In face of one of the worst droughts in California’s histo-ry, Cal State Fullerton is re-placing swaths of grass with drought-tolerant landscapes to meet the state mandate of re-ducing water use by 20 per-cent by 2020.

About 60 percent of the uni-versity’s water use is for irriga-tion. Last year, the university consumed 111 million gallons of water at an estimated cost of about $360,000.

Since the mid-’90s, the uni-versity has been pursuing wa-ter conservation efforts includ-ing the installation of low flow or waterless fixtures in some locations.

Recently, the universi-ty expanded its efforts in drought-tolerant landscaping. Areas of grass by Langsdorf Hall, the Titan Student union and the Education Classroom Building have been uprooted and replaced with plants that

are less thirsty. The university has spent

about $250,000 to date to re-place grass with drought-tol-erant landscapes, including the cost of drip irrigation, accord-ing to Facilities Operations.

Some of the new plantings include Chitalpa pink dawn, Desert Museum palo verde, Mexican bird of paradise and feather grass, salvia leucan-tha, lantana, agave, dwarf bou-gainvillea and geraniums.

“Succulents are the best choice for this kind of (drought-resistant landscap-ing) because you could water them infrequently, they will take it up efficiently, they will store it and will remain alive and green even if you don’t water them for months,” said Professor of Biological Sci-ence Jochen Schenk, Ph.D.

Compared to drought-re-sistant plants used in what is called “xeriscaping,” lawns are extremely wasteful, Schenk said.

However, Schenk said the university went with a very “half-hearted” statement on water-saving design by using some desert trees with roses

that are notorious for water wasting.

“Our campus is really de-voted to sustainability … so I think what would be a really good statement for our cam-pus is to have a display of real xeriscaping out there with cac-ti, agave and desert trees and

make it beautiful,” Schenk said.

Darren Sandquist, Ph.D., professor of biological science, said the university went with a plant palette that was some-where in between not wasting a lot of water and still provid-ing the beauty they wanted to

have. The new plant palette was

selected based on color and drought-tolerance, said Greg Keil, Cal State Fullerton’s landscape manager.

Drought-adapted plants have a high water-use efficien-cy, which means they grow

better than other plants for a given amount of water they use.

But some of the plants cho-sen for the new gardens—ge-raniums, bougainvillea and carpet roses—will need to be watered much more frequent-ly than the native plants, Sand-quist said.

“They are making a big ef-fort to have better water con-servation on campus,” he said. “One of the things they are do-ing are to create landscapes that recapture water, instead of letting it run off.”

Bioswales, which collect runoff water, are something that could help retain the wa-ter and work to irrigate the plants by creating a reservoir of water in the soil, Sandquist said.

Due to its scope, the recent expansion of drought-tolerant landscaping may bring more attention to the practice, but it is something that the univer-sity has been doing since the turn of the millenium, said Willem van der Pol, director of facilities operations.

Thursday November 20, 2014 Volume 96 Issue 45The Student Voice of California State University, Fullerton

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Putting an issue as expansive as the current drought in California into context is no small task. Add uninformed policy makers, and a public that doesn’t grasp the severity of the is-sue, that task becomes even more difficult.

Part of the difficulty of framing the current drought is the fact that it isn’t the first in Cal-ifornia history, or even the worst, said Phool-endra Mishra, Ph.D., professor of civil and en-vironmental engineering. There have been far more severe droughts that occurred well before climate change became an issue, he said.

The cavalier outlook of most Californians in the face of the drought is a source of frustra-tion, he said.

“The general public doesn’t understand the severeness of this drought,” he said. “They think it’s okay–because we still drink water [they think] everything is fine. You see green lawns with the sprinklers running, and people are not seeing [the big picture].”

There have been worse droughts in Califor-nia’s past, he said, but it’s still important for the public to understand the severity of the drought and act accordingly in their everyday lives, and equally important that public officials take the same considerations into account during the policymaking process.

Matthew Kirby, Ph.D., associate professor of geology, also aims to put the severity of the cur-rent drought into larger context. Kirby recently took the lead as author of a paper published in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews.

hottest year on record

2014 was the driest year since

1924 and the

in CALIFORNIA

California running dryOne of the worst droughts in California history lacks context with public and policymakers, professor says

FRANCISCO REYESDaily Titan

SEE CONTEXT 3

SEE PLANTS 3

CSUF saves water with succulentsCSUF spends about $250,000 to implement drought-tolerant landscaping on campus

KATHERINE PICAZODaily Titan

Cal State Fullerton recently replaced several large lawns on campus with drought-tolerant plants featuring water-saving plants, like the succulent pictured above.

KATHERINE PICAZO / DAILY TITAN

MIKE TRUJILLO / DAILY TITAN

PAGE 2NOVEMBER 20, 2014 THURSDAY NEWS

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FOR THE RECORDIt is Daily Titan policy to correct factual errors printed in

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Toilet to tap may not be the most appealing name for a water replenishing sys-tem, but it’s adding millions of gallons of drinking water for Orange County residents to use.

The constant need for new fresh water is being met in part by recycling waste water to use as safe drinking wa-ter for thirsty cities. Without processes to recharge incom-ing rainwater, much of the local underground sources would be in danger of run-ning low.

Orange County Sanita-tion and Water Districts have made water recycling safer than ever with the Ground-water Replenishment Sys-tem, a filtration system that turns sewer water into clean drinking water, said Gina Ayala, principal communica-tions specialist at the Orange County Water District.

Initially, waste water is treated at the Orange County Sanitation District to remove impurities in a multi-step process. From there, it is sent on to the replenishment sys-tem for further treatment.

The replenishment process consists of three filtration steps–microfiltration, reverse osmosis and treatment with hydrogen peroxide and ultra-violet light.

The first step passes the water through microscopic fibers to separate out any re-maining solids, bacteria and some viruses.

Following that, it moves on to a reverse osmosis pro-cess where high pressure forces the water through mo-lecular membranes made of plastic.

This second stage removes dissolved chemicals, viruses and pharmaceuticals still in the water.

Finally, the water is treat-ed with ultraviolet light and hydrogen peroxide to rid it of any organic compounds that may still remain.

The water is then sent into the Orange County Wa-ter Basin where it is mixed with imported water, rainwa-ter and water from the San-ta Ana River to increase the local drinking water supply, Ayala said.

