Thrips On Marigolds Populations of thrips tend to migrate into · Biotech Solution to Chrysanthemum White Rust ... Products disrupts nerve ... Uniroyal Insect biosynthesis. Growth

Floriculture Education from the Kee Kitayama Research Foundation

Summer 2004 - Vol. 8, Issue 2

IN THIS ISSUEFeatures

Thrips on Marigolds __________________ 1,2,4Integrated Pest Management, Australia _ 1,3,10

Regional ReportsSan Mateo & San Francisco ___________ 6Fungus Gnat & Shore Fly Control

Santa Cruz & Monterey ______________ 7Rose Pest Management Advances in theMonterey Bay Area

Ventura & Santa Barbara _____________ 8Gerberas—An IPM Success

San Diego _________________________ 9Pest Control on Field Grown Cut Foliage

Other InterestsScience to Grower _________________ 10Biotech Solution to Chrysanthemum White Rust

Evaluation of Hot Pink Traps ______ 11, 13

Get Cultured ______________________ 12Adjust pH of Irrigation Water

Campus News & Research Updates ____ 14EH Faculty Experiment Station Projects

Floral Industry Events Calendar _______ 15

Sponsors _________________________ 16

Thrips on Marigolds cont. on page 2

Editor’s Note:This issue of CORF News focuses oninsect pests and their management.Each farm advisor addresses thistopic in their respective regionalreport by asking a question of localgrowers, “Would you share asuccessful insect control strategyof a particularly difficult pest?”The growers’ responses areinteresting and helpful.-Steve Tjosvold, Editor, CORF News

Populations of thrips tend to migrate into

greenhouses when plant material begins

to dry up outside

Integrated Pest Management on OrnamentalCrops in Australia:Observationsby Karen L. Robb, UC Cooperative Extension, San Diego

Integrated Pest Management, Australia cont. on page 3

Efficacy Of Pesticides Against Western FlowerThrips On MarigoldsTesting Resultsby Vanessa Carne-Cavagnaro, Thomas P. Costamagna, Roy Kaspi, Robert L. Starnes, Cheryle A.O’Donnell, Trinity Strehl, Andrew Sutherland and Michael P. Parrella. Department of Entomology,University of California, Davis

Several species of thrips attack ornamental flower crops in California, of these,the most serious is the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande)which can infest almost every species of flower crops. This thrips is widespreadacross North America, Europe, South America, Asia, Africa and Australia. Severeproblems with western flower thrips (WFT) have not been observed in Californiangreenhouses in recent years, but that could change quickly. Populations of thripstend to migrate into greenhouses when plant material begins to dry up outside andthis usually begins in late spring and continues through the summer. Biologicalcontrol focuses on two predatory mites, Amblyseius cucumeris (primarily found onthe foliage) and Hypoaspis miles (a soil-dwelling species). These are generallyreleased on a prophylactic basis and may be increased when thrips are found onsticky cards or when plant damage is visible.

The efficacies of several pesticide regimes for control of adult WFT wereevaluated. Direct contact toxicity was assessed in the laboratory (Table 1) at 24 and48 hours after application. This was followed by greenhouse trials (Table 2) under“natural” thrips pressure, checked once a week for six weeks. Only adult thrips were

Australia is comparable in size to the continental United States, with only about10% of the population. Most people are located in the coastal areas of Australia,primarily near the major cities. Much of the ornamental crop production occursnear these population centers.

The Arthropod Pests of Ornamental Plant Production in AustraliaThe main arthropod pests of traditional flowers are almost identical to our

California pests, an obvious impact of the effects of globalization within the orna-mental industry. While in Australia I observed two-spotted spider mites, broadmites, and cyclamen mites.

Homopteran pests were also relatively common. I frequently observed greenpeach aphid and the melon aphid, but potato aphid, chrysanthemum aphid, foxgloveaphid, lily aphid, and rose aphid were occasionally present also. Psyllids were aserious problem on Festival Bush. Although scales tended to be minor problems,white palm scale was a major pest on waratah being treated for macadamia twiggirdlers. Common brown, spotted, and vegetable leafhoppers, and green jassidswere infrequently observed, although they were recurring pests for some wildflowergrowers. Citrus mealybug and long-tailed mealybugs were also regularly observed in

ThripsUC Davis IPM Project. © 2001 Regents, University of California

2 CORF NEWS - Summer 2004

Trade Active Rate oz/

Name Ingredient 100 Gallons

MTI-446 Dinotefuran 8

Marathon II Imidacloprid 3.4

Conserve SC Spinosad 11 & 22

Ornazin Azadirachtin 10

Adept Diflubenzuron 12

Avid Abamectin 8

Untreated Control N/A N/A

Table 2: Treatments used in the greenhouse trials forcontrol of western flower thrips on marigolds.

Thrips on Marigolds cont. on page 4

Thrips on Marigolds cont. from page 1

Control N/A N/A N/A N/A

Pedestal Novaluron 6 4 7




Pedestal &

Siliwet Novaluron 6 4 7

Pedestal &

Siliwet Novaluron 6 2 14

Avid Abamectin 8 4 7

Conserve Spinosad 6 4 7

Trade Name Manufacturer Class Mode of Action

Adept Crompton Benzoylurea Inhibits chitin/Uniroyal Insect Growth biosynthesis.

Regulator

Avid Syngenta Glycoside Chloride channelactivators.Interferes with nervereceptors of insects.

Conserve Dow Spinosyn Acetylcholine receptorAgroSciences modulators.

Induces acetylcholine-likeactivity.

Marathon II Olympic Chloronicotine Acetylcholine receptorHorticultural agonists/antagonists-Products disrupts nerve

transmission.

MTI 446 Valent Chloronicotine Acetylcholine receptor(as above)

Ornazin SePro Corp Biopesticide Disrupts insect molting-Insect antagonizes the insectGrowth hormone ecdysone.Regulator

Pedestal Crompton/ Benzoylurea Inhibits chitinUniroyal Insect biosynthesis.

GrowthRegulator

Modified from Olympic Horticultural Products Reference Guide for Ornamental

Production Insecticides/Acaricides

Data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (JMPversion 4.02. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina, U.S.A).Tukey-Kramer LSD was used to compare all pairs.

Table 1. Treatments used in the bioassay for control ofwestern flower thrips on marigolds.

counted to ensure fair evaluation of the different chemicals’mode of action (Table 3).

Table 3. The class and mode of action of pesticides usedin direct contact and greenhouse trials against western flowerthrips.

In the greenhouse trials, old flowers were picked and leftin the pot to allow the live thrips to migrate back to the plant.Flowers collected were soaked in ethanol and stripped of thestamens, stigmas, and petals down to the perianth.

Trade Active Rate oz/ Number App.Name Ingredient 100 of Interval

Gallons App. (days)

CORF NEWS - Summer 2004 3

Growers reported occasionalproblems with green mirids and Iobserved harlequin bugs moving intoornamental crops as weeds dried out inthe summer.

