rom...” (rubikoni 1923h21: 1), an
`qarTulma presam miaqcia yuradReba...” (rubikoni 1923h22: 1), an `Cven
[igulisxmeba gazeTis redaqcia – m.t.] moviTxovT...” (rubikoni 1923h23: 1), da
sxv.
sagulisxmoa, rom gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos jer kidev
SesaZlebeli yofila presis meSveobiT mTavrobisTvis Zneladmosasmeni,
arasasurveli simarTlis Tqma. magaliTad, tician tabiZe sruli
gulaxdilobiT xatavs qarTvel mweralTa dakninebul sulier Tu
fizikur mdgomareobas da ar erideba mkacr Sefasebebs: `ar unda bevri
mtkiceba imas, rom iseTia materialuri pirobebi qarTvel mwerlobisa da
artistebis, rom bunebrivi Tandayolili seni rom ar hqondes bevrs,
mainc Tavis cxovrebis pirobebiT Cavardeboda avadmyofobaSi... bevri
avadmyofi da daRlili qarTveli xelovani sTxovs kavSirs daxmarebas,
65
magram iqneba rame gana welsac?” (rubikoni 1923h24: 1) – skeptikur kiTxvas
svams avtori.
tician tabiZis pozicia principulia: `saxelmwifo valdebulia
izrunos im saxlze, romelic hqmnis eris kulturas da saxelmwifosac
aZlevs azrs~ (rubikoni 1923h25: 1) – `saxli~ aq metaforaa da
figuralurad aRniSnavs zrunvas Semoqmed adamianebze.
tician tabiZe gamoTqvams metad mniSvnelovan da dReisTvisac
aqtualur azrs, romelic SeuTavsebelia yovelgvar diqtaturasTan,
adamianis SezRudvasTan, daTrgunvasTan _ im epoqaSi, rodesac
saxelmwifo `gaRmerTda~, saxelmwifom STanTqa yvelaferi, is acxadebda,
rom saxelmwifo ar aris TviTmizani.
Msaxelmwifos rolis arnaxul gaZlierebaze me-20 saukunis
kacobriobis cxovrebaSi msjelobs espaneli filosofosi Oortega-i-
gaseti naSromSi ,,masebis ajanyeba” da am tendenciis zust
gamoxatulebad miiCnevs italiis diqtatoris – musolinis lozungs:
,,yvelaferi saxelmwifosTvis, araferi saxelmwifos miRma, araferi
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg” (ortega-i-gaseti 1991: 150).
Eepoqis ZiriTadi tendenciis sapirispirod tician tabiZe fiqrobs,
rom saxelmwifos mizani sakuTari Tavis gaZliereba ki ar unda iyos,
aramed man adamianis SemoqmedebiT Zalebs unda Seuqmnas gamovlenis
pirobebi. arsebiTad, misi azriT, saxelmwifo unda emsaxurebodes
kulturas, adamianebis sulier ganviTarebas, Tavisuflebis gafarToebas.
werils axlavs sagulisxmo gagrZeleba, P.S., romelic mkiTxvels
amcnobs, rom es werili awyobili iyo, roca redaqciam miiRo cnoba –
saxalxo komisarTa sabWos da miwaTmoqmedebis komisris gadawyvetilebiT,
dimitri yifianis saxli qviSxeTSi ezoTi gadaeca xelovanTa mTavar
komitets. `amis Sesaxeb gankarguleba gaigzavna adgilobrivad. mTavari
komiteti Seadgens sias im mwerlebisas, romelnic am zafxulSi iqnebian
qviSxeTSi gagzavnili~ (rubikoni 1923h26: 1). rogorc Cans, es sakiTxi
publikaciamde ixileboda redaqciaSic, am ambavma miaRwia `sadac jer
ars~ da werilis gamoqveynebas daaswres gadawyvetilebis miReba. ,,1923
wels saqarTvelos mTavrobis _ saxalxo komisarTa sabWos (saxkomsabWo)
gadawyvetilebiT dimitri yifianis mier qviSxeTSi aSenebuli sasaxle
66
Tavisi ezo-karmidamoTi gadaeca saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirs”
(kverenCxilaZe 2008: 14).
qarTveli mwerlebisTvis gadacemuli ,,saagarako saxlis” bevri
stumari male sabWoTa represiebis msxverpli gaxda.
3.5.”momavali sezoni”(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №№14– 25.08.1923.)
gazeT `rubikonis” 1923 wlis agvistos nomerSi tician tabiZe
erTgvarad agrZelebs gazeTis wina nomrebSi gamokveTil saxelmwifos
mxridan mweralTa xelSewyobis Temas. `tiflisi” ukve emzadeba momavali
sezonisTvis – saxelmwifom daafinansa Teatrebis SekeTeba, qarTuli
dramis dasi mTeli zafxuli saxelmwifo xarjiT agarakze Tan isvenebda,
Tan axal piesebze muSaobda; CanasaxSi myofma dramatulma studiam
meorejerac daisvena sxva agarakze da amave dros amuSavebda axal
piesebs; sxva axladSemdgari studia isev da isev saxelmwifos xarjze
moskovSi miemgzavreboda kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad; axladdaarsebuli
samxatvro akademia Tavis studentebsa da maswavleblebs moskovis
muzeumebsa da samxatvro galereebSi eqskursiaze agzavnida; saxelmwifo
operisTvis italiidan iwvevdnen tenorebs, Cveni momRerlebi ki italiaSi
midiodnen saswavleblad konservatoriis maswavleblebTan da
studentebTan erTad; moqandakeebsac saxelmwifo wargzavnida evropaSi
saswavleblad; garda amisa, bevri studentisa da maswavleblis
sazRvargareT swavla da agreTve glexebis, muSebis da sxvadasxva dargis
specialistis ucxo qveynis sanaxavad mogzauroba daafinansa
saxelmwifom. marTlac, uSurvelad gauRia xarjebi axladSeqmnil
sabWoTa saxelmwifos xelovnebis aRorZinebisTvis.
Aam fonze tician tabiZis gakvirvebas iwvevs erTi ucnauri garemoeba:
`ara sixarbis grZnobiT, aramed profesionalis TavmoyvareobisTvis unda
aRniSnul iqnes: rom sabedisweroT mxolod mwerlebi arian
gamartoxelebuli, erTad erTi mwerloba ganicdis dRes ukanasknel
agonias. yvelam icis, rom aqamde ase iyo – erovnul kulturas TiTqmis
marto mwerloba asazrdoebda da es mTavari ZarRvi dRes gadaWrilia da
67
unda daSres sisxlidan. ras warmoadgens dRes qarTuli mwerloba, vin
exmareba mas, rom mogonebaT ar iqces mwerlis profesia” (rubikoni
1923h27: 1).
tician tabiZe aRSfoTebiT saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi
mwerlebs erTi Jurnalic ki ara aqvT TavianTi nawarmoebebis
gamosaqveyneblad. saxelmwifo gamomcemlobebis `aRsavlis karebi
daketilia originalur qarTul mweralTa nawerebis gamocemisaTvis. es
karebi albad arasdros ar gaiReba” (rubikoni 1923h28: 1). ver ibeWdeba
klasika, SeboWilia mimdinare literaturuli procesi da gza Caeketa
mweral axalgazrdobas – `ra unda qnas axalgazrdam, rom
mwerlobisaTvis moemzados (Tuki amis survili vinmes eqneba) misTvis
yvela karebi daketilia... amitom xdeba, rom Zveli profesionalebic
stoveben Tavis profesias da iwyeba mwerlobis degeneracia...” (rubikoni
1923h29: 1).
ismis bunebrivi SekiTxva – ratom anebivrebda sabWoTa saxelmwifo
operis momRerlebs, saerTod, musikosebs, dramatuli Teatris reJisorebsa
da msaxiobebs, Teatraluri studiebis dasebs, mxatvrebsa da moqandakeebs
da ar wyalobda mwerlebs, literatorebs?
Tu SevecdebiT am movlenis axsnas, davinaxavT, rom sabWoTa
xelisuflebas mkafiod hqonda gaazrebuli Tavisi kulturuli politika.
Teatraluri da musikaluri xelovneba masaze zemoqmedebis ufro
efeqtur da efeqtian saSualebebs flobs, vidre mwerloba da advilad
SeuZlia saqmeSi Cauxedav adamianebs Seuqmnas sazogado keTildReobis,
bednieri cxovrebis iluzia. xelovnebis es dargebi amTlianebs
mravalricxovan mayureblebs an msmenelebs _ darbazSi erTad yofnisas
maT uCndebaT solidarobis grZnoba, euflebaT erTsulovneba – yvela
erTad icinis, mxiarulobs an iwmends cremls, yvela erTad ukravs taSs,
gaismis koleqtiuri SeZaxilebi... sanaxaobrivi Tu saSemsruleblo
xelovneba koleqtivisTvis aris gankuTvnili da koleqtiur grZnobebs
iwvevs. saxviTi xelovnebis nimuSebic mTeli sazogadoebisTvis
gamoifineba. L
literatura ki, ase vTqvaT, individualisturia. literaturasTan
mkiTxvelis urTierToba mTlianad da Rrmad intimuria, anu Ees
68
urTierToba mkiTxvelis ganmartoebas gulisxmobs. ufro zustad, es aris
ori adamianis ganmartoeba, rodesac isini, yvelasgan SeTqmulebiviT
gancalkevebulni, erTad fiqroben, Tavisuflad azrovneben. Tavisufali
azri ki diqtaturis yvelaze saSiSi mteria.
amitom gasagebia, rom avtoritaristi da koleqtivizmis mqadagebeli
bolSevikebi mxars uWerdnen xelovnebis ,,koleqtivistur” saxeobebs,
literaturas ki ufro ufrTxodnen, radgan igi ganmartoebuli adamianis
idumali fiqris, azrovnebis sivrceSi ganifineba.
tician tabiZe akvirdeba literaturisadmi sabWoTa xelisuflebis
aTvalwunebuli damokidebulebis gamovlinebebs da gulistkiviliT
laparakobs “mwerlobis zedmetobaze” (rubikoni 1923h30: 1)
saqarTveloSi.
werilis dasasruls emociis gasamZafreblad tician tabiZe mwvave
ritorikul SekiTxvas svams – `nu Tu ase unda moTavdes es sagmiro
brZola mwerlobisTvis, nu Tu qarTul mwerlobas ar gamoaCndeba
ukanaskneli ZalRone, rom yvelasgan daviwyebulma, TviTon gamonaxos
ukanaskneli saSualeba Tavis gadarCenis...” (rubikoni 1923h31: 1).
sabolood is mweralTa pirovnuli Rirsebis da pasuxismgeblobis,
Tavmoyvareobis sagnad miiCnevs qarTuli mwerlobis SenarCunebas da
aRorZinebas: `siamaye angrevs kldes da ukanaskneli mondomeba yvelafers
gaakeTebs” (rubikoni 1923h32: 1).
qarTvelma `cisferyanwelebma” marTlac `yvelaferi” (rubikoni 1923h4:
1) gaakeTes, magram uZlurebi aRmoCndnen im `kldis” (rubikoni 1923h33: 1)
winaSe, romelmac maTi SemoqmedebiTi Tu fizikuri sicocxle Seiwira.
69
IV Tavi
werilebi axalgazrda Taobis problematikaze
4.1. ”studentobis tradiciebi”
(gaz. ,,rubikoni”, №2 – 28.01.1923.)
qarTveli studentobis – saqarTvelos momavali inteleqtualuri
Taobis bedi tician tabiZes, rogorc Jurnalists da publicists,
gansakuTrebulad aRelvebs.
werils `studentobis tradiciebi” tician tabiZe universitetis
daarsebidan xuTi wlisTavs uZRvnis. es aris Tavisuflebismoyvareobis
suliT erTianad gamsWvaluli statia, romelic kacobriobis yvelaze
Tavisufali nawilis – studentobis Sesaxebaa dawerili da adamianebis
cxovrebis yvelaze Tavisufal, uzrunvel da bednier wlebs moicavs:
`studentoba is droa, roca ar grcxvenia romantizmis, rogori
trivialuric ar unda iyos; aris samudamo keTilSobileba pirvel
siyvarulsa da pirvel aRtacebaSi” (rubikoni 1923a: 1).
tician tabiZe, rogorc simbolisti, momxiblav poetur saburvelSi
xvevs studentobis fenomens, am erTi SexedviT Cveulebriv movlenas: `is
yovelTvis moigonebs am pirvel aRtacebas da uSualod Seqmnil
romantikas, roca gamarTlebulia `SimSilis misticizmi” da `siyvaruli”
(rubikoni 1923b: 1).
studentis keTilSobil `wodebas” tician tabiZe poetis saxels
uTanabrebs da pirvel studentad, romelic imsaxurebs da amarTlebs
amgvar dawyvilebas, asaxelebs hamlets: `Cven yovelTvis vxedavT am
mwuxare daniis princs wigniT xelSi. marTlac, arc erTi namdvili mefe
daniis Tundac dRemde ar aris ise saxelovani, rogorc es efemeri
princi. hamleti mocemulia tragediaSi pirveli siyvaruliT da
megobrobiT”(rubikoni 1923g: 1).
es mwuxare daniis princi Tavis TavSi atarebs msoflio sevdas
adamianTa modgmis usindisobis, araraobis, mzakvrobisa da usamarTlobis
gamo. magram amave dros hamleti ganasaxierebs simarTlisTvis,
70
humanizmisTvis mebrZol, TanagrZnobiT, Semecnebis JiniT da
cnobiswadiliT aRsavse axalgazrda adamians. rogorc Cans, tician
tabiZisTvis studentobis xana, erTi mxriv, ukavSirdeboda skepsiss,
sakuTar ZalebSi daurwmuneblobas da, meore mxriv, simarTlisTvis da
TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli sulis aqtiur qmedebas, mimarTuls samyaros
Secvlisken.
rogorc Cans, tician tabiZe 1923 wels, am werilis daweris dros,
Sinaganad grZnobda qarTveli studentobis gaorebas – TiTqosda Seguebas
arsebul mdgomareobasTan, magram amave dros isev mxolod masSi xedavda
im sufTa Zalas, romelsac raimes Secvlis da gardaqmnis survili
eqneboda.
`cud ambebs vxedavT, kvlavac unda cuds movelodeT!” (Seqspiri 1980:
337) _ Seqspiris es sityvebi albaT yvelaze metad miesadageboda im mZime
wlebs saqarTveloSi.
tician tabiZes studentobaSi aRafrTovanebs udardeloba,
bohemuroba, moxetiale buneba, ris gareSec es umSvenieresi xana `civi
doqtriniorobiT” da `SkoliarobiT” (rubikoni 1923d: 1) iqneboda
aRbeWdili. mas axsendeba misTvis Zvirfasi saxelebi – ` ...bohemielis
temperamentiT aqamde iwvevs Cvens aRtacebas moxetiale poeti fransua
viioni... gamoakeliT studentobis periodi goeTes da liceis puSkins...
dResac CvenTvis haidelbergi ise ismis, rogorc aleqsandria... belgiis
simbolizmi universitetSi daibada, vis ar moagondeba emil verharni...
universitetma Sehqmna rusuli simbolizmic: valeri briusovi, ivan
konevskoi, aleqsandr dobroliubovi, andrei beli... aris mgrZnobiare
analogia imaSic, rom istoriuli gadmocemiT TviTon rusTavelic aTonis
studenti iyo da iqidan SerCa didebuli ritoris paTosi mis poemas”
(rubikoni 1923e: 1).
`vefxistyaosanSi” tician tabiZem albaT dainaxa poemis avtoris
“studentobisdroindeli” axalgazrduli SemarTeba, daudgromloba,
emociuri kamaTebis da paeqrobis suli, gaigona axalgazrduli
maRalfardovani mWevrmetyvelebis da mgznebare saubrebis gamoZaxili.
71
`Cveni drois qarTvelebi sacodavebi viyaviT, rom ucxoelTa karze
gavatareT Cveni axalgazrdoba. miuxedavad patriotuli melanqoliisa,
yvela Cvengani udidesi sinaziT moigonebs moskovis `kozixas”, marTlac
rom iq damarxulia pirveli sicocxle” (rubikoni 1923v: 1). tician
tabiZe ixsenebs Tavisi studentobis erT amaRelvebel epizods. is
Seeswro moskoveli studentebis Sekrebas puSkinis ZeglTan, romelic
dResac Tavisuflebismoyvareobis da avtoritaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg
mebrZoli adamianebis TavSeyris adgilia: `me magondeba 12 ianvari, roca
rusi studentebi Tavmoxdilni da tiriliT mRerodnen puSkinis ZeglTan...
“Товарищ, верь: взойдёт она -
Звезда пленительного счастья”
(rubikoni 1923z: 1).
puSkinis es ukvdavi sityvebi imediT da rwmeniT aRavsebda qarTvel
studentebs, rom maT samSobloSic kanonzomieri da gardauvali iyo
istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgena. rodesac studentur mitingebs
moskovSi policia arbevda, yvelaze did winaaRmdegobas mas qarTveli
studentebi uwevdnen – `Tumca pirvelni mainc qarTvelebi xvdebodnen
cxenosan policielTa ieriSebs”(rubikoni 1923T: 1).
yovelive axlis, progresulis saTaved tician tabiZe universitets
miiCnevs. mas axsendeba ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavris werilebi”, romelic
ilias maZiebeli, Tavisuflebismoyvare sulis manifestaciaa, oTxi
studenturi wlis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebuli axalgazrda
adamianis Tamami fiqris gamxelaa. `universitetma Sehqmna ilia WavWavaZis
`mgzavris werilebi”... qarTuli axali literatura peterburgis nislSi
gamoitanja wina Taobam” (rubikoni 1923i: 1).
werilis avtori ixsenebs ramdenime mniSvnelovan literaturul
movlenas, romelsac biZgi misca universitetma – studentobaSi miRebulma
saganmanaTleblo novatorulma impulsebma – `Targmnidnen erTad i.
WavWavaZe da ivane maCabeli `mefe lirs”, ... ugzavnida akaki wereTeli
leqsebs `ciskars” da niko nikolaZe werilebs “Колокол”-s ra iqnebodnen
kirile lorTqifaniZe da giorgi zdaneviCi, rom gamoakldeT studentobis
periodi”(rubikoni 1923k: 1).
72
Tbilisis universitetis daarsebas tician tabiZe yoveli
qarTvelisTvis `meore Sobad” (rubikoni 1923l: 1) aRiqvams da unda
daijeros, rom saqarTvelo am dRes dResaswaulad aqcevs, anu mas surs
saqarTveloSi damkvidrdes codnis, ganaTlebis, Tavisufali da
progresuli azris hegemonia. `me vocnebob imaze, rom cota xnis Semdeg
vera iqneba iseTive saxeli, rogorc laTinuri kvartali da an `kozixa”
(rubikoni 1923m: 1) – tician tabiZe gulisxmobs parizis da moskovis
sauniversiteto ubnebs, sadac moismendiT yvelaze meamboxur azrebs,
mowodebebs da yvelaze Ria, alternatiul mosazrebebs.
tician tabiZe ocnebobs im droze, rodesac Cveni universitetis
studentoba gaxdeba gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis flagmani da
sulisCamdgmeli, rogorc es evropul universitetSi xdeboda xolme – `me
vxedav bednieri qarTveli studentebis manifestacias haidelbergis
maSxalebiT, roca isini veris raionidan mivlen rusTavelis ZeglTan,
romelic unda aimarTos, rogorc meore universiteti” (rubikoni 1923n: 1).
tician tabiZis azriT, rusTavelis humanizmiT unda yofiliyo
nasazrdoebi saqarTvelos bedis ganmsazRvreli yvela axali da
Tavisufali idea.
4.2. ”სtipendiebi”(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №8 – 25.03.1923.).
sauniveristeto ganaTlebas, universitets da studentobas tician
tabiZem araerTi saintereso da mniSvnelovani statia miuZRvna. statiaSi
`studentobis tradiciebi” is erTgan werda: `Cveni drois qarTvelebi
sacodavebi viyaviT, rom ucxoelTa karze gavatareT Cveni axalgazrdoba”
(rubikoni 1923j: 1) – es manam, sanam saqarTveloSi sakuTari universiteti
ar arsebobda. magram mas Semdeg, rac qarTuli universiteti daarsda,
mainc aqtualur Temad darCa mecenatoba da niWieri axalgazrdobis
sazRvargareT saswavleblad wargzavna. swored am Temas eZRvneba
sagazeTo werili `stipendiebi”.
73
rogorc Cans, saganmanaTleblo sferoSi seriozuli problemebi
iqmneboda im TvalsazrisiT, rom studentTa sazRvargareT saswavleblad
gasagzavni stipendiebis daniSvnisa da gacemis saqmeSi sruli qaosi iyo
gamefebuli, araviTari racionaluri da samarTliani sistema ar
arsebobda. `yovel kerZo SemTxvevaSi es damokidebulia TviTon
gagzavnilis moxerxebaze da unarze~(rubikoni 1923h: 1).
studentobisTvis daxmarebis gawevis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze didi
damsaxureba qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas
hqonda, romelmac daamkvidra es keTilSobiluri tradicia. aq
aRsaniSnavia, rom, tician tabiZis TqmiT, yoveli stipendiati Rirseulad
`asrulebda Tavis vals da sazogadoebis imeds” (rubikoni 1923h1: 1), rac
imas niSnavda, rom sazRvargareT swavlis dasrulebis Semdgom
aucileblad brundeboda saqarTveloSi da Tavis profesionalizms
qveynis samsaxurs axmarda: `sam meoTxeds qarTvel inteligenciisas,
romelic dRes Cabmulia saqarTvelos politikur da kulturul
muSaobaSi, swavla da ganaTleba miuRia sxvisi daxmarebiT” (rubikoni 1923
h2: 1).
tician tabiZe did erovnul saqmes uwodebs qarTvelTa Soris wera-
kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis, WiaTuris Savi qvis mrewvelTa
sazogadoebis Tu kerZo mecenatebis mier ganxorcielebul
qvelmoqmedebas. `marTalia, zog SemTxvevaSi aq iyo erTgvari SerCeva
Tavisi xalxis” (rubikoni 1923h3: 1) – wers is, magram, samagierod, `daviT
sarajiSvili... ar arCevda niWierebaSi aravis da daxmarebas uwevda iseT
pirebsac, romlis ideologias ar iziarebda… bevri specialisti...
yofila evropaSi misi mzrunvelobiT da es damtkicda kidec misi
sikvdilis Semdeg daweril nekrologebSi da mogonebebSi” (rubikoni
1923h4: 1).
daviT sarajiSvilis ideologiur miukerZoeblobaze, tolerantobaze
tyuilubralod ar akeTebs aqcents tician tabiZe – misi statia iwereba
epoqaSi, rodesac adamianis Rirseba ukve swored ideologiuri sazomebiT
fasdeboda…
74
rogorc tician tabiZis werilidan Cans, im wlebSi niWieri
axalgazrdebisTvis gzis gakvleva `gamocxadebuli iyo sazogado saqmeT
da mamuliSvilur movaleobaT” (rubikoni 1923h5: 1). aRsaniSnavia, rom
presa mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda sazogadoebrivi azris
CamoyalibebaSi da, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebriv azrs didi gavlena hqonda
qveynis ganviTarebasa da winsvlaze.
samwuxarod, `revoluciis Semdeg miswyda kargi iniciativa am saqmeSi”
(rubikoni 1923h6: 1) – wers tician tabiZe. cnobilia, rom sabWoTa
xelisuflebam Sewyvita rogorc universitetis mier, aseve sxva
dawesebulebebis da calkeuli mecenatebis mier studentebis
sazRvargareT saswavleblad gagzavna, maTi dafinanseba da xelSewyoba.
legendarul pirovnebebad iqcnen studentebi, romlebic saqarTvelos
demokratiulma xelisuflebam miavlina saswavleblad evropaSi, Semdeg
ki uklebliv yvelani dabrundnen saqarTveloSi da 1937 wels maT
winaaRmdeg SeTiTxnili braldebebis tragikul msxverplebad iqcnen.
tician tabiZis werilSi dinamiurad gairbens Cvens Tvalwin
gardasuli cxovrebis mZime kadrebi: `Tavad – aznauroba, romelic
Seadgenda yvelaze ufro SeZlebul koleqtivs da romelic yvelaze met
stipendiatebs zrdida... mTel Tavis qonebas gadascems erovnul
mTavrobas... iyo gamocxadebuli konfiskacia am qonebis... wera-kiTxvis
sazogadoebas TiTqmis likvidacia likvidaciaze uxdeba. misi qonebac
gadaeca mTavrobas... WiaTuris Savi qvis sazogadoebis axal
xelmZRvanels... ar awuxebs aseTi sazogado xasiaTis saqme~(rubikoni
1923h7: 1).@Tavadaznauroba, rogorc werilidan vigebT, `sazogadoebrivi
azris gavleniT” (rubikoni 1923h8: 1), dabali socialuri fenis niWieri
da swavlasmowyurebuli axalgazrdebis ganaTlebas afinansebda. Aase
rom, maTi saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis Sewyvetis Semdeg qarTveli
axalgazrdobis es nawili mTlad usaxsrod rCeboda.
tician tabiZe avlens im wlebisTvis moulodnel principulobas da
momTxovnelobas axali sabWoTa xelisuflebis mimarT da pirdapir
avaldebulebs mas Zveli _ damoukidebeli saqarTvelos droindeli
mTavrobis iniciativis gagrZelebas – `sruliad bunebrivi iyo da is ki
75
ara pirdapir valdebuleba iyo es mTavrobis, romelic revoluciis
Semdeg Caudga ers saTaveSi, gaegrZelebia es saqme” (rubikoni 1923h9: 1).
tician tabiZe gulistkiviliT mianiSnebs mkiTxvels mware
simarTleze - saqarTvelos materialuri siduxWire da siRaribe
dauZlevel dabrkolebad, moucilebel tvirTad eqca, rac erT did
problemasac qmnida – ganaTlebis gareSe tovebda qarTuli sazogadoebis
yvelaze mravalricxovan nawils, SeWirvebul socialur fenebs: `ar unda
mtkiceba imas, rom saqarTvelo imdenaT CamorCenilia materialur
kulturiT, da imdenaT ukuRma proporcia arsebobs swavlis wyurvilisa
da amis miRebis saSualebis Soris, rom Tu amas ar mieca
saxelmwifoebrivi daxmarebis xasiaTi, SeuZlebeli iqneboda ise mogvareba
am saqmis”(rubikoni 1923h10: 1).
aq yuradReba gvinda mivapyroT erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas,
romelzec tician tabiZe sakmaod mkacri da SeSfoTebuli toniT
esaubreba mkiTxvels. werilis dasawyisSi, rogorc davinaxeT, is
msjelobs qarTveli mecenatebis piruTvnelobaze, miukerZoeblobaze.
isini maTTvis ucxo ideologiis, anu socialisturi ideologiis mimdevar
axalgazrdebsac afinansebdnen, Tu maTSi saTanado talants da swavlis
survils aRmoaCendnen.