The process results in drinking water that meets or exceeds state and feder-al drinking water standards, according to the OC Water District.

The water district man-ages the OC groundwater

basin, which provides wa-ter for over two million peo-ple in Orange County, Ayala said.

The basin currently pro-vides 70 million gallons of water a day, a number that is expected to grow to 100 mil-lion gallons a day next year.

The replenishment sys-tem is currently undergoing

construction to increase its output. Alone, it is enough to sustain 850,000 people. This is only an initial expansion of the system’s capacity–in its final expansion it will be able to produce 130 million gallons per day.

If the drought persists, this method of water treat-ment will be one of the most

cost-effective and environ-mentally friendly options available.

North county cities like Fullerton get water from OC Water District’s groundwater source at about a third of the cost of what South OC pays per acre-foot (326,000 gal-lons) of their imported water, according to Greg Woodside,

executive director of plan-ning and natural resources at the OC Water District.

Groundwater will eventu-ally run out, meaning other solutions like an increased use of stormwater, desalina-tion and continued conser-vation will still be necessary long-term methods of ad-dressing the water shortage.

In light of the current drought crisis, southern Californians are becoming more aware of the need for alternative sources for pure drinking water. As part of that realization, Hunting-ton Beach has partnered with a water project com-pany to study and devel-op water desalination as a possible solution to the water shortage in Orange County.

Poseidon Water, a com-pany specializing in water project development, cur-rently has two desalination projects being developed in Southern California.

Desalination is a process that uses multiple steps to remove salt dissolved in water, purifying the water to make it safe to drink or use for other purposes.

The process begins when seawater is brought

in through pipes that run across the ocean ground and transported to the de-salination facility. Once there, it is filtered to re-move impurities. Follow-ing that filtration, it un-dergoes a reverse osmosis system, in which the wa-ter is pushed through mi-croscopic membranes to remove any remaining impurities.

“The holes in the mem-brane are so tiny. They are about one one-mil-lionth the diameter of a human hair, so the water molecules are able to push through at the high pres-sure, but the salt mole-cules, as well as any virus-es or bacteria or anything else that might be in sea-water, are rejected and do not pass through into the water system,” said Jessi-ca Jones, community out-reach manager for Posei-don Water.

Poseidon’s Carlsbad lo-cation just completed an extensive permitting pro-cess and is expected to be up and running in 2015.

Their second project in Huntington Beach is pro-jected to be running by 2018, but is still waiting on a California Coastal Com-missions Coastal Develop-ment permit. Both plants will use 50 million gallons a day to produce enough desalinated water to serve over 300,000 people.

Although the desalina-tion process has been prov-en to purify seawater, there are still environmental concerns that have yet to be addressed.

Among these is the screening process that oc-curs in the ocean at the intake pipe. According to Brian Lochrie, president of Poseidon Water’s consult-ing firm, about one-fourth of a pound of fish get stuck against the intake pipe’s screen. Tiny organisms, like fish eggs, can also be killed by the suction form the pipe, he said.

Another major concern is the high salinity level of the water returned to the ocean at the end of the process.

“We get 50 percent

recovery. So for every two gallons of seawater that the plant brings in we turn one gallon into fresh drinking water and the other gallon goes back into the ocean with double the salt con-tent,” Jones said.

One of the greatest ben-efits of desalination as a solution is the decreased reliance on high-fluctuat-ing imported water rates.

Approximately 50 per-cent of the water used throughout Orange Coun-ty comes from imported supplies, According to the Municipal Water District of Orange County. A local desalination facility would lessen Orange County’s dependence on import-ed water and provide a re-liable source of water for residents.

“The project is not built for the drought. It is built for long-term sustainabil-ity,” Lochrie said. “The idea is you have a project that will provide a guar-anteed water supply rain or shine which is always a good thing.”

Huntington Beach begins im-plementation of desalination plants to create pure water

CIARA GUTIERREZDaily Titan

System has produced more than 135 billion gallons of water since its inception

AMBER UDDINDaily Titan

Toilet to tap provides drought solutions

From right to left, water is purified using the three-part GWR process, taking impure water and making it drinkable. COURTESY OF MAYA SUGERMAN FOR KPCC

Taking the salt out of the sea

A Brea farm is reshaping the local farming industry.

Following the State of Emergency declared in ear-ly January by Gov. Jer-ry Brown, the Califor-nia drought has become a big concern for farmers throughout the state. Future Foods Farms in Brea aims to make their farms drought and eco-friendly.

The organic farm has grown their produce through a dynamic method called aquaponics, a prac-tice that mixes aquaculture and hydroponics to create a self-sustaining system in which water is recycled with fish, said Amber Amos, a volunteer worker at Future Foods Farms.

“We use the nutrients from the fish and the pond water to water our plants, and then our plants recy-cle our water and then goes back into our fish,” Amos said.

As the owner of one of the largest aquaponics farms in California, Adam Navidi

has recruited several scien-tists as consultants in addi-tion to several college pro-fessors and interns who maintain and collect re-search on a daily basis.

The 25-acre farm has ponds of tilapia that are fed organic sprouts. In turn their waste produces a chemi-cal called nitrite which can be broken down and turned into fertilizer by bacteria and then used to water their crops.

The crops then produce nitrate which filters the wa-ter, making it reusable for the fish ponds again, Amos said.

“With a conventional hy-droponics farm, it takes 10-15 gallons of water to grow one head of lettuce, and the way that we do it, we can do it with one gallon,” Amos said.

The process has virtual-ly nonexistent carbon foot-print, she said.

The California drought

has now affected more than 37 million people with the mass majority of the state ex-periencing either “extreme” or “exceptional” drought conditions, according the United States Drought Mon-itor. For the first time in the U.S. Drought Monitor’s his-tory, 100 percent of Califor-nia has been declared as se-vere or extreme drought

Brown’s first request during the official State of Emergency announcement

was for residents to volun-tarily reduce their water consumption by at least 20 percent, which would would give California reservoirs a chance to sustain viable amounts of water.

Future Foods Farms’ re-sources are dynamically sta-ble and fitting for Califor-nia’s water crisis.

The one gallon it takes for this local farm’s aquaponics system to produce a single vegetable is more drought friendly than the 60 gallons

it takes to create a serving of corn or the 18 gallons it takes to grow one apple for a typical farm.