Amongst the dipteran or fly pests,Australian growers must contend withfungus gnats and shore flies. Interest-ingly, while the cineraria leafminer is aminor pest in Australia, they do not yethave the serpentine leafminer,Liriomyza trifolii, a serious pest onmany of our ornamental crops inCalifornia.

Common lepidopteran pestsincluded budworms (Helicoverpa),cluster caterpillars (Spodoptera litura),loopers (Chrysodeixis spp.) andcutworms (Agrotis sp.). An extensivesearch for natural enemies of the lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyaspostvittana) was underway during mytime in Australia. This tortricid mothlarva feeds on many hosts, includingroses and elms.

Western flower thrips is a relativelynew introduction to Australia, but it isdoing very well in areas with traditionalhorticulture. This is recognized as theirmost effective vector of tomato spottedwilt virus, and is the subject of signifi-cant research and control efforts. Inaddition to the onion thrips, greenhousethrips, gladiolus thrips, and Cubanlaurel thrips that we are all too familiarwith in California, Australian producersmust also contend with plague or applethrips, tomato thrips, and melon thrips.

Additional pests of note aredescribed in the wildflower and proteaproduction section.

Ornamental Production Systemsin Australia

There is a large dichotomy in cutflower production in Australia. Flowerproduction is the sole business of mosttraditional flower growers in Australia.However, I met very few producers ofAustralian native plants (“wildflow-ers”) who were solely involved in theproduction of flowers. Most wild-flower producers had other jobs orfarmed other commodities, such ascattle, sheep, vegetables, etc. There is agreat deal of information on culturalpractices for traditional ornamental

crops relative to wildflowers. More-over, many of the wildflower producerswere relatively new to the field ofornamentals, and are learning about thecrops as they grow.

Virtually all of the conventional cutflowers, e.g. roses, chrysanthemums,and gerberas, are sold domestically. Incontrast, more than 95% of theAustralian native flowers are sold forexport. It seems that most Australiansdon’t want to pay for products thatthey can pick in the bush! This differ-ence in production and marketingstrategies has resulted in different pestcontrol pressures for these diverseproduction systems.

One factor affecting integrated pestmanagement (IPM) strategies utilizedby ornamental growers are Australianpesticide regulations. Unlike the U.S.,where the host must be on the labelbefore a pesticide can be used on acrop, in Australia, both the host ANDthe pest must appear on the label inmost states. Since the overall ornamen-tal market in Australia is relativelysmall, most new pesticides are notregistered for use on ornamentals andtheir pests, and certainly not onwildflowers. Growers are left with theolder, broad spectrum pesticides, suchas Dimethoate, Metasystox R, Thiodan,Carbaryl, and Malathion, which aregenerally more difficult to incorporateinto an IPM program.

Traditional Cut Flower andNursery Production

Traditional cut flower and nurserycrops are held to Australian consumerstandards of aesthetic quality. While noflorist or mass marketer is likely toaccept flowers with obvious pestdamage, these flowers do not have tomeet the stringent 100% arthropod-freestatus required for export flowers.Many of these crops are also producedin greenhouses, where environmentaleffects can be modified. Thus, tradi-tional flower growers have greaterflexibility to utilize IPM strategies, suchas biological control, in their produc-tion systems. Despite their longerhistory in ornamental production,however, relatively few Australiangrowers of traditional cut flowers haveembraced IPM strategies; many growersare just now establishing monitoring

routines and thresholds. However,several growers have a strong commit-ment to IPM and feel that IPM strate-gies make the most economic sense.These growers have forged ahead andsome have even been able to incorpo-rate biological control strategies in theiroverall IPM programs.

Wildflower and Protea ProductionGood pest control is essential to

produce high value wildflowers forexport. Japan and the U.S. demandbest quality, insect-free flowers. Oneinsect in an export shipment will lead toits fumigation or rejection.

Most wildflower and proteagrowers in Australia recognize theimportance of good IPM practices inthe field during production, as well aseffective postharvest treatments.

Twenty years ago, it was notuncommon to find many bush-pickedflowers being exported. However,insect control in bush-picked flowers isvery difficult; insects cause extensivedamage before they can be controlled.Often these movements are a result ofdrying of native plants in the surround-ing bush. Spring beetles (small scarabbeetles), plague thrips (Thripsimaginalis), and wingless or plaguelocusts are all examples of these typesof pests.

Insects that Kill Wildflowers andProteas

The grubs of beetles and moths canattack stems of woody plants, whichmay die, although these insects usuallytarget plants already weakened byabiotic factors or diseases.

A major problem for waxflowerand verticordia growers has been attackby a native “ringbarking” or girdlingweevil. More than half the plants havebeen killed in some plantations.

Integrated Pest Management, Australiacont. on page 10

Integrated Pest Management, Australiacont. from page 1

Spodoptera litura- penultimate instar,lateral view.Photo © Lyn Finn, Hunter Region School of Photography in Newcastle,Macquarie Hills,New South Wales


Thrips on Marigolds cont. from page 2

TREATMENT

Figure 1. Number of western flower thrips per container (n =25) after 24 hours ■; and 48 hours ■ from the bioassay trial,Values are means +/- Standard error. N = 49.

In the direct contact trials, the treatments Ornazin andAdept, both insect growth regulators (IGRs), did not differsignificantly from the control at either 24 hrs or 48 hrs afterapplication. Conserve and Avid showed best control of theWFT at 24 and 48 hrs after application (Figure 1).

TREATMENT

TREATMENT

Figure 3. Total number of adult western flower thrips permarigold at week six grown in a greenhouse wheretemperature =70°F +/-10°F. Values are means +/- standarderrors. N = 144.

Figure 2. Mean number of western flower thrips permarigold flower across treatments over six weeks in a green-house where temperature =70°F +/-10°F.Week 1 ■; Week 2 ■; Week 3■; Week 4 ❑; Week 5 ■ andWeek 6■. N = 144.

The mean number of WFT per marigold flower did notdiffer between treatments until week three of the trial. Fromweek three through week six, the number of WFT per flowerdiffered significantly between treatments (Figure 2).

One-way ANOVA testing the effect of pesticide applica-tions were conducted for each week. However, there were nosignificant differences between treatments at weeks one andtwo. After six weeks of spraying, the number of WFT ontreatment nine was less than on the control and treatmentstwo and three (Figure 3).

It is important to concentrate on reduced risk/biorationalpesticides, and to examine their compatibility with naturalenemies where possible. The Conserve treatments (notamenable to the use of natural enemies) in both the directcontact and the spray treatments had the greatest efficacyagainst thrips, while the IGR treatments did not provide bettercontrol than the untreated controls. IGRs inhibit insectdevelopment, and have no direct toxicity or effect on repro-duction of adult thrips. Therefore we would not expect anIGR to show any efficacy on adult thrips in the direct contacttrial. While the IGRs would not have a direct effect on theadult thrips counts in the greenhouse trials, we may expect tosee some reduction in adult thrips by week six (end of thetrial) (Figures 2 and 3). This would be through a reduction ofimmature thrips developing into adults, therefore a decrease inthe adults counted as the trial progressed.