Tavisi werilis meore naxevarSi ki tician tabiZe ukve sul sxva
viTarebas warmoaCens da amxels – bolSevikuri mTavroba studentebis
sazRvargareT mivlenas ideologiuri principiT axorcielebs, unda, rom
evropaSi gamozardos Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi ,,Svilobilebi” da
amgvar xalxs isev Tavis axloblebsa da naTesavebSi eZebs: `am
SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda Zalian did mikerZoebas, Cven maSinac
agviniSnavs da dResac gavimeorebT, rom mTavrobam amas Sexeda ara
rogorc xalxis saqmes, aramed rogorc Tavis partiis saqmes da
miuxedavad deklaraciisa, rom sazRvar gareT saxelmwifo xarjze unda
gagzavniliyo asi axalgazrda texnikuri codnis misaRebaT, namdvilad
gaagzavnes axalgazrdebi, romelTac erTi specialistoba hqondaT, rom
yavdaT naTesavebi an nacnobebi mTavrobis wevrebSi”(rubikoni 1923h11: 1), –
amgvari basri ironiiT kilavs avtori bolSevikebis viwropartiuli
interesebiT motivirebul amoralur qcevas.
76
Zalian Tanamedroved gaismis tician tabiZis araerTi mosazreba,
fraza – magaliTad, `es sakiTxi kuluarebSi gadawyda~(rubikoni 1923h12: 1).
samwuxarod, dResac saubrobs qarTuli media da sazogadoeba klanur
mentalitetze, proteqcionizmsa da nepotizmze Cvens qveyanaSi. rogorc
werilidan vxedavT, es mavne tendenciebi ar yofila tipuri
revoluciamdeli qarTuli cnobierebisTvis. swored axali, sabWoTa
xelisuflebis pirobebSi dainerga amgvari mankiereba. komunisturma
xelisuflebam am mxrivac mZime moraluri daRi daasva qarTul
sazogadoebas, romlis “waSla” dResac rTuli problemaa.
Dda kidev erTi sadReisodac aqtualuri Tema – unda finansdebodes
Tu ara saxelmwifos mier xelovnebis sfero. dRes xSirad moismenT
msjelobas `samTavrobo”, xelisuflebis mier dafinansebul e.w. `karis~
msaxiobebsa da momRerlebze, romlebic valdebulad miiCneven Tavs,
emsaxuron TavianT ,,mecenatebs”. swored am problemas awydeba tician
tabiZec – is msjelobs sazogadoebis im nawilze, `romelic Tavis
profesiiT dganan partiebis gareSe, radgan emsaxurebian iseT saqmes,
rogorc xelovnebaa da kultura, romelic iseT qveyanaSi, rogoric
saqarTveloa, SeuZlebelia masiurad dadges romelime klasis
mxares”(rubikoni 1923h13: 1).
xelovnebis da kulturis Tavisufleba diqtatorul da
totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi yovelTvis izRudeboda materialuri
stimulirebis instrumentebis gamoyenebiTac, moqrTamviT da mosyidviT.
xelovnebis sferos moRvaweebs asec imxrobdnen da ibirebdnen.N tician
tabiZis azriT, saxelmwifo kidevac rom gaimarTos welSi da
ekonomikurad moaxerxos xelovnebis mecenatoba, mainc sasurvelia, rom
es sfero finansdebodes politikuri interesebisgan Tavisufali kerZo
pirebis da, rogorc dRes maT uwodeben, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
mier. `rom moxdes kidec, rom finansuri mdgomareoba Cveni respublikis
gamoicvalos, mainc aSkaraa da gamocdilebiT damtkicebuli, rom ar unda
moiSalos kerZo iniciativa”(rubikoni 1923h14: 1).
daaxloebiT asi wlis win dawerili es werili Tavisi zneobrivi,
adamianuri Rirsebis pativiscemis damamkvidrebeli paTosiT gacilebiT
ufro Tavisuflebismoyvare da patiosania, vidre bevri dRevandeli
77
Zalauflebas CaWidebuli politikosis da maTTan daaxloebuli
“moRvaweebis” angarebiani xedva.
N
4.3. ”Cveni studentoba”
(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №№16– 28.10.1923.).
mcire istoriul eqskursSi mimoxilulia me-19 saukunis 60-iani
wlebis qarTul presaSi, universitetis daarsebis mizniT gaCaRebuli
kampania. qarTvel sazogado moRvaweTa mcdeloba warmatebiT dasrulda –
`qarTuli universiteti faqti gaxda~(rubikoni 1923h38: 3), magram, rogorc
CvenSi yovelTvis xdeba xolme, Tavdapirveli enTuziazmi male Senelda:
`pirvelad iyo didi deklaraciebi, dapirebebi – magram Semdeg
mTavrobasac da sazogadoebasac daetyo gulgriloba, da studentoba
darCa Tavis anabarad~(rubikoni 1923h39: 3).
tician tabiZis publicistur statiebs axasiaTebs mZafrad
TanamgrZnobeli toni – `mxolod is vinc akvirdeba tfiliss, SeamCnevs,
rom aCrdiliviT dadian qalaqSi mSieri studentebi, umetesoba imaTgani,
jer kidev provinciidan Camosuli, qalaqs ver SeCvevian da TavianT
sardafebSi da CardaxebSi Rafaven suls~ (rubikoni 1923h40: 3).
siRaribe, usaxsroba, SimSili qmnidnen gausaZlis, damTrgunvel viTarebas
qarTveli axalgazrdobisTvis.
aseT pirobebSi swavla, inteleqtualuri ganviTareba marTlac
SeuZlebeli iyo – `...didi santimentaluri wera ar aris saWiro, sakmao
yovelma Cvenganma moixedos irgvliv, rom mas TvalSi ecema is saSineli
gaWirveba, romelsac ganicdis dRes studentoba~ (rubikoni 1923h41: 3).
namdvil erovnul tragediad da katastrofad miiCnevs werilis avtori,
rom Cveni studentebi amgvar pirobebSi cxovrobdnen da surs miapyros
sazogadoebis yuradReba am umZimes situacias, `...rom SimSiliT ar
gaswydes da ar daZabundes Cveni axalgazrdoba... romelsac niWic aqvs,
78
gamZleobac, magram siRaribe, romelic TiTqmis Cveni erovnuli mteria –
anadgurebs axalgazrdobis energias...~ (rubikoni 1923h42: 3).
TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom tician tabiZe ar uSindeba
menSevikuri xelisuflebis mier studentebis mimarT gaweuli daxmarebis
pozitiur Sefasebas da ar iSurebs komplimentebs mis mimarT. ufro
metic, is ramdenjerme xazgasmiT avlebs paralels da apirispirebs Zveli
mTavrobis yuradRebas, interess studentobisadmi Tanamedrove mTavrobis
uyuradRebobasTan, studentTa siduxWiris demonstraciul, uxeS
ignorirebasTan.
ramdenjerme meordeba fraza amgvari mimaniSnebeli dasawyisiT:
`...dRes aravin ar kiTxulobs...~ (rubikoni 1923h43: 3), `...dRes, roca saerTo
krizisia yvelasaTvis...~ (rubikoni 1923h44: 3), `gansakuTrebiT es xdeba
dRes...~ (rubikoni 1923h45: 3).
statiaSi vkiTxulobT: `winad auarebeli sazogadoebebi exmareboden
studentebs, TiTqmis TviTeuli kulturuli sazogadoeba, rom ar
viangariSoT specialurad studentTa damxmare sazogadoebebi iZleoden
stipendiebs, agrovebden Tanxas swavlis gadasaxadisas da TviTon
saxelmwifoc Tavis Tavad niSnavda stipendiebs da anTavisuflebda
swavlis gadasaxadisgan” (rubikoni 1923h46: 3).
tician tabiZe miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom revoluciis Semdgom
sabWoTa mTavrobam TiTqos ki gamoacxada sayovelTao ufaso swavleba,
magram Tavi iCina mankierma tendenciam - xelisuflebi exmarebodnen da
lobirebas uwevdnen Tavisianebs, rac, samwuxarod, 21-e saukunis
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisTvisac ar aRmoCnda ucxo.
marTlac didi siTamame sWirdeboda im wlebSi bolSevikebis Sesaxeb
aseTi simarTlis Tqmas: `mmarTveli partia... exmareba pirvel yovlisa
Tavis partiul xalxs... partiuli organizaciebi uniSnaven stipendiebs
Tavis uRaribess wevrebs... asi aTasze meti axalgazrdoba rCeba skolis
gareSe da sabWoTa mTavroba, romelmac ganacxada, rom aT welSi erTi
werakiTxvis ucodinari ar unda iyos sakavSiro respublikaSio, ara Tu
mozrdilTa werakiTxvis ucodinarobis likvidacias ver asdis,
iZulebulia bavSvebi dastovos Skolis gareSe...~ (rubikoni 1923h47: 3).
79
tician tabiZis am werilSi warmoCndeba mniSvnelovani istoriuli
figura – beniamin (benia) CxikviSvili. me-20 saukunis dasawyisis
socialur-demokratiuli moZraobis erT-erT liders benia CxikviSvils
saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi ekava Tbilisis meris
Tanamdeboba (1919–1920 wlebSi). rogorc tician tabiZis werilidan vigebT,
Tbilisis meris pozitiuri saqmianobis nawili iyo qarTveli
studentobisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenac: `am oTxi wlis win piradaT
maSindelma qalaqis Tavma b. CxikviSvilma misca maT saukeTeso kafe,
erevnis moedanze... sadac moewyo studentebis sasadilo; igive CxikviSvili
sasadilos fuliTac exmareboda. dRes iq ukve daroJnkovis manufaqturis
maRaziaa da lotos saTamaSo... dRes aravin ar kiTxulobs riTi
sazrdoobs auarebeli axalgazrdoba umaRless saswavleblebSi”
(rubikoni 1923h48: 3).
rogorc cnobilia, beniamin CxikviSvili 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis
mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg menSevikuri mTavrobis sxva wevrebTan
erTad wavida safrangeTSi, xolo 1923 wels dabrunda saqarTveloSi,
raTa monawileoba mieRo 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebaSi. is daapatimres,
sulierad ver gatexes da sikvdiliT dasajes 1924 wels. beniamin
CxikviSvilis saxelis da Rvawlis keTilad xseneba tician tabiZis
principulobis, simarTlis erTgulebis STambeWdav gamoxatulebad unda
miviCnioT.
axali – bolSevikuri drois Sesaxeb tician tabiZe wers, rom is
`yvelaze uwin studentebs da poetebs moeCvena Tavis grimasiT” (rubikoni
1923h49: 3).Aavtori am ori kategoriis adamianebs Soris sulier naTesaobas
amCnevda da maT miiCnevda yvelaze daucvel, realobasTan mourgebel
adamianebad sabWoTa saqarTveloSi.
tician tabiZe ramdenjerme imeorebs mosazrebas, rom mTavroba `ver
gaswvdeba am saqmis mogvarebas Tu yovelma moqalaqem Tavis Tavze ar
aiRo mzrunveloba studentobaze – aq aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi
iniciativa” (rubikoni 1923h50: 3).
statiis Sejamebisas avtori Tanamedrove publicistis saqmiani
toniT mimarTavs isev da isev sazogadoebas, radgan mTavrobis imedi ar
aqvs. Mmisi mizandasaxulobaa, moaxdinos qarTuli ganaTlebuli
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sazogadoebis konsolidacia axalgazrdobis, studentobis gadasarCenad –
`saWiroa daarsdes centrSi da periferiebSi studentTa daxmxmare
sazogadoebebi, saWiroa TviTon studentebisgan Seiqmnas urTierTdamxmare
sazogadoeba, da agreTve yoveli kuTxis saTvistomoebi, saWiroa poetebi,
mwerlebi, artistebi da sazogado moRvaweni Caeban am saqmeSi~ (rubikoni
1923h51: 3).
me-19 saukunis qarTveli 60-ianelebis cnobilma Sexedulebam poetis
sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb _ ,,rom erisa moZme viyo Wmunvasa
da sixarulSi” (WavWavaZe 2012a: 58) mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina
TviT modernistul-avangardistuli orientaciis qarTvel mwerlebzec.
tician tabiZis es statiac, mTel mis publicistikasTan erTad, mowmobs,
rom cisferyanweli poeti, romelic adreul axalgazrdobaSi sakmaod
gaucxoebulad aRiqvamda TergdaleulTa memkvidreobas, mogvianebiT maT
msgavsad mimarTavs SemoqmedebiT Zalisxmevas mtkivneuli erovnul-
socialuri problemebis gaazrebisa da gadaWrisaken.
81
V Tavi
werilebi qarTvel xelovanTa socialuri problemebis Sesaxeb
5.1. ”fondi xelovnebisTvis”
(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №12 - 25.09.1922.)
statia `fondi xelovnebisTvis~ mZafri publicisturi muxtiT aris
dawerili, Sefasebebi principulia da misamarTi konkretuli: `xelovnebis
saqme CvenSi katastrofis win aris damdgari. unda aSkarad iTqvas, rom
dRevandlamde am saqmisTvis ar gakeTebula rame iseTi, romelsac
saxelmwifo masStabiT hqondes gamarTleba~ (baxtrioni 1922i: 1). avtori
iTxovs am sakiTxis saxelmwifoebriv mogvarebas _ misi azriT, mxolod
konkretuli adamianebis kerZo iniciativis meSveobiT SeuZlebelia
Tanamedrove xelovnebis gadarCena da, miT ufro, aRorZineba, ganviTareba.
avtors aucileblad miaCnia `xelovnebis fondis~ Seqmna,
gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadis daweseba xelovanTa kavSirebis
sasargeblod, `rom maT arsebobas mieces azri..., Torem ise ra saWiroa
es kavSirebi, Tu mxolod nominalurad iarsebeben”(baxtrioni 1922k: 1).
aucilebelia SevniSnoT, rom jer ar damdgara is dro, rodesac
SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi mTlianad moeqca mmarTveli reJimis,
komunisturi partiis diqtatis wnexqveS da Camoyalibda am reJimis erT-
erT Zlier instrumentad, SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis daTrgunvis
iaraRad da romelmac 1937 wlis represiebis dros umZimesi roli
Seasrula swored am xelovani adamianebis ganadgurebaSi.
aq xazgasmas saWiroebs erTi garemoeba _ tician tabiZe imas ki ar
moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifom Tavis kmayofaze aiyvanos qarTveli
xelovanebi, arCinos isini. avtoris survilia, xelovanebs SeeqmnaT iseTi
pirobebi, rodesac maT eqnebaT saSualeba, Tavisuflad ganaviTaron
sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi potenciali, icxovron da imuSaon Rirseulad _
saxelmwifosgan is moiTxovs ara wyalobas, aramed SemoqmedebiTi Sromis
xelSewyobas da adekvatur anazRaurebas: `marTalia, saxelmwifom
dauniSna zogierT damsaxurebul mecnierebs da xelovanT pensiebi, magram
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saqme ise unda moewyos, rom TviTon profesia iyos amuSavebuli, yvela
xom ver miiRebs pensiebs da zogisTvis es Tavmoyvareobis da principis
sakiTxic aris” (baxtrioni 1922l: 1).
unda iTqvas, rom am dros sabWoTa saxelmwifos Tavisi namdvili
saxe jer bolomde ar gamouCenia, jer ar damdgara is dro, rodesac
materialuri anazRaurebis safasurad ideologiur morCilebas
moiTxoven; jer kidev SesaZlebelia, poets gulubryvilod egonos, rom
sabWoTa saxelmwifosgan uangaro daxmarebas miiRebs.
yvelaze saintereso am werilSi mainc is aris, rom aq tician tabiZe
arsebiTad wamoWris masobrivi komerciuli xelovnebis problemas,
romelic dRes kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda. is msjelobs, ra gavlena
moaxdina e.w. `nep”-ma – ekonomikaSi axali politikis gatarebam _
Tanamedrove kulturaze, xelovnebaze da aRniSnavs, rom moxda maTi
komercializacia, daqvemdebareba, damorCileba masobrivi gemovnebisadmi _
`axal ekonomikur politikas saqme mxolod unda gamoekeTebina _ Cven ki
vxedavT ukuRma proporcias... lamis am axalma ekonomikurma politikam
sruliad gaanadguros xelovneba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo” (baxtrioni
1922m: 1).
tician tabiZe e.w. `nep”-is mier motanil, damkvidrebul xelovnebas
aRiqvams rogorc aReb-micemobis, wvrilburJuaziuli urTierTobebis
Tanmdev xelovnebis surogats. es `xelovneba~ saRdeba, iyideba, radgan
,,momxmareblis”, farTo masebis gemovnebas akmayofilebs; iwyeba
esTetikuri gemovnebis degradireba, xelovnebis aRqmisTvis saWiro faqiz
mgrZnobelobas STanTqavs nepmanuri fsiqologia, `nep”-is diqtati: `nepo”-m
moiTxova Tavis Janri xelovnebis da dRes mxolod kabares stilis
xelovnebas aqvs gasavali. xelovnebisTvis es yvelaze ufro saSiSaria,
amas SeuZlia xelovnebas sruliad daukargos Rirseba~ (baxtrioni 1922n:
1).
meore saSiSroeba, romelic imdroindel qarTul xelovnebas
emuqreboda, tician tabiZis azriT, iyo proletaruli kulturis
(proletkultis) moZaleba. rogorc cnobilia, es iyo Zaladoba
xelovnebis mimarT, rac moiTxovda xelovnebis mkveTr ideologizebas,
83
misTvis sworxazovani tendenciurobis Tavsmoxvevas (totalitarizmi...:
2010).
proletkultis ideologia eyrdnoboda `klasobrivi kulturis~
cnebas, romelic arsebiTad imas gulisxmobda, rom xelovnebis nebismier
nawarmoebs unda gamoexata erTaderTi klasis _ proletariatis _
interesebi da msoflmxedveloba. proletariats esaWiroeboda sakuTari
kulturis Seqmna, romelic plakaturad da paTetikurad gamosaxavda
mSromelTa masebis yoveldRiur standartizebul Sromas da yofas. `Cven
uSualod vuaxlovdebiT raRac marTlac axal kombinirebul xelovnebas,
sadac ukana planze aRmoCndebian wminda adamianuri demonstraciebi,
ubadruki Tanamedrove farisevluri saxiobani da kameruli musika. Cven
mivemarTebiT saganTa aqamde arnaxuli obieqturi demonstraciisken,
meqanizebuli brbosa da sulisSemZvreli Ria grandiozulobisken,
romelic ar cnobs arafers intimursa da liriuls” – werda im wlebSi
proletkultis erT-erTi mTavari ideologi aleqsei gastevi (gastevi:
1919). es arsebiTad moaswavebda totalitaruli reJimis dიqtatis
damyarebas kulturaze.
Atician tabiZe statiaSi `fondi xelovnebisaTvis~ saubrobs im
gamouval mdgomareobaze, romelic seriozul xelovnebas eqmneboda: `am
SemTxvevaSi loRikurad iSleba winaaRmdegoba. erTi mxriv, proletaruli
kultura iTxovs mxolod Tavis klasikur xelovnebas, meore mxriv, `nepo~
kidev Tavis surogats, namdvili xelovneba ki _ is maradi Rirebulebis
Semqmneli _ orive SemTxvevaSi gariyuli rCeba” (baxtrioni 1922o: 2).
Oorive momakvdinebeli saSiSroeba, romelTa winaSe aRmoCnda
Tanamedrove qarTuli kultura, xelovneba da romlebsac statiis avtori
analitikurad akvirdeba da warmoaCens, _E xelovnebis `gasasaRebel~
(baxtrioni 1922p: 2) saqonlad qcevac da xelovnebis ideologizacia,
ideologiur iaraRad qcevac _ kulturis gamasobrivebas gulisxmobda. im
periodis sabWoeTSi realur safrTxes, cxadia, xelovnebis
ideologizacia ufro warmoadgenda.
proletaruli xelovnebis _ maskulturis nairsaxeobis _ meSveobiT
dიqtatorul reJims unda waremarTa adamianTa erTgvarovan, mdabio,
agresiul masad qcevis procეsi.
84
Ggasagebia, rom tician tabiZe antipaTiurad ekideba maskulturas,
romelic farTo masebis gemovnebas da moTxovnilebebs aris morgebuli
da moklebulia azris, grZnobis siRrmes da sifaqizes, formis simdidres
da daxvewilobas, imas, rac warmoadgens namdvili xelovnebis Rirsebebs
da ris winaSეc qeds ixridnen cisferyanwelebi.
`saWiroa meti dafiqreba, rom surogatma ar gamoacxados Tavis
gegemonia, romelic samudamoთ daRupavs xelovnebas” (baxtrioni 1922J: 2)
_ daaskvnis avtori. samwuxarod, tician tabiZis es erTgvari
winaswarmetყveleba axda _ surogatma marTlac moipova hegemonuri
mdgomareoba.
Aam statiis gamoqveynebis Semdeg gazeT ,,baxtrionSi”, № 14 _
09.10.1922 _ tician tabiZe kvlav ubrundeba SemoqmedebiTi Sromis
xelSewyobis Temas. statiaSi ,,lataria xelovnebisTvis” irkveva, rom
xelovanTa kavSiris mTavar komitets hqonia msjeloba xelovanTa fondis
Seqmnis Sesaxeb da zogierTi praqtikuli nabijic gadaudgams. mas
mounaxavs materialuri xelSewyobis erT-erTi aseTi saSualeba _ mTel
saqarTveloSi gaemarTa momgebiani latarea. komitetis gadawyvetileba
emyareboda im mosazrebas, rom qarTuli xelovnebis mxardaWera qarTveli
xalxis sazrunavi unda yofiliyo da ,,ise aravis ar daewveba guli,
rogorc imave xalxs... amisTvis saWiro moraluri TanagrZnoba yovelTvis
arsebobda Cven xalxSi” (baxtrioni 1922r: 2).
tician tabiZe yovelTvis aris xalxisa da mwerlobis, xalxisa da
xelovanTa urTierTdaxmarebis, urTierTxelSewyobis momxre. sabWoTa
xelisuflebisagan samowyalod mowodebul daxmarebas mas yovelTvis
urCevnia, rom qarTveli xalxi TviTon uangarod edgas mxarSi Tavis
kulturas: ,,rom es saqme TviTon xalxma miiRos Tavis Tavze da ar
Caaqros mraval saukuniani eris kultura” (baxtrioni 1922s: 2).
tician tabiZe operirebs publicistikis Janrobriv-gamomsaxveli
saSualebebiT da maTi meSveobiT statiis paToss ufro efeqturs, xolo
frazas, intonacias ufro metyvels da momTxovns xdis. am SemTxvevaSi es
saSualebaa SekiTxvis, ritorikuli kiTxvis dasma, rasac avtorisave
principuli pasuxi mosdevs: ,,CvenTvis gasakviria, ratom am xnis
85
ganmavlobaSi ar iqna es moxseneba damtkicebuli? vis edeba amaSi brali
_ dawesebulebaTa biurokratizms, Tu TviTon komitetis daudevrobas?
...am saqmis dayovneba safrTxeSi agdebs qarTul xelovnebas”(baxtrioni
1922t: 2).
qarTul xelovnebaze Tavdadebuli zrunva publicist tician
tabiZisTvis moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsis demonstrirebis kidev erT
saSualebad iqca.
5.2. ”xelovnebis sasaxle”
(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №15 – 16.10.1922)
tician tabiZe gazeT `baxtrionSi” agrZelebs statiaTa cikls
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos mxridan xelovnebis mxardasaWerad. avtors
miaCnia, rom kulturis ganviTareba saxelmwifos funqciaa da mxolod
kerZo iniciativiT, calkeuli mecenatis ZalisxmeviT SeuZlebelia
mniSvnelovani Zvrebis ganxorcieleba, mZlavri ganmaaxlebeli impulsebis
warmoSoba xelovnebaSi. Aavtori ramdenime mniSvnelovani saqmiani
iniciativiT gamodis.