“We’re definitely on the pioneering end of water con-servation in terms of pro-duction,” Amos said. “Ev-erything that we do has a green movement in mind. Everything that we use on the farm is recycled.”

While the current drought conditions of Orange Coun-ty haven’t approached im-mediate danger–as other ar-eas of California have–this Brea farm is ensuring water conditions stay prosperous.

“We’ve got finite resourc-es and we’re running out of everything. So if we can get other people on board to grow their own food, or set up an aquaponics system in their backyard,” Amos said.

California has finite re-sources and Future Foods Farms is raising environ-mental awareness by en-couraging residents to build their own aquaponics farm in their backyards, and grow their own food by mak-ing use of small spaces and growing vertically.

“The aquaponics move-ment is indeed the future of farming,” Amos said.

Growing the future of foodBrea farm uses fish to fertilize water and plants to clean it, in effort to conserve water

CESAR GAMBOADaily Titan

AMBER AMOSVolunteer

We’re definitely on the pioneering end of water conservation in terms of production.

““

For average Fullerton homes, 13,000 gallons of wa-ter being used a month amidst the water crisis has caused the city to slip into Phase 1 of the

conservation ordinances.The first phase aims for 10

percent conservation, accord-ing to the city of Fullerton’s conservation project website.

Phase 1 restricts citizens from watering hardscapes–sidewalks, driveways–at any time and landscapes from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.

“Most people who break the rule do it on accident,”

said Jon Orndoff, Fullerton’s geographic information spe-cialist. “So we go knock on their door, try to talk to them, tell them to change their wa-tering times, or maybe they had too much runoff, wast-ing water and most people are pretty open to it and want to help out.”

Currently, there is enough water to sustain Southern

California for two years, but one inch of rain for every 35 days is needed to solve the drought issue, said Cal State Fullerton Professor Anthony Fellow, who also is the former vice chairman for the Metropolitan Water District.

The Central Valley in par-ticular is facing a bleak fu-ture based on their current

circumstances. The Valley, which produces one third of the produce for the U.S., is facing water shortages that have serious effects on farm-ers’ ability to produce fruits and vegetables.

California’s heat does not help the severity of the drought. With the heat comes a lack of rain and snow.

“This is historic heat

temperatures we have this summer and there has been no rainfall. More im-portantly, there’s been no snowcap,” Fellow said. “We haven’t got significant levels of snow in the past few years. The snowcap is what we depend on be-cause it melts and goes into the river system and fills up the reservoirs.”

PAGE 3NOVEMBER 20, 2014 THURSDAYNEWS

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Kirby and his team used sediment from Zaca Lake, a remote natural lake northwest of Santa Barbara, to study the chemical and physical compo-nents found below the bottom of the lake.

The study examines sed-iments as old as 3,000 years

and found evidence that Cal-ifornia has experienced mega-droughts that range from 30 years to multiple centuries.

“This is ground-breaking because our research shows conclusively that the variabil-ity in wetness and dryness has changed tremendously over

the past 3,000 years, showing evidence of centennial-scale droughts,” Kirby said in a CSUF news service.

The study also found a connection between El Niño and precipitation in Southern California.

The El Niño weather for-mation involves shifting ocean temperatures in the Pa-

cific Ocean near the equator and often results in increased amounts of rain.

“Not only does this study tell us that El Niño (has been) the dominant force of win-ter precipitation in Southern California over the past 3,000 years, but it means that any

changes to the tropical Pa-cific Ocean caused by glob-al warming are likely to have a direct impact on our future water availability and subse-quent crises,” Kirby said.

Those changes, Mishra said, will have an impact on how the drought continues to develop.

“The drought may not be (happening) because of the climate change, but climate change may affect the severity of the drought from now on,” Mishra said.

It’s an issue with a direct, current impact on California and warrants thorough con-sideration before decisions are made on how to address the drought, Mishra said.

“Sometimes it’s frustrating to see people making deci-sions without understanding,” Mishra said. “This is such an important decision, that any decision we make will be for the long term–there is no im-mediate (result). It’s an invest-ment in the future.”

CONTINUED FROM 1

Context: Study shows long history of droughts

Fullerton implements water conservationFirst phase of ordinances call for 10 percent conservation throughout the city

BRITTANEY CARPENTERDaily Titan

Drip irrigation is one of the methods being used on campus to save water. About 60 percent of water on campus has been used for irrigation. BERENICE ASHIKIAN / DAILY TITAN

MATTHEW KIRBYAssociate Professor of Geology

(Our) research shows conclusively that the variability in wetness and dryness has changed tremendously over the past 3,000 years ...

““

When you turn on the tap in Fullerton, there’s a good chance the water that flows is ending a long journey from as far away as the Colorado Riv-er. But there’s an even better chance that it came from right here in Orange County.

Fullerton’s water supply is a mixture of groundwater and surface water imported by the Metropolitan Water Dis-trict of Southern California.

The water primarily comes from the Colorado River and the State Water Project from Northern California.

This surface water accounts for about 25 percent of Fuller-ton’s water. Groundwater sup-plies the other 75 percent of the city’s water.

The groundwater compo-nent of the city’s water supply comes from 11 groundwater wells located throughout Or-ange County’s Groundwater Basin. The Basin begins at the Prado Dam and spans across Northwest Orange Coun-ty, excluding Brea and La Habra.

More than 50 percent of

people in the US depend on groundwater as supply for their drinking water and to ir-rigate crops.

“Groundwater is the wa-ter found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly through geo-logic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers,” ac-cording to the Groundwater Foundation, an organization that advocates for sustainable groundwater.

Through rain and snow-melt, groundwater is re-plenished naturally by seep-ing down into cracks in the Earth’s surface. When there is

no rain or snow, the water sup-ply faces serious shortages.

Southern California has been suffering from just those shortages for some time now. In January, Gov. Jer-ry Brown declared a drought emergency.

The Orange County Wa-ter District has spent $79.3 million in the last three years purchasing imported water from the Metropolitan Water District, according to the OC Water District. The OC Wa-ter District is using this im-ported water to put into the Orange County groundwater basin to recharge it to help offset the impacts made from

the drought. Depending on the area of

Fullerton, there are different combinations of groundwater and imported water you could be drinking. Area 1, most of the north part of Fullerton, primarily receives ground-water. Area 2, middle to low-er west of the city, receives a mixture of groundwater and imported water. Area 3, the lower side of Fullerton, receives mainly imported water.