In a greenhouse that has a high density of WFT, andprompt control is needed, then pesticides such as Avid orConserve may provide the best immediate control. However,these pesticides will also target natural enemies in the green-house, thus the timing of the release of natural enemies willhave to be carefully considered so as to ensure survival. IGRscan provide some control of WFT and may be preferable touse when thrips populations are at low densities, as the IGRsdo not target natural enemies which are important compo-nents of the greenhouse pest management system as a whole.❖



Regional ReportSan Mateo & San Francisco Counties

Ann I. KingUC Cooperative Extension

625, Miramontes, Suite 200Half moon Bay, CA 94019

Phone: (650) 726-9059Fax: (650) 726-9267

email: [email protected]

Fungus gnats and shore flies arealways a problem in potted plantproduction. Control strategies andchemicals have changed since I lastaddressed this, so it is time to look atcurrent control methods.

The first key is to know if you havefungus gnats or shore flies (or both).Growers in this area use differentcontrol methods for the two insects.Fungus gnats are more of a problemthan shore flies because of the severedamage they can cause on roots, butboth insects can spread diseases and bea major postharvest nuisance.

IdentificationFungus gnat adults are small, black

mosquito-like insects with long legs andantennae. Their larvae are white, withblack head capsules, and are found intheir white slime in the top half-inch ofgrowing mix. Fungus gnat larvae willfeed on new roots and tunnel into stemsof cuttings. In propagation and plugareas fungus gnats can cause severedamage to the crop.

Shore fly adults are more “fly-like”in appearance, with short legs andantennae. They usually have five whitespots on each dark wing. Shore flylarvae are harder to see because of theirdull yellowish-brown color. There is notenough space here to cover the descrip-tions of both insects; if you needpictures and descriptions, I can send oremail them to you.

Diseases can be spread by adult andlarval stages of both insects, includingpythium, rhizoctonia, and black rootrot. Where diseases occur (in propaga-tion and plug areas), you need tocontrol both insects and diseases at thesame time.

ScoutingYellow sticky cards are used to

monitor fungus gnat and shore flyadults. Local greenhouse growers placethe cards just above the pots, sinceneither insect flies too far. Sticky cardscan help you determine when problemsare occurring, or if problems are in justsome areas. Potato slices can also beused to monitor, but several growershave said that they prefer sticky cards

Fungus Gnat and Shore Fly Control onGreenhouse Potted Plants

because potato slices buried in the soilget overlooked.

Pre-Plant MixPurchased growing mixes with a lot

of organic matter can contain fungusgnat eggs and pupae (research by RayCloyd, University of Illinois). Since youmay be starting with a “problem” inyour mix, you need to start monitoringat planting. There has not been researchyet on how to deal with this problem incommercial mixes, but it would makesense to keep mixes dry and coveredbefore planting, and possibly steamsterilize them just before use (althoughthis may not be practical).

Cultural ControlBoth insects prefer moist condi-

tions, so growers have some control bykeeping soil surfaces dry, and eliminat-ing moisture, weeds, algae, and muckon and under greenhouse benches.

Because algae is a breeding groundand food source, algae control isimportant. Control algae on andaround benches with labeled productssuch as ZeroTol, GreenShield, Physan20, and Triathlon. In greenhouses withwet soil floors, I often find clouds offungus gnats when I brush the weeds.Sanitation is important, but sincegreenhouses are wet, moisture control isnot the only solution.

Biological ControlBeneficial nematodes (Steinernema

feltiae, marketed as Nemasys, Entonem,or Scanmask) can be used for fungusgnat control (but not shore flies). Thenematodes are drenched into thegrowing mix, and are eaten by thefungus gnat larvae. The nematodes thenrelease a bacterial toxin in the fungusgnat larvae which kills it. Local growerssay that the key to using nematodes isto apply them at the time of planting,and then re-apply them weekly.

Predatory MitesThe predatory mite, Hypoaspis

miles, will feed on fungus gnat andshore fly larvae, but growers in thisarea do not use them regularly becausethey cannot get the mite to establish inwet greenhouses.

Chemical ControlMost chemicals used here for

fungus gnat and shore fly control areinsect growth regulators (IGRs), whichcontrol the larval stage. These areapplied as spray drenches to the surfaceof the growing media, where the larvaeare found, rather than sprayed on theabove-ground adults. Some of the IGRsinclude Adept, Azatin, Citation,Distance, Enstar, Marathon, Ornazin,and Precision.

Gnatrol, a bacterial insecticide, canbe used to control fungus gnat larvae,but not shore flies. Apply it early, withregular repeat drenches.

When IGRs, Gnatrol, or thebeneficial insects do not work, thengrowers may need to turn to moreconventional insecticides such asDuraGuard, KnoxOut, or Talstar.

Keys to Control:1. Know which insect you have;monitor and control it early.2. Sanitation is critical — reducealgae, weeds, and moisture.3. For fungus gnats, local growers use acontrol program of parasitic nematodes+ Gnatrol; they stress that the combina-tion must be applied at planting, and atregular weekly intervals (if you miss aweek, you will have fungus gnatproblems). Growers in this area havesuccess with this program; when theyrarely need to use a chemical, they turnto Adept.4. For shore flies, start with a rotationprogram using insect growth regulatorsand see if they work for you.❖

by Ann I. King, UC Cooperative Extension, San Mateo County

Adult fungus gnat caught in a yellowsticky trap.Photo by Jack Kelly Clark


Regional ReportSanta Cruz & Monterey Counties

When I asked rose growers if theycould share a successful insect controlstrategy, I was waiting to hear immedi-ate, proud responses. I was left sputter-ing, trying to help growers respond.Invariably, there were long pauses….. “Ihave nothing but problems,” a longtimeWatsonville rose grower said in my firstinterview. His response was typical ofthe six growers I talked with thatmorning on the phone. There were nosuccesses mentioned, but only thedifficulties and failures they werehaving controlling insects and spidermites.

I thought growers would be eagerto talk about their pest managementadvances in the last few years. Whatabout the successful use of the predatorPhytoseiulus persimilis to control two-spotted spider mites? What aboutspinosad (Conserve) and targetedmisting of flower buds for westernflower thrips control? What about theuse of better scouting techniques totarget insect hot spots? What about thewide range of mite control productsthey have available to use now whenthe predators are not working suffi-ciently? Well, those are the successes,as I see it. No grower mentioned them.So this article, it turns out, is about rosegrowers’ difficulties with pest manage-ment. And a little bit about rosegrowers, if you read on.