`qarTvel artistebsa da mwerlebisTvis didi xnis ausrulebeli
ocneba iyo hqonodaT TavianTi saxli, sadac maT SesZlebodaT
erTmaneTTan urTierToba da saerTo saqmiT daintereseba. TiTqmis yvela
kulturul qveynebSi aris aseTi saxlebi da klubebi da metia laparaki
imaze, rom amas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda TviTeul eris xelovnebis
aRorZinebaSi” (baxtrioni 1922:u 1) – mkiTxvelisTvis sevdismomgvrelia es
sityvebi imis gamo, rom maTSi gamosWvivis demokratiuli cnobierebis
mqone adamianis swrafva Cveni kulturuli cxovrebis evropeizaciisken,
es ki SeuZlebeli iyo bolSevikuri diqtaturis pirobebSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es e. w. `nep~-is wlebia, rodesac sul ramdenime
wliT Seiqmna sabWoTa sistemis erTgvari liberalizaciis iluzia da
albaT swored amitom gaxda SesaZlebeli apelacia `kulturul
qveynebze” – im Tavisufal da civilizebul sivrceze, romelsac
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Sinaganad mieltvodnen da romelsac akuTvnebdnen kidec sakuTar Tavs
qarTveli `cisferyanwelebi”.
5.3. `specebis kuriozi”
(gazeTi ,,rubikoni”, №15 – 23.09.1923).
tician tabiZis es statia gazeT `rubikonSia~ (#15, 1923 w.) dabeWdili
da, rogorc saTauridan Cans, anomaliur socialur movlenas exeba,
romlisgan Cveni Tanamedroveobac ar aris dazRveuli.
rogorc werilidan vigebT, xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargis
gansaviTareblad ucxoeTidan sagangebod mowveul specialistebs
`specebs” uwodebdnen. swored am `specebis” anazRaurebis Sefardebas
qarTveli profesionalebis mizerul anazRaurebasTan miiCnevs tician
tabiZe kuriozulad.
avtors meti damajereblobisTvis mohyavs konkretuli magaliTebi,
misi msjeloba faqtebs eyrdnoba: `tiflisSi aris kino Teatris reJisori
i. n. perestiani (me mas piradaT vicnob da kargis meti masze ar SemiZlia
vsTqva rame)... is iRebs TveSi jamagirs 850 maneTs CervoneciT saxelmwifo
kino trestidan... vis unda hqondes amis winaaRmdeg rame. piriqiT, Cven
dainteresebuli varT kino warmoeba ganviTardes saqarTveloSi”
(rubikoni 1923h34: 1).
aseTive `speci” yofila saxelmwifo operis TeatrSi mowveuli axali
tenori – mosini, italiidanac moelodnen momRerlebs da 300 maneTze
naklebs aravin jerdeboda.
tician tabiZe, cxadia, kmayofilebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom
Rirseuli materialuri anazRaureba aqvT Tbilisis stumrebs, romelTac
Cveni qveynis ganviTarebaSi SehqondaT wvlili, `magram sad aris
samarTali, rom qarTul dramaSi sami reJisori – sandro axmeteli,
mixeil qoreli da akaki faRava iReben 30 saqonlis maneTs” (rubikoni
1923h35: 1).
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Camosul da adgilobriv xelovanTa anazRaurebas Soris aseTi
TvalSisacemi disproporcia, etyoba, ara marto tician tabiZis, aramed
bevri sxva qarTveli xelovanis aRSfoTebas iwvevda.
es aRSfoTeba, cxadia, ar iyo gamowveuli qarTvel xelovanTa
mxolod finansuri diskriminaciiT. Ees diskriminacia arsebiTad
gamoxatavda qarTvel xelovanTa SemoqmedebiTi srulfasovnebis
auRiareblobas, moaswavebda maT moralur damcirebas da dakninebas:
`gvgonia, rom aseTi damdableba xelfasis ar aris marto qarTveli
artistebis Tavmoyvareobis sakiTxia... es Cven yvelas gvexeba... gana imitom,
rom qarTul xelovnebas ar aqvs eris simciris gamo, didi rezonansi,
gana es sakmaoa imisTvis, rom saukeTeso artistebi SimSilobdnen”
(rubikoni 1923h36: 1).
rogorc Cans, xelisuflebas undoda qarTvel xelovanTaTvis
arasrulfasovnebis grZnoba Caenerga, raTa Semdeg ufro advilad
SeZleboda dabeCavebuli adamianebiT manipulireba: `gamodis, rom erTi
kinos reJisori an da erTi tenori ufro mets iRebs, vinem mTeli
qarTveli msaxiobebi reJisorebis mimatebiT... Cven darwmunebuli varT,
rom mTavroba angariSs gauwevs am anomalias” (rubikoni 1923h37: 1).
rogorc vxedavT, sabWoTa xelisuflebam sul ramdenime weliwadSi
anomaliuri gaxada saqarTvelos cxovreba.
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VI Tavi
werilebi xelovnebaze
6.1. musika _ ”zaqaria faliaSvili”
tician tabiZis werili – „zaqaria faliaSvili” (tabiZe 1966a: 103-
107), romelic qarTuli musikis klasikosis gardacvalebis wels (1933)
daibeWda, mniSvnelovani wvlilia, Setanili kritikul da kvleviT-
mecnierul „faliaSvilianaSi“.
cnobilia, rom faliaSvilis musikas imTaviTve aRtacebuli Sefaseba
misca mTelma qarTulma kulturulma sazogadoebam, kerZod ki, ivane
javaxiSvilma, kote marjaniSvilma, sandro axmetelma, agreTve ilia
zurabiSvilma, romelmac saTave daudo faliaSvilis Semoqmedebis
mecnierul kvlevas. samwuxarod, unda iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis es
saintereso werili, gasagebi mizezis gamo, ar figurirebs
faliaSvilisadmi miZRvnil im fundamentur musikismcodneobiT SromebSi,
romlebic ibeWdeboda 1940–50-ian wlebSi – tician tabiZis
reabilitaciamde. es xarvezi dRemde Seuvsebelia, rac sasurvelia,
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos faliaSvilisadmi miZRvnil momaval
musikismcodneobiT publikaciebSi.
zaqaria faliaSvilis gamosaTxovari werili SinaarsiT imdenad
mdidaria da imgvari SemoqmedebiTi gznebiT aris dawerili, rom is
scildeba viwro Janrul CarCos da musikalur-esTetikuri kvlevis saxes
iZens.
statiaSi, romelSic saubaria rogorc qarTuli xalxuri, aseve
profesiuli musikaluri Semoqmedebis Zireuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb,
xazgasmulia zaqaria faliaSvilis istoriuli roli qarTuli
musikaluri klasikis CamoyalibebaSi, Tanamedrove profesiuli qarTuli
musikis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaSi.
mniSvnelovania, rom qarTuli profesiuli musikis fesvebs tician
tabiZe qarTul xalxur musikaSi eZebs. marTlac, TviTon zaqaria
faliaSvili werda: `miznad davisaxe ra... memuSavna umTavresad qarTuli
erovnuli musikis aRorZinebasa da ganviTarebaze, me 15 wlis manZilze
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moviare TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelo, dawyebuli qarTliTa da kaxeTiT, da
damTavrebuli zogjer miuwvdomeli mTiani svaneTiT, vagrovebdi xalxur
simRerebsa da sagaloblebs” (toraZe 2010: 77).
dRes sayovelTaod gaziarebuli azria, rom operaSi `abesalom da
eTeri~ gamoxatuleba hpova ara marto misi avtoris, aramed, sazogadod,
qarTveli xalxis musikalurma geniam da rom faliaSvilis tragikuli
musikis pirquS sidiadeSi aisaxa mTeli qarTveli xalxis
mravalsaukunovani tanjva. Ees opera antikuri tragediuli xelovnebis
simaRlemdea ayvanili (donaZe: 1990).
rodesac tician tabiZe saubrobs qarTuli xalxuri musikis
individualur specifikaze, originalur paralels avlebs qarTul
xalxur poeziasTan _ ixsenebs yivCaRis Sexvedras qarTvel vaJkacTan
muxranis velze, anda vefxvisa da moymis leqss da maT puSkinisa da
Sileris baladebs utolebs. Aaseve originaluria paralelebi vagneris
da skriabinis – poetis sayvareli kompozitorebis – grandiozul
qmnilebebTan – `nibelungebTan” da `promeTes himnTan” (tabiZe 1966a: 103).
avtori, rogorc yovelTvis, avlens qarTuli kulturis TviTmyofadobis
gamokveTisken da misi evropuli xasiaTis warmoCenisken swrafvas.
werilis avtori msjelobs qarTuli xalxuri musikis Sedevrebze
(`xasanbegura”, `Cela” da sxv.), romelTa Soris svanur `liles~ masze
gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba mouxdenia: `gana marTla warRvnas ar
hgavda TbilisSi dadeSqelianisa da margianis svanebis qoros gamoCena?...
mxolod esaa, svaneTis mewyeri uecrad gaqra Tbilisidan da axlac
aravin icis, sad devs es madani” (tabiZe 1966a: 104).
ueWvelia, aseTi mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT mdidar xalxs ara erTi an
ori gamoCenili ostati unda hyavdes. ,,am saxelebiT mdidaria Cveni
musikac... gansakuTrebiT zaqaria faliaSvils ergo bedad yofiliyo
Tanamedrove operis pioneri da damamkvidrebeli. „abesalom da eTeriT“
iwyeba qarTuli operis istoria“ (tabiZe 1966a: 104) – wers tician tabiZe.
arsebiTad, es marTlac asea. Tumca, formalurad, „abesaloms“
qronologiurad uswrebda meliton balanCivaZis „Tamar cbieri“
(marTalia, daumTavrebeli), revaz gogniaSvilis „qristine“ (1918) da
90
dimitri arayiSvilis „Tqmuleba SoTa rusTavelze“ (1919) (qarTuli
musikis istoria: 1990).
sainteresoa msjeloba kompozitor niko sulxaniSvilis _ avtoris
SefasebiT, „niko firosmanis kaxeli oreulis“ (tabiZe 1966a: 104) _
Sesaxeb, romlis mimarTac prioriteti mainc zaqaria faliaSvils eniWeba,
radgan swored man „mogvca mTliani qarTuli musika, romelSic yvela
kuTxea gamoyenebuli, magram Sekrulia sastiki montaJiT” (tabiZe 1966a:
104).
cota ar iyos, subieqturad unda miviCnioT werilis avtoris
SeniSvna imis Sesaxeb, rom operebSi – „daisi” da „latavra” „SeiZleba
meti iyos ostatoba da masalis daufleba”, vidre ”abesalomSi” (tabiZe
1966a: 106). dRes qarTul musikismcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli da
aRiarebulia azri, rom opera „abesalom da eTeri“ uzado mxatvruli
ostatobiT aris Sesrulebuli.
tician tabiZis originaluri dakvirvebiT, am operaSi
gansaxierebulia qarTveli eris nacionaluri xasiaTi: `xalxma icno
Tavisi xma, icno da Seiyvara” (tabiZe 1966a: 106). misi azriT, esaa mizezi
imisa, rom `abesalomi” – `qarTuli operis saTave” – aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi 300-jer daidga saopero Teatris scenaze” (tabiZe 1966a: 106).
`genia ar aris eris movaleoba, _ ufro misi bednierebaa” (tabiZe
1966a: 104) – wers tician tabiZe. rogorc Cans, mas aRafrTovanebda
faliaSvilis sulSiCamwvdomi, siuJetis gmirul da patriotul
motivebTan Serwymuli lirikuli, romantikuli musika. is ixsenebs
nikoloz baraTaSvilis sityvebs poemidan `bedi qarTlisa”, rom is, rac
erTxel xalxis suls daaCndeba, saSviliSvilod gadaecema. Ppublicistis
azriT, zaqaria faliaSvilis Semoqmedeba samudamod aRibeWdeba
msmenelis, eris kulturul mexsierebaSi. da radgan baraTaSvili am
sityvebs krwanisis omSi daRupul gmirebs uZRvnis, amitom SesaZloa
vifiqroT, rom tician tabiZe faliaSvilis SemoqmedebiT Rvawls
samSoblosTvis Tavganwiruli adamianebis Rvawls, maT gmirobas adarebs
da utolebs. kompozitoris Tavdadebuli Sroma SemoqmedebiTi da
samoqalaqo gmirobis rangSia ayvanili.
91
unda iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis mgrZnobiare, emociuri teqsti
aRbeWdilia avtoris natifi musikaluri alRoTi da wvdomiT.
STabeWdileba rCeba, rom is Sesrulebulia absoluturi musikaluri
smenis mqone profesionalis mier, romelic mkiTxvels sTavazobs niko
sulxaniSvilisa da meliton balanCivaZis musikis intonaciuri
specifikis, ivane faliaSvilis mier ganxorcielebuli operis
orkestrirebisa da zaqaria faliaSvilis musikaluri simfonizmis
kvalificiur analizs.
amave dros werili gamsWvalulia publicisturi mizandasaxulobiT,
romelic rac mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qarTul sazogadoebas gauRvivdes
erovnuli siamayis grZnoba da sakuTari Zalebis da SesaZleblobebis
rwmena.
6.2. Teatri - ,,kote marjaniSvili”
(tabiZe 1966a: 111-117)
,,durujis“ deklaracia”
(tabiZe 1966a: 300-307)
Tavis gamoCenil qarTvel Tanamedroveebs _ reJisor kote
marjaniSvils da sandro axmetels uZRvnis tician tabiZe statiebs _
`durujis deklaracia~-1924w. (tabiZe 1966a: 300-307) da `kote
marjaniSvili~-1933 w. (tabiZe 1966a: 111-117).
tician tabiZes xiblavs am adamianebis novatoruli buneba, maTi
daudgromeli xasiaTi, revoluciuri SemarTeba, is, rom `marjaniSvils
bevri ram Sexvedria da Tavs gadaxdomia cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis
gzaze” (tabiZe 1966a: 111). es is Tvisebebia, romlebic sulierad
anaTesavebda am did Semoqmedebs.
statiaSi `kote marjaniSvili” aris reJisorisadmi miZRvnili aseTi
pasaJi: `mas aqvs mozvavebuli mewyeris STagoneba da Tu zvavad wamovida,
ar gaCerdeba, sxvasac gaitans da TviTonac CainTqmeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 111).
am pasaJma SeuZlebelia mkiTxvels ar gaaxsenos statiis avtoris
cnobili poeturi striqonebi:
92
`me ar vwer leqsebs, leqsi TviTon mwers,
Cemi sicocxle am leqss Tan axlavs,
leqss me vuwodeb movardnil mewyers,
rom gagitans da cocxlad dagmarxavs~
(tabiZe 1982: 559).
tician tabiZes miaCnda, rom poeziaSi, xelovnebaSi stiqiuroba,
spontanuroba aris mTavari sawyisi da marjaniSvilis SemoqmedebaSic am
sawyiss xedavs da afasebs.
Ppoets izidavs reJisorisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `daudegroba,
gaafTreba da Tavganwiruloba“ (tabiZe 1966a: 112), anu is, ramac
`cisferyanwelTa“ ordenis poetur amboxs misca impulsi da swored
amgvari Tanxmiereba ganapirobebda, rogorc Cans, tician tabiZis
aRfrTovanebas kote marjaniSviliT.N
`cisferyanwelTa~ SemoqmedebiT kredos da poetur msoflaRqmas,
esTetikas erTgvarad exmianeba tician tabiZis msjeloba marjaniSvilis
Teatraluri koncefciis Sesaxeb _ `misTvis Teatri ar iyo erTi
romelime Teatri, misTvis mTeli qveyana iyo erTi uzarmazari Teatri da
TviTonac, rogorc reJisori, yvelgan iyo, sadac ki Teatris
Tavbrudamxvevi mtveri dadgeboda“ (tabiZe 1966a: 112). uneblieT
gagaxsendeba tician tabiZis poeturi striqoni leqsidan `qaldeas
balagani~ _ `Cemi samSoblo _ saqarTvelo _ sxva Teatria~ (qarTuli
poezia 1982: 495). `cisferyanwelebisTvisac~ da kote marjaniSvilisTvisac
samyaro, qveyana, adamianTa cxovreba warmodgeboda Teatrad – sanaxaobad,
saxiobad, niRbebis TamaSad...
sandro axmetelis da kote marjaniSvilis daudegarma bunebam, maTma
brZolam Teatraluri rutinis winaaRmdeg da ganaxlebisken, novaciisken
swrafvam gamoxatuleba hpova 1924 wels maT garSemo Semokrebili
axalgazrduli Teatraluri koleqtivis _ `durujis~ SeqmnaSi.
rusTavelis Teatris msaxiobTa korporacia `durujis~ saxelwodeba
warmodgeba mdinare durujisgan, romelic kote marjaniSvilis
mSobliuri soflis _ yvarlis – mdinarea. tician tabiZe marjaniSvilis
da misi axalgazrduli dasis temperaments mdinare durujis moulodnel
wyaluxvobas da stiqiur Zalas adarebs _ `kaxeTSi Cemi TvaliT minaxavs,
93
rom am patara mTis mdinares kldeebi dauxeTqia da iseTi ciklopuri
lodebi Camoutania, adamiani verc ki daijerebs aseTi warRvnis
datrialebas~ (tabiZe 1966a: 112).
korporacia `duruji~ miznad isaxavda Teatris SemoqmedebiTi
cxovrebis da organizaciuli formebis gardaqmnas. igi brZolas
ucxadebda Zvel, dromoWmul Teatralur stils. es axalgazrduli
korporacia aRsavse iyo novatoruli suliskveTebiT. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas ,,cisferyanwelTa“ poeturi kredos Sesaxeb.
,,durujis“ modernistuli ideebi stiqioniviT daatyda Tavs
imdroindeli Tbilisis dune da provinciul Teatralur cxovrebas da
tician tabiZe enTuziazmiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTgvari TavganwirviT
daudga gverdiT am korporacias: `Teatri ar aris is, rac nacionaluri
sircxvilia: erovnul tipad miviRoT naleqi kintoebisa da
yaraCoRelebisa?.. es aris marTla Tavis dasamareba. Cven,
`cisferyanwelebma~, pirvelad SemoviReT `arSin mal alanis~ warmodgenis
dangreva aqac da provinciaSic... es Cveni esTetikuri da erovnuli
siamayis moTxovnileba iyo~ (tabiZe 1966a: 303) _ werda tician tabiZe
axali sareJisoro da Teatraluri koncefciis mxardasaWerad.
,,icavda ra ,,durujis” pozicias, tician tabiZe evropuli Teatris
pozicias icavda... arSin-mal-alanis modur aRmosavlur simRerebs
,,cisferyanwelebic“ da ,,durujelebic“ evropeizmis sapirispiro
movlenad miiCnevdnen“ _ wers Tetrmcodne vasil kiknaZe (kiknaZe 2003: 527).
`duruji~ upirispirdeboda primitiul Sexedulebas, romelic
Teatrs mxolod da mxolod gasarTobis funqcias utovebda da am
ubadruki Sexedulebis nacvlad amkvidrebda Teatris misiis humanistur
gagebas, Teatris maRal moqalaqeobriv paToss, maRalmxatvrulobas,
sadResaswaulo bunebas. es esTetika savsebiT gaiziara da mis dasacavad
xma aimaRla tician tabiZemac.
,,durujma“ Teatralur rutinas daupirispira sinTezuri Teatris
principi _ `Semdeg movida qimia, algebra formis, alqimia... reJisori,
artisti, dramaturgi... Teatrs miuyenes meti moTxovnilebebi... Cveni
artistebis pirvel Taobas mohyva uniWo Taoba. SesaZlebelia niWi
imdenad kidev ar akldaT, ramdenadac kultura, Zieba da teqnikuri
94
miRwevebi~ (tabiZe 1966a: 303) _ rogorc vxedavT, absoluturad kanonier,
bunebriv pretenziebs uyenebs axali esTetika Zvel Teatrs. tician
tabiZis azriT, ar SeiZleba axali saqmis gakeTeba, Tu Zvels ar eTqva
uari: `yoveli axali Zala da mimarTuleba xelovnebaSi gamodis
kadnierebiT da metis moTxovniT _ es yvelasaTvis cxadia, _ mwerlobas,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, es axsovs dawyebuli berZenTa kosmogonis hesiodedan,
da gaTavebuli frang dadaist tristan tcaramde. kadnieri da Seupovari
iyo romantizmi, naturalizmi, simbolizmi, futurizmi, da dRes evropaSi
TiTqmis imdeni skolaa, ramdeni mxatvaricaa da poetic~(tabiZe 1966a: 301).
aq tician tabiZe Cvens winaSe warmodgeba rogorc moazrovne,
romelic saqarTveloSi evropuli standartis damkvidrebas cdilobs,
radgan swored evropuli kulturaa dinamiuri da individualisturi,
masSi yovel xelovans Tavisi gamorCeuli xma, saxe moeTxoveba; swored
evropuli arCevania ganaxleba da radikaluri cvlilebebi, swrafva
progresisken, rac anaTesavebda kote marjaniSvilis, sandro axmetelis
da `cisferyanwelTa~ SemoqmedebiT kredos. ,,cisferyanwelebs miaCndaT,
rom xalasi poeturi xma ikargeboda ugemovnebis zRvaSi. aseve
fiqrobdnenAdurujelebic. Oorive dajgufebam ukompromisod Seutia
Zvels. manifestebi iyo paTetikuri, rixiani, kadnieri, axalgazrdulad
gulwrfeli da Wabukurad mgznebare“ (kiknaZeN2003: 525).
tician tabiZis inteleqtualur-SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis Semajamebel
formulasaviT JRers misi sityvebi, romlebSic qarTuli kulturis
modernizaciis da universalizaciis aucileblobaa gamokveTili: ”nu
viqnebiT karCaketilebi: msoflio radiusiT gaimarTos xazi qarTuli
xelovnebis da maT Soris, Teatrisac“ (tabiZe 1966a: 307).
`Zvelis dangreva da uaryofa ar aris danaSauli, _ erovnuli
aRorZineba swored amazea damokidebuli... qarTveli eri imiT aris
gamarjvebuli, rom yovelTvis ganaxlebis gzas adgas, Torem isedac
grZeli istoria nacrad aqcevda~ (tabiZe 1966a: 306). Zveli Taobis
Teatralebis dapirispireba kote marjaniSvilTan, agreTve korporacia
`durujTan~ Zalian hgavs e.w. `mamaTa da SvilTa brZolas~ XIX s. 60-70-ian
wlebSi, romlis ZiriTadi arsi iyo cxovrebis patriarqalur-feodaluri
wesis, kulturis, mwerlobis gaqvavebuli formebis damcveli `mamebis~ da
95
cxovrebis, kulturis ganaxlebisken Tavgadadebulad mswrafveli axali
Taobis _ `Svilebis~ _ Seurigebeli dapirispireba. es dapirispireba
umTavresad literaturis sferoSi gamovlinda, magram, faqtobrivad,
moicavda socialuri cxovrebisa da kulturis yvela sferos (qarTuli...
1984: 348). `patriotoba da qarTveloba nu iqneba RonemixdilTa
monopolia. erTxel grigol orbelians egona, rom ilia WavWavaZe
angrevda saqarTvelos, magram is novatori darCa qarTvelobis
dauCrdilvel kolosad~ (tabiZe 1966a: 306).
dRes, rodesac TiTqmis mTeli saukune gavida 1924 wels tician
tabiZis statiis - ,,durujis“ deklaraciis“ daweris Semdeg, sruliad
cxadia, rom tician tabiZe yvelaze progresuli ideebis da yvelaze
niWieri adamianebis damcvelad mogvevlina. `modis axalgazrdoba,
romelmac Segnebulad iwama kote marjaniSvilis misia Teatris
ganaxlebis (aqedan paroli `duruji~). mieciT saSualeba Tqvan Tavisi
sityva: sandro axmeteli, Tamar WavWavaZe, veriko anjafariZe, akaki vasaZe,
akaki xorava, uSangi CxeiZe, Salva RambaSiZe, dodo anTaZe... ra iqneba
qarTuli Teatri, rom eseni gamovricxoT: me vambob Tanamedrove Teatrze.
Zvelebs rad unda swyindeT, rom maTi meTodi Zvelia, maTi kunTebi
moiRalnen...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 306).
dRes zemoCamoTvlili msaxiobebi qarTuli Teatris korifeebad
iTvlebian da maT saxelebs yvela ukavSirebs qarTuli erovnuli Teatris
renesanss. magram im dReebSi, rogorc CvenSi xdeba xolme, maT usamarTlo
kritika da Seuracxyofa ar mohklebiaT: `yvelas axsovs, ra iyo es
warmodgena [igulisxmeba kote marjaniSvilis mier dadgmuli speqtakli –
lope de vegas `cxvris wyaro~, laurensia _ Tamar WavWavaZe _ m.t.], rogor
gadasxvaferda Teatri jadoqari novatoris xelSi... dekoraciebi, musika _
yvelaferi axali iyo da yvelaferi sunTqavda ganaxlebiTa da
aRorZinebiT.N es warmodgena gadaiqca demonstraciad da mitingad~
(tabiZe 1966a: 115).
alaparakda presac da sazogadoebas gauCnda Zlieri interesi axali
Teatris mimarT. qarTul warmodgenebs ucxoelebic eswrebodnen da
Teatri iqca ganuwyveteli, cxare diskusiebis sagnad: `mxolod Zveli
rutinerebi ar cxrebodnen... am warmodgenis meore dResve xelovnebis
96
sasaxleSi marTavdnen sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebs, da axal Teatrs
naTlavdnen jambazebis Teatrad... am Rames mxolod me da paolo iaSvili
vicavdiT kote marjaniSvils...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 115).
rogorc tician tabiZe sinanuliT wers, mas undoda mowinaaRmdege
banaks gamoekveTa Tavisi poziciebi, rom SemdgomSi SeZlebodaT
kamaTisTvis ufro principuli xasiaTis micema, magram, rogorc irkveva,
kamaTi ukve acdenili iyo principul xazs: sadac saWiro iyo sidinje da
analizi, iq mxolod `isteriuli gamZafreba~ yofila: `me axla arc
vasaxeleb am xalxs, radgan dRes TviTonac SercxvebaT TavianTi
CamorCenilobisa~(tabiZe 1966a: 115).
samwuxaro realobaa. retrogradebis brZola novatorebTan xSirad
Trgunavs axlismaZiebel da enTuziazmiT savse axalgazrdobas, magram,
sabednierod, am SemTxvevaSi kote marjaniSvilis mtkice xasiaTma da
Seupovrobam sZlia Surian karCaketilobasa da SezRudulobas.
isev tician tabiZis metafora gvaxsendeba, sadac is marjaniSvilis
xasiaTs mdinare durujis Tvisebebs adarebs _ `amaod cdilobdnen
yvarlelebi mdinarisaTvis dambebi daegoT: adidebuli duruji
nacarmtvers adenda am dambebs da aforiaqebuli milekavda xeobas~
(tabiZe 1966a: 112).
aseTive daudgromeli da Tavdauzogavi ostatebi iyvnen kote
marjaniSvili da sandro axmeteli.
