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8/13/2019 Through History: a list of the top 10 schools of philosophy.
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8/13/2019 Through History: a list of the top 10 schools of philosophy.
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Everthing is determined, the beginning as well as the end, b forces over
which we have no control. )t is determined for the insect as well as the star.
*uman beings, vegetables, or cosmic dust, we all dance to a msterious tune,
intoned in the distance b an invisible +i+er.
- lbert Einstein (!$-""'
'eterminism is the philosophical theory that every event, including
human cognition and behaviour, decision and action, is determined by
an unbroken chain of prior occurrences. 'eterminists generally believe
in only one possible future, though deny that humans lack free will.
'eterminism can take many forms, from theological determinism, which
suggests that one’s future be predetermined by a god or gods, to
environmental determinism, which suggests that all human and cultural
development be determined by environment, climate and geography.
8. Utilitarianism
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)t is better to be a human being dissatisfied, than a +ig satisfied; better to be
/ocrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.
- 0ohn /tuart 1ill (!23-!$#'
(tilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that the moral worth of an action is
solely determined by its contribution to overall utility. "t is a form of
conse)uentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is
determined by its outcome * the ends !ustify the means.
(tilitarianism was first theori#ed by +eremy entham who declared that
-good’ was whatever brought the greatest happiness to the greatest
number of people. owever, the philosophy is most associated with
+ohn Stuart Mill and his book (tilitarianism /123.
7. Epicureanism
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4o not s+oil what ou have b desiring what ou have not; remember that what
ou now have was once among the things ou onl ho+ed for.
- E+icurus (#-5$2 %&'
4picureanism is a philosophy based on the teachings $reek
philosopher 4picurus, closely associated with hedonism. 4picurus was
skeptical of superstition and divinity, and proposed that the sole
meaning of eistence was self%pleasure, or more accurately, the
absence of pain and fear, the combination of which would lead to
happiness in its highest form. 5or 4picurus, the highest pleasure was
obtained by knowledge, friendship and virtue * as well as se and food.
6. Positivism
6he dee+est sin against the human mind is to believe things without evidence.
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- 6homas *. *uxle (!5"-!"'
&ositivism is a philosophy that states that the only authentic knowledge
is scientific knowledge and that such knowledge can only come from
positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method. "t is
closely associated with empiricism and rationalism. "t was first theori#ed
by 6uguste 7omte in the mid 18th century, and developed into a
modern philosophy favoured by scientists and technocrats.
5. Absurdism
7ou will never be ha++ if ou continue to search for what ha++iness consists
of. 7ou will never live if ou are looking for the meaning of life.
- lbert &amus (#-32'
6bsurdism is a philosophy stating that the efforts of humanity to find
meaning in the universe will ultimately fail /and, hence, are absurd3
because no such meaning eists, at least in relation to humanity. 6bsurdism pertains that, although such meaning may eist, the pursuit
of it is not essential. "t is distinguished from nihilism by its sub!ective
view of humanity, theology and meaning. "t is best to think of it as the
-agnostic’ stage between eistentialism and nihilism.
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Soren 9ierkegaard wrote etensively on absurdism in the mid 18th
century, but the philosophy is most associated with 6lbert 7amus and
his novels The Stranger and The Myth of Sisyphus.
. !b"ectivism
1an has been called a rational being, but rationalit is a matter of choice 8
and the alternative his nature offers him is9 rational being or suicidal animal.
1an has to be man 8 b choice; he has to hold his life as a value : b choice;
he has to learn to sustain it 8 b choice; he has to discover the values it
reuires and +ractice his virtues 8 b choice.
- n <and (2"-!5'
:b!ectivism is a philosophy developed by 6yn ;and in the <0th century
that encompasses positions on metaphysics, epistemology, ethics,
politics, and aesthetics.
:b!ectivism holds that there is mind%independent reality= that individualpersons are in contact with this reality through sensory perception= that
human beings gain ob!ective knowledge from perception by
measurement and form valid concepts based on such perceptions. "t
claims that the meaning of life is the pursuit of one’s own happiness or
>rational self%interest,? and that the only social system consistent with
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this morality is full respect for individual rights, embodied in pure,
consensual laisse#%faire capitalism, or libertarianism.
#. Secular $umanism
6here is not sufficient love and goodness in the world to +ermit us to give some
of it awa to imaginar beings.
- =riedrich Niet>sche (!-22'
Secular umanism is an atheistic philosophy that upholds reason,ethics and !ustice as the principles of life. Secular umanism re!ects the
concept of a supernatural creator, and says that the meaning of life is to
be found purely in human terms. "t upholds that there is no absolute
truth or absolute morality, and that truth, meaning and morality are
uni)ue to each person.
Thinkers associated with secular humanism include 5riedrich @iet#sche,
ertrand ;ussell and ;ichard 'awkins.%. &i'ilism
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1an hands on miser to man.
)t dee+ens like a coastal shelf.
Get out as earl as ou can,
nd don’t have an kids ourself.- ?hili+ @arkin (55-!"'
@ihilism is a philosophical /or anti%philosophical as some call it3 view
that life is without ob!ective meaning, purpose, value or truth. They
re!ect belief in a higher creator and claim that ob!ective secular ethics
are impossible. @ihilism is often associated with pessimism, depression
and immorality. To them, life is literally >pointless.?
Many artistic movements have been associated with nihilism, such as
'adaism, 5uturism and Surrealism.
1. E(istentialism
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%e that self which one trul is.
- /oren Aierkegaard (!#-!""'
4istentialism is the broad philosophical movement postulating that
individual human beings create the meaning and essence of their lives
as persons. Aalter 9aufmann described 4istentialism as, >The refusal
to belong to any school of thought, the repudiation of the ade)uacy of
any body of beliefs whatever, and especially of systems, and a marked
dissatisfaction with traditional philosophy as superficial, academic, and
remote from life?. uman beings are to make their own choices in life
and find their own meaning, with or without $od. 4istential
philosophers range from the religious /9ierkegaard3 to the anti%religious
/@iet#sche3