MealybugsThe lack of control of mealybugs

was a common theme. “I just don’tthink mealybugs can be controlled,”was a response of one distraught rosegrower. “I have one area where we useLeptomastix (mealybug destroyer) butwe continue to have a problem. Otherareas we spray. You just have to livewith them.” Another grower says hebought $300 worth of citrus mealybugpheromones to attempt to disrupt theirlife cycle. “I did not catch one malemealybug, not one!” Everyone knowsthat the citrus mealybug will be themealybug found in roses, but appar-ently we should not be so presumptu-ous. The grower continues, “It turnsout we have three mealybugs in the

Rose Pest Management Advances in theMonterey Bay Areaby Steve Tjosvold, UC Cooperative Extension, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties

nursery. We have lily bulb and grapemealybugs along with citrus mealy-bug.” Apparently they did not havecitrus mealybug in the house where thepheromones were used. Growers,having faced difficult pests like mealy-bugs in the past, have been saved whennew pesticide chemistries were madeavailable. Avid (abamectin) saved theday when used against spider mites, atleast when it was introduced to themarket. Conserve (spinosad) controlledresistant western flower thrips. Therecent availability of Flagship, a newlyregistered pesticide, may promise hopefor mealybug control. It apparently hasgood activity against mealybugs. Havegrowers tried it? “I have it, but havenot tried it yet,” was the response oftwo growers. I sensed a lack of hope.

Two-Spotted Spider MitesTwo-spotted spider mites continue

to be a problem for some growers. Surebiological control are working but theyare not always working consistently. Inthe winter, the conditions seem to beparticularly tough to get Phytoseiuluspersimilis to work well. In those cases,chemicals are relied on. Floramite andHexygon seem to get the most use andhave good compatibility with a preda-tor program after the chemical applica-tion. But these products have restrictivelabels; only a couple applications can bemade to any one crop. Alternativesexist, but there are apparent problemswith some of them too. One grower isstill looking for successful chemicalprograms when predators don’t work.“Pylon does not work on my spidermites. I have the super strain of mites.”Growers continue to spend more onspider mite control than any other pest.“Persimilis are not cheap, and whenthey don’t work the chemicals are veryexpensive,” one disgruntled rose growercommented.

Western Flower ThripsWestern flower thrips continue to

be a difficult pest despite the availabil-ity of Conserve. When asked about thenumber one pest right now, withouthesitation, a Watsonville grower said“thrips!” Although Conserve appears

to work, “It does not have the punch itonce had,” states one grower. Yes, DowAgro Sciences, the manufacturer ofConserve, warned when it was intro-duced into the market that it could notbe overused without the risk of resis-tance. There needed to be a rotationalstrategy that included the use of otherchemical groups with the judicious useof Conserve.

“No successes with insect controlto speak of,” one Watsonville rosegrower says. He continues proudly, “Ican control powdery mildew without aproblem though.” The grower relies onthe preventative applications of Com-pass when conditions favor powderymildew development.

I started thinking; growers just arenever satisfied with pest managementresults, or any results for that matter.They are never quite satisfied withinsect control, with flower productionand quality, with results from Mother’sDay flower sales. Growers always wantmore, bigger, better, faster, and cheaper.Then I think, rose growers really havemade great progress in pest manage-ment practices and in everything elsethey do as growers. They have manysuccesses. I see them, as plain as day.Then I think; that’s what makes themso successful!❖

Steve TjosvoldUC Cooperative Extension

1432 Freedom Blvd.Watsonville, CA 95076-2796

Phone: (831) 763-8040Fax: (831) 763-8006

e-mail: [email protected]

Spider Mites.UC Statewide IPM Project. © 2000 Regents, University of California


Regional ReportVentura & Santa Barbara Counties

Pest management practices onornamental crops have gone throughmany changes in the past decade.Although chemical control is still theindustry mainstay, growers are integrat-ing nonchemical approaches as well.Almost everyone uses sticky traps tomonitor and time pesticide applicationsfor insect pests, whereas ten years ago,spraying by the calendar was the norm.Growers are even experimenting withenvironmental monitoring and the use ofcomputer models for disease control.

Biological control is used morefrequently today, especially whenaccompanied with applications ofbiorational materials. In fact, theintroduction of relatively nontoxicpesticides has been a major reason whyso many more growers are successfullyusing natural enemies.

One crop that has especially lentitself to an integrated pest managementapproach is cut gerbera, and mostgerbera growers in California areincluding the use of biological control intheir pest management programs. Italked to Martin Boerema, a grower atBrand Flowers in Carpinteria, about thesuccess of their IPM program on gerbera.

I suspect that part of Brand Flower’ssuccess is due to Boerema’s extensive pestmanagement experience—over 25 yearsas a grower in the Netherlands, Canadaand the USA. He switched from relyingstrictly on chemical control to an IPMapproach about 8 years ago, and hasfound it to be an ongoing learningprocess.

Brand Flowers uses Diglyphus isaeafor leaf miner control, Eretmoceruseremicus for whitefly control,Amblyseius cucumeris for thrips andbroad mite control, and Phytoseiuluspersimilis for spider mite control. Thesebeneficials are used in combination withbiorational pesticides such as soaps, oils,Conserve, Botanigard, etc.

Brand Flowers also relies on anaturally occurring parasitoid, Encarsia

pergandiella and a native predator,Dicyphus hesperus. Though free, thesebeneficials are a mixed blessing. Forexample, after pests are cleaned up,Dicyphus turns into a vegetarian andcauses damage to the plants. So chemicaltreatment may be necessary to keep thesepredators at low levels.

The key to Brand’s success with IPMis good scouting techniques. The nurseryemploys a full-time scout who covers 7acres of gerbera each week. The scoutwalks through all the benches, checkingleaves and flowers for pests, and countsthe numbers of insects on sticky traps.He also flags and maps the pests and/ordiseases that he finds.

“If you can pinpoint when a pestpopulation first initiates, you can usetargeted chemical applications, or anapplication of a beneficial,” saysBoerema. This results in non-disruptivechemical applications and allows formore effective use of beneficials. Inaddition to scouting for proper timing ofpest control applications, determiningthe stage of development of the pest isimportant, so that the most appropriatechemical or beneficial is selected and theproper dosage is utilized.

The scout enters sticky card countdata, as well as applications of chemicalsand beneficials onto a spreadsheetprogram on the computer. “The spread-sheet enables us to make graphs, follow-ing the trends of the pests and goodbugs, and the efficacy of pesticideapplications.”

The evaluation of the scouting datafor pest management decision-makinghas evolved at Brand Flowers over theyears. Chemicals and beneficials used incombination can be significantly moreexpensive than when used separately, ifnot utilized efficiently. “We are con-stantly seeking more effective ways ofusing combinations of chemicals andbeneficials.”