SeniSvnis saxiT gvinda davZinoT, rom, samwuxarod, mogvianebiT
korporacia `durujsa~ da marjaniSvils Soris Tavi iCina mwvave
konfliqtma da marjaniSvilma 1926 wels (tician tabiZis mier statiis
daweridan sul raRac oriode wlis Semdeg) Teatri datova, xolo
korporacia `duruji~ daiSala.
kote marjaniSvilis sikvdilis scena tician tabiZes raRac ucnauri
tkiviliT da TiTqos tragikuli winaTgrZnobiTac aqvs aRbeWdili:
`sikvdilma kote marjaniSvils Semoqmedebis qarbuqSi mouswro.
TebervalSi me viyavi moskovs... moskovidanac erTad vimgzavreT da
aqamdisac mgonia, rom erT matarebelSi vzivarT...” (tabiZe 1966a: 116).
97
6.3. ”rusTavelis Teatri”
(tabiZe 1966, t.2: 308-317),
tician tabiZis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani publikacia Teatris
Sesaxeb aris statia `rusTavelis Teatri~.
sayovelTaod cnobilia 1930-ian wlebSi rusTavelis TeatrTan
dakavSirebuli politikuri peripetiebi. am bolo dros Zalian bevri da
mniSvnelovani dokumenti gamoqveynda, romelic adasturebs imdroindeli
mmarTveli wreebis (upirvelesad lavrenti berias) sabediswero
dainteresebas am TeatriT _ misi SemoqmedebiTi koleqtiviT,
repertuariT, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT. ,,axmetels da bevr durujels
Zvirad daujdaT maSindeli damoukidebloba. ,,durujis” gverdiT verc
partiuli ujredi da verc komkavSiri veras gaawyobdnen. beria Tavis
werilSi pirdapir faSistur organizacias uwodebs maT, radgan isini ar
scnobdnen zemdgom organoebs”- vkiTxulobT Tetrmcodne vasil kiknaZis
wignSi (kiknaZe 2003: 540).
tician tabiZis statia ,,rusTavelis Teatri“ 1930 welsaa dawerili
da aq TiTqos ukve igrZnoba represiebis moaxloeba. `qarTuli drama male
centralur sakiTxad iqca qarTuli xelovnebis politikaSi da dRemde
aqtiur sakiTxad rCeba, magram aqve aSkara iyo, rom gamZafrebul zrdas
moyveboda aucilebeli mtkivani adgilebis gaxsna~ (tabiZe 1966a: 309).
marjaniSvilis da axmetelis oponentebi acxadebdnen, eseni kargi
reJisorebi ki arian, `magram Teatrs reJisorebi ver Seqmniano~; maTi
meore Tezisi aseTi iyo: `marTalia, moxda erTgvari formis
gadaxaliseba, ganaxleba, magram yvelaferi es xdeba ucxo meTodiT da
sad aris qarTuli erovnuli Teatrio~ (tabiZe 1966a: 309).
rogorc vxedavT, statiis avtori publicisturi simarTliT
warmoaCens, rogor ikvreboda wre marjaniSvilisa da axmetelis garSemo.
cnobilia, rom am orma novatorma reJisorma mTlianad daangria Zveli
patriarqaluri Teatris gaxevebuli principebi da Zlieri reJisoris
`diqtatura~ ganaxorciela. rogorc tician tabiZe wers, sabWoTa
ideologiis poziciebidan es Sefasda rogorc `mavne gadaxra~ (tabiZe
1966a: 309). TviT tician tabiZe ki sareJisoro “diqtaturis” mxardamWerad
98
gvevlineba: `sxvanairad SeuZlebeli iyo reJisoris avtoritetis
dadgineba da ganmtkiceba; aman didi dadebiTi roli iTamaSa” (tabiZe
1966a: 309).
tician tabiZis amgvari Ria mxardaWera reJisorebisadmi, romelTac
ukve `mavneblobaSi~ sdebdnen brals da romelTagan erTi _ kote
marjaniSvili _ sul male, faqtobrivad, gaZevebuli iqneboda qarTuli
Teatridan, xolo meore _ sandro axmeteli _ daxvretili, statiis
avtoris Tamam, ukompromiso nabijad unda CaiTvalos.
cxadia, sabWoTa Teatris `meurveebs~ arc reJisorTa namdvili da
SeubRalavi avtoriteti mosdiodaT TvalSi da arc maTi novatoruli
evropeistuli Teatraluri eqsperimentebi. ,,axmetelis gamorCeuli
Sturmebi qarTveli xalxis artistuli bunebis gamosavlenad, misi
siRrmiseuli svlebi eris sanaxaobiTi kulturis saTaveebTan,
cisferyanwelTa aRtacebas iwvevda” (kiknaZe 2003: 532).
magram yvelaze mtkivneuli sxva ram iyo: `Teatri pirispir miadga
ufro wyeul sakiTxebs _ es sakiTxebia: repertuarisa, erovnulobisa da
revolucionurobisa~ (tabiZe 1966a: 310). cxadia, rom samive es `wyeuli~
sakiTxi ukavSirdeboda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier Teatris
propagandistul manqanad qcevis survils.
literaturas da xelovnebas _ kinos, mxatvrobas, musikas da
gansakuTrebiT Teatrs sabWoTa ideologia yovelTvis akisrebda
masobrivi propagandis funqcias. rodesac kinoxelovneba masebze Zlier
zegavlenas jer kidev ver axdenda, ar arsebobda masobrivi propagandis
iseTi Zlieri saSualeba, rogoricaa televizia, Teatris
propagandistuli roli gansakuTrebuli iyo. Teatri uSualo kontaqtSi
Sedis publikasTan, mas gaaCnia iseTi Zlieri iaraRi, rogoricaa sityva.
sityvis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeboda uxeSi zemoqmedeba `koleqtiur
qvecnobierze~ da masebi ufro advilad dasamorCileblebi da samarTavebi
xdebodnen.
rusTavelis Teatric unda Camdgariyo xelisuflebis samsaxurSi da
moexdina masebis konsolidacia komunisturi ideebis garSemo.
tician tabiZis statia Aamgvar konteqstSia gansaxilveli.
99
problema, romelic aq kulturologiur planSia ganxiluli,
kulturologiur-TeatrmcodneobiTi rakursiTaa danaxuli, rusTavelis
Teatris repertuarisa da Teatris mayurebelTan urTierTobis dilemebs
moicavs. avtori saubrobs qarTuli Teatris tradiciis or magistralur
mimarTulebaze _ heroikulze da komediurze. erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan heroikul speqtaklad tician tabiZe miiCnevs al.
sumbaTaSvilis `Ralats~ da mis `momyol dramebs~, xolo komediuri
Janris speqtaklebad _ a. cagarlis `xanumas~ da mis msgavs warmodgenebs.
istoriuli drama `Ralati~ saqarTvelos gmiruli warsulis
nostalgiuri gaxsenebaa. rusTavelis Teatris speqtaklSi tragikulad
Seferili romantikuli paTosi erwymoda WeSmarit realizms, msaxiobebi
TamaSobdnen mgznebare temperamentiT, xolo reJisoris patriotuli
saTqmeli mayureblis sayovelTao aRfrTovanebas iwvevda.
meore mxriv, TeatrSi idgmeboda ugemovno, dabali mxatvruli
Rirebulebis warmodgenebi, romlebic izidavda farTo masebs,
ukmayofilebda sicilis primitiul fiziologiur moTxovnilebas da
arTobda maT. akademiuri Teatris amgvari daknineba aRaSfoTebs tician
tabiZes da is aSiSvlebs am samwuxaro movlenis fesvebs: `Cven axla ar
SevudgebiT imis garkvevas, Tu rogor moxda, rom Tbilisis
eTnografiuli naleqi erovnul saZirkvlad iqca, da kinto kidev
erovnul gmirad,... _ magram saqme is aris, rom am xaziT warimarTa Semdeg
qarTuli opera `qeTo da kote~, ... da Zvel rusTavelis Teatrsac uwia
jer uvnebeli `mzis dabnelebiT~ da Semdeg `dezertirkiT~ da `amerikeli
ZiiT~, romelsac verc gasabWoebam uSvela da verc axalma reJisorulma
xerxebma, radgan fesvebi sxvagan hqonda gamdgari~ (tabiZe 1966a: 311).
naTelia, rom rafinirebuli literaturuli gemovnebis mqone
`cisferyanwel~ poets aRizianebs da Trgunavs rusTavelis Teatris
mizanmimarTuli degradaciac, msaxiobTa TamaSis vulgaruli manerac,
repertuaris simwirec da mayureblis inteleqtualuri krizisic.
modernisti SemoqmedisTvis esTetikurad miuRebelia rogorc
fsevdopaTetikuri scenuri siyalbe da xelovnuri heroikul-isteriuli
stili, aseve saeWvo gemovnebis vodeviluri piesebi da msaxiobTa TamaSis
manera. `Tvalis dabrmaveba iqneba imis ar SemCneva, rom am warmodgenas
100
auarebeli xalxi eswreboda da Teatridan gamotanil intermediebis
kupletebs mTeli Tbilisi mReroda~ (tabiZe 1966a: 311). amgvar
speqtaklebs tician tabiZe miiCnevs mayureblis inteleqtualuri rangis
indikatorad.
rogorc statiidan Cans, saxelmwifos mxridan Teatris mimarT
tardeboda iseTi politika, rom repertuaris gaubraloebiT,
gaprimitiulebiT xalxis farTo masebis mozidva gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli
da advilad moxerxebuliyo seriozuli cxovrebiseuli problemebis
miCqmalva, mtkivneuli Temebis sazogadoebis yuradRebis miRma datoveba.
am speqtaklebze, rogorc Cans, `axalma~, naklebad ganaTlebulma
mayurebelma daiwyo daswreba da misi donis amaRleba TeatrisTvis axal
Znel problemad iqca: `am dadgmas hqonda kidev sxva mniSvnelobac: aq
pirvelad gausinjes pulsi axal mayurebels _ mayurebeli xom
TeatrisTvis naxevari saqmea _ da aSkarad gamoCnda, rom ufro didi
RonisZiebaa saWiro, raTa mayurebeli gardaiqmnas, rom amas jer kidev
didi muSaoba sWirdeba da rom es arc ioli, amasTan erTad arc marto
Teatris sakiTxia~ (tabiZe 1966a: 311).
revoluciuri Teatri, tician tabiZis azriT, erovnul-paTetikuri
Teatris principebs unda dayrdnoboda: `aq mocemulia mebrZoli
temperamenti da qarTuli erovnuli gmirobis kulti; Tu am sagmiro
paTetikurobas Sinaarsi Seecvleba, misi aRorZineba dResac drois
moTxovnilebaa, vinaidan revolucia warmoudgenelia am sagmiro motivis
gareSe. es gmiruli toni zedmiwevniT udgeba Cvens qariSxlian,
revoluciur epoqas” (tabiZe 1966a: 312).
tician tabiZe xedavs, rom qarTuli xelovneba, Semoqmedeba
midrekilia paTetikisken, Zlieri vnebebis gamoxatvisken, heroikisken
(aseTia TviT misi poeziac). amitom is fiqrobs, rom `revoluciuroba~
erovnuli stiliT unda gaixsnas da amiT erovnuli gaxdes. ucxo, axali
Tema unda Seerwyas qarTul bunebas, qarTul esTetikas. amiT tician
tabiZe icavs erovnulobas xelovnebaSi.
tician tabiZe kritikulad aris ganwyobili xmamaRali da xelovnuri
paTetikurobis mimarT, Torem namdvili eqspresiiT aRbeWdil da
emociurad mZafr srulfasovan heroikul speqtaklebs, piriqiT, savsebiT
101
pozitiurad afasebs: `gmiruli toniT Caatara rusTavelis Teatrma
`lamara~, romelic erT-erT saukeTeso dadgmad unda CaiTvalos~ (tabiZe
1966a: 312).
rogorc vxedavT, statiis avtors pretenzia aqvs ara romelime
Teatraluri Janris an stilis mimarT, aramed igi TatrSi icavs daxvewil
gemovnebas, maRalmxatvrulobas. Tu paTetika moklebulia Rrma saTqmels,
seriozul da mniSvnelovan Sinaarsobriv sayrdenebs, is cariel
ritorikad iqceva: `gmirul tons Sinaarsi unda, uamisod advili
SesaZlebelia is ritorikaSi gadavides da mayurebelze araviTari
STabeWdileba ar moaxdinos~ (tabiZe 1966a: 312).
erT-erT amgvar warmodgenaze msjelobisas avtori ambobs: `aq
imdenad aSkara iyo sqematuroba da ritorika, namdvil yofasTan mowyveta,
rom verc reJisoris xelma, verc artistebis mondomebam veraferi
uSvela~ (tabiZe 1966a: 313).
amgvarad, tician tabiZem statiaSi gaxsna, gaaanaliza is `Sinagani
tkivilebi~, romelic wlebis manZilze problemad eqca rusTavelis
Teatrs. mTavari `tkivili~ mainc iyo Rirseuli mxatvruli repertuari,
romelsac marjaniSvili da axmeteli Tavisi mxatvruli dasiT namdvilad
daZlevdnen, moereodnen. piesebis Tematikis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad
tician tabiZes miaCnia cxovrebasTan siaxlove da `saqarTvelos
cxovrebidan dawerili~ (tabiZe 1966a: 313) namdvili adamianuri dramis
warmoCenisken swrafva.
6.4. ”cxvris wyaro” qarTul scenaze”
lope de vegas piesis mixedviT, dadgma k. marjaniSvilisa
(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni”, №21 - 15.07.1922.)
tician tabiZis statia `cxvris wyaro~ qarTul scenaze” eZRvneba
kote marjaniSvilis mier 1922 wels rusTavelis TeatrSi dadgmul
revoluciur-heroikul speqtakls, romelic qarTuli Teatris ganaxlebas
daedo safuZvlad. es iyo marjaniSvilis – qarTuli scenis WeSmariti
102
novatoris _ pirveli Sedevri saqarTveloSi. `kote marjaniSvilma
usaTuod Sehqmna Tavisi epoqa qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi. Cvenma
redaqciam marjaniSvilis CamosvlisTanave aiRo pozicia am
reJisorisadmi~ (baxtrioni 1922c: 1) – saxelovnebo Jurnalistikis
movaleobac swored es aris – Tvalsawieridan ar gamorCes
mniSvnelovani, epoqaluri movlenebi da ara marto gaaSuqos isini, aramed
Tavisi obieqturi kritikiT da SefasebiT stimuli misces dargis
warmatebul ganviTarebas.
Tanamedrove qarTveli Teatrmcodneebi ar kamaToben imaze, rom,
ramdenad paradoqsuladac ar unda mogveCvenos, es speqtakli
erTdroulad iyo pirveli qarTuli sabWoTa speqtaklic, romelic
revoluciuri paTosiT iyo aRbeWdili da amave dros pirveli qarTuli
evropuli rangis speqtaklic.
`cxvris wyarom~ daamarcxa is nihilizmi, romelic sufevda
imdroindel qarTul TeatrSi. Teatris `sikvdilze TviTon reJisorebi da
artistebic laparakobdnen ase daJinebiT~ (baxtrioni 1922Z: 1) – swored
amitom tician tabiZe am movlenas ganixilavs rogorc gansakuTrebulad
mniSvnelovan erovnul-patriotul aqts. `rasakvirvelia, ar kmara marto
patriotuli frazeologia... mxolod saqme da namdvili Sroma gamoaCens
mamuliSvils. 26 wlis emigrantobis Semdeg kote marjaniSvili daubrunda
saqarTvelos, rom erTad miezRo misTvis Tavisi codnis, gamocdilebis,
da talantis SenaZeni~ (baxtrioni 1922w: 1). tician tabiZe speqtakls
`saswauls~ (baxtrioni 1922W: 1) uwodebs da es revoluciuri paTosiT
aRsavse dadgma Cveni erovnuli kulturis miRwevad miaCnia.
araviTari disonansi ar SeimCneva am speqtaklis Sesaxeb tician
tabiZis – TviTmxilveli mayureblisa da kritikosis – da Tanamedrove
qarTveli Teatrmcodnis – nodar gurabaniZis msjelobaTa Soris. tician
tabiZis azriT: `samxreTis mcxunvare mze, temperamenti da `uTvalavi
feri~ bunebis... am Rames es iyo swored mocemuli” (baxtrioni 1922x: 1);
nodar gurabaniZe ki vrclad msjelobs imaze, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda naTel-Crdilebis Senacvlebas, ara mxolod ganaTebis, aramed
grZnobaTa cvalebadobis, grZnobaTa dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiT
(gurabaniZe 2012).
103
es `uTvalavi feri~ anu speqtaklis intonaciuri, ritmuli
mravalferovneba, saxeobrivi sirTule, msaxiobTa TamaSis nairgvari
stili, dekoraciis, ganaTebis, musikaluri gaformebis simdidre
gansakuTrebulad efeqturs xdida am monumentur da dramatul
warmodgenas.
qarTuli Teatris mkvlevarebis azriT, es Teatraluri saSualebebi,
cxadia, cnobili iyo marjaniSvilis winamorbedi reJisorebisTvisac –
aleqsandre wuwunavasTvis, mixeil qorelisTvis, akaki faRavasTvis, magram
maTi aseTi intensiuri gamoyeneba, yvela Teatraluri komponentis aseTi
organuli Serwyma saintereso da STambeWdavi siaxle yofila ,,cxvris
wyaros” mayureblisTvis.
aq yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT tician tabiZis erT wiaRsvlaze,
romelsac is am statiaSi gvTavazobs da romelic metyvelebs misi
patriotuli msoflmxedvelobisTvis saerTodac damaxasiaTebel, mis
publicistur statiebSi xSirad gamovlenil iliasebur jansaR
kriticizmze. tician tabiZis dakvirvebiT, qarTvels, rogorc wesi, erTi
suli aqvs, Seeswros Tavisi niWierebiT gamorCeuli kolegis
warumateblobas, sazogadoebac mzad aris, gaiziaros Tavisianis –
gamoCenili qarTvelis – damarcxebis sixaruli: `unda iTqvas marTali,
rom qarTvel xelovanis genia ara marto mis Tana profesiis xalxs
exarbeba, sazogadod qarTveli yovelTvis xarbobs uTuod qarTvel
xelovanis damarcxebas~ (baxtrioni 1922:j 1). magram am SemTxvevaSi moxda
sapirispiro ram – `am Rames, am SemTxvevaSi moxda saswauli, ase
gulwrfelad arasdros ar gauxaria mas [sazogadoebas – m.t.] am
ukanasknel wlebSi. kote marjaniSvili am Rames mogebuli darCa~
(baxtrioni 1922h: 1). tician tabiZes ukvirs rusTavelis Teatris
koleqtivis, msaxiobTa uSurveloba, saerTo sixaruli, aRfrTovaneba
kolegebis warmatebisa da didi saqmis erTad ganxorcielebis gamo. am
saerTo sazeimo ganwyobas qarTuli sazogadoebac iziarebda da ubamda
mxars: `Cven arasdros ar gvinaxavs ase gaxarebuli qarTuli Teatri,
qarTuli sazogadoeba, rogorc am Rames~ (baxtrioni 1922h1: 2).
tician tabiZe speqtaklis aseTi warmatebis safuZvels msaxiobebis
maRal xelovnebaSic xedavs.
104
kote marjaniSvilma `cxvris wyaroSi~ mTavari roli debiutant
msaxiobs – Tamar WavWavaZes miando, romelic Zlieri gancdis mqone
artisti aRmoCnda. man erTbaSad daipyro scena da mayurebeli. tician
tabiZe imowmebs veriko anjafariZis da uSangi CxeiZis Sefasebebs: `misi
laurensia hgavda aboboqrebul niaRvars”, `Tamar WavWavaZes wilad xvda
yofiliyo qarTul TeatrSi pirveli dadgmis bairaxtari, gamarjvebis
bairaRi man Rirseulad miitana im mwvervalamde, romelsac miaRwia
qarTulma Teatrma maSin – 1922 wlis 25 noembers” (baxtrioni 1922h2: 2)
tician tabiZis sityviT, “mTeli eqzotiuroba da temperamenti am
warmodgenis Tavze gaditana Tamar WavWavaZem (laurencia). ar unda Tqma,
rom k. marjaniSvilma qarTul Teatrs aRmouCina Tamar WavWavaZe. am
msaxiob qals aqvs yvelaferi, rac saWiroa kargi artistisTvis da Cven
gvgonia, is darCeba qarTul scenis damSvenebad. `cxvris wyaros~ am Rames
gaamarjvebina Tamar WavWavaZem” (baxtrioni 1922h3: 2). am mosazrebas
iziarebs Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatrmcodneobac. tician tabiZe
aRniSnavs sxva axalgazrda damwyebi msaxiobebis ostatur TamaSsac (akaki
vasaZe, aleqsandre imedaSvili, elene donauri-vaCnaZe). mis yuradRebas ar
gamorCenia, agreTve masobrivi scenebi, romelTa eqspresiulobaze da
dinamizmze dRemde saubrobs Teatraluri kritika.
tician tabiZe, rogorc Teatraluri kritikosi da Jurnalisti, ki
ar aRwers Teatralur faqtebs, aramed Tavisi koncefciis, esTetikis
prizmaSi gaatarebs mxatvrul movlenebs da mZafr STagonebas da
stiqiur Zalas moiTxovs qarTuli Teatrisagan.
6.5. qandakeba - ”akakis Zegli”
(gazeTi ,,baxtrioni” №24, - 24.07.1922.)
tician tabiZe gansakuTrebulad afasebs patriotul-kulturul
Zalisxmevas, romelic uxmaurod, upretenziod, zar-zeimis gareSe
xorcieldeba. ase uxmaurod daudgams niko nikolaZes operis baRSi akaki
wereTlis Zegli: `saqarTveloSi ase Cumad da ubralod jer ar
gakeTebula arc erTi erovnuli saqme. akakis Zeglis amarTvas... ar
uZRvoda win araviTari agitacia, piriqiT, am SemTxvevaSi ubralo da
105
aucilebeli ceremonialic Zeglis gaxsnisas ar yofila” (baxtrioni
1922h4: 1).
werilis avtors TiTqos ukvirs qarTvelebisgan, rom isini saqmes
vinmes dasanaxad ar akeTeben: `sruliad moumzadeblad erT dRes
moqalaqeni tfilisSi, operis baRSi gaaCera akakis monumentma... es iyo
Zalian moulodneli” (baxtrioni 1922h5: 1).
Aam sasiamovno moulodnelobiT STagonebul tician tabiZis werilSi
Cans siTbo da siyvaruli akakis pirovnebis, misi adamianuri bunebis
mimarT da agreTve aRfrTovaneba misi gamorCeulobis niSniT aRbeWdili
garegnuli xatiT: `visac unaxavs akaki wereTeli sibereSi, is samudamoT
daijerebda, rom am RvTiur WurWelSi bibliur winaswarmetyvelis TaviT
da fafariT usaTuod unda yofiliyo didi niWis matarebeli suli”
(baxtrioni 1922h6: 1).
aucilebelia iTqvas, rom `cisferyanwelebi” da maT Soris tician
tabiZec Tavidan upirispirdebodnen swored akakis, rodesac uaryofdnen
klasikur literaturas rogorc modernistebi da avangardistebi;
swored akaki miaCndaT im poeziis gansaxierebad, romelic unda daeZliaT
da gadaelaxaT (avaliani 1992: 103). gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rodesac
isini gamoCndnen qarTul poeziaSi, aq akakis epigonebi iyvnen
gabatonebulni da ufro isini iwvevdnen “cisferyanwelebis” gaRizianebas,
vidre uSualod TviTon akaki. TandaTan “cisferyanwelebs” simwife
moemataT da ufro daafases akaki wereTeli.
tician tabiZe Tavisebur Sefasebas aZlevs akaki wereTlis poetur
figuras da miiCnevs, rom Tavis TanamedroveTa Soris akakis, SesaZloa, ar
rgeboda upirvelesi roli, magram rogorc poeturi simbolo, poeturi
xati, akaki Seudarebeli iyo, mas veravin aRemateboda.
tician tabiZe akakis iersaxes aRiqvams rogorc xelovnebis
mSvenier qmnilebas, romelic saamayo iyo qarTvelebisTvis, radgan is
metyvelebda mTeli eris maRal rangze: `literaturis istoriaSi sxva
Tavis TanamedroveTa SemoqmedebasTan kidec rom daiCrdilos akaki
wereTeli, mas mainc veravin waarTmevs pirvelobas, rogorc biologiuraT
gamarTlebulis yoveli mxriv damSvenebas qarTuli rassisas”(baxtrioni
1922h7: 1).