Dividing the city into three areas is meant to give Fuller-ton’s water system the most amount of flexibility. “This means that under emergency,

drought or other unusual con-ditions, the source of water to any area may change,” ac-cording to the City of Fuller-ton’s website.

To help plan for the future of the drought, the Orange County Water District has re-cently spent $142 million to expand its Groundwater Re-plenishment System. This system takes treated wastewa-ter from the Orange County Sanitation District and puri-fies it to meet drinking water standards. The project is set to be completed in 2015 and will provide an additional 30 million gallons of water per day.

Groundwater supplies most of city’s waterWhether from the ground or from the river, water’s got to come from somewhere

HEATHER MYERSDaily Titan

Plants: Saving water with succulentsThe drip irrigation sys-

tem coupled with the instal-lation of weed barrier sheets below the soil should reduce the amount of water lost to evaporation.

“Drip irrigation provides a slow feed that penetrates much deeper to establish and maintain the plants with much less evaporation,” Van der Pol said.

It costs $5 per square foot to remove the turf and

convert the area to water-wise gardens.

Of the 29 acres of unoccu-pied lawns, 22 are potential candidates for drought-toler-ant conversion, according to Facilities Operations.

They have yet to consider

viable options for the rebate program offered by Metropol-itan Water District of South-ern California for their next turf-removal project. Metro-politan Water District pays $2 per square foot of turf replace-ment for commercial sites who

go through the program. Kathy Ramos, associate

resource specialist of Met-ropolitan Water District, said a water saving analy-sis showed that commercial sites who removed turf re-duced their water usage on

average by 23.9 percent. The university will con-

tinue converting addition-al acreage as part of their outdoor solutions to reduce overall water usage and im-plementing the new motto “brown is the new green.”

CONTINUED FROM 1

PAGE 4NOVEMBER 20, 2014 THURSDAY NEWS

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New facts as to what is causing the drought in Cali-fornia, what residents should do to conserve water and the opinions of different experts on the drought can be heard in the media almost every day.

However, not many people know the history of droughts in California.

There are both quanti-tative and qualitative ways experts use to define when a drought begins or ends, according to the Califor-nia Department of Water Resources.

The two quantitative ways are based on the lack of rainfall or the lack of run-off water in the state. The

qualitative way is based on the shortage of water for specific purposes such as agriculture.

In California’s history, there have been six droughts that have significantly im-pacted the state. One of the most well known droughts was the Dust Bowl which be-gan in 1928. Western states, including California, Colora-do, and the plains states like Oklahoma, felt the droughts impact for seven years.

The lack of runoff wa-ter in a 1976 drought led to the building of the emer-gency pipeline of San Rafa-el Bridge to bring water to Marin County.

A more recent drought in California began in 2007 and lasted for two years. It was regarded as a drought based on the lack of run-off water in the state. Many vineyard growers abandoned their work at the time due to the lack of water resources during this time.

The droughtless state didn’t last long. California began to, once again, devel-op drought characteristics in 2011, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor data. Both 2013 and 2014 were among the driest years in Califor-nia’s history.

Years-old ruling on delta smelt complicates drought

This drought isn’t the first for CADust Bowl Drought 1928-1935

A�ected 100,000,000 acres of the United states forcing tens of

thousands of families to leave.

Drought of 1976 - 197747 of 58 counties declared drought related emergencies.

Drought of 1987 - 1992One of the worst droughts in the reconstruction period, one of the

few to last longer than three years.

Today 2014As of September 30, 2014 is the state's third driest year in the last 119 years.

In Californian history, there have been six significant droughts that have impacted the state. The current drought is the worst in recorded state history.

DAVID MCLAREN / DAILY TITAN

The inches-long delta smelt has been the cause of regulations diverting water away from California farmland to preserve the ecosystem of the endangered fish.

COURTESY OF WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

A 2007 Federal District Court ruling that required an increase in water allocat-ed to protect an endangered fish has increased the severi-ty of the drought throughout California.

Between 2009 and 2010, as a result of the ruling, over 300 billion gallons of wa-ter were diverted away from Southern California and the Central Valley, and relocat-ed back up to the San Fran-cisco Bay to eventually end up in the Pacific Ocean, ac-cording to the congressio-nal Committee on Natural Resources.

The reason for the ruling is about about the size of a French fry—a small fish called the delta smelt.

The delta smelt is a fish classified under the endan-gered species List. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declared the smelt fish’s ex-istence threatened, meaning

that its habitat, the San Joa-quin-Sacramento River Del-ta, is designated as a protect-ed environment.

This ruling stems from the 1973 Endangered Species Act signed by President Nix-on. The act was implement-ed to save the grey whale, the California condor, the Pacific green sea turtle and the bald eagle. The act was meant to not only save the animal, but save the ecosys-tem that the organism lives in as well.

In the mid-1980s, the smelt fish population began to go into decline until it eventually disappeared from the delta entirely, said Pe-ter Moyle, associate director for the Center for Watershed Science.

John Broeske, executive director for Families Pro-tecting the Valley, a non-profit dedicated to pro-moting the appropriate resources and government policies to save agricultur-al jobs, the food supply and water supply, said the wa-ter policy has only made the drought worse.

“The same water that they let go out into the ocean, instead of storing for a drought, we would be using now,” Broeske said. “We’d still have the drought but we would have a lot more water in storage.”

The lack of water going to farmers has wider rami-fications than simply within California, as one third of the country’s supply of pro-duce comes from the Central Valley. The water shortage puts increased pressure on the valley’s farmers and has the possibility of pushing producers to cut down on the amount of land used to grow produce. That lack of sup-ply would, eventually, drive prices up for what could be years.

Broeske and Congressio-nal Republicans supported House bill 1837, the San Joa-quin Valley Water Reliabili-ty Act of 2012, which even-tually passed in the House, but died in the Senate. The bill would have required some water being used for fish and wildlife to go south to the Central Valley.