Boerema knows that there are timeswhen biological control is likely to be

ineffective. For example, in the middle ofthe summer it can be too hot forDiglyphus isaea, and in the winter theday temperatures can be too low forPhytoseiulus persimilis to catch up withspider mites, without resorting to a highrelease rate. “We find that two to threeweeks is the proper period of time forpersimilis to catch up with the spidermites.” Boerema also avoids releasingEretmocerus when Encarsia pergandiellais present because E. pergandiella hyper-parasitizes Eretmocerus.

Sometimes it works better to cleanup with a chemical to reduce pestpopulations before releasing beneficials,rather than releasing beneficials andcleaning up with a chemical if the pestpopulations get too high. “Our experi-ence is that beneficials, especiallyparasitoids, work better at low insectpressure.”

As a result of using biorationalpesticides and relying on targeted spotspray applications, Brand Flowers hasgained some uninvited guests in theirgreenhouses, especially stinkbugs andmountain leafhoppers. “We have nobeneficials available for these pests, sowe have to make sure our chemicalprogram has as little impact on ourbeneficials program as possible.”

One reason Boerema believes theIPM program at Brand Flowers has beenso successful is that information isutilized from many sources, includingrepresentatives of the beneficial supplycompanies, universities, colleaguegrowers, etc. in forming their own pestmanagement decisions.

Boerema has also learned not toexpect immediate results from the use ofnatural enemies. “You must have trust inthe beneficials. Just wait— they will dotheir job if you let them.”❖

Julie P. NewmanUC Cooperative Extension

669 County Square Drive, Suite 100Ventura, California, 93003-5401

Phone: (805) 645-1459Fax: (805) 645-1474


Gerberas—An IPM SuccessGood Scouting is the Key

“If you can pinpoint when a pest population

first initiates, you can use targeted chemical applications,

or an application of a beneficial,” says Boerema.by Julie P. Newman, UC Cooperative Extension, Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties


Regional ReportSan Diego County

Karen L. RobbUC Cooperative Extension

5555 Overland Avenue, Bldg. 4San Diego, CA 92123

Phone: (858) 694-2857Fax: (858) 694-2849


“Buzz Uber” was the immediateand emphatic reply from grower JohnPaz when asked what was the mostsuccessful IPM tool or technique usedby Mellano and Co., San Luis Rey, CA,for insect pest management in theirfield-grown cut foliage. Buzz owns aprofessional scouting service and is oneof the best scouts in the entire ornamen-tal plant industry. He has an uncannyability to find pests, and recognizepotential problems before they becomeproblematic.

Consistency is one of the mainreasons that Buzz’s scouting services areso essential to Mellano and Co. “Iknow that Buzz will be there searchingfor problems every Tuesday, regardlessof how busy we are harvesting andshipping for the holidays, irrigationneeds, or other external forces that tendto prevent me or in-house scouts fromregular scouting” states John, “Hekeeps the routine going.”

This regular monitoring allowsMellano and Co. to stay on top of theirpest control needs. Buzz has a systemto compare historical data with what iscurrently present to identify what, ifany, pest management strategy iswarranted. Regular monitoring alsoallows spot treatments of eitherinsecticides or natural enemies, beforepotential problems become widespreadand increasingly difficult to control.

Communication between Buzz andJohn, as well as between Buzz and thespray crew, is a key factor in thisdynamic working relationship. Whenanyone finds a possible pest problemduring the week, Buzz evaluates whatthe find is, what the damage potentialis, and how extensive it is. One of thereasons that Buzz is so valuable toMellano and Co. is because Buzz hasnever stopped learning or beinginquisitive. He likes the challenge ofnew finds, and determining their pestpotential along with strategies for

control, if needed. When he doesn’tknow the answer, he finds it out, andthen shares that information back withMellano and Co.

Although this edition of CORFNews is focused on insects, Buzz scoutsfor insects, diseases, weeds, as well asabiotic factors. John reiterates, “Witheverything going on around here,especially during holiday seasons, Buzzensures that our integrated pest man-agement program is intact, preservingthe high quality standards we have setfor Mellano and Co.❖

Monitoring is Key to Successful Pest Control onField Grown Cut Foliageby Karen L. Robb, UC Cooperative Extension, San Diego County

Field ObservationsSudden Oak Death isImpacting San DiegoCounty Growers

Effective April 26, USDA hasplaced new restrictions on nurseriesin regards to the Sudden OakDeath (SOD) quarantine. ThisUSDA order only affects host andassociated host plants destined forout-of-state shipping. Cut flowersand cut foliage are not included.

To be authorized to ship anyhost and associated host plants outof the state of California, nurseriesmust have these specific plantsreinspected and sampled forPhytophthora ramorum. Previousinspections and certification nolonger qualify under this USDAamended order. The tests theDepartment of Agriculture,Weights and Measures are requiredto use may take up to 10 days todetermine the results. Whilewaiting for these results, you willnot be able to ship any plants ofthe same genera or any plantswithin 10 meters of the host andassociated hot plants. Growersshould contact their regular aginspector for host or associatedhost plant shipments out of state.

If a grower is growing host andassociated host plants, but does notplan on shipping them out ofCalifornia, there are no restrictionson shipping any other plantmaterial.

The USDA quarantine does notrestrict interstate movement ofnon-host plants. This means thatall states should now accept plantshipments from nurseries notshipping host and associated hostplants. However, if you areplanning to ship to Louisiana, WestVirginia, Kentucky or Florida, it isa good idea to check first, as thesestates have chosen not to abide byfederal regulations previously.❖

“I know that Buzz will be there searching for

problems every Tuesday, regardless of how

busy we are harvesting and shipping for the

holidays, irrigation needs, or other external

forces that tend to prevent me or

in-house scouts from regular scouting”

Symptoms of Phytophthora ramoruminfection on Camellia.Photo by Cheryl Bloomquist at CDFA


Science to the GrowerA Biotech Solution toChrysanthemum White Rust?by Richard Y. Evans

Chrysanthemum growers inCalifornia are familiar with the havocchrysanthemum white rust causes.Unlike common chrysanthemum rust,which causes minor damage, white rustdefoliates and kills plants. The fungus,Puccinia horiana, is well-established inAsia, Europe, and South America andhas been introduced into the U.S.,where it is targeted for eradication.Affected greenhouses are quarantinedand infected plants are destroyed. Ineradication zones, production ortransportation of any chrysanthemumsis forbidden, resulting in devastatinglosses for growers.

Control of White Rust is Difficultand Labor-Intensive

Repeated applications ofmycobutanil (Eagle or Systhane) areused for eradication, but this fungicidecan cause stunting. Preventive applica-tions of some other fungicides, such asmancozeb (Dithane) and chlorothalonil(Daconil), can be effective, but have notalways prevented outbreaks of whiterust. The introduction of resistantcultivars would be beneficial, but nochrysanthemums have shown resis-tance. Now a group of Japanesescientists1 has demonstrated thesuccessful introduction of white rustresistance by producing intergenericsomatic hybrids between chrysanthe-mum and Artemisia sieversiana, adistant relative in the Asteraceae (orCompositae) family, known variouslyas wormwood or sagebrush.