106
im periodSi, bolSevikuri reJimis pirobebSi, qarTvel
inteleqtualebs gamZafrebuli hqondaT erovnuli Rirsebis grZnoba,
rogorc erTgvari TavdacviTi reaqcia, ramac gamovlineba hpova tician
tabiZis statiaSic.
tician tabiZe or monaTesave suls, Semoqmeds, mxcovan aristokrats
– akaki wereTels da iakob nikolaZes axvedrebs da amTlianebs Tavis
aRqmaSi; mkiTxveli xedavs akakis Zegls da xedavs iakob nikolaZis mZime
saWreTelsac: `iakob nikolaZe, romelic TviTon atarebs qarTuli rassis
ukeTilSobiless profils, da romelic SeerTebuli iyo akakisTan didi
xnis megobrobiT, albad didxans swavlobda akakis saxes da amitomac
aris, rom am qandakebas etyoba did ostatobasTan erTad didi
aRfrTovaneba da STagoneba” (baxtrioni 1922h8: 1). rogorc poeti,
Semoqmedi, tician tabiZe faqizad wvdeba iakob nikolaZis mier Seqmnili
portretis Taviseburebas, mTavar ideas.
statiaSi gvxvdeba lirikuli da romantikuli pasaJi, romelic
gagvaxsenebs akakis cnobil striqonebs – `mTawminda Cafiqrebula...”
(wereTeli 1978: 202) – `didi saxlebi rom ar hfaravdnen win adgils,
maSin akaki pirdapir Sexedavda Tavis saflavs mTawmindaze” (baxtrioni
1922h9: 1). cnobilia, rom moqandakeebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
aniWeben skulpturis ganTavsebis adgils, garemomcvel landSafts,
sivrces da panoramas, romelic konceptualurad avsebs Zeglis Sinaarss.
tician tabiZem marTlac originalurad amoikiTxa iakob nikolaZis am
skulpturis koncefcia, romlis Sesaxebac albaT bevri Tbiliseli ar
dafiqrebula.
tician tabiZe gamoarCevs qandakebis or umniSvnelovanes funqcias
qalaqisTvis – `pirveli – es aris damoukidebeli Semoqmedeba moqandakisa
da SeiZleba iTqvas qarTuli masStabiT Sedevric, meore mxriv es aris
damSveneba qalaqis” (baxtrioni 1922h10: 1). qarTuli kulturis da yofis
evropeizaciisaken mswrafvel poets, cxadia, qalaqSi maRalmxatvruli,
evropuli yaidis skulpturuli namuSevris gamoCena kmayofilebas
mogvrida _ evropa xom cnobilia Zeglebisa da qandakebebis siuxviT.
magram aq Tavs iCenda erTi mniSvnelovani problema – ar idgmeboda
sxva qarTvel istoriul pirovnebaTa da sazogado moRvaweTa Zeglebi.
107
`sircxvilia, rom saqarTvelos sataxto qalaqSi, romelic saukunoebiT
gadarecxilia qarTuli sisxliT – ar iyos qandakebani im qarTvelebis,
romelTac adides saqarTvelo da Seewirnen mis ukvdavebas” (baxtrioni
1922h11: 1). aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveli moRvaweebis ukvdavyofas komunisti
xelisuflebi bolo dromde ufrTxodnen, radgan eSinodaT Taobebis
mexsierebaSi samudamod ar aRbeWdiliyo maTi saxelebi da xsovna.
samagierod, komunistebi Zalisxmevas ar aklebdnen qveyanaSi TavianTi
beladebis da sxvadasxva warmomavlobis revolucionerebis Zeglebis
dadgmas. Znelia, umkacresi cenzuris pirobebSi warmoidgino ufro
gulwrfeli saubari am Temaze – `Cven araferi gvaqvs sawinaaRmdego, rom
yovel quCaze idgnen Zeglebi Tundac ucxoelebis, romelTac TavianTi
sicocxle SeuwiravsT kacobriobisTvis, magram Cven gvaqvs ufleba
moviTxovoT, rom umravlesoba am Zeglebisa, iyos qarTvelebis... am mxriv
SeiZleboda bevris Tqma, magram ra azri aqvs...” (baxtrioni 192212: 1).
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom, marTlac, ra azri hqonda sabWoTa
xelisuflebasTan laparaks, magram tician tabiZe, rogorc principuli
moqalaqe da Jurnalisti, daJinebiT moiTxovs Cveni Rirseuli, oRond
daufasebeli moRvaweebis xelSewyobas – `Cven gvgonia, rom qalaqis
aRmaskomi daafasebs iakob nikolaZis Rvawls da premiis saxiT gaiRebs
iseT sagrZnobel Tanxas, rom artistma SesZlos sxva axali qandakebac
daiwyos, es iqneboda elementaruli samarTlianoba” (baxtrioni 1922h13: 1).
tician tabiZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu akakis biusti ubralo
qvisgan aris gamoqandakebuli da Tu mas rodenis balzakis
monumenturoba aklia, es mxolod Zeglis avtoris usaxsrobiT iyo
gamowveuli.
tician tabiZis teqsti moicavs publicistis _ patrioti moqalaqis _
amao Segonebas sabWoTa Cinovnikebisadmi – `sakmaoa iakob nikolaZes
mieces saWiro materialuri ekvivalenti misi niWis, rom verc tfiliss
Semdeg kaci ver icnobs, ise gamoscvlis mas Semoqmedeba” (baxtrioni
1922h14: 1). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad miaCnia statiis avtors vaJa
fSavelas da SoTa rusTavelis monumenturi Zeglebis dadgma.
sainteresoa is piroba, romlis Sesrulebasac avtori aucileblad
miiCnevs rusTavelis Zeglis dadgmisas – `visurvebT agreTve, male
108
amxdariyos qarTveli eris samudamo survili, rom xalxis fuliT
daedgas Zegli rusTavels” (baxtrioni 1922h15: 1).
tician tabiZe mourideblad mijnavs erTmaneTisgan qarTvel xalxs
da sabWoTa xelisuflebas da ocnebobs, rusTavelis, rogorc eris
sakraluri simbolos, monumenti erma komunistebis daxmarebis gareSe
aRmarTos piedestalze.
totalitaruli reJimebi Zalian aqtiurad cdiloben Secvalon ama
Tu im qveynis kulturuli landSafti. amisTvis pirvel rigSi iyeneben
arqiteqturas, qandakebas, monumentur mxatvrobas. amis dasturia leninis,
stalinis, mao Ze dunis, sxva `beladebis” mravalricxovani Zeglebi
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.
tician tabiZe ibrZoda imisTvis, rom qveyanas, qalaqs SenarCuneboda
qarTuli saxe. ra Tqma unda, komunisturi simbolikis `mewyers” igi ver
SeaCerebda, magram mas surda, qveyanaSi nacionaluri kulturuli
simbolikac yofiliyo. es iyo, arsebiTad, Taviseburi brZola erovnuli
TviTmyofadobis dasacavad totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi.
tician tabiZe Tavis garegnul loialobas reJimis mimarT swored am
brZolis interesebisTvis iyenebda.
statiis paToss da azrs exmianeba ufro adre, 1917 wels gazeT
,,saqarTveloSi” (№ 139, 28.06.1917. gv.2-3) gamoqveynebuli tician tabiZis
statia ,,tiflisi”. aqac Cans, rom avtors, rogorc bevr sxva qarTvel
inteligents, gansakuTrebiT axali Taobisas, aRelvebda Tbilisis
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT WeSmaritad qarTul qalaqad Camoyalibebis
problema. am problemis gadaWra, misi azriT, poezias da saerTod
xelovnebas unda etvirTa Tbilisis mxatvruli saxis SeqmniT da
gamokveTiT. ,,gana SemTxveviTia, rom arc erT qarTvel poets, an mwerals
azrad ar mosvlia gamoenakvTa Tbilisis saxe?... qarTvel mxatvrisTvis
Tbilisi fiqciaa. saWiroa gamrTeleba Tbilisis darRveuli sulis, rom
iman aametyvelos Semoqmedi. Cvenma modgmam unda gamoasworos
daudevrobisgan gafuWebuli saqme. TbilisSi Cven unda movnaxoT Cveni
Tbilisi” (saqarTvelo1917: 3). unda iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis am
sityvebSi miniSnebuli xarvezi qarTulma literaturam da xelovnebam
109
srulad Seavso da Tbilisi, rogorc TviTmyofadi socio-kulturuli
fenomeni, qarTul mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi myarad damkvidrda.
6.6. mxatvroba - ”niko firosmani”
(tabiZe 1966, t.2: 142-163)
,,iyo sawyali erTi ostati _
aseT ostatebs zrdis saqarTvelo...”
(tabiZe 1982: 548)
tician tabiZis statiebis Sesavali yovelTvis raime mniSvnelovans
ambobs am statiis Sesaxeb – is xan moniSnavs yvelaze arsebiT, mTavar
saTqmels, problemas da Semdgom exmareba avtors Temis damuSavebaSi, xan
warmoadgens faqiz miniSnebas mkiTxvelisTvis _ Tavisi tonalobiT,
intonaciiT an Temis metaforuli gaazrebiT Seamzadebs mas statiaSi
Seqmnil atmosferosTan Sesaxvedrad.
Aamgvari Sesavali aqvs tician tabiZis vrcel statias `niko
firosmani”, sadac es ucnauri biografiis pirovneba da mxatvari
Sedarebulia im Zvel ostatebTan, `odesRac saqarTvelo rom aavses
TavianTi RvawliT, rasac axlac xedavs yoveli qarTveli miviwyebul,
zogjer gaveranebul didebul taZrebsa da darbazTa nangrevebze” (tabiZe
1966a: 142).
firosmanis mxatvroba tician tabiZem miamsgavsa gacrecil freskebs,
romlebic saukuneebis siRrmidan keTilSobilebis SuqiT anaTeben Cvens
yoveldRiurobas.
firosmanis Tavdaviwyebuli Sroma, tician tabiZis SefasebiT,
wilnayaria ucnobi agiografi avtorebisTvis damaxasiaTebel qristianul
TavmdablobasTan da sakuTari pirovnebis da Rvawlis srul
nivelirebasTan – `mxolod oblad miwerili saxeli da gvari morCili
ostatisa da zogjer sruli anonimebic aRbeWdaven im Sromasa da
110
SemoqmedebiTs Tavgametebas, rac maT dautovebiaT STamomavlobisaTvis”
(tabiZe 1966a: 142).
tician tabiZis azriT, TviTon firosmanis survili iyo
`damsgavseboda mis winapar, CvenTvis gamoucnob, `usaxelo ostatebs”
(tabiZe 1966a: 142). magram bevri swored amgvari `utexi mxatvari da
pirovneba” usamarTlod gawira cxovrebam da `daviwyebis civi Crdili
faravs axla maT gardasul saxelebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 142).
tician tabiZes miaCnia, rom firosmanis msgavsad, beqa opizaric `jer
kidev auxsneli ieroglifia qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisaTvis” (tabiZe
1966a: 142). am rangis SemoqmedTa Rvawlis daufaseblobas da
auRiareblobas maT sicocxleSi qarTuli sinamdvilis Tanmdev samwuxaro
movlenad miiCnevs tician tabiZe: `magram ra aris gasakviri, rom CvenTvis
ase ucnobad wavidnen usaxelo ostatebi qarTuli freskebisa da
qimerebisa, roca sul Cven Tvalwin CvenTvis Seucnobi da daufasebeli
wavida niko firosmani!” (tabiZe 1966a: 142). TviTkritikuli intonaciac
moismis sityvebSi `Cven Tvalwin”, `CvenTvis Seucnobi”, miT umetes, rom es
werili firosmanis sikvdilidan sul raRac aTiode wlis Semdeg daiwera
– `jer kidev aTi weli ar aris, rac autanel siRaribesa da sardafebis
jurRmulSi dalia Tavisi didebuli suli niko firosmanma” (tabiZe 1966a:
142).
tician tabiZe amCnevs erTgvar gaucxoebas firosmansa da
saqarTvelos Soris, firosmansa da im dros Soris, rodesac mas mouwia
cxovreba: `TiTqos is windawin momzadebuli iyo... fantastiurad
daSoreboda Cvens Tanamedroveobas” (tabiZe 1966a: 142).
tician tabiZis azriT, firosmanma imdenad uCveulo, arastandartuli
cxovrebiT icxovra, rom xelovnebaTmcodneobis, xelovnebis istoriis
poziciebidan saerTod SeuZlebelia misi biografiis Seswavla da
gaazreba, radgan `yvelaferi, rac exeba niko firosmanis miwier
cxovrebas, moculia iseTi saidumlo burusiT, rom momavalSic
SeuZlebelia savsebiT aRdgenili iqnas misi biografia, Tuki hqonda mas,
sazogadod, biografia xelovnebis istoriisaTvis miRebuli
TvalsazrisiT” (tabiZe 1966a: 143).
111
xelovnebis istorikosebi, rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva niSniT axdenen
xolme ama Tu im mxatvris Semoqmedebis periodizacias: adreuli periodi,
simwifis periodi, romelime mimdinareobis farglebSi moqceuli Tu
romelime sxva mxatvris zegavleniT aRbeWdili periodi... sainteresoa,
rom tician tabiZis azriT, niko firosmanis cxovreba da mxatvroba erTi
mTlianobaa, `erTi ganuwyveteli rgolia grigaliani Semoqmedebisa –
albaT Zalian gawafuli xelovnebis meistoriec, romelic yvelaferze
ufro meTods da klasifikacias afasebs, ver aRadgens misi Semoqmedebis
periodebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 143).
es TiTqosda biografias moklebuli adamiani tician tabiZes
warmoudgeba rogorc zRapruli Tu miTologiuri personaJi, romelic
providencialuri Zalebis mier iyo movlenili amqveynad, raTa Tavis
TavSi ganexorcielebina eris genia: `Cven piradad is gvexateba, rogorc
gaRviZebuli goliaTi, romelmac igrZno magiuri Zala saRebavisa,
niaRvariviT gamoxeTqa masSi dagubebulma geniam, raTa madliT da niWis
cecxliT moerwyo Cveni drois saqarTvelos mxatvrobis yamiri miwa”
(tabiZe 1966a: 143).
tropuli saSualebebis amgvari siuxve da mravalferovneba
axasiaTebs tician tabiZis mxatvrul stils, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac mas surs mZafrad da poetizebulad gamoTqvas Tavisi saTqmeli.
magram, rogorc wesi, es stili iqve `damiwebulia” xolme Jurnalisturi
“rutiniT”.AN stilis amgvari cvalebadoba, elastiuroba imiT aris
gamowveuli, rom avtors surs, azrs yovelTvis zustad miusadagos
forma.
tician tabiZe sinanuliT aRniSnavs, rom araviTari `dalagebuli“
masala, amomwuravi informacia ar arsebobs firosmanis cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. arada, es umniSvnelovanesi saqme swored misi –
tician tabiZis Taobis specialistebs, firosmanis Tanamedrove adamianebs
unda eTavaT. magram firosmani qarTvelebma verc ki SeamCnies, verc
mixvdnen, vin cxovrobda maT gverdiT – `rogori ucnauric ar unda iyos
es da SeiZleba Cveni TanamedroveTaTvis samwuxaroc, magram aucilebeli
faqtia, rom niko firosmani aRmoaCina frangma mxatvarma le-dantium”
(tabiZe 1966a: 143).
112
cnobilia, rom le-dantium im wlebSi imogzaura saqarTveloSi,
SeniSna es genialuri mxatvari, aRfrTovanda misi naxatebiT da niko
firosmanis ramdenime suraTi parizSi waiRo. tician tabiZes erTgvari
uxerxulobis grZnoba uCndeba imis gamo, rom pirveli statia-recenziac
firosmanis Sesaxeb rusul presaSi gamoqveynebula. 1913 wels Zmebs –
ilia da kirile zdaneviCebs rom ar daewyoT niko firosmanis naxatebis
`mogroveba miviwyebuli sardafidan” da koleqciis Segroveba, dRes es
naxatebi dakarguli iqneboda da ver gadaurCeboda `daRupvas” (tabiZe
1966a: 143).
rogorc cnobilia, ilia zdaneviCi rusuli futurizmis erT-erTi
fuZemdebeli iyo, kirile zdaneviCi – cnobili mxatvari. Aam ori
inteleqtualuri pirovnebis Rvawli fasdaudebelia firosmanis naxatebis
da misi saxelis gadarCenis saqmeSi. tician tabiZe aRniSnavs agreTve
lado gudiaSvilis mcdelobasac, Seeqmna da daetovebina CvenTvis
firosmanis portreti. magram misTvis mainc mtkivneulia, rom “gvixdeba
dRes sruliad SemTxveviTi masalebis da ucxo pirTa naambobiT aRdgena
niko firosmanis cxovrebisa” (tabiZe 1966a: 144).
unda iTqvas, rom tician tabiZis werilis am pasaJma garkveuli
gaugebroba gamoiwvia. 1927 wlis 2 ianvriTaa daTariRebuli cnobili
mxatvris – daviT kakabaZis mier tician tabiZis saxelze parizidan
mowerili piradi werili, sadac erTgvari sayveduria gamoTqmuli imis
gamo, rom le-dantiu frang mxatvrad aris moxseniebuli statiaSi:
`gTxovT macnoboT, ra sabuTi gaqvT imisi, rom le-dantiu frangi
mxatvaria, rodesac cnobilia, rom le-dantiu rusi mxatvari iyo, vinaidan
es sakiTxic aq [igulisxmeba parizSi – m.t.] sakamaTod aris“2.
mosazrebas, rom le-dantiu marTlac rusi mxatvaria, amyarebs ilia
zdaneviCis piradi werili daviT kakabaZisadmi, sadac avtori xazs usvams
Tavisi Zmis – kirile zdaneviCis da le-dantius – rusi mxatvris –
damsaxurebas firosmanis `aRmoCenaSi”: `1913 wels me... vcdilobdi
mimepyro Cemi megobrebis yuradReba firosmanisTvis... damWirda omi da
revolucia, rom damemtkicebina Cveni mosazrebebis marTebuloba... le-
2 daviT kakabaZis werili tician tabiZes, parizi, 1927. [xelmisawvdomia 25.12 2013].http://www.modernism.ge/cms/site_images/niko%20pirosmanashvilze/5%20davit%20kakabadzis%20tserili%20tician%20tabidzes.pdf
113
dantiu, cxadia, rusi da, amasTan, gamoCenili mxatvaria – 1911 wels igi
memarcxeneobis braldebiT iZulebuli gaxades daetovebina samxatvro
akademia... is daiRupa 1917 wels...“ – vkiTxulobT ilia zdaneviCis
werilSi, romelic, rogorc Cans, gaxda daviT kakabaZis tician
tabiZisadmi mowerili werilis safuZveli.3
statiis avtoris survilia, firosmanis TanamedroveTa mogonebebidan
Tu monaTxrobidan Sekribos masalebi am ucnauri cxovrebis gzis mqone
adamianis biografiis dasawerad: `zogierTebs darCeniaT maxsovrobaSi
iseTi detalebi, romlebiTac SeiZleba daaxloebiTi aRdgena misi adamianuri
saxisa. rasakvirvelia, es srulebiTac ar iqneba iseTi dasrulebuli da
yovelmxriv Seswavlili biografia, romlis Rirsic is aris“ (tabiZe 1966a:
144). magram statiis gacnobis Semdeg mkiTxveli, romelsac rCeba
araCveulebrivad Tbili, sevdiani da mwuxare gancda, ukve xvdeba, rom
garegnuli faqtobrivi momentebi saerTod ar qmnidnen am genialuri
Semoqmedis namdvil biografias.
`niko firosmani marto imitom ki ar aris saintereso, rom is
gamarTlebulia, rogorc mZlavri mxatvari, aramed imiTac, rom is gamoxatavs
qarTveli xalxis mxatvrul potencias da am mxriv is enaTesaveba mTebis
poets vaJa fSavelas~(tabiZe 1966a: 144) – wers tician tabiZe. firosmanis
Sedareba vaJasTan albaT, erTi mxriv, ukavSirdeba maT erTgvar
“gariyulobas”, ganmartoebis, Tavis TavSi Caketvis survils, xolo meore
mxriv _ maT, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, xalxur `gulubryvilobas“,
pirvelyofil bunebriobas, samyaros “naturfilosofiur” xedvas,
inteleqtualur “primitivizms“.
tician tabiZe statiaSi erTgan ixsenebs mxatvar dimitri SevardnaZis
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `qarTuli akademiuri mxatvroba firosmans
gulcivad xvdeboda da teqnikas uwunebdao; es, rasakvirvelia, asec unda
yofiliyo, radgan oficialuri mxatvroba uTuod ver miiRebda niko
firosmans, romelic iyo misi sruli polaroba“ (tabiZe 1966a: 146). Ees
msjeloba gvaxsenebs akaki wereTlis mier vaJa-fSavelas dialeqtizmebiT
2ilia zdaneviCis werili daviT kakabaZes [xelmisawvdomia 25.12 2013].
http://www.modernism.ge/cms/site_images/niko%20pirosmanashvilze/6%20ilia%20zdanevichi%20davit%20kakabadzes.pdf
114
gajerebuli, ,,araakademiuri” poeturi stilis dawunebas saliteraturo
enis TvalsazrisiT (qarTuli poezia 1978: 294).
werilis avtori firosmans da vaJas `jerac amouxsnel amocanad“
aRiqvams qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi: `orive am didebul primitivists
axasiaTebs araadamianuri fantazia, xalxis gmiruli sulis gaRmerTeba da
goliaTis simZlavre“ (tabiZe 1966a: 158).
tician tabiZe vaJas msoflmxedvelobrivad ufro rTul movlenad
miiCnevs, vidre firosmans. misi azriT, vaJas SemoqmedebaSi ufro metia
refleqsia, kriticizmi samyaros mimarT, vaJas inteleqti ufro gawafulia,
mas meti aqvs SeTvisebuli msoflio kulturuli gamocdilebidan:
`ueWvelia, maT Soris aris gansxvaveba: vaJa fSavela ufro daeWvebulia da
axlos aris kulturasTan, vinem firosmani, magram maT aerTebs erTi ram:
orives Semoqmedebas Ziri Sig xalxis gulSi aqvs da orive Ziramde amowuravs
xalxur Semoqmedebas... qarTuli xelovnebis istoriaSi oriveni Sevlen,
rogorc siamis tyupebi, monaTesave geniebi, romelTac xalxma yvelaferi
misca, rac aRniSnavs udides niWs, magram romelTac daakldaT mocemulis
sruli gamoyeneba“ (tabiZe 1966a: 158).
tician tabiZis sityvebidan sayveduri moismis imis gamo, rom qveyanam,
ufro sworad ki, drom, garemom ver misca qarTveli xalxis sulieri
energiis mTeli sisavsis damtev am or genias sruli TviTganxorcielebis
da ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba.
tician tabiZe firosmans ,,did primitivists” (tabiZe 1966a: 145) uwodebs
da cdilobs daadginos misi, rogorc mxatvrisa da Semoqmedis, cxovrebis
erTi umniSvnelovanesi momenti – sad, visTan iswavla man xatva, sad gaiara
profesiuli skola, an, rogorc es bunebrivia Semoqmedebis dasawyisSi, vis
gavlenas ganicdida. mogonebebis, arsebuli cnobebisa da sakuTari
dakvirvebis safuZvelze statiis avtori askvnis, rom firosmans saerTod ar
hqonia Segirdobis periodi. `am mxriv bevrjer masze bednierni iyvnen Zveli
qarTveli ostatebi, romelTac TavianTi xeloba uswavliaT saqarTvelosa da
bizantiis didostatebTan” (tabiZe 1966a: 144).
werilis avtori aRniSnavs, rom `firosmanis drois saqarTveloSi arc
ki yofila iseTi amqari, rogorc dRes aris xolme mRebavebisa, rom iq mainc
115
mieRo elementaruli codna saRebavis xmarebisa. miT umetes ar iyo skola
mxatvrobisa, da niko firosmani ki Tbiliss CrdiloeTiT arasdros
gascilebia” (tabiZe 1966a: 144). amitom igi askvnis, rom firosmanma sruliad
damoukideblad, TviTon, `uSualod” iswavla xatva. `da Tu Cven ase
gvakvirvebs misi saRebavis simdidre da moxmareba, es mxolod da mxolod misi
sakuTari mignebaa” (tabiZe 1966a: 145). avtori alqimiurs uwodebs mxatvris
mier saRebavis damzadebis sakuTar teqnikasac.
tician tabiZe xazgasmiT aRniSnavs imas, rom sanam 1916 wels berlinidan
ar Camovida mxatvari dimitri SevardnaZe da TbilisSi ar danerga xelovanTa
evropuli kluburi Tanacxovrebis stili, manam aq aravis gaxsenebia niko
firosmanis arseboba: `dimitri SevardnaZe... Seudga qarTvel mxatvarTa
SekavSirebas. am mizniT mas ganuzraxavs qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoebis
daarseba, Seudgenia qarTvel mxatvarTa sia da am siaSi Seutania, rogorc
xalxuri mxatvari, niko firosmani” (tabiZe 1966a: 145). statiis avtori
eyrdnoba dimitri SevardnaZis mogonebebs, sadac is ambobs, rom rodesac
gadauwyvetiaT krebaze am legendaruli mxatvris miwveva, `es arc ise advili
aRmoCnda, radgan aravin icoda misi gza da kvali” (tabiZe 1966a: 145).
mopatiJeba da krebaze moyvana miundiaT mxatvrebisTvis – lado
gudiaSvilisTvis da zaziaSvilisTvis, romlebmac bevri Zebnis Semdeg
marTlac moxarxes `sardafebsa da sirajxanebSi kiTxva-kiTxviT misi moZebna
da krebaze dapatiJeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 145).
tician tabiZe, rogorc publicisti da Jurnalisti, socio-kulturul
planSi ganixilavs im mankier movlenas, rom saqarTveloSi xSirad
gulgrilobas iCenen, TiTqos xazgasmulad zurgs aqceven uniWieres
adamianebs, romlebic Cvens gverdiT cxovroben da qmnian, magram sikvdilis
Semdeg raRac nekrofiluri vnebiT axsendebaT isini da legendad aqceven
maT.
tician tabiZes dimitri SevardnaZis mogonebebidan mohyavs vrceli
citata, sadac vkiTxulobT: “firosmanze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina im
garemoebam, rom mas yuradReba miaqcies mxatvrebma” (tabiZe 1966a: 145), Tumca
iqve amayad ganucxadebia – `me axla safrangeTSiac var cnobilio”. saxeSi
hqonda frangi mxatvris le-dantius werilebi – frangul Jurnalsa Tu
116
gazeTebSi moTavsebuli” (tabiZe 1966a: 145). aq arapirdapir Cans, rogor
awuxebda qarTuli sazogadoebis da qarTuli presis dumili Tavmoyvare
mxatvars.
tician tabiZe niko firosmanis portrets sxvadasxva meTodiT qmnis –
gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebebsa da Sefasebebs, iSveliebs TanamedroveTa
mogonebebs, STabeWdilebebs, saqmian dokumentebsac ki.