Californians can learn from the past as they deal with one of the worst droughts in history

DEANNA GOMEZDaily Titan

The city of Fullerton is of-fering rebate incentive pro-grams for residents to help conserve water during the drought by using low-flush toilets and high-efficiency

washing machines.The average American

uses 80-100 gallons of wa-ter at home per day, accord-ing to the U.S. Geological Survey. Between 36 and 45 gallons of that total each day is used just by flushing the toilet or doing a load of laundry.

One toilet flush accounts for up to 3 gallons of water being used for older toilet

models. Washing machines use 25 gallons per load of laundry—older models use up to 40 gallons per load.

There are newer toilet and washing machine models available that are high-effi-ciency and can help reduce water usage in the home. SoCal WaterSmart is offer-ing rebate incentives to res-idents wishing to help con-serve water and save money

by investing in the new machines.

High-efficiency wash-ing machines can save up to 14 gallons of water per day and lower energy use as less heat is required for these machines. Additional-ly, using less water and less energy lowers monthly utili-ty bills which saves residents money.

A rebate starting at $85

is offered to residents who wish to purchase a qualify-ing model. A list of models can be found on their web-site, along with a purchase location.

High-efficiency or ultra-low-flush toilets are also being offered as part of the rebate program, starting at $100. High-efficiency toi-lets use 20 percent less water than standard toilets, saving

almost 8,000 gallons of wa-ter in just one year.

An ultra low-flush toilet flushes at a maximum of 1.6 gallons per flush compared to an average of 3 gallons per flush, according to the Home Water Works website.

More information on how to receive these rebates and which machines are includ-ed can be found on the So-Cal WaterSmart website.

Swapping old washing machines for efficient ones can save water and money

HEATHER MYERSDaily Titan

County offers refund to promote conservation

Federal District Court ruling on water allocation increases severity of California drought

AUBREY SAULSDaily Titan

In California’s history, there have been six droughts that have signifi-cantly impacted the state.

“

“

Break out your tents, break out your lawn chairs, break out your wallets and break out your determina-tion. Black Friday and the season for holiday shopping is upon us.

Black Friday is next week, but stores are al-ready preparing. The day after Thanksgiving is when many stores have their big-gest sales of the year. For the past few years, however, stores have begun opening Thanksgiving night because it has been such a consistent success. It’s known to be the busiest shopping day of the year.

The term “Black Friday” comes from an accounting term. When a company is in the “red,” it means the store isn’t making a prof-it. However, when the store is making a profit, it is said to be in the “black.” It is a day when retail stores end the night with a significant profit.

In the 1960s, retail gi-ants opened their doors ear-ly Friday morning, around 6 a.m. In recent years, they have started to usher in the hoards of people earlier

each year—3 a.m., 5 a.m., midnight and even Thanks-giving night.

This year, several stores are opening ear-lier than they did last Thanksgiving.

Adam Cummings, sales manager and supervisor at J. C. Penney in the Brea Mall, said this is the second year that the store will open on Thanksgiving. Last year, they opened at 8 p.m. This choice is often based on competitiveness with simi-lar stores.

“This year, Macy’s an-nounced they were going to open at 6 p.m., so we want

to get the drop on Macy’s and open up at 5 p.m. that day,” Cummings said.

However, Black Friday shopping isn’t for the faint of heart.

In the past eight years, there have been a total of 90 injuries and seven deaths related to shopping in the United States on Black Fri-day. The most recent death was last year when a teen driving home from Black

Friday shopping fell asleep at the wheel and was killed in the wreck. Two out of the seven deaths occurred after crowds trampled a work-er and a shopper to death once the stores opened their doors. One was in New York, the other in West Virginia.

The most recent Black Friday injury in California was the stabbing of a man in Carlsbad, according to NBC.

Cummings witnessed in-stances during his shift on Black Friday last year.

“There was actually a fight between two custom-

ers, which is the first I’ve ever seen,” he said. “Two guys were just looking at each other the wrong way in the children’s department, of all places. It was an hour after (the store opened) and it was packed. There were spectators. It was crazy.”

Workers are not the only people who notice the chaos that occurs.

Sandy Maxfield, who de-scribes herself as a “savvy

shopper,” said she had a bad experience at Walmart sev-eral years ago.

She spent the night on the sidewalk with her sister be-fore Walmart opened for its sales to buy a laptop. When it opened, the order of the line diminished. Shoppers got out of line and rushed to another side of the store to beat the crowd. A riot ensued and the police were called to the store.

Maxfield said it wasn’t a good experience.

Perhaps this overwhelm-ing scene is what may keep people from shopping on Black Friday. It’s estimat-ed that only 40 percent of Americans will shop on Black Friday this year com-pared to the 46 percent last year, according to CNN.

Some states have even banned Thanksgiving shop-ping by prohibiting stores from opening on Black Friday and Thanksgiving. Massachusetts, Maine and Rhode Island have passed laws and regulations ban-ning retailers from opening on both Thanksgiving and Christmas.

The stores planning on opening their doors on Thanksgiving are Walmart, Kmart, Sears, Macy’s, J. C. Penney, Target, Kohl’s, Best Buy, Staples, Sports Au-thority, Toys R Us, Big Lots and Radio Shack.

PAGE 5NOVEMBER 20, 2014 THURSDAYFEATURES

VISIT US AT: DAILYTITAN.COM/FEATURES FOLLOW US ON TWITTER: @THEDAILYTITAN

I’ve spent the better part of my adult life straddling the line between complete bliss and utter disappointment.

I’ve said before that I don’t know how to love in pieces, and it’s true.

I have a habit of giving too much of myself in relation-ships, and once my novelty has worn off and the honey-moon stage is over, I find my-self alone, putting the pieces back together.

I’ve been told to love more cautiously; that I need to be more careful. While I under-stand that loving cautiously is probably a lot less painful, it also seems a lot less fulfilling to me.

Love, in my mind, has always been messy and passionate.

The darkest moments of my life were experienced after my break up with the first love of my adult life.

I stayed in bed for a week. I didn’t eat, I barely slept and I was uncertain wheth-er I would ever feel complete again.

The pain was unbearable, but I also experienced some

of the best moments of my life during the time I spent in love with him.

When we were togeth-er, he felt like home to me, and while I know that you shouldn’t find home in anoth-er person, I let myself.

What I’m trying to express in all of this talk of the possi-bly unhealthy, slightly obses-sive love story is that I love in a very particular way.