Wormwood is resistant to manypathogenic fungi and has been used inJapan as a grafting stock to introducedisease resistance into chrysanthemum.Attempts to introduce disease resistanceby conventional crossbreeding havebeen unsuccessful, so these researchersundertook somatic hybridization byprotoplast fusion. The procedure is onethat Dr. Frankenstein would appreciate.Leaves of plants from each species are

placed in an enzyme solution thatremoves cell walls, leaving a proto-plast—a cell whose contents areprotected only by a thin externalmembrane. When an electrical currentis applied, the protoplasts fuse. Thistechnique can be used to combine theDNA of different species. It isn’t alwayspossible to regenerate plants from theseprotoplasts, but the fused chrysanthe-mum-wormwood protoplasts cooper-ated.

From thousands of fused proto-plasts, the researchers produced 509plants, 23 of which flowered. Theseplants were examined for diseaseresistance and appearance. The hybridplants resisted white rust nearly as wellas wormwood, and much better thanchrysanthemum. Hybrids producedflowers that were smaller and had fewerpetals than those of the chrysanthemumparent. Stem length ranged from 1-3feet. Overall, these were promisingresults, but commercialization remainsfar off. For one thing, propagation maypose a problem. The hybrids appear tobe male-sterile, and cuttings did notroot as well as those from eitherchrysanthemum or wormwood.❖

1 Furuta H, Shinoyama H, Nomura Y, Maeda M, and MakaraK. 2004. Production of intergeneric somatic hybrids ofchrysanthemum [Dendranthema x grandiflorum (Ramat.)Kitamura] and wormwood (Artemisia sieversiana J. F. Ehrh.ex. Willd) with rust (Puccinia horiana Henning) resistance byelectrofusion of protoplasts. Plant Science 166:695-702.

Richard Y. EvansExtension Specialist

Department of Environmental HorticultureUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA 95616-6617Phone: (530) 752-6617


Insects that Reduce Market Valueof Wildflowers and Proteas

Beetles, grasshoppers, and lepi-dopterous larvae feeding on flowers orfoliage may cause disfiguring damage.Unsightly growth can also result fromsucking insects, such as scales or truebugs. Likewise, thrips can cause surfacedamage or distort growth.

Banksia boring moth (Arotrophoraarcuatalis) larvae have been a majorcause of downgrading for Australianbanksias growers. Damaged flowercones may be grossly distorted orindividual flowers on the cone may bekilled and turn grey.

On proteas, especiallyleucadendrons, native adult weevilsclimb up the plants and feed onsucculent new leaves, reducing foliageand flower quality.

Gall wasps have not traditionallybeen a serious threat to waxflowerproduction in Western Australia, asthese gall wasps are generally main-tained under excellent biologicalcontrol. However, it was disconcertingto find waxflower gall wasps attackingLady Stephanie in large numbers inWestern Australia, as this cultivar hasbeen relatively free of gall wasps inCalifornia.

Insects of Quarantine Importancefor Exported Flowers

Exported flowers must be com-pletely free of any insects. However,flowers are a major source of food formany insects which feed on pollen ornectar. Bees, wasps, ants, beetles, bugs,and thrips can all be found in flowers.These insects may not damage theflower, but are still cause for rejection ofa shipment. Thus, all exported flowersare treated prior to shipment fromAustralia.❖

Integrated Pest Management, Australiacont. from page 3

Karen L. RobbUC Cooperative Extension

5555 Overland Avenue, Bldg. 4San Diego, CA 92123

Phone: (858) 694-2857Fax: (858) 694-2849



IntroductionIndustry standards for ornamental

crops are blue or yellow sticky traps forthrips. Tsuchiya et al. (1995) demon-strated a significant preference bywestern flower thrips for hot pink inmandarin oranges. If pink provedsignificantly more attractive to westernflower thrips in flower crops, we wouldconsider changing the color of thepetunia tospovirus indicator plantstands to pink to increase the attracta-ncy of the indicator plants. We wouldalso determine whether there was anadvantage to switching from yellowsticky traps to pink.

Trials were conducted to verifycolor preference by western flowerthrips and other insects in San DiegoCounty and Ventura County.

Materials and MethodsBlue, yellow, and hot pink traps

were created by cutting disks of theappropriate color from poster boards to

Evaluation of Hot Pink Traps to Monitor Pests on Ornamental CropsIs There a Color Advantage?by Karen L. Robb, Scott Parker, Julie Newman, Heather Costa, UC Cooperative Extension

fit into 6 inch plastic lids. A second lid,which was covered with a thin coatingof oil, was placed on top of the coloreddisk and held in place with binder clips.

In San Diego County, the entiretrap was clipped onto 1X1 inch stakesplaced throughout a blooming crop offield-grown chrysanthemum. In eachtrial, 10 traps of each color wereevaluated in a randomized design for 24

hours. The trial was replicated fivetimes, over 5 weeks.

In Ventura County, 24 traps of eachcolor were placed in a 558 square metergreenhouse over a crop of impatiensbedding plants that were just beginningto show color.

After the traps were in the field for24 hours, they were removed and

Trap Thrips Leafminer Whitefly Aphid Fungus GnatColor Adults Adults Adults Adults Adults

Blue 1.7 a 0.6 a 16.9 a 1.8 a 1.9 a

Pink 0.8 b 1.1 a 21.3 a 2.4 a 1.8 a

Yellow 0.7 b 3.0 b 76.3 b 3.5 a 2.0 a

Table 1. Effects of trap color on number of insects captured in field-grownchrysanthemums in San Diego County. Mean number of insects per trap per 24hour sample*

*Means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different, P=0.05.

Evaluation of Hot Pink Traps cont. onpage 13


Get CulturedHow to Adjust pH ofIrrigation Waterby Donald J Merhaut, Extension Specialist forHorticultural Crops

ChlorinationChlorine treatment of nursery

irrigation systems is probably one of themost popular methods utilized for thecontrol of pathogens. This article willaddress the different types of chlorina-tion systems and the proper proceduresrequired for effective control ofpathogens.

IntroductionChlorination is a chemical method

of treating water to kill both plant andhuman pathogens.

Effectiveness of TreatmentDepends on Six Factors:

1.Chlorine Concentration – thegreater the concentration, themore quickly it disinfects.However, too much chlorinemay also kill plants. Mostplants are safe if residualchlorine concentrations are<100 ppm (3 meq/L).However, some floriculturecrops are very sensitive tochlorine.

!Caution! – If you are uncertain about aparticular crop, please check with yourlocal Farm Advisor.

2.Duration of PathogenExposure to Chlorine –effective exposure times mayrange from 1 minute to 24hours.

3. Initial Cleanliness of Water –dirty water ties up chlorine,reducing disinfectant efficacy.

4.Water pH – chlorine is morestable, and therefore moreeffective, when irrigationwaters have a neutral pH.

5.Pathogen Type.