`Cven ganzrax moverideT am werilSi gamogvetana bevri daumuSavebeli
masala, romelsac ase Tu ise mniSvneloba aqvs n. firosmanis biografiisTvis.
aseTia, magaliTad, qarTvel mxatvarTa sazogadoebis oqmebi...” (tabiZe 1966a:
158) – rogorc taqtiani, delikaturi adamiani, agreTve rogorc Jurnalisti,
romelic icavs profesiul eTikas da erideba respondentis pirad
sivrceSi uxeS SeWras, sakmaod mZime informaciis gasajaroebas, romelic,
SesaZloa, TviTon mxatvrisTvis yofiliyo damamcirebuli da
Seuracxmyofeli, magram ramdenime oqmidan amonaweri mainc ambobs mware
simarTles: `krebaze mdgara sakiTxi mxatvris n. firosmanis naxatebis
gamoZebnisa da SeZenisa, agreTve misi binadrobis aRmoCenisa da cnobebis
Sekrebisa... magram radgan gamgeobas fuli ar hqonia...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 158) da a.
S.
Semdeg oqmSi aRniSnulia: `Seikribos cnobebi, Tu sad imyofeba axla n.
firosmaniSvili, Tu cocxalia – materialuri daxmareba aRmoeCinos.
miRebuli iqnes zomebi misi biografiis cnobebis Sesakrebad” (tabiZe 1966a:
159). ase mSralad ixileboda xolme sakiTxi komisiis sxdomebze. rogorc
tician tabiZe wers, am komisias araviTari masala ar Seukrebia. maSin jer
kidev SesaZlebeli yofila TviTon niko firosmanis mier moTxrobili
avtobiografiis Cawera, `magram yvelaferi es darCa ausrulebeli...” (tabiZe
1966a: 159). gadawyvetili yofila niko firosmanis suraTebis gamofenis
mowyobac, magram es ganzraxvac ganuxorcielebeli darCa.
tician tabiZis werilis striqonebs Soris igrZnoba Tbiliseli
mxatvrebis erTgvari SiSi firosmanis auxsneli, gaugebari pirovnebis
mimarT. Eam mxatvrebs, rogorc Cans, erCiaT gaqceodnen im fsiqologiur
problemas, romelsac aseTi niWieri da miusafari mxatvris am qalaqSi
arseboba uqmnidaT. isini TiTqos gaurbodnen firsmanTan Sexvedras –
117
gaurbodnen sakuTar Tavs da sindiss, radgan, TviTon materialuri
keTildReobiT uzrunvelyofilebs da socialurad aRiarebulebs,
uWirdaT firosmanisTvis Tvalis gasworeba.
Tumca, saqarTveloSi ician mogvianebiT (Tu dagvianebiT) sakuTari
Tavis kritikulad danaxva. tician tabiZes mohyavs citata Tbilisis erT-erT
gazeTSi firosmanis Sesaxeb dabeWdili werilidan, romelsac xels awerdnen
iakob nikolaZe, aleqsandre wuwunava, ilia zdaneviCi da sxvebi:
`TanamedroveTa samarcxvinod mTeli Tavisi sicocxle gaatara sardafebSi
da kabakebSi... n. firosmani Rirsia ukvdavebis. misi muSambebi Seadgenen
momavali muzeumis saukeTeso darbazs, misi cxovreba Rirsia yuradRebiT
Seswavlisa...” (tabiZe 1966a: 159).
tician tabiZe xazgasmuli intensivobiT aRwers niko firosmanis
sikvdilisSemdgom sazogadoebriv aJiotaJs, im RonisZiebaTa erTgvar
isteriul kaskads, romelTac axorcielebdnen mxatvrebi, Jurnalistebi,
xelovnebaTmcodneebi da sxvebi firosmanis saxelis ukvdavsayofad,
arsebiTad ki sakuTari Secdomis gamosasworeblad: iqmneboda firosmanis
koleqciebi – saqarTvelos erovnuli galereis, saqarTvelos xelovnebis
sasaxlis, kerZo koleqcionerebis mier; firosmani sxva mxatvrebTan erTad
iyo gamofenili 1919 wels qarTvel mxatvarTa pirvel gamofenaze, rac,
rogorc Cans, imas niSnavda, rom cnobilma mxatvrebma igi aRiares
profesionalad da dasdes pativi, maT gverdiT gamofeniliyo; mxatvarma
sergei sudeikinma gazeT `saqarTveloSi“ jotos Seadara firosmani; gazeTma
`baxtrionma“, romelic gamodioda giorgi leoniZis redaqtorobiT, mTeli
nomeri uZRvna niko firosmans, sadac daibeWda Salva dadianis, dimitri
SevardnaZis, tician tabiZis, giorgi leoniZis, kirile zdaneviCis, lado
gudiaSvilis da sxvaTa werilebi;
am nomris gamoZaxilis saxiT redaqcias uamravi werili mosdioda
firosmanis biografiis masalebiT; politganaTlebis JurnalSi daibeWda
kirile zdaneviCis werili, romelsac darTuli hqonda firosmanis
reproduqciebi; daviT kakabaZem parizSi gamosca wigni, sadac niko firosmani
daaxasiaTa rogorc axali qarTuli mxatvrobis mamamTavari; da bolos,
firosmani Tavisi `fantastiuri cxovrebiT“ ukve gadavida poeziaSi: `n.
118
firosmani TavisTavad iwvevs STagonebas da misi uwyalo bedi atirebs
poetebs” (tabiZe 1966a: 161) – wers tician tabiZe da asaxelebs im poetebs,
romelTac leqsebi uZRvnes mxatvars – sandro SanSiaSvils, valerian
gafrindaSvils da sxvebs.
tician tabiZem RonisZiebaTa am energiuli, ritmuli CamonaTvaliT
gansakuTrebulad TvalSisacemi gaxada is inertuloba da pasiuroba,
romelic firosmanis sicocxleSi gamoiCina qarTulma sazogadoebam mis
mimarT.
Aavtori aRniSnavs, rom werilSi ver iyenebs yvela im masalas, romelic
Seikriba niko firosmanis auarebel nacnobTa da megobarTa gamokiTxviT _
uxerxulobas qmnida is, rom `TiTqmis yvela vinc ki axsenebda niko firosmans,
imeorebda erTsa da imaves: yvelani aRniSnavdnen mis loTobas, upatrono
cxovrebas da patiosnebas“ (tabiZe 1966a: 161).
firosmanis sicocxlis bolo dReebis warmosaxvisas tician tabiZe
gvTavazobs interviu-monologs, Cawerils mis mier. TiTqos uSualod
Cagvesmis meCeqme arCil maisuraZis xma, romelic erTaderTi mowme iyo
firosmanis ukanaskneli dReebisa, rac ufro amZafrebs mkiTxvelis
SegrZnebebs: `Casuliyo sardafSi, iwva nestiansa da bnel iatakze... ori-sami
dRis Semdeg SemTxveviT Caveli da did sibneleSi wavawydi mas. Kkvnesoda
mwared. me ver vicani da SevsZaxe: – vina xar-meTqi? _ me varo, – da
maSinve xmaze vicani nikalai. man ki veRar micno. Mmxolod es miTxra:
cudad gavxdio. sami dRea aq vwevar da veRar avdeqio...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 161-
162).
intervius mosdevs avtoris Txroba: `Semdeg arCil maisuraZem
Cagviyvana sardafSi, romelic saflaviviT bneli iyo da nagviT savse.
sardafi iqneba erT-naxevari kvadrati saJeni. roca asanTi gavanaTeT,
gveca saSineli sicive, irgvliv yvelaferi savse iyo aguris natexebiT,
mavTulebis nawyvetebiT da RorRiT...” (tabiZe 1966a: 162).
niko firosmaniSvilis tragikuli aRsasrulis ambiT aboloebs Tavis
werils tician tabiZe: `mTeli saqarTvelos win saSinel siRaribesa da
araadamianur tanjvaSi gardaicvala ostati... vin icis, ramden xans
moundeba lodini saqarTvelos, rom kidev amovardes aseTi uecari madani
kulturisa da Semoqmedebisa. aseTi bednierebiT buneba iSviaTad
119
asaCuqrebs xalxs... niko firosmanma aseT gamwarebaSi dalia suli da mas
ver gauges misma Tanamedroveebma” (tabiZe 1966a: 162).
swored es Tema _ `mTeli saqarTvelos win“ (tabiZe 1966a: 162) adamianis
sikvdili, gaucxoeba firosmansa da mis Tanamedroveebs Soris _ aris am
teqstis laitmotivi. tician tabiZis werilSi TvalnaTliv Cans, erTi mxriv,
samxatvro sazogadoebis sicive da, meore mxriv, mTeli sociumis
indiferentizmi, rac aRmoCnda kidec Semoqmedi adamianis Tavis TavSi
Caketvis mizezi. tician tabiZe xatavs firosmanis portrets da warmoaCens
mis introvertul xasiaTs – sakuTar Sinagan cxovrebaSi CaZiruli adamianis
bunebas.
tician tabiZis statia `niko firosmani” 1926 wels aris dawerili.
imdroindel evropul, amerikul, rusul, qarTul prozaSi xSirad gvxvdeba
fsiqoanalitikuri skolis mamamTavrebis – froidis, iungis da sxvaTa ideebis
anarekli. swored 20-ian wlebSi iwereboda mixeil javaxiSvilis da sxva
qarTveli mwerlebis fsiqologizmiT aRbeWdili moTxrobebi, sadac
avtorebi mizanmimarTulad cdilobdnen moexelTebinaT adamianis sulis
mTeli sirTule, amoecnoT adamianis sulieri cxovrebis kanonzomierebebi
Tu ucnaurobebi, idumaleba.
amgvar idumalebiT savse, ucnaur adamianad gamoiyureba mxatvari niko
firosmanaSvili tician tabiZis werilSi.
tician tabiZes adamianze dakvirvebis unari, faqizi, adamianis sulis
siRrmeebSi Camwvdomi intuicia aZlevda imis saSualebas, rom Seeqmna
mxatvris realisturi, utyuari portreti.
pirovnebaze dakvirvebis, misi qcevis analizis tician tabiZiseul
meTodTan yvelaze axlos dgas cnobili fsiqologis – karl gustav iungis
analitikuri fsiqologiis ZiriTadi principebi, pirovnebis sulieri wyobis
iungiseuli analizi (iungi 1995b: 652-660). iungis Teoriis Tanaxmad, ori
tendencia – eqstraversia da introversia Tanaarsebobs adamianSi, magram
maT Soris romelime xdeba xolme dominanturi. eqstraverti moZravia,
aqtiuri mosaubrea, advilad amyarebs urTierTobebs da ar uWirs
adamianebTan Segueba, Tanacxovreba. gareSe faqtorebi misTvis
gadamwyvetia. introverti, piriqiT _ asocialuria, CaZirulia sakuTari
120
fiqrebis, grZnobebisa da sulieri gamocdilebis samyaroSi; is
midrekilia gansjisken, TavSekavebisken, ganmartoebisken, survili aqvs,
ganeridos gareSe da ucxo obieqtebs, misi interesebi fokusirebulia
sakuTar Tavze.
tician tabiZis werilSi TiTqos gaTvaliswinebulia es
dakvirvebebi adamianTa fsiqotipebze, saerTod, gaTvaliswinebulia misi
Tanadrouli fsiqologiis xedvis rakursebi. statiis mTavari personaJis
fsiqikaSi zemoTnaxsenebi ori tendencia ebrZvis erTmaneTs. Mmas xSirad
ecvleba xasiaTi – xan impulsuria, mSfoTvare, agresiuli, mometebulad
agznebulia, metwilad ki depresiulia, sakuTar TavSi Caketili, Cumi,
arakomunikabeluri, axasiaTebs socialur urTierTobaTa simcire,
rigidulia, anu uWirs, xSirad ki saerTod ar SeuZlia Secvalos raime,
rac obieqturad moiTxovs Secvlas, radgan uZneldeba garemosTan
urTierTqmedeba. tician tabiZe Tavisi werilis personaJis _ niko
firosmanis fsiqologiur portrets swored misi mravalgvari emociuri
impulsebis, grZnobebis, ganwyobis warmoCeniT xatavs.
tician tabiZe mxatvruli saTqmelis gamdidrebisTvis da
gamravalferovnebisTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebs detals, amZafrebs mis
funqcias da datvirTvas. magram yvela detali funqcionirebs ara
izolirebulad, aramed koordinirebulad _ isini qmnian mxatvrul
mniSvnelobaTa mTlian, mwyobr sistemas.
biografiuli detalebis meSveobiT gamoisaxeba TavSekavebuli, arcTu
ise maRali TviTSefasebis mqone adamiani. rodesac mxatvrebma sTxoves
firosmans, miewodebina maTTvis cnobebi Tavisi vinaobis Sesaxeb, man
lakonurad, mokled upasuxa – me kaxeli var, rva wlisa davobldi da mas
Semdeg vcxovrob TbilisSi, axla ki 60-ze meti wlis viqnebio – `me axlac
vfiqrob, rom is uTuod ametebda Tavis xnovanebas, radgan araferi amxelda
masSi xsenebul wlebs“ – ixsenebs dimitri SevardnaZis sityvebs tician
tabiZe da axdens im mosazrebis pedalirebas, rom gaWirvebiT da
ubedurebiT damZimebuli es adamiani Sinaganad ufro asakovnad grZnobda
Tavs, vidre sinamdvileSi iyo.
tician tabiZe gadmogvcems im cnobebs mxatvris Sesaxeb, romelic
Salva dadianma 1922 wels, firosmanis sikvdilis Semdeg misi TxovniT
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Caiwera sofel mirzaanSi da gansakuTrebulad miapyrobs yuradRebas
firosmanis bavSvobas _ mzrunvelobasmoklebuli martoxela bavSvis
cnobierebaSi samudamod aRbeWdili cxovrebis simkacres, rac mis
aracnobiersac, cxadia, daasvamda daRs.
tician tabiZe Zalian mgrZnobiarea niko firosmanis cxovrebis da
biografiis ,,prozauli” detalebisadmi, rac mxatvrul damajereblobas
sZens mis teqsts. aseTi detalebia, magaliTad, mxatvris rkinigzaze
konduqtorad muSaoba, avad gaxdoma da amis gamo samsaxuridan daTxovna,
Semdgom veris daRmarTTan `budkis“ gaxsna da sarZeo produqtebiT vaWroba
Tu sxva amgvari _ misTvis Seuferebeli, SemoqmedebiT procesTan
SeuTavsebeli saqmianoba.
Mmainc yvelaze mtkivneuladaa danaxuli firosmanis mimarT
adamianebis, maT Soris yvelaze axloblebis gulgriloba: nikos dis –
fefes mier Senaxuli Zmis ramdenime werili. saxlSi Camosul wvimas daulpia
da dakargula iseTi dokumentebi, romelTac, tician tabiZis TqmiT,
`SeeZloT STamomavlobisaTvis gaerkviaT firosmanis damokidebuleba
ojaxTan da misi weris manera“ (tabiZe 1966a: 148); firosmani bolos ise
daSorebia Tavis naTesaobas, rom misi sikvdilic ver gaugiaT – mxatvris
mimarT ugulo damokidebulebis Temas tician tabiZe kvlav da kvlav
ubrundeba.
niko firosmanis Seulamazebeli, realisturad marTali portretis
dasaxatad avtori TanamedroveTa mogonebebs maTi metyvelebis ubralo
stils redaqtirebis gareSe, Seucvlelad gadmogvcems. Salva dadianis
respondenti – firosmaniSvilis kargi nacnobi da erT dros misi kompanioni
simon papiaSvili mogviTxrobs – `Tavisda-gunebisad xatavda. sma uyvarda.
ufro arays etaneboda. xamuS-xamuS svamda yoveldRe. ojaxi ar hyolia. erT
frang qals hyvarobda, mgoni erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qali calke
cxovrobda, saxeli ar maxsovs. megobrebi saerTod, ara mgonia, vinme
hyolodes...” (tabiZe 1966a: 149).
statiaSi moyvanilia fragmentebi mxatvar lado gudiaSvilis
mogonebebidan, sadac mxatvris garegnuli iersaxis metyveli Strixebia
SemCneuli: `niko firosmani iyo maRali tanisa, SeWaRaravebuli da ukan
122
gadavardnili TmebiT. mis mkrTalsa da motexil saxes Tan sdevda ieri raRac
kulturuli sirbilisa da siwynarisa, wveri hqonda mokreWili da ulvaSebi
qveviT daSvebuli. ecva nacrisferi pijaki, sqeli, WuWyiani da saRebavebiT
moTxvrili Sarvali. erTi sityviT, Cven Tvalwin idga uRaribesi ubnis
mcxovrebi, gatexili da dabeCavebuli...” (tabiZe 1966a: 151-152). amgvari faqizi
da metyveli garegnuli portreti, cxadia, avsebs da srulyofilebas sZens
personaJis fsiqologiur portretsac.
`TiTqmis yvela naambobSi erTi ram aSkaravdeba – es is, rom firosmani
alkoholis msxverpli gamxdara” (tabiZe 1966a: 150) – wers gulistkiviliT
tician tabiZe. `ulmobeli seni – loToba, romelic usaTuod Sedegi aris
misi daudegari cxovrebisa da siRaribisa, kidev ufro uSlida xels, rom
misi niWi bunebrivad ganviTarebuliyo da eCvenebina mTeli Zala Tavisi
talantisa“ (tabiZe 1966a: 151).
tician tabiZes yvelaze tragikulad is eCveneba, rom mxatvris
sicocxlis bolo, ukanasknel wlebSi, rodesac is Turme raRac ucnauri
SemarTebiT, `gansakuTrebiT mieca Semoqmedebas, ar hqonda sakuTari bina,
karidan karze dadis, xandaxan sul ubinaos uxdeba sxvis duqnebSi Ramis Teva,
anda sardafis notio jurRmulebSi gdeba” (tabiZe 1966a: 151).
tician tabiZe rbilad unacvlebs erTmaneTs mxatvris fizikuri da
sulieri diskomfortis scenebs, riTac warmoaCens mis fizikur da fsiqikur
Taviseburebebs: `maxsovs erTxel SeviyvaneT mxatvarTa sazogadoebis
krebaze, gulze xelebgadajvaredinebuli ijda da gayinuli, gaqvavebuli
erT wertils misCereboda. misi saxe gamosaxavda farul sixaruls da did
gakvirvebas. ase ijda is mTeli sxdomis ganmavlobaSi da xma ar amouRia“
(tabiZe 1966a: 152) – gaqvavebuli mzera, gayinuli Tvalebi, sixarulis
damalvis survili da erTgvari gaxeveba – es niSanTa is erTobliobaa,
romelic qmnis adamianis fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis saerTo suraTs,
erTgvar anamnezs.
am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa da mniSvnelovani kidev erTi fragmenti
lado gudiaSvilis mogonebidan: ` – sad cxovrobs aq mxatvari
firosmaniSvili? – vekiTxebi ezoSi moTamaSe bavSvebs. miCveneben kibis qveS
moqceul sardafs...” (tabiZe 1966a: 152). adamianis sacxovrebeli garemos
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aRwera tician tabiZisTvis personaJis bunebis gaxsnis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani xerxia. firosmanis nivTebi, oTaxi, iq Seqmnili atmosfero
aqaurobis binadris areuli da Tavgzaabneuli, araordinaruli cxovrebis
Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. oTaxi `kibis qveS iyo moTavsebuli. patara, ramdenime
nabiji sigrZiT da siganiT, dgoma SeuZlebeli iyo. kuTxeSi idga logini
WuWyiani qveSagebiT, kedelze patara kolofi iyo mikruli, es iyo misi
`Skafi“, meore kuTxeSi dayrili iyo sxvadasxva xelsawyo mRebarisa da
mxatvris: vedro, klionka, saRebavebi, funjebi. davakakune, TviTon niko
gamoCnda. – vin gnebavT? – mekiTxeba. – batoni firosmaniSvili. – me var,
gTxovT... – gaaRo kari, daviRune da Sevedi. uecrad SemaCerda da mkiTxa: –
rogor moxveliT, rogorc mteri, Tu rogorc moyvare? – da Tan miyurebs
araCveulebrivi TvalebiT. `xom ar gagiJda!“ – gavifiqre gulSi. – ara, –
vupasuxe me, – Tqvenc mxatvari xarT da mec, ra mteri unda viyo me Tqveni, me
gudiaSvili var, ar gaxsovT? – diax, diax, – daiwyo man TiTqo caxcaxiT, –
gTxovT mobrZandeT, gTxovT, lado, ara? – diax, lado. – dabrZandiT,
Zmobilo! ai, ase, es aris Cemi oTaxi, rogorc xedavT. o! romelia Tqveni
saxeli? lado, diax, lado! SeiZleba wyali dalioT. – daasxa da momitana
wyali WiqiT. – bodiSs vixdi, rom limonaTi ara maqvs... iqneba puri? ai, gTxovT,
– da gamoiRo `Skafidan“ xmeli puris naWeri... rogor geZaxian Tqven? Llado,
ara? o, lado...” (tabiZe 1966a: 153).
werilis mxatvrul qsovilSi dialogis, adamianebis xmebis Semoyvana
ufro humanurs xdis teqsts, TanagrZnobas uRvivebs mkiTxvels personaJis
mimarT, radgan mkiTxveli TiTqos saubris uSualo msmeneli da
Tanamonawile xdeba.
tician tabiZis am werilis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mxatvruli
maxasiaTebelia kontrasti. aq TvalSisacemia, erTi mxriv, firosmanis yofis
siduxWire, xolo meore mxriv, mxatvris Sinagani keTilSobileba, swrafva
TviTganxorcielebisken, muSaobis wyurvili – yovelive es, arsebiTad,
Semoqmedi adamianis bunebrivi survilia, iyos Tavisi xelovnebiT bednieri:
`uecrad aiWra, daiwyo raRacis Zebna. kuTxeSi monaxa gaqonili wviriani
qaRaldi. – xedavT? ...Cemi portreti, me gadamiRo viRac gogolaSvilma da
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Semdeg gazeTSi moaTavsa...” (tabiZe 1966a: 153-154) – masac undoda, yofiliyo
aRiarebuli da dafasebuli.
`– axla raze muSaobT? – vekiTxebi. – arafers ar vakeTeb. vasruleb
mxolod SenakveTs restoranSi... siRaribeSi vcxovrob agre, xan matyueben da
xan ar maZleven fuls... ai es aris raRac. – maCvena suraTebi: `lomi“ da `Tamar
dedofali“ – aq bavSvebi miSlian xels. yvirian da qvebs isvrian fanjrebSi,
mawvaleben uRmerTod...“ (tabiZe 1966a: 154) – da iqve: `ra gvinda, Zmebo, iciT, –
ganagrZobda niko, – usaTuod saWiroa avaSenoT didi xis saxli sadme, qalaqis
SuagulSi, rom yvelasaTvis iyos axlo... SeviyarneT xolme, viyidoT didi
stoli da samovari, vsvaT Cai, bevri vsvaT da vilaparakoT xelovnebaze”
(tabiZe 1966a: 152) – aq firosmani moCans adamianur siTbos mowyurebuli, Ria,
komunikabeluri adamiani, gulkeTili da gaxsnili urTierTobebisTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc statiidan Cans, firosmans ar moswonda
kostumebSi da halstuxebSi gamowkepili, golovinze moseirne rafinirebuli
mxatvrebi da maT uxeSi, yoveldRiuri damqancveli muSaobisken mouwodebda,
tician tabiZe gviCvenebs, rom firosmani mainc gaabedniera axalgazrda
mxatvrebis yuradRebam, dainteresebam mis mimarT da manac didi
gulwrfelobiT gaiwia maTken. mkiTxvelisTvis gadmomdebia avtoris
TanagrZnoba adamianis mimarT, romelsac gadatanili hqonda amdeni
`damcireba da motyueba... ukulturo SemkveTlebisgan” (tabiZe 1966a: 155) da
cxovrebaSi pirvelad igrZno yuradReba, pativiscema, romelic ocnebobda
kolegebTan profesiul da inteleqtualur urTierTobaze. tician tabiZes
prozaikosis niWierebiT aqvs aRbeWdili mis mimarT mtruli da damTrgunveli
Zalebis pirispir Tavis TavSi Caketili, sakuTari SemoqmedebiT moculi
adamianis SeboWiloba, erTi mxriv da, meore mxriv, misi gulgaxsniloba
keTilganwyobili adamianebis mimarT.
personaJis cxovrebis peripetiebisa da xasiaTis kontrastuli
Tvisebebis CvenebiT tician tabiZe mis mravalmxriv, stereoskopul,
moculobriv mxatvrul saxes qmnis.
tician tabiZe aanalizebs niko firosmanis mier ganvlil SemoqmedebiT
gzas da misi naxatebis erTgvar prezentirebas axdens – axarisxebs maT
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Tematur-Sinaarsobrivi da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, mkiTxvels sTavazobs
firosmanis tiloebis sistematizacias:
1. istoriuli portretebi da istoriuli Tematika – `n. firosmani
gacnobili yofila qarTul istorias da Tanamedroveobas“ – `Tamar mefe”,
`SoTa rusTaveli”, `wminda giorgi”, `giorgi saakaZe”, `Samili”, `iaponiis omi”,
`vefxistyaosnis” ilustraciebi, da sxv.