I am unreserved and fear-less, and often it ends in di-saster. But in the fleeting moments of happiness, I’ve felt more than I ever knew possible.

Not all love stories look like mine.

My mother has always told me that I’m like her in the sense that I’m a “big ball of emotions,” and I wear my heart on my sleeve.

She is ridiculously and un-apologetically in love with her husband, my stepfather.

My father, on the oth-er hand, is in a comfortable marriage.

That’s not to say that he doesn’t love his wife, be-cause he does, but he also doesn’t love her so much that it hurts.

They don’t get into tumultu-ous fights that extend into the early hours of the morning, which sounds like a bad thing, but in my experience one can

not exist without the other.I think that it’s all a choice

that needs to be individually made.

Many people choose rela-tionships that they can count on, and there’s nothing wrong with stability, but I don’t think

that there’s anything wrong with passion and a little bit of controlled insanity either.

I guess that when it comes down to it, I prefer the crazi-ness. I know that I’m not pro-tective enough of my heart, but I don’t really see how

anyone could fully love some-one if they’re choosing to guard themselves.

I think that people are meant to love and to be loved in the most passionate way.

It may hurt and leave me repetitively shattered, but I

choose to believe that feel-ing something real, even if it’s pain, is better than any emotion that merely runs lukewarm.

Life is messy and un-planned. I suppose I think love should be that way too.

Student realizes that unpredictability is better than a monotonous love life

KALEY WILLIAMSDaily Titan

The Cooper Center’s ex-hibit “Titans! Student Re-search in Archeology and Paleontology at The Cooper Center” is currently on dis-play at the Pollak Library.

The exhibit is housed in the Atrium Gallery and features research done by students in the paleontological and ar-cheological fields.

“We wanted to accomplish two things in this exhibit,” said Meredith Rivin, the as-sociate curator for paleon-tology at The Cooper Cen-ter. “We wanted to, first of all, just share the wealth of

material we have at The Coo-per Center. Then also empha-size the amount of research that’s being done here by stu-dents. It’s primarily through research by Cal State Fuller-ton students, so that’s what we focused on, although we have students from other universities working here as well.”

For the past 80 years, The Cooper Center has collected specimens that students have studied by independent col-lectors in the county, to piec-es retrieved from construction sites due to environmental mitigation laws. County laws require that a construction site be searched for scientif-ic or cultural material before they break ground.

“I like to consider that [Or-ange County] is just one big

archeological sight. Pretty much every time they go in to do any kind of construction or build a freeway or a shop-ping mall, they find materi-al,” said Jeannine Pederson, the associate curator for ar-cheology at The Cooper Cen-ter. “Native Americans have been living here in the coun-ty for at least 10,000 years up to the present. We find a variety of different kinds of artifacts.”

The center is a non-prof-it research establishment that was started in 2009 as a part-nership between Cal State Fullerton and Orange County through OC Parks.

Students working at the Cooper Center have involved themselves in a wide variety of studies, ranging from map-ping archeological sites in the

county to describing differ-ent species in the collection. One of these such specimens is a brand new species of wal-rus affectionately nicknamed “Waldo.”

“[Waldo] is described by an undergraduate student in the geology department. He’s actually going to give it a new species name,” Rivin said.

The exhibit only shows a small portion of the samples and studies at The Cooper Center. The exhibit features roughly 50 specimens, but The Cooper Center has col-lected about 4-5 million spec-imens in total. Much of the exhibit’s content was decid-ed on what was available and would not hinder further stu-dent research.

Overall, it took around six months to plan and put

together, Rivin said.“We looked for student

projects that were interesting and had completed to a point where we had something to say about them, and where we weren’t taking specimens away from students who were actually actively studying them and putting them on ex-hibit for several months,” she said.

Due to space constraints, only around half of current student projects were put into the exhibit.

“I think there are 10 or 12 that are highlighted in the ex-hibit, but we probably have about double that going on,” Pederson said.

The display includes dif-ferent archeological artifacts, as well as specimens such as ammonite, oysters and 90

million-year-old dinosaurs, which Rivin said is some of Orange County’s only dino-saurs. A computer model of Waldo is also on display.

The Cooper Center hopes the exhibit will help open up the door for more students to come use the center’s collec-tion for research.

“Now that The Cooper Center is here, the collec-tion is open and available for research,” Pederson said. “There’s endless opportu-nities for students from Cal State Fullerton and other schools to come in and use the collection for projects, re-search papers or thesis.”

The exhibit opened Oct. 6 and will remain in the library until Dec. 31. For more infor-mation, visit jcoopercenter.org/exhibits.

Searching... for Mr. Right|

This student prefers feeling a charged emotion rather than lukewarm feelings in a relationship. MARIAH CARRILLO / DAILY TITAN

Choosing passion over comfort in relationships

The percentage of Americans shopping on Black Friday will decrease from last year

AUBREY SAULSDaily Titan

The exhibit features research done by students in archeology and paleontology fields

ALEXANDER DOMINGUEZDaily Titan

Pollak displays archeological specimens

Black Friday shoppers detract

@theDailyTitanfollow us

ADAM CUMMINGSJ. C. Penney Sales Manager

This year, Macy’s announced they were going to open at 6 p.m., so we want to get the drop on Macy’s and open up at 5 p.m. that day.

““

When it comes to midterm voting, students aren’t likely to change their apathetic attitudes anytime soon. Only 13 percent of voters in this election were younger than 30, according to a Pew Research Center poll.

MARISELA GONZALEZ / DAILY TITAN

PAGE 6NOVEMBER 19, 2014 THURSDAY OPINION

VISIT US AT: DAILYTITAN.COM/OPINIONFOLLOW US ON TWITTER: @THEDAILYTITAN

Apathy toward voting won’t change

Midterm elections have more informed voters than general elections. This is partly because most mil-lennials don’t care as much about midterms as they do general elections.

Students are at an age where they are selfish; if a candidate or proposition doesn’t directly affect them, they aren’t going to vote.

Such a perspective is un-fortunate because it nega-tively impacts our democrat-ic process by allowing the few informed individuals to vote for the masses. More-over, when younger individ-uals opt not to vote, it leaves out an important voice of our generation.

The apathy that stu-dents take on during mid-term elections is apparent. These elections usually have a lower turnout than general elections.