6.Water Temperature –relatively high (>20C) or lowtemps (<10C) may decrease theeffectiveness of chlorine.

When chlorine is added to thewater supply, aside from killingpathogens, it may also bind to organicmatter or chemicals such ammoniacalnitrogen. If chlorine binds to organic orchemical components, the chlorine is

considered unavailable for pathogencontrol. Therefore the effective or“residual” chlorine concentration isreduced. This is the reason thatchlorination is more effective withwater sources that are not heavilycontaminated with organic matter.When most pathogens are exposed tohigh enough concentrations of chlorinefor a sufficient period of time, they willbe killed.!Caution!: Pathogen populations andresidual chlorine concentrations shouldbe routinely monitored to ensure thatdisinfection is sufficient and thatresidual chlorine concentrations are notdangerously high for plant production.

Chlorination Advantages*+ Operation Costs – since

chlorine injection requireslimited energy.

+ Capital Costs – low. Mostcosts are for chlorine.

+ Exposure Time – mostpathogens are killed withinseconds to a few minutes ofchlorine exposure.

+ Technical Components – fewtechnical components if sodiumor calcium hypochlorite is used.

+ Maintenance - lowmaintenance requirements. Ifchlorine gas is used, theinjection system willneed to be inspectedperiodically.

+ Adaptability – very adaptableto small and very largeproduction systems.

+ Chemical Control – properlyperformed chlorination shouldnot affect the chemical natureof the water.

+ Space – aside from chlorinestorage, no additional space isrequired.

+ Labor – system is low-laborinput. Manual additions ofliquid chlorine can be done.Some labor is required toroutinely check equipment ifchlorine gas is used.

Disadvantages*- Chemicals – residual chlorine

can kill plants. Some plants aremore sensitive than others.However, except forhydroponic systems, organicmatter in water and mediausually ties up excess

chlorine before significantdamage can occur on crops.

- Herbicide and PesticideRemoval - chlorine does notbreakdown or remove mostpesticides or herbicides.

- Floating Debris Removal -larger suspended debris shouldbe removed, so that freechlorine is not inactivated byorganic matter.

- Dissolved Organic Matter –coloration due to dissolvedorganic matter and acids is noteliminated.

Chlorination MethodsThere are three methods of

incorporating chlorine into irrigationwater:

1.Sodium Hypochlorite –commercial bleach which has100,000-140,000 mgchlorine/L. This is often used inthe industry.

!Caution to plants!: Sodium mayaccumulate in closed, recirculatingproduction systems. In these cases,sodium levels should be monitored toprevent sodium toxicity.

!Danger – Potential Explosive! Sodiumhypochlorite can be explosive. If storedin improperly sealed vessels, andsodium hypochlorite begins to break-down, it can result in an explosion.

2.Calcium Hypochlorite – whichhas 350,000 mg chlorine/L.This is occasionally used,especially if sodium buildup is aconcern with the use of sodiumhypochlorite.

3.Chlorine Gas – this is the leastexpensive of the three products.However, chlorine gas isdangerous to work with andthere are many regulations thatdictate its storage and use. Ifchlorine gas is considered,check with local agencies forthe necessary permits.❖

*Important Note: Chlorine as a disinfectant for water hasbeen banned recently in some European countries due to thefact that chlorine will react with humic compounds to formtrihalomethanes, which are toxic to human health.

Donald J. Merhaut4118 Batchelor Hall

Department of Botany & Plant SciencesUniversity of California

Riverside, CA 92521Phone: (909) 827-7003

Fax: (909) 787-5717


returned to the lab for counting. Although western flower thripswere the target pest, numbers of leafminers, whiteflies, aphids,and fungus gnats captured were also recorded. All data wereanalyzed using ANOVA.

ResultsHot pink was not preferred by western flower thrips over

blue. Hot pink was no more attractive than blue or yellow towestern flower thrips in the San Diego trial (Table 1) and notstatistically significantly more attractive in the Ventura trial(Table 2). Moreover, pink traps were no more attractive thanyellow to aphids, leafminers, whiteflies, or fungus gnats in eitherthe San Diego County trials (Table 1) or the Ventura County trials(Table 2).

DiscussionAs a result of these findings, we do not recommend changing

the color of the petunia indicator plant stands used for detectingtospovirus infective thrips from blue to pink. There also is noadvantage to using hot pink sticky traps for the other ornamentalplant insects monitored in this trial: leafminers, whiteflies, aphids,or fungus gnats. Thus, no modification to existing monitoringtraps is recommended.❖

Karen L. Robb/Scott ParkerUniversity of California, Cooperative Extension

San Diego Co., 5555 Overland Ave., Bldg 4San Diego, CA

Julie P. NewmanUniversity of California, Cooperative Extension

Ventura County, 666 County Sq. Dr., Ste 100Ventura, CA

Heather CostaUniversity of California, Department of Entomology

Riverside, CA

Evaluation of Hot Pink Traps cont. frompage 11

Trap Thrips Whitefly AphidColor Adults Adults Adults

Table 2. Effects of trap color on number of insectscaptured in greenhouse-␣ grown impatiens beddingplants in Ventura County. Mean number of insectsper trap per 24 hour sample*

*Means followed by the same letter in the same column are notsignificantly different, P=0.05.

Blue 1.7 a 0.6 a 16.9 a

Pink 0.8 b 1.1 a 21.3 a

Yellow 0.7 b 3.0 b 76.3 b


In recent months you have prob-ably heard about huge budget cuts weare taking in the university, in all areasthat we work in, especially in some-thing called the “Agricultural Experi-ment Station” (AES). While many ofyou already know what “teaching” and“extension” are, I would guess thatmany of you might not be aware how“Agricultural Experiment Station”research differs from other kinds ofresearch. In brief, AES research ishighly applied research, being done byus to solve particular problems,especially problems that are of signifi-cance now and in the future right herein California. You may have also heardabout tuition increases and figured thatwe found a way to solve the problem.But that is not the case, because thetuition increases only help us with ourteaching, not with the research andoutreach. The following are someexamples of the AES research projectswe have going on in the EH Depart-ment that have importance to thefloriculture and nursery productionindustries, including some of my ownprojects.

Alison Berry’s research has focusedon biological nitrogen fixation and howit can be used to generate nitrogeninputs. By studying aspects of thebiology of symbiotic nitrogen fixation,she has shown that organic matterderived from nitrogen-fixing plants hasvalue for soil building.

Dave Burger has enlisted the aid ofmicrocalorimetry to predict plantresponses to various environmentalconditions by measuring respiration ofsmall samples of plant tissue. Accuratepredictions using this kind of data willshorten the time needed for geneticimprovement of plants as well asenhance our ability to tailor plants forspecific climate zones.