2. cxovelTa da frinvelTa samyaro – cocxali buneba – `mis farTo
interess aRniSnaven agreTve danarCeni misi suraTebi: aq didi codnaa
cxovelTa da frinvelTa; misi lomebi, Jirafebi, daTvebi, niamorebi da irmebi
momxiblavia”.
3. qarTuli soflis yofa _ `rTveli kaxeTSi”, `dReoba”, `kalo
kaxeTSi”, `mwyemsebi”, `dReoba”, `didi marxva” da sxv. – `es waruSleli
suraTebia soflis bunebisa, romlis badali marTlac ar moipoveba qarTul
mxatvrobaSi”.
4. Tbilisi – `funikuliori”, `orTaWalis lamazebi”, `mearRne”,
`meezove”, `qali wiTeli buStiT” da sxv.
5. portretebi – `aRdgomis sufra”, `aqtrisa margarita” da sxv.
6. socialuri Tema _ `milioneri uSvilo da sawyali qali bavSvebiT”
(tabiZe 1966a: 156-157).
sagangebod unda aRvniSnoT, rom tician tabiZis statiis dasrulebis
Semdeg mkiTxvels tragizmis SegrZneba imis gamoc uCndeba, rom avtoris
bedi firosmanis bedis msgavsad tragikuli aRmoCnda. Mmwerals iseTi Rrma
TanagrZnoba da empaTia aReZra personaJis mimarT, rom TiTqos sakuTar
sicocxlesTan da sikvdilTan gaaigiva misi sicocxle da sikvdili.
`didxans ar dagvinaxavso, gvipasuxebdnen SekiTxvaze... veraferi gviTxres
samisamarTo magidaSiac. mas Semdeg niko firosmani samudamod miikarga. nikom
Tavisi wuTisofeli sadRac migdebul adgilebSi dalia, magram rodis
mokvda, ra pirobebSi, an vin damarxa, es aravin icis” (tabiZe 1966a: 155) – es
sityvebi mZafri intuiciis mqone adamianis tragikuli winaTgrZnobiT aris
dawerili, romelic aseve gaqra 1937 wlis erT dRes.A
126
tician tabiZis werili `niko firosmani“ gajerebulia mwerlis mier
miRebuli Zlieri STabeWdilebebiT. igrZnoba, rom avtori mTlianad moculia
Tavisi personaJis biografiiTa da bedisweriT.
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi niko firosmanis Tema mxolod tician
tabiZisTvis ar iyo mimzidveli. magaliTad, sainteresoa cnobili
qarTveli literatorisa dა moazrovnis – geronti qiqoZis statia
`qarTuli mxatvroba da firosmaniSvili” (qiqoZe: 1925), memarcxene
xelovnebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis – beno gordezianis werili
`xedvis ostati – niko firosmanaSvili” (gordeziani: 1927), leo esakias
SesaniSnavi xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi naSromi ,,axali mxatvroba” (esakia:
1927), da sxv.
geronti qiqoZe misTvis Cveuli inteleqtualuri siRrmiT, gamWriaxobiT
aanalizebs firosmanis Semoqmedebas da ganixilavs mas qarTuli mxatvruli
kulturis im nakadis konteqstSi, romelsac dasavlurad miiCnevs _ mozaika,
freskuli mxatvroba, saRmrTo werilis ilustracia, minanqris xelovneba,
oqromWedloba. rogorc gvaxsovs, freskul mxatvrobasTan firosmanis
siaxloves tician tabiZec aRniSnavs.
geronti qiqoZe ar iviwyebs firosmanis SemoqmedebiTi manerisa da misi
mxatvrobis motivebis meore – aRmosavlur wyarosac (sparsuli dekoracia,
miniatura), Tumca fiqrobs, rom aRmosavluri kulturis gavlena
firosmanze gacilebiT sustia, vidre dasavlurisa. Mmainc, geronti qiqoZis
azriT, firosmanis mxatvrobis yvelaze uxvi wyaro xalxuri Semoqmedeba
iyo. rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, amgvar mosazrebas gamoTqvams tician
tabiZec, rodesac niko firosmanisa da vaJa-fSavelas msgavsebaze
saubrobs. Aavtoris azriT, orive maTgans `Semoqmedebis Ziri Sig xalxis
gulSi aqvs da Ziramde amowuravs xalxur Semoqmedebas” (tabiZe 1966a: 158).
geronti qiqoZis da tician tabiZis mosazrebebi niko firosmanis Sesaxeb
sxva aspeqtSic emTxveva erTmaneTs – isini ar miiCneven mxatvars maRali
inteleqtualuri kulturis mqone Semoqmedad. maT miaCndaT, rom firosmans
ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli da gacnobierebuli sakuTari esTetikuri Teoria,
koncefcia. isini Tanamoazreebi arian im sakiTxSic, rom es pirvelqmnili,
xalasi da miamituri mxatvroba SeiZleba iqces raRac Zalian mniSvnelovanis,
127
axlis safuZvlad _ geronti qiqoZe: `es duqnebSi moxetiale mxatvari
saqarTvelos mxatvrul atmosferaSi sunTqavda da misi Semoqmedeba
daumuSavebel, magram noyier niadags warmoadgens momavali
reformatorisaTvis”; tician tabiZe: `mas SeuZlia Taviseburad gamoiyenos,
zogjer kidev sruliad Sescvalos Zveli forma da saTaveSi Caudges axal
skolas” (tabiZe 1966a: 144).
avtorebi Tanxmdebian im sakiTxSic, rom niko firosmans araviTari
profesiuli akademiuri ganaTleba ar miuRia – tician tabiZe: `Cven viciT,
rom niko firosmans aseTi skola ar gauvlia – saeWvoa, rom mas saerTod
gaevlos raime skola” (tabiZe 1966a: 144); geronti qiqoZec misTvis Cveuli
STambeWdaobiT gamoTqvams amave mosazrebas – `mas araviTari skola ar
gauvlia, arc akademiis, arc muzeumis, arc ateliesi, ar Seuswavlia arc
sanimuSo mxatvruli tiloebi, arc mxatvruli kedlebi, man qveyanas uSualod
Sexeda, cidan Camovardnili bavSvis TvalebiT. amitom mis mxatvrul xilvas
gasaocari gulubryvilobisa, moulodnelobisa da pirvelyofilobis beWedi
azis... xatavs ubralod, Zaldautaneblad, ise rogorc Cven vsunTqavT,
davdivarT...” (qiqoZe1925: 153).
rac tician tabiZem, rogorc poetma, lirikosma intuiturad igrZno -
rom niko firosmani aris qarTveli xalxis sulis, erovnuli geniis
gamoxatuleba, is geronti qiqoZem, rogorc Teoretikosma, zusti cnebebiT
gaiazra da Camoayaliba.
statiaSi `xedvis ostati – niko firosmani“ beno gordeziani
upirispirdeba Sexedulebas, rom niko firosmani gulubryvilo
`primitivisti“ da saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis – kaxeTis mxatvaria:
`firosmanaSvilSi vxedav did ostats, is ar aris primitivisti da marto
erTi kuTxis (kaxeTis) gadmomcemi. firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedeba ufro
panteisturia da metafizikas moklebuli... primitiuli kulturis xatva ar
niSnavs mxatvris primitivistobas“ (gordeziani1927: 232).
aq beno gordeziani ekamaTeba tician tabiZis mosazrebas, rom niko
firosmani kaxeTis, qiziyis namdvili Svilia da `yvela misi suraTi
aRniSnavs mis kaxur sisxlsa da jiSs… saqarTveloSi ar aris sxva mxatvari,
128
romelsac aseTi simarTliT da zedmiwevniT gadmoeca Tavisi kuTxe“(tabiZe
1966a: 147).
beno gordezianis azriT, firosmanis suraTebi did ubraloebasTan
erTad ar aris moklebuli gawaful profesionalizms, romlis
gamovlinebacaa misi naxatebis kompoziciis gasaocari simwyobre. `didi
ostati xedvis, funjis erTi mosmiT sWris geometrizaciis principebs”
(gordeziani 1927: 233).
garda amisa, beno gordeziani firosmanis mxatvrobaSi aRmoaCens
moulodnel modernistul plasts, romelsac primitivizmTan
SeuTavseblad miiCnevs: `misi Semoqmedebis texnika, gansakuTrebiT sagnebis
orkestrovkis dros ramodenimed aris kino-texnikis ganviTarebis erT-erTi
problema... firosmanaSvilis Semoqmedeba gaugebari darCeba, Tu kargaT ar
iqna Seswavlili misi reJisoruli kino-Tvali... Semoqmedebis dros misi
tvinis laboratoriidan ise gadmodian sagnebi tiloze... rogorc kargi
operatorisgan gadaRebuli suraTebi. yvela gamosul negativs Tavis
adgilze aTavsebs gasaocari proporciiT” (gordeziani 1927: 232,236,237).
beno gordeziani, tician tabiZis da geronti qiqoZis sapirispirod,
gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom niko firosmani Segnebulad ,,arRvevs yovel
akademiur mxatvrul kanonebs da qmnis sakuTars“ da, amgvarad, avangardist
novator mxatvrad warmogvidgens TviTnaswavlad miCneul firosmans. igi
wers, rom firosmani ,, gansxvavdeba freskebis klasikebidan” (gordeziani
1927: 237) da amjeradac ekamaTeba tician tabiZesa da geronti qiqoZes.
beno gordeziani ironiulad laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
`gaaaristokrates“ firosmanaSvilis gvari _ igi firosmaniSvilad
gadaakeTes. mas aRizianebs amgvari `fonetiuri esTetizmi“: firosmanaSvili
`albaT simboliur smenas examuSeboda“ (gordeziani 1927: 232). mas
mxedvelobaSi aSkarad hyavs tician tabiZe da geronti qiqoZe _ gasagebia,
vis eqneboda `simboliuri“ smena da vin SeiZleboda wodebuliyo esTetad...
tician tabiZe da sxva qarTveli inteligentebi axali, sabWoTa
xelisuflebis pirobebSi cdilobdnen, rom qarTul kulturaSi
129
cxovelmyofeli sawyisebi aRmoeCinaT da gaeZlierebinaT. maTi mizani iyo,
rac SeiZleba farTod da mdidrulad warmoeCinaT qarTuli kultura, raTa
qarTvel xalxs Tavisi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba SeZleboda
internacionaluri diqtaturis pirobebSi.
tician tabiZem da misma Tanamoazreebma firosmanSi dainaxes
qarTveli xalxis sulieri da SemoqmedebiTi Zala da dasaxes igi xalxis
niWis da energiis simbolod. maT firosmanSi _ xalxis SvilSi, ,,ubralo”
kacSi, ara elitis, aramed demosis warmomadgenelSi _ eris amouwuravi
SesaZleblobebi ganWvrites; Mmisi figura aRiqves imis imedismomcem
niSnad, rom qarTuli demosi didi potencialis mqonea.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo ilia WavWavaZis Tvalsazrisis
moSvelieba Znel droSi _ Tvalsazrisis, rom qarTveli xalxis
gadamrCenia misi elitis Sevseba da gadaxaliseba xalxis wiaRidan.
6.7. ”qimerioni”
(gazeTi ,,barrikadi”,M№5 – 22.01.1922.)
albaT valerian gafrindaSvilis leqsSi ,,provincialuri
gazafxuli” (gafrindaSvili 2010: 42) daxatulma aprilis tragikulma
suraTma Caagona tician tabiZes `qimerionis” dasawyisi – `rac ar unda
moabrunos valerian gafrindaSvilma ukuRma peizaJi, veravin ityvis, rom
iyos meti sixaruli, garda aprilis siTeTrisa” (barrikadi 1922a: 2).
statia dawerilia erTgvari mxatvruli daudevrobiT, ,,uceremonio”
TavisuflebiTa da artistulobiT; teqsti datvirTulia dokumenturi
informaciiT, portretebiT, saxeebiTa da saxelebiT, landebiT,
istoriuli eqskursebiT, politikuri SefasebebiT, pikanturi Wornarevi
komentarebiTa da paTetikuri frazebiT. vis ar gadaawydebiT aq –
ruseTis samoqalaqo oms gamoqceul inteligentebs, bohemur Semoqmedebs,
akademikos poets, gretxenisTvalebian germanel qals, kolombinas
kostiums da niRabs Sefarebul qarTvel aristokrats; aqve arian `Zveli
130
kokotkebi... Julikebi, spekuliantebi, mxatvrebi, Jonglerebi, rembo,
andrei beli...~ (barrikadi 1922b: 2). rogorc TviTon tician tabiZe ambobs,
`da yvelaferi ireva qimerebSi... da ar aqvs daTvla am qimerebs~(barrikadi
1922g: 2).
statiis kompoziciur wyobas SeiZleba vuwodoT organizebuli qaosi,
saidanac TandaTan amoizideba da gamokveTil saxes iZens kafe `qimerioni~
Tavisi istoriiT da bohemuri yoveldRiurobiT, – rogorc xelovnebis
nimuSi da rogorc xelovanTa savane, navsayudeli.
rogorc cnobilia, mweralTa kavSirma `aristokratuli
sazogadoebis SenobaSi” (dRevandeli rusTavelis Teatri), yofil
restoran `anonaSi~ xelovanTa kafe gamarTa, romelsac Semdgom
`qimerioni~ ewoda.
`qimerionSi~ imarTeboda literaturuli Sexvedrebi, mwerlebi da
poetebi kiTxulobdnen da ixilavdnen axal nawarmoebebs. patara scenaze
gamodiodnen im drois gamoCenili qarTveli da ucxoeli momRerlebi da
mocekvaveebi. `saerTod es kafe Zalian Tvalwarmtaci sanaxaoba iyo.
Sadrevnebis irgvliv, magidebs Soris, Tavisuflad daseirnobdnen Svlebi
da xandaxan sufraze mwvanilsac waswiwknidnen xolme~ – igonebs
mxatvari lado gudiaSvili.4
ruseTis samoqalaqo omisa da revoluciis aCrdili Tan sdevs am
werils – aq Cndebian emigrantebi, `romelnic ruseTis samoqalaqo omma
gadmoyara saqarTveloSi” (barrikadi 1922d: 2) da swored am omis
gamanadgurebeli suraTebis fonze iqmneba kontrasti: TbilisSi
adamianebi Tavisuflad cxovroben, qmnian, Tavs bednierad grZnoben.
erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan da saintereso figurad statiaSi
warmoCndeba sergei sudeikini _ rusi fermweri, grafikosi, Teatris
mxatvari, romelic qarTvel mxatvrebTan erTad qmnida kafe `qimerionis~
freskebs. `me arasdros ar migrZvnia sikvdilis metafizika ise
dajerebiT, rogorc sudeikinTan saubarSi” (barrikadi 1922e: 2) – wers Aam
`sneul da nerveb ganadgurebul” (barrikadi 1922v: 2) adamianze tician
tabiZe. rodesac TviTon sudeikins da mis megobrebs dahkargviaT
4 http://burusi.wordpress.com/2009/08/23/gudiashili-qimerioni/ lado gudiaSvili _ kafe ,,qimerioni”[xelmisawvdomia 25.12.2013].
131
avadmyofi mxatvris gadarCenis imedi, Turme swored maSin urCies mas
saqarTveloSi wamosvla.
susxiani ruseTis mkacri peizaJebi tician tabiZis mier apokalipturi
poeturi saxeebiT aris gacocxlebuli: `ruseTi sami wlis win – es iyo
raRac фantasmagoria, marTla astraluri mtveri gayinuli siciviT
sTovda maSin ruseTSi; samoqalaqo omis ganadgureba, Crdilo poliusis
okeanis sicive, SimSili dasuli misteriamde” (barrikadi 1922z: 2).
rusuli zamTris ulmobel klimats statiaSi erTvis da amZafrebs
daundobeli, sastiki politikuri klimati: `sisxliani `Ceka~, rogorc
egviptis sasjeli, gadmocvenili emigrantebi, rogorc landebi raRac ara
adamianuri teroris qveS mTeli Tavis arsebiT gamoTqvamen raRac
gaumeorebels. bibliis dauTvlel gamogonebul koSmarebSi albaT verc
erTi ver miaRwevs am teroramde” (barrikadi 1922T: 2).
sainteresoa, rom 1966 wels dastambul tician tabiZis TxzulebaTa
akademiuri gamocemis II tomSi – `werilebi literaturasa da
xelovnebaze” – vrceli kupiura swored `qimerionis~ am monakveTs Seexo.
cxadia, 60-iani wlebis sabWoTa cenzura ver moiTmenda bolSevikuri
teroris amgvar aSkarad negatiur Sefasebas. teqstidan amoWrilia
frazac, romelSic laparakia `moskovis koSmarze, siciveze, roca
adamiani cxovelze ufro mdablad grZnobs Tavs” (barrikadi 1922i: 2).
statiaSi ,,qimerioni’’ `iobis wignis” Tu egviptidan aRTqmuli miwis
gzaze damdgar bibliur personaJebTan arian Sedarebulni revoluciuri
teroris msxverplni. isini emsgavsebian im ebraelebs, romlebic, bibliis
mixedviT, tyved iyvnen ayvanilni, damonebulni da romelTac sastikad
awamebdnen, devnidnen da Cagravdnen. bolSevizmi warmodgeba rogorc
Zveli, arqauli saSinelebis da sisastikis aRdgena axal droSi.
sinamdvileSi avtori ase aRiqvamda bolSevizms.
albaT marTlac aRTqmul miwad esaxebodaT ruseTidan gamoqceulebs
Tbili da stumarTmoyvare, Tavisufali saqarTvelo. tician tabiZe
ixsenebs, rom `kulturuli adamianebi kocnidnen miwas Cveni Tvalis win
tfilisSi da stiroden, roca xedavden eleqtronis sinaTles, TiTqo
saflavSi gamoRviZebuli xalxi ver itevden haers da sinaTles”
(barrikadi 1922k: 2).
132
saqarTveloSi yofnis bednierebis eiforias iziarebs rusi emigranti,
`yvelaze ufro bogema da gabeduli” (barrikadi 1922l: 2). poeti vasili
kamenski, romelic, tician tabiZis TqmiT, `stenka razinis temperamentiT
da xlisturi samarTliT” (barrikadi 1922m: 2) hyveboda ruseTis ambebs.
adamianebi TiTqosda religiuri egzaltaciiT, aRfrTovanebiT da
cremlebiT gamoxatavdnen saqarTvelos siyvaruls. ruseTSi darCenilebs
ki ocnebad hqondaT gadaqceuli aq Camosvla: `maSin Cven gvesmoda es
fraza... akademikosi poeti iv. Bunini ambobs – RmerTo, damsva erTi mainc
saqarTveloSi”. aqedan warmodga legenda saqarTvelos oazisobis, aqedan
ganmeorda bibliuri legenda, rom samoTxe unda yofiliyo efratis
gadmoRma” (barrikadi 1922n: 2).
rus emigrantTa amgvari saxeebis SeqmniT, agreTve rus da qarTvel
xelovanTa urTierTobebis warmodgeniT publicisti cdilobs gviCvenos
ori qveynis urTierTobis optimaluri formac da Sinaarsic. Tavisufali,
demokratiuli saqarTvelo yovelgvari kompleqsis, resentimentis gareSe
amyarebs kavSirs rusul kulturasTan. kulturebi erTmaneTs amdidreben,
avseben, kulturebs ara aqvT sazRvrebi, kulturaSi ar arsebobs
metropolia da kolonia. 1921 wels, ukve okupaciis Semdeg daweril
statiaSi tician tabiZe dagvanaxebs, rom saqarTvelos da ruseTis
urTierToba okupantis da okupirebulis urTierToba ki ar unda iyos,
aramed Tanaswori da Tavisufali, kulturis Semoqmedi pirovnebebis
Tanaziaroba. aseTi Tvalsazrisi dResac metad aqtualuria. statiis
qveteqstSi ikiTxeba, rom ruseTi SiSismomgvreli saxiT ki ar unda
evlinebodes saqarTvelos, aramed unda uCvenebdes mas Tavis kulturul
saxes, romelic uTuod pativiscemas imsaxurebs.
`qimerionSi~ gaielveben portretebi, ufro xSirad ki Strixebi
portretebisTvis, daaxloebiT ise, rogorc kinokamera gadaiRebda
msubuqi garbeniT kafe `qimerionis~ fantasmagoriulad dabindul
interierSi msxdom adamianebs. simbolisturi emociuri momnusxvelobiT
qmnis tician tabiZe kafes realuri Tu virtualuri stumrebis mxatvruli
saxeebis kaskads. Kkoloritulad ixateba, magaliTad, sergei sudeikinis
megobari, peterburgeli mxatvari saveli sorini, sudeikinis haerovani
muza _ misi coli da ganuyreli megobari vera arturovna luri,
133
`germanuli jiSi, gretxenis TvalebiT, romelic aCerebden erT dros
tfilisSi yvela gamvlels, visac hqonda rame esTetikis” (barrikadi
1922o: 2).
ucxoel mxatvrebs, cxadia, maspinZloben qarTveli poetebi –
,,pirveli Sexvedris reJisori, rogorc yovelTvis, iyo paolo iaSvili...
gabedva, paФosi, mocartoba... grigol robaqiZis romauli profili,
bodleris Sublis naoWebiT da intelektiT... n. miwiSvils pirvelad im
dRes daarqva sudeikinma napoleoni...” (barrikadi 1922p: 2).
tician tabiZe gansakuTrebiT emociurad ixsenebs misi da sudeikinis
erT Sexvedras, roca isini saubrobdnen qarTul mxatvrobaze: `pirveli
gakvirveba es iyo niko firosmani. genia auxsneli da saqarTvelos
gammarTlebeli” (barrikadi 1922J: 2).
tician tabiZe ,,qimerions” xatavs rogorc cisferyanwelebis da
maTTan daaxloebul SemoqmedTa uCveulo Teatrs. `moulodnelad
daiwyeboda leqsebis Tqma: pirvelad daiwyebda da Semdeg sxva gamosvlebs
diriJorobda paolo iaSvili. leqsebs ambobden: grigol robaqiZe, tician
tabiZe, Salva amirejibi, leli jafariZe, leqsi uTqvams balmonts, sergei
gorodeckis, i. zdaneviCs da bevr sxvas” (barrikadi 1922r: 2).
tician tabiZis statiaSi xan xelovnebiT, poeziiT bednieri da
STagonebuli adamianebi Canan – idumalni da magiurad momxibvlelni, xan
pragmatuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi, romlebic keTil saqmeebs
aRasruleben: `qarTul xelovnebisTvis aravis imdeni ar gaukeTebia im
dros, rogorc benia CxikviSvils... mas uyvarda qarTuli xelovneba... didi
umadurobaa amis ar Tqma, rom b. CxikviSvili iyo erTad erTi Segnebuli
mecenati qarTvel xelovanTa. yovel iubileze is gamoCndeba don-kixotis
figuriT da yvelaze didi saCuqari da aRtacebuli sityva misi iyo”
(barrikadi 1922s: 2). Tavis araerT statiaSi madlierebiT moixseniebs
tician tabiZe benia CxikviSvils rogorc qvelmoqmeds da qarTuli
xelovnebis qomags, rac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, im droisTvis
gabeduli Jesti iyo.
statiis Sua nawilSi landebi qreba da vecnobiT kafe `qimerionis~
Seqmnis istorias – rogorc gadaeca yofili `anona~ mweralTa kavSirs,
rogor awyobdnen kafes, rogor arqmevdnen mas saxels da bolos, rogor
134
qmnidnen moxatulobas. es informaciuli pasaJi gajerebulia iumoriT –
mRebav `maliarebs~ gudiaSvilma daarqva malarme da sxv. `albad mTel
qveyanaze ar aris kaФe, romelic itevdes imden STagonebas da
Semoqmedebas, rogorc `qimerioni” (barrikadi 1922t: 2) – wers tician
tabiZe da Tavidan iwyebs did darbazSi msxdomi stumrebis portretebis
xatvas, romlebic, `qimerionis~ kedlebze gamosaxulni, TiTqos kafes
`gamtydar sarkeebSi~ ireklebian: `ludovik bavarieli, rembo, andrei
beli, ulamazesi qalebi, madonna, vera... TiTqo meore `Notr Dame de Paris~
mucelmogvi madonna, wiTeli kata kafeSi, kamelias TeZoebi, da
androginebi...” (barrikadi 1922u: 2).
statia mTavrdeba tkiviliani emociuri akordiT – sudeikinebi
samudamod miemgzavrebian saqarTvelodan parizSi, aq toveben guliTadi
megobrebis siyvaruls da ,,mogonebas Tavadi miSkinisas, es iyo CvenTvis
sudeikini” (barrikadi 1922f: 2). kafe ,,qimerionSi” aravis uWirda
eRiarebina kolegisa da megobris gamorCeuloba, aRfrTovaneba gamoexata
erTmaneTis mimarT, magram `amis Sesaxeb araferi ician filisterebma”
(barrikadi 1922q: 2). filisterebs, viwro obivateluri Tvalsawieris
mqone adamianebs, romlebic albaT gars exvivnen `qimerionis~ binadrebs,
marTlac araferi SeiZleboda scodnodaT nislovani fantaziis mier
yofis simZimisgan gaTavisuflebuli adamianebis cxovrebisa da gancdebis
Sesaxeb.