Compare that with pres-idential elections. In 2008, 57.1 percent of eligible vot-ers cast ballots in the elec-tion; this was the highest lev-el in four decades. During the subsequent midterm

election, only 36.9 percent cast ballots. Then in 2012, the percent jumped to 53.7 percent. Admittedly, no elec-tion brings out all eligible voters.

Part of the reason people are more likely to vote in presidential, rather than mid-term elections, is because of their recognition of who’s on the ballot, according to Mat-thew Jarvis, Ph.D., associate professor of political science at Cal State Fullerton. He siad more than 96 percent of people can name the current president, but only a third of people can name their representative.

“We can hardly expect people to vote in an elec-tion for or against someone they’ve never heard of,” Jar-vis said. “This is partly be-cause people don’t care, partly because media don’t give midterms as much cov-erage (particularly of the individuals involved), and partly because presidential contests are inherently more competitive.”

Only 13 percent of voters from this midterm election were under the age of 30, according to Pew Research exit polls. In the 2010 mid-term election, they made up a whopping 12 percent. These numbers are vastly differ-ent than the 19 percent they

made up in the 2012 presi-dential election.

Students are too short-sighted and are incapa-ble of seeing the broader pic-ture when it comes to caring about something that greatly affects others rather than just themselves.

Students care about mid-term elections if they know what’s at stake and what’s important to them, said Scott Spitzer, Ph.D., associate pro-fessor of political science for CSUF. However, he said stu-dents are no different from the general public during midterm elections; the American people as a whole are uninformed.

“I think people don’t pay as much attention to elec-tions unless the president is on the ballot. Students have very low turnout as well in midterm elections,” Spitzer said.

He also said voter turnout is dependant on how tightly contested that district’s race is. If the race is tight, there is more advertising, which translates into more public awareness.

Voters who went to the polls this year went because they were discontent with the current administration and wanted to see change with their local government, ac-cording to ABC News.

It’s not just one side of the political aisle getting the heat. It’s estimated that as much as 34 percent of vot-ers were voting in opposition to President Barack Obama, and 61 percent of voters were voting because they were dis-satisfied with the Congres-sional Republicans. These are the voters who are paying enough attention to get upset with how public officials are running the country.

Stephen Stambough, Ph.D., professor and chair of the division of politics, administration and justice, teaches classes on elections and campaigns. He said mid-term voters aren’t necessar-ily more informed, but are rather habitual voters, who consider voting part of their identity.

Similar to Spitzer, he also believes students care about midterm elections if there’s

a really high-profile issue involved, except this wasn’t one of those years.

Instead, this year Califor-nia’s ballot had dull, yet im-portant, initiatives and the gubernatorial race wasn’t competitive.

Students are not going to change. Unless politicians or propositions give students something they want, they won’t take time out of their day to vote.

Students don’t turn out at the polls unless the ballot contains issues that directly affect them

AUBREY SAULSDaily Titan

Voter turnout hit a 72-year low during this election. Only 36.4 percent of eligible voters voted in the 2014 midterm elections, according to a preliminary analysis study at the University of Florida.

MARISELA GONZALEZ / DAILY TITAN

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QUOTE OF THE DAY“In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.” – Albert Einstein

JOKES OF THE DAY

Q: What did Delaware?

A: a New Jersey

Q: Why did Tony go out with a prune?

A: Because he couldn’t find a date!

Q: What did the little mountain say to the big mountain?

A: Hi Cliff!

ARIES (MARCH 21 - APRIL 19):

Dealing with restrictions placed on you by a close friend or lover may be more difficult than you think today. Although your concerns are based on reality, your fears complicate the sit-uation

TAURUS(APRIL 20 - MAY 20):

A coworker may be overly critical of your fixed nature today, but your first inclination is to en-tirely resist the label. In fact, you might claim that your integrity depends on your ability.

GEMINI(MAY 21 - JUNE 20):

You might be up to your eyeballs in work now that the demanding Sun-Saturn conjunction falls in your 6th House of Employment. You get what you deserve today, so don’t try to outsmart karma.

CANCER (JUNE 21 - JULY 22):

Pressing responsibilities require your full atten-tion today, but your willingness to go the extra mile at work could win you the support you need to accomplish them.

LEO(JULY 23 - AUG. 22):

You’re emotionally invested in reaching a spe-cific goal, but your coworkers might not even notice your ambitious behavior today. Perhaps your profound desire to get ahead now isn’t ob-vious to others.

VIRGO(AUG. 23 - SEPT. 22):

You work best when you have a detailed plan that you can execute without deviation; howev-er, your flexibility is warranted today if circum-stances shift without warning.

LIBRA(SEPT. 23 - OCT. 22):

A disagreement about work ethics or core values might have you throwing your hands up in the air today because you don’t know which side to support.

SCORPIO (OCT. 23 - NOV. 21):

Fantasies may assume a significant role in your life now, yet your illusions could come crashing down to earth before the day is done. It’s wise to be pro-active and channel your desires into productivity.

SAGITTARIUS(NOV. 22 - DEC. 21):

You are standing at a turning point and the cir-cumstances that were holding you back just last week now begin to fade into the past.

CAPRICORN (DEC. 22 - JAN. 19):

You are truly a force to be reckoned with to-day as your ruling planet Saturn is illuminated by the radiant Sun. You must singularly apply yourself to the tasks at hand or you could be pulled off course.

AQUARIUS(JAN. 20 - FEB. 18):

You may be dragged into an unpleasant conver-sation about your goals at work today. Do not attempt to avoid the conversation. You cannot shirk your responsibilities because others are de-pending on you now.

PISCES(FEB. 19 - MARCH 20):

You could be sending mixed messages today as the peace-loving Libra Moon encourages you to avoid conflict at all costs. However, the restric-tive Sun-Saturn conjunction simultaneously de-

PAGE 8NOVEMBER 20, 2014 THURSDAY SPORTS

VISIT US AT: DAILYTITAN.COM/SPORTSFOLLOW US ON TWITTER: @DTSPORTSDESK

Submit a letter to the editor at editorinchief@dailytitan.comwith the subject line as‘letter to the editor’

(Letters may be edited to fit our style)

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behind-the-scenes shots and previews of stories before they go to print.