Jim Harding has focused hisresearch efforts on genetic variability,selection and inbreeding in ornamentaland wild plant populations. He isexamining the hybrid gene pool of

gerberas, crossing cultivars from Italywith his Davis population to estimategenetic parameters for vase life compo-nents and flower quality. He is alsoexamining lines of yellow-floweredlupines (Lupinus microcarpus) todetermine if a non-fading yellow geneexists that could be transferred to otherspecies such as rose.

Michael Reid’s work emphasizesmolecular techniques for prolonging thelife of ephemeral flowers, an importantcomponent for increasing the marketfor cut flowers. He is currently usingvirus-induced gene silencing in combi-nation with test genes to identify andstudy transformed plant tissue. Genesinvolved in flower senescence canthereby be identified and furthermanipulated.

Heiner LiethUniversity of California

Davis, CA 95616Ph.: (530)752-7198Fax: (530)752-1819

E-mail: [email protected]

Lin Wu’s research includes toler-ance of plants to recycled waterirrigation. Use of irrigation water highin salinity for landscape irrigation isinevitable and Wu’s trials have estab-lished the tolerance of many ornamen-tal species to recycled water.

Heiner Lieth developed mathemati-cal models that form the basis forfloriculture production tools. Oneexample is two mathematical modelsthat were built describing flowerdevelopment of rose and Easter lily.These models were built into tools thatgrowers can use to assure that thesecrops are on time for particular holidaysales. Work is also underway withscientists from all over the world todevelop tools to help Californiagrowers with the crisis they are facingas various Regional Water QualityControl Boards tighten runoffregulations.❖

Campus News & Research UpdatesSubmitted by Julie Newman, Farm Advisor, UCCE

Updates of EH Faculty Experiment StationProjectsby Heiner Lieth, Chair, Department of Environmental Horticulture,UC Davis


TBD KKRF Golf Tournament,

San Jose, CA

831-724-1130

www.krkf.org

6 Labor Day

15 Rosh Hashanah begins at sundown

15 CAFG&S Board of Directors Meeting,

Watsonville 831-722-2424

www.norcalflowers.org

21 SBCF&NGA Dinner Meeting,

Carpinteria, CA

fax: 805-684-8489

24 Yom Kippur begins at sundown

29-Oct. 2

SAF Annual Convention

Maui, Hawaii

703-836-8700

www.safnow.org

OCTOBER

TBD CORF Insect Symposium

Watsonville, CA

831-724-1130

www.corf.org

TBD ICFG 2004 Annual Meeting

Miami, FL (tentative)

517-655-3726

www.rosesinc.org

14 Columbus Day

16 National Boss Day

16 Sweetest Day

17-19 Produce Marketing Assn Fresh Summit

Anaheim, CA

302-738-7100

www.pma.com

18 SBCF&NGA Dinner Meeting

Carpinteria, CA

fax: 805-684-8489

28-30 WF&FSA Floral Expo

Atlanta, GA

410-573-0400

www.wffsa.org

31 Halloween

NOVEMBER

11 Veteran’s Day

16 SBCF&NGA Dinner Meeting,

Carpinteria, CA

fax: 805-684-8489

17 CORF Disease Diagnostics

Ventura, CA

831-724-1130

www.corf.org

18 CORF Disease Diagnostics

Watsonville, CA

831-724-1130

www.corf.org

25 Thanksgiving Day

DECEMBER

4 SBCF&NGA Holiday Party

Carpinteria, CA

fax: 805-684-8489

7 Hanukkah begins at sundown

25 Christmas Day

2005 - MARCH

14-15 SAF Congressional Action Days

Washington, DC

703-836-8700

www.safnow.org

2005 - MAY

TBD ICFG 2005 Spring Meeting

The Netherlands (tentative)

517-655-3726

www.rosesinc.org

2005 - JULY

1-5 AIFD National Symposium

Seattle, WA

410-752-3318

www.aifd.org

9-13 OFA Short Course,

Columbus, OH

614-487-1117

www.ofa.org

JULY

3-7 AIFD National Symposium,

New York City, NY

410-752-3318

www.aifd.org

4 Independence Day

7-11 Fun ‘N Sun Weekend

San Diego, CA

831-722-2424

www.norcalflowers.org

10-14 OFA Short Course

Columbus, OH

614-487-1117

www.ofa.org

16 CORF Pesticide Resistance

Management Training

Ventura, CA

831-724-1130

www.corf.org

23-25 Texas State Floral Association

Convention

Austin, TX

512-834-0361

www.tsfa.org

AUGUST

17 SBCF&NGA Family BBQ

Carpinteria, CA

fax: 805-684-8489

27-29 Southern Retail Design Show and

Trade Fair

Charlotte, NC

864-244-7093

SEPTEMBER

TBD CORF Growers’ School:

Color for Potted Plants

831-724-1130

www.corf.org

2004/2005 Floral IndustryEvents Calendar

Prepared by the California CutFlower Commission

THANKS to these Sponsors of CORF Educational Programs

Floriculture Education from the Kee Kitayama Research Foundation

CORF News is published three times a year and isa publication of CORF, the California OrnamentalResearch Federation, a statewide partnership ofgrowers, floriculture associations, allied industry,and researchers/educators whose mission is toidentify and meet the research and educationalneeds of the California floriculture industry.Reproducing and distributing material from thisnewsletter is encouraged, provided credit is givento the author and CORF News

Managing EditorSteve Tjosvold

UCCE Monterey & Santa Cruz Counties

Editorial CommitteeAnn King

UCCE San Mateo & San Francisco Counties

Michael A. MellanoMellano and Co.

Julie NewmanUCCE Ventura County

Karen RobbUCCE San Diego County

Design & LayoutValarie Howell Graphics

News SubmissionsValarie Howell Graphics

Phone: (831) 685-1169/(559) 642-0035Fax: (831) 688-9444/(559) 642-0036


The University of California prohibits discriminationagainst or harassment of any person on the basis ofrace, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical ormental disability, medical condition (cancer-related orgenetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age,sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a coveredveteran (special disabled veteran, Vietram-cra veteranor any other veteran who served on active duty duringa war or in a campaign or expedition for which acampaign badge has been authorized).

University Policy is intended to be consistent withthe provisions of applicable State and Federal laws.Inquiries regarding the University’s nondiscrimination policiesmay be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff PersonnelServices Director, University of California, Agriculture andNatural Resources, 1111 Franklin, 6th Floor, Oakland,CA 94607-5200 (510) 987-0096.

California OrnamentalResearch FederationP.O. Box 318Freedom, CA 95019-0318Ph: (831) 724-1130Fax: (831) 728-7337www.corf.org

Sustaining SponsorsArvesta

Dow AgroSciencesPhyton (Source Tech Biologicals)

SePRO Corp.Whitmire Microgen

Certis USA

Advertising SalesLee Murphy

Phone: (831) 724-1130Fax: (831) 728-7337

Documents

Thrips On Marigolds Populations of thrips tend to migrate into · Biotech Solution to Chrysanthemum White Rust ... Products disrupts nerve ... Uniroyal Insect biosynthesis. Growth