`qimerioni~ nostalgiuri grZnobiTaa dawerili. kafes atmosfero
Zvirfasi warsulis ganumeoreblobis gancdas utovebs mkiTxvels. es
warsuli poeturad zeaweulia.
werilis stili msubuqia, Tavisufali da amiT kafes ideas ireklavs.
Aamgvari stiliT ixateba daudevari, niWieri da bednieri adamianebis
Wreli, Tavisufali samyaro – kafe `qimerioni~.
“qimerionis” saxiT tician tabiZe qmnis Tavisuflebis apologias
axladdamyarebuli bolSevikuri reJimis pirobebSi.
135
daskvna
tician tabiZisTvis, rogorc publicistisTvis, organulia
saWirboroto, mwvave sazogadoebrivi Temebisadmi, problemebisadmi mZafri
interesi. mas gansakuTrebulad aRuZravs cnobiswadils socialuri
cxovrebis dinamika. es imiTac aris ganpirobebuli, rom misTvis
axlobeli iyo samyaros Secvlis, ganaxlebis avangardistuli paTosi.
mniSvnelovania dakvirveba tician tabiZis zogierTi narkvevis
sabWoTa publicistur paTosze, rac unda ganvixiloT represiuli
reJimis pirobebSi, sikvdilis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCenili pirovnebis
TviTgadarCenis instinqtis aracnobier tragikul gamoZaxilad,
gaucnobierebel prevenciul saSualebad, romelic mimarTulia
sicocxlisadmi muqaris Semcveli situaciis aRsakveTad.
tician tabiZis publicisturi azrovnebis stilis ganxilvas efuZneba
daskvna, rom mis narkvevebSi kompoziciuri elementebis siuxve
(portretebi, peizaJebi, lirikuli wiaRsvlebi, istoriuli eqskursebi,
sinamdvilis cocxali suraTebi da sxv.), narkvevTa kompoziciuri
simwyobre da gamarTuloba tician tabiZis mier publicistikaSi
poeziidan, literaturidan “gadmonergili” mwerluri ostatobis
komponentebia.
tician tabiZisTvis ucxoa weris mxolod aRweriTi an gansjiTi
manera, is qmnis tropebs, saxeTa mTel sistemas. Mmisi narkvevebis
kompoziciis mravalferovan elementebs erT mTlianobad kravs
publicistis mkafio Tu uCinari avtoportreti.
tician tabiZis gansjas saqarTvelos Sesaxeb me-20 saukunis
dasawyisis inteleqtualuri da emociuri atmosferos zegavlena emCneva.
aq Tavs iCens qarTuli mesianizmis idea. avtoris cnobiereba erTianad
aris moculi saqarTvelos daRupvisa da gadarCenis ideiT da swored mas
ukavSirdeba erovnuli mesianizmi.
qarTuli mesianizmi arsebiTad politikuri neoromantizmis
gamovlineba iyo da ara Sovinizmis an nacionaluri SezRudulobisa da
egoizmisa. saqarTvelos xsnis gzis Ziebisas tician tabiZe mkveTrad
136
amJRavnebs Tavis dasavlur kulturul-politikur orientacias. Mmisi
azriT, evropa aziaSi saqarTvelos gavliT Seva da amiT saqarTvelo
samsaxurs gauwevs evropas – iqneba misi kulturis erTgvari gamtari, misi
ideebis damnergavi – evropis mowinave simagre, forposti aziaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom publicistis aseTi geopolitikuri xedva dResac
Zalian mniSvnelovani da aqtualuria saqarTvelosTvis.
tician tabiZis sagangebo da pozitiuri msjeloba omis fenomenis
Sesaxeb cxadyofs, rom avtoris interesi am sakiTxisadmi pirvel
msoflio omSi saqarTvelos monawileobiT, saqarTvelos
gaTavisuflebisTvis misi mniSvnelobiT aris ganpirobebuli. yvelaze
antihumanur movlenad statiaSi miCneulia araTavisufleba. avtoris
azriT, arsebobs omze, sikvdilze uaresi boroteba – monoba, anu
gamudmebuli kvdoma.
sabWoTa reJimis damyarebam saqarTveloSi ukve sruliad sxva
erovnuli problemebi wamoWra publicistis winaSe. tician tabiZe
gansakuTrebiT mwvaved grZnobs qarTuli enis gadarCenis problemas. igi
xedavs, rom Aenaze zrunvis egidiT bolSevikebi cdilobdnen enis
gaprimitiulebas, viTomda gaxalxurebas, mwerlebis da moazrovneebis
individualur stilTa nivelirebas, usicocxlo da unificirebuli,
ideologizebuli enis damkvidrebas. swored amitom, umZimes istoriul
pirobebSi eris gadarCenisTvis, misi sulieri cxovrebis TviTmyofadobis
SenarCunebisTvis avtori aucileblobad miiCnevs da daJinebiT moiTxovs
qarTuli saxelmwifo gamomcemlobis arsebobas da literaturuli
procesebisaTvis stimulis mimcemi seriozuli da mniSvnelovani organos
_ axali Jurnalis daarsebas, romelic iqneboda qarTuli kulturis
istoriis da Tanamedroveobis gamaerTianebeli cocxali sivrce.
mweralTa yofis da SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis pirobebis
gaumjobesebis problemas tician tabiZe farTo planiT xedavs.
publicisti, Tavisi epoqis ZiriTadi tendenciis sapirispirod, miiCnevda,
rom saxelmwifos mizani sakuTari Tavis gaZliereba ki ar unda iyos,
aramed man adamianis SemoqmedebiT Zalebs unda Seuqmnas gamovlenis
pirobebi. tician tabiZis logikiT, saxelmwifo unda emsaxurebodes
137
kulturas, adamianebis sulier ganviTarebas, maTi Tavisuflebis
gafarToebas.
studentTa TemiT publicistis dainteresebis siRrmiseul motivad
warmoCndeba is, rom igi studentobas yvelaze Tavisuflebismoyvare da
sazogadoebaSi Tavisuflebis damamkvidrebel socialur jgufad miiCnevs.
studentebis cxovrebis mZime pirobebs tician tabiZe maT mimarT
xelisuflebis gulgrilobiT da uyuradRebobiT xsnis. gansakuTrebiT
mankier movlenad igi saxavs xelisuflebis studentobisadmi
damokidebulebis diferencirebas imis mixedviT, ideologiurad ramdenad
axloblebi arian isini misTvis. Ppublicisti kritikulad gamokveTs
sabWoTa xelisuflebis saganmanaTleblo politikis mizans _ mas surs,
studentoba Tavisi ideologiis adeptad aqcios.
studentobisadmi miZRvnili statiebi, tician tabiZis mTel
publicistikasTan erTad, mowmobs, rom cisferyanweli poeti, romelic
adreul axalgazrdobaSi sakmaod gaucxoebulad aRiqvamda
TergdaleulTa memkvidreobas, mogvianebiT maT msgavsad mimarTavs
SemoqmedebiT Zalisxmevas mtkivneuli erovnul-socialuri problemebis
gaazrebisa da gadaWrisaken.
qarTvel xelovanTa socialuri problemebis ganxilvisas vlindeba
publicistis _ demokratiuli cnobierebis mqone adamianis _ swrafva
Cveni kulturuli cxovrebis evropeizaciisken, rac SeuZlebeli iyo
bolSevikuri diqtaturis pirobebSi. tician tabiZe analitikurad
akvirdeba da warmoaCens or saSiSroebas, romelTa winaSe
aRmoCnda Tanamedrove qarTuli kultura, xelovneba _ xelovnebis
komercializacia, misi `gasasaRebel saqonlad” qcevac da xelovnebis
ideologizacia, ideologiur iaraRad qcevac kulturis gamasobrivebas
gulisxmobda. im periodis sabWoeTSi realur safrTxes, cxadia,
xelovnebis ideologizacia ufro warmoadgenda. proletaruli
xelovnebis meSveobiT diqtatorul reJims unda waremarTa adamianTa
erTgvarovan, mdabio, agresiul masad Camoyalibebis procesi.
xelovnebisadmi miZRvnil statiebSi avtori avlens qarTuli
kulturis TviTmyofadobis gamokveTisken da misi evropuli xasiaTis da
donis warmoCenisken swrafvas.Mme-20 saukunis qarTuli klasikuri musikis
138
fuZemdeblis _ zaqaria faliaSvilis Sesaxeb dawerili emociuri statia
gamsWvalulia publicisturi mizandasaxulobiT _ gauRvivdes qarTul
sazogadoebas erovnuli siamayis grZnoba da sakuTari Zalebis da
SesaZleblobebis rwmena. amitom ambobs tician tabiZe, rom genia eris
bednierebaa.
qarTuli Teatris reformatoris – kote marjaniSvilis tician
tabiZiseul Sefasebas gansazRvravs is, rom misTvis poeziaSi,
xelovnebaSi mTavari sawyisi stiqiuroba, spontanurobaa da igi
marjaniSvilis SemoqmedebaSic am sawyiss xedavs da afasebs. poets da
publicists izidavs reJisorisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `gaafTreba da
Tavganwiruloba~, anu is, ramac `cisferyanwelTa~ ordenis poetur
amboxs misca impulsi da swored amgvari Tanxmiereba ganapirobebda
tician tabiZis aRfrTovanebas kote marjaniSviliT. Teatrze
msjelobisas tician tabiZe warmodgeba rogorc publicisti da
moazrovne, romelic saqarTveloSi evropuli kulturuli standartis
damkvidrebas cdilobs.
TbilisSi iakob nikolaZis mier akaki wereTlis qandakebis dadgmis
pozitiuri Sefasebis paralelurad tician tabiZe TvalnaTliv
warmogvidgens, Tu rogor aqtiurad cdilobs totalitaruli reJimi,
Secvalos qveynis kulturuli landSafti. komunistebi Zalisxmevas ar
aklebdnen qveyanaSi TavianTi beladebis da sxvadasxva warmomavlobis
revolucionerebis Zeglebis dadgmas. aseT viTarebaSi tician tabiZe,
rogorc publicisti, ibrZoda imisTvis, rom qveyanas, qalaqs
SenarCuneboda qarTuli saxe.
tician tabiZe, rogorc publicisti, cdilobs axali, sabWoTa
xelisuflebis pirobebSi qarTul kulturaSi aRmoaCinos da gaaZlieros
cxovelmyofeli sawyisebi. is eswrafis mTeli simdidriT warmoCndes
qarTuli kultura, raTa qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi erovnuli
TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba SeZlos internacionaluri diqtaturis
pirobebSi. niko firosmanis pirovnebisa da mxatvrobisadmi miZRvnil
vrcel statiaSi, romelSic Rrmad da STambeWdavadaa gaxsnili am
adamianis Sinagani samyaro da misi niWis buneba, es Semoqmedi dasaxulia
qarTveli xalxis sulieri da SemoqmedebiTi energiis simbolod. man
139
firosmanSi _ xalxis SvilSi, ,,ubralo” kacSi eris amouwuravi
SesaZleblobebi ganWvrita. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo ilia WavWavaZis
Tvalsazrisis moSvelieba Znel droSi _ Tvalsazrisis, rom qarTveli
xalxis gadamrCenia misi elitis Sevseba da gadaxaliseba xalxis
wiaRidan.
nostalgiuri grZnobiTaa dawerili tician tabiZis werili
`qimerioni~. kafes atmosfero Zvirfasi warsulis ganumeoreblobis
gancdas utovebs mkiTxvels. simbolisturi emociuri momnusxvelobiT
qmnis tician tabiZe kafes stumrebis mxatvruli saxeebis fantasmagoriul
kaskads da Tavisuflebis apologias axladdamyarebuli bolSevikuri
reJimis pirobebSi. 1921 wels, ukve okupaciis Semdeg daweril statiaSi
tician tabiZe dagvanaxebs, rom ruseTis da saqarTvelos urTierToba
okupantis da okupirebulis urTierToba ki ar unda iyos, aramed
Tanaswori da Tavisufali, kulturis Semoqmedi pirovnebebis
Tanaziaroba. aseTi Tvalsazrisi dResac metad aqtualuria.
Jurnalistika, publicistika tician tabiZisTvis mimzidveli da
saintereso aRmoCnda imiT, rom aqac, iseve rogorc literaturaSi, Tumca
gansxvavebuli xerxebiT da rakursebiT, ixateba cxovreba. publicistikaSi
tician tabiZem aRmoaCina imis SesaZlebloba, rom moexelTebina dro,
cocxali Tanamedroveoba da mravalganzomilebiani sinamdvile mkveTrad
subieqturi interpretaciis sagnad eqcia. misTvis Ppublicistika am
sinamdvilis mtkivneul problemebSi garkvevis, sakuTari moqalaqeobrivi
poziciis da mrwamsis demonstrirebis da sazogadoebrivi azris
formirebaSi uSualo monawileobis saSualebaa. is principuli, amave
dros TanamgrZnobeli Jurnalisti da publicistia, amkvidrebs
”humanisturi Jurnalistikis” principebs _ gulwfelad interesdeba
adamianis bediT da mkacr epoqaSi adamianur keTilganwyobas da siTbos
inarCunebs.
tician tabiZis weris sada, Stampebisgan absoluturad dazRveuli
stili, mkafiod gamovlenili inteleqtualizmi, warmosaxvis cocxali
unari, simarTlismoyvareoba misi, rogorc publicistis, arsebiTi
Tvisebebia. Ees gamorCeuli poeti warmogvidgeba rogorc drois mZafri
SegrZnebiT aRWurvili, emociuri da gamWriaxi publicisti.
140
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saukunis 20-iani wlebi [Semdgeneli _ manana xelaia] Tbilisi:
merani, 1986.
66. qarTuli... 1990: qarTuli musikis istoria, t. I. Tbilisi: ganaTleba,
1990.
67. qarTuli... 2010: qarTuli პublicistika _ qrestomaTia. XXs. nakveTi
I. [Semdgeneli _ dali CikvilaZe] Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2010.
68. qiqoZe 1919: qiqoZe, geronti. erovnuli energia. Tbilisi: mTavrobis
stamba, 1919.
69. qiqoZe 1925: qiqoZe, geronti. QqarTuli mxatvroba da
firosmaniSvili. Jurn. ,,mnaTobi” №3. 1925.
145
70. qiqoZe 2003: qiqoZe, geronti. Tanamedrovis Canawerebi. Tbilisi:
arete, 2003.
71. Seqspiri 1980: Seqspiri, uiliam. tragediebi. wigni I. Tbilisi:
sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1980.
72. CxeiZe 1949: CxeiZe, uSangi. kote marjaniSvili. Tbilisi: xelovneba,
1949.
73. caiSvili 1986: caiSvili, sargis. winamorbedni da Tanamedroveni.
Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1986.
74. wereTeli 1978: qarTuli poezia. t.8. akaki wereTeli. Tbilisi:
nakaduli, 1978.
75. WavWavaZe 2012a: WavWavaZe, ilia. Eeqvstomeuli.Ppublicisturi
werilebi, t.1. Tbilisi: palitra L. 2012.
76. WavWavaZe 2012b: WavWavaZe, ilia. Eeqvstomeuli.Ppublicisturi
werilebi, t.3. Tbilisi: palitra L. 2012.
77. WavWavaZeebi L2009: WavWavaZeebi, lika da Tamar. Teatraluri
mogonebebi. Tbilisi: 2009.
78. xomeriki 2004: xomeriki, manana. genealogiur-biografiuli Ziebani.
firosmani. Tbilisi: mematiane, 2004.
79. jafariZe 2010: jafariZe, Temo. naxatis siCume. Tbilisi: kavkasiuri
saxli, 2010.
80. heli, zigleri 1997: Хьелл Л., Зиглер Д. Теории личности. Санкт Петербург:
Питер, 1997.
81. hese 1987: Гессе, Герман. Письма по кругу. Москва: Прогресс, 1987.
HH
146
periodika:
1. barrikadi 1920a: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.
2. barrikadi 1920b: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.
3. barrikadi 1920g: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.
4. barrikadi 1920d: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.
5. barrikadi 1920e: “maniфesti azias”, gaz. barrikadi, №1, 1920, gv.2.
6. barrikadi 1922a: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
7. barrikadi 1922b: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
8. barrikadi 1922g: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
9. barrikadi 1922d: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
10. barrikadi 1922e: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
11. barrikadi 1922v: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
12. barrikadi 1922z: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
13. barrikadi 1922T: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
14. barrikadi 1922i: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
15. barrikadi 1922k: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
16. barrikadi 1922l: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
17. barrikadi 1922m: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
18. barrikadi 1922n: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
19. barrikadi 1922o: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
20. barrikadi 1922p: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
21. barrikadi 1922J: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
22. barrikadi 1922r: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
23. barrikadi 1922s: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
24. barrikadi 1922t: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
25. barrikadi 1922u: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
26. barrikadi 1922f: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
27. barrikadi 1922q: “qimerioni”, gaz. barrikadi, №5, 1922, gv.2.
147
28. baxtrioni 1922a: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,
1922, gv.1.
29. baxtrioni 1922b: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,
1922, gv.1.
30. baxtrioni 1922g: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,
1922, gv.1.
31. baxtrioni 1922d: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2, 1922,
gv.1.
32. baxtrioni 1922e: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,
1922, gv.1.
33. baxtrioni 1922v: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,
1922, gv.1.
34. baxtrioni 1922z: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2, 1922,
gv.2.
35. baxtrioni 1922T: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №2,
1922, gv.2.
36. baxtrioni 1922i: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,
gv.1.
37. baxtrioni 1922k: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,
gv.1.
38. baxtrioni 1922l: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,
gv.1.
39. baxtrioni 1922m: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,
gv.1.
40. baxtrioni 1922n: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,
gv.1.
41. baxtrioni 1922o: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,
gv.2.
42. baxtrioni 1922p: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,
gv.2.
148
43. baxtrioni 1922J: ,,fondi xelovnebisaTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №12, 1922,
gv.2.
44. baxtrioni 1922r: ,,lataria xelovnebisTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №14, 1922,
gv.2.
45. baxtrioni 1922s: ,,lataria xelovnebisTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №14, 1922,
gv.2.
46. baxtrioni 1922t: ,,lataria xelovnebisTvis”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №14, 1922,
gv.2.
47. baxtrioni 1922u: ,,xelovnebis sasaxle”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №15, 1922, gv.1.
48. baxtrioni 1922f: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,
1922, gv.1.
49. baxtrioni 1922q: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,
1922, gv.1.
50. baxtrioni 1922R: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,
1922, gv.1.
51. baxtrioni 1922y: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,
1922, gv.1.
52. baxtrioni 1922S: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,
1922, gv.1.
53. baxtrioni 1922C: ,,wyaldidoba saqarTveloSi”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №18,
1922, gv.1.
54. baxtrioni 1922c: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.
55. baxtrioni 1922Z: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.
56. baxtrioni 1922w: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.
57. baxtrioni 1922W: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.
58. baxtrioni 1922x: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.
59. baxtrioni 1922j: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.
60. baxtrioni 1922h: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.1.
61. baxtrioni 1922h1: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.2.
62. baxtrioni 1922h2: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.2.
149
63. baxtrioni 1922h3: ,,cxvris wyaro”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №21, 1922, gv.2.
64. baxtrioni 1922h4: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
65. baxtrioni 1922h5: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
66. baxtrioni 1922h6: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
67. baxtrioni 1922h7: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
68. baxtrioni 1922h8: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
69. baxtrioni 1922h9: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
70. baxtrioni 1922h10: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
71. baxtrioni 1922h11: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
72. baxtrioni 1922h12: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
73. baxtrioni 1922h13: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
74. baxtrioni 1922h14: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
75. baxtrioni 1922h15: ,,akakis Zegli”, Ggaz. baxtrioni, №24, 1922, gv.1.
76. rubikoni: 1923a: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
77. rubikoni: 1923b: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
78. rubikoni: 1923g: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
79. rubikoni: 1923d: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
80. rubikoni: 1923e: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
81. rubikoni: 1923v: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
82. rubikoni: 1923z: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
83. rubikoni: 1923T: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
150
84. rubikoni: 1923i: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
85. rubikoni: 1923k: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
86. rubikoni: 1923l: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
87. rubikoni: 1923m: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
88. rubikoni: 1923n: ,,studentobis tradiciebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №2, 1923,
gv. 1.
89. rubikoni: 1923o: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,
1923, gv. 1.
90. rubikoni: 1923p: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,
1923, gv.1.
91. rubikoni: 1923J: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,
1923, gv.1.
92. rubikoni: 1923r: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,
1923, gv.1.
93. rubikoni: 1923s: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,
1923, gv.1.
94. rubikoni: 1923t: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,
1923, gv.1.
95. rubikoni: 1923u: ,,saxelmwifo gamomcemloba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №6,
1923, gv.1.
96. rubikoni 1923f: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
97. rubikoni 1923q: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
98. rubikoni 1923R: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
99. rubikoni 1923y: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
100.rubikoni 1923S: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
101. rubikoni 1923C: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
102. rubikoni 1923c: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
151
103. rubikoni 1923Z: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
104.rubikoni 1923w: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
105. rubikoni 1923W: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
106.rubikoni 1923x: ,,qarTuli Jurnali”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №7, 1923. Ggv.1.
107. rubikoni 1923j: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
108. rubikoni 1923h: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
109. rubikoni 1923h1: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
110. rubikoni 1923h2: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
111. rubikoni 1923h3: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
112. rubikoni 1923h4: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
113. rubikoni 1923h5: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
114. rubikoni 1923h6: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
115. rubikoni 1923h7: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
116. rubikoni 1923h8: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
117. rubikoni 1923h9: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
118. rubikoni 1923h10: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
119. rubikoni 1923h11: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
120. rubikoni 1923h12: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
121. rubikoni 1923h13: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
122. rubikoni 1923h14: ,,stipendiebi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №8, 1923. Ggv.1.
123. rubikoni 1923h15: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
124.rubikoni 1923h16: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
125. rubikoni 1923h17: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
126. rubikoni 1923h18: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
127. rubikoni 1923h19: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
128. rubikoni 1923h20: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
129. rubikoni 1923h21: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
130. rubikoni 1923h22: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
131. rubikoni 1923h23: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
152
132. rubikoni 1923h24: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
133. rubikoni 1923h25: ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
134. rubikoni 1923:h26 ,,saagarako saxli”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №9, 1923. Ggv.1.
135. rubikoni 1923:h27 ,,momavali sezoni”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №14, 1923. Ggv.1.
136. rubikoni 1923:h28 ,,momavali sezoni”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №14, 1923. Ggv.1.
137. rubikoni 1923:h29 ,,momavali sezoni”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №14, 1923. Ggv.1.
138. rubikoni 1923:h30 ,,momavali sezoni”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №14, 1923. Ggv.1.
139. rubikoni 1923:h31 ,,momavali sezoni”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №14, 1923. Ggv.1.
140.rubikoni 1923:h32 ,,momavali sezoni”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №14, 1923. Ggv.1.
141. rubikoni 1923:h33 ,,momavali sezoni”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №14, 1923. Ggv.1.
142.rubikoni 1923:h34 ,,specebis kuriozi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №15, 1923. Ggv.1.
143. rubikoni 1923:h35 ,,specebis kuriozi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №15, 1923. Ggv.1.
144.rubikoni 1923:h36 ,,specebis kuriozi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №15, 1923. Ggv.1.
145. rubikoni 1923:h37 ,,specebis kuriozi”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №15, 1923. Ggv.1.
146.rubikoni 1923h38: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
147. rubikoni 1923h39: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
148. rubikoni 1923h40: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
149. rubikoni 1923h41: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
150. rubikoni 1923h42: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
151. rubikoni 1923h43: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
152. rubikoni 1923h44: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
153. rubikoni 1923h45: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
154. rubikoni 1923h46: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
155. rubikoni 1923h47: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
156. rubikoni 1923h48: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
157. rubikoni 1923h49: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
158. rubikoni 1923h50: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
159. rubikoni 1923h51: ,,Cveni studentoba”, Ggaz. rubikoni, №16, 1923. Ggv.3.
160. saqarTvelo 1916a: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.
153
161. saqarTvelo 1916b: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.
162. saqarTvelo 1916g: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.
163. saqarTvelo 1916d: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.
164. saqarTvelo 1916e: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916,gv.2.
165. saqarTvelo 1916v: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.2.
166. saqarTvelo 1916z: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916,gv.2.
167. saqarTvelo 1916T: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916,gv.3.
168. saqarTvelo 1916i: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.
169. saqarTvelo 1916k: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.
170. saqarTvelo 1916l: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.
171. saqarTvelo 1916m: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.
172. saqarTvelo 1916n: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №143, 1916, gv.2.
173. saqarTvelo 1916o: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.3.
174. saqarTvelo 1916p: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.2.
175. saqarTvelo 1916J: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.3.
176. saqarTvelo 1916r: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.3.
177. saqarTvelo 1916s: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.2.
178. saqarTvelo 1916t: „qarTuli idea“, Ggaz. saqarTvelo, №142, 1916, gv.3.
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