@theDailyTitanfollow us on

The Cal State Fullerton men’s soccer team will be-gin their first NCAA Tour-nament run in 14 years when they take the pitch Thursday night against the University of San Diego at Torero Stadium.

Fullerton will be com-ing in on a hot streak, hav-ing not lost a match in the month of November.

During the Titans’ run in the Big West Conference Tournament, they defeated UC Riverside and UC Ir-vine, two teams they could not defeat in the regular season.

They will be looking for a similar result in their re-match against the Toreros.

Head Coach George Kuntz’s group took on USD in their second game of the

season, playing to a 0-0 tie after a scoreless regulation and pair of overtimes.

In the match, San Diego outshot the Titans 14-8 and held an 8-2 advantage in shots on goal, yet couldn’t break through against Titan goalkeeper Jeff Salt.

Fullerton played a man down for the final 40 min-utes of the game after Mark Vasquez received a red card in the second half.

Despite the disadvantage, the Titans remained poised and avoided losing in a tough road environment.

The match was scrappy throughout, as CSUF com-mitted 19 fouls compared to 16 by the Toreros.

A total of 10 yellow cards were handed out during the game.

Salt will look to contin-ue his stellar play in the NCAA Tournament after posting shutouts in his last two matches between the pipes.

In the Big West

Conference Tournament championship match against UC Irvine, Salt shut down the powerful Anteat-ers offense in regulation and overtime before saving three of their five shootout attempts to give CSUF the victory.

On offense, the Titans feature a balanced attack that includes four players who have scored at least four goals.

Senior Marc Fenelus has been the unquestioned leader on offense, record-ing seven goals and two as-sists during the season.

Unlike the Titans, USD did not have to play in a conference tournament to earn a bid, as their regu-lar season credentials were strong enough to make the Big Dance.

The Toreros had won six consecutive games be-fore closing out their regu-lar season with a loss to the Loyola Marymount Lions.

San Diego won the West

Coast Conference with a 6-1-0 conference record, three points better than sec-ond place Saint Mary’s.

San Diego is led on the offensive end by Connor Brandt and Torrey DeAr-mas, who have each net-ted seven scores on the season.

Their balanced offense has been a difference-mak-er in several of the games, outshooting their oppo-nents 253-175 during the season.

USD is also strong on the defensive end, where redshirt freshman Thom-as Olsen has saved 39 shots while only allowing 15 in his 18 games.

The match Thursday will likely be another defensive struggle, as the two talent-ed goalkeepers will bat-tle with the second round of the NCAA Tournament within their sights.

The winner of the game will go on to face the No. 2 UCLA Bruins Sunday.

The Cal State Fullerton women’s volleyball team will play their final home game of the season Saturday against the UC Irvine Ant-eaters at Titan Gym.

The Titans will be hon-oring the lone senior on the roster, Devin Ulmer. Ulmer is fourth on the team in ser-vice aces with 13.

The Anteaters enter the weekend in fifth place in the Big West Conference with a 7-6 record in conference play. They are coming off a four-set loss to UC Davis in which Aggie outside hit-ter Kaylin Squyres dominat-ed, recording 24 kills and 18 digs.

The Titans are coming off their second Big West win of the season against UC Riverside. Freshman outside hitter Niki Withers had a ca-reer performance, posting 22 kills and a career-best .400 hitting percentage in a three-set victory for CSUF.

As a team, Fullerton hit .267 against the Highland-ers. Both conference vic-tories for CSUF have come when they had a higher hit-ting percentage than their opponent. Their .180 hitting percentage for the season is the second worst in the conference.

The Titans and Anteaters met earlier this season at the Bren Events Center on Oct.

24. UCI won that match in four sets, after the Titans controlled the opening set.

CSUF hit .222 in the opening frame compared to UCI who hit just .143 and made eight errors. Withers had seven kills in the set and hit an impressive .467. Me-gan Kurz scored the final point to give the Titans the win in the first set.

Libero Paige Reed also had an impressive night for Fullerton, recording 18 digs and three service aces.

Unfortunately for Ful-lerton, they failed to carry that momentum and Irvine won the next three sets. The Titans hit just .099 for the match despite the solid first set, while the Anteaters hit .309.

Sophomore Cassidy Pick-rell had a career-night for the ’Eaters. The Texan had a personal-best 25 kills and

hit .377 on 53 attempts. She has recorded 25 kills twice in her career, both times be-ing against the Titans.

Pickrell was not the only Anteater to perform well against the Titans. Alli-son Lee had a double-dou-ble with 11 kills and 13 digs along with four service aces. Sophomore Shelley Ander-son had a career-high eight blocks, doubling her previ-ous mark of four.

UC Irvine dominated the Titans in the final three sets despite playing without their 6-foot-3 outside hitter Mari-sa Bubica. She is second in the Big West in kills per set with 4.03, only trailing the aforementioned Squyres. The junior has only played in nine of the team’s 13 con-ference matches.

Fortunately for the Titans, they have played much bet-ter at Titan Gym than on the

road this season. The Ti-tans are hitting .176 at home compared to just a .147 clip on the road and score 1.4 more points per set at home. They also serve bet-ter at home, recording 1.13 service aces at home and less than one per set on the road.

Both teams should be well rested considering neither of them will have played in seven days. Saturday will be the final game at Titan Gym for the team before traveling to play Cal State Northridge and the undefeated Long Beach State 49ers.

The Titans will be under-dogs in all three of their re-maining games, but have the ability to surprise some peo-ple. Despite a disappoint-ing Big West season for the team, stealing a few wins would be a positive way to end the 2014 campaign.

Men’s soccer will be playing in their first NCAA Tournament match in 14 seasons

JOSEPH ANDERSONDaily Titan

CSUF will play their final home game of the season at Titan Gym against UCI Saturday

MICHAEL HUNTLEYDaily Titan

The Titans have not lost in the month of November and have beaten two teams they failed to beat in the regular season. They hope to do the same against the San Diego Toreros, who they played to a scoreless tie in the second game of the regular season.

WINNIE HUANG / DAILY TITAN FILE PHOTO

Talented goalkeepers face off in NCAA Tournament

Titans hope to starve Anteaters

Fullerton was defeated in their previous matchup against UC Irvine in four sets on Oct. 24.YUNUEN BONAPARTE / DAILY TITAN FILE PHOTO