Three Schools of Thought about Learning and Teaching in the

context of ICT

Gumawang Jati Kelompok Keahlian Ilmu Kemanusiaan

Fakultas Seni Rupa dan Desain ITB

Finita Dewi

PGSD

UPI-Kampus Purwakarta

Three Schools of Thought

• The Behavioral School of Thought

• The Cognitive/Constructivism School of Thought

• The Humanistic School of Thought

Behavioral Approaches to Teaching

• Make the classroom enjoyable

• Be specific about what needs to be learned

• Be certain that learners have basic skills and knowledge

• Connect new learning to prior learning

• Introduce new learning gradually

• Associate what is to be learned with things learners like

Behavioral Approaches to Teaching cont….

• Recognize and praise improvement

• Use reinforces that are valuable

• Provide regular reinforcement for new learning, less reinforcement when mastered

• Encourage shy learners

• Create opportunities for success

• Model behaviors you want learner to imitate

• Draw attention to those exhibiting learning

• Ask parents to reinforce at home

Behavioral Approaches to Learning

• Programmed instruction

• Computer-assisted instruction

• Mastery learning

• Precision teaching

• Applied behavioral analysis

The Behaviourist School and Software

• Learners require some reward or ‘reinforcement’ for learning

• Reinforcement should follow the desired behaviour as soon as possible

• Specific topic or item to be mastered

• Learning proceeds step by step rather than happening all at once, and is strengthened by repeated success

CSM for Behavioursm

• Can be used for collaboration project

Activities Using CSM

• Sample CSM 1 (What’s for breakfast)

• Sample CSM 2 (Going shopping)

• Sample CSM 3 (Going shopping Half dialog)

• Sample CSM 4 (Playground)

Create a half-dialog using CSM

• Decide the objective of the activity (What you want to teach)

• Decide the topic

• Create the dialog

• Put it into CSM

The Cognitive School of Thought

• Information Processing

• The study of how we mentally take in and store information and then retrieve it when needed

• Beliefs about attention

• Meaningful learning

• Reception learning

• Reciprocal teaching

• Problem solving

How Learners Gain or Lose Information

If we pay attention, info moves into short-term memory.

If info is well organized and connected to prior knowledge, info moves into long-tem memory.

Senses are stimulated. If we do not pay sufficient attention to the stimuli, they go unnoticed.

If the info reaching short-term memory is not well organized and connected to what we already know, it is lost.

Beliefs about Attention

• Learning experiences should be as pleasant and satisfying as possible.

• Lessons should take into account the interests and needs of students.

• A variety of stimuli gains and holds attention.

• Learners can only hold attention so long and differ in ability to attend.

• Time of day can affect attention.

• Distractions interfere with attention.

• Learners can only attend to so much information at one time, so they should not be overwhelmed.

Beliefs about Short-term Memory

• Capacity is very limited (only about 4-9 bits of new information at a time).

• New info can be organized (“chunking”).

• New info should be connected to what we know.

• To forestall forgetting new info, we must rehearse.

Beliefs about Long-term Memory

• Capacity seems limitless.

• We are best able to retrieve info from long-term memory if the info relates to something previously known.

• We are able to call up, or recollect, related information from long-term memory when processing new info in short-term memory.

Beliefs about the Memory Process

• Info in short-term memory is lost either when that memory is overloaded or through time.

• When info in short-term memory is lost, it cannot be recovered.

• Retrieval of info in long-term memory is enhanced if connected to prior knowledge

Meaningful Learning

• Reception learning

• Reciprocal teaching

• Discovery learning

• Constructivism

• Problem solving

Reception Learning

• Refers to learning that takes place when teachers offer students new information that is carefully organized and structured

Reception Learning • Give objectives

• Present information clearly

• Use advance organizers

• Involve learners during a presentation

• Present examples and nonexamples

• Review what learners should understand during closure

• Have learners summarize what they learned

• Have learners reflect on the use and value of the lesson

Reciprocal Teaching

• A form of teaching wherein the teacher gradually shifts teaching responsibility to learners

• Modeling, explaining

• Students as teachers

• Scaffolding

• Interchanges of understanding

• Questioning, probing

Problem Solving

• Requires a situation wherein a goal is to be achieved

• Requires learners to be asked to consider how they would attain the goal

• Two types of problems

• Well-structured

• Unstructured (ill-structured)

The cognitivist school and ICT

• The cognitivist school believes that learning by doing, and help students make their own sense of what they are studying, and enable them to make use of their learning in real life.

Constructivist principles include:

• Use teaching strategies that require all students to make a construct.

• Project using several digital media

• Check and correct.

• Learning is a trial-and-error process, so set activities that require students to check for their own and each other’s learning errors.

• What the learner does is more important than what the teacher does.

• Make learning fun! .

• We learn by doing.

• This is a commonly heard principle.

CSM for Cognitivsm

• Can be used for collaboration project

CSM

• Work in group

• Create a dialog based on the video

• Create a cartoon story based on the dialog using CSM

LoiLoNote

Linoit http://tinyurl.com/seamolec2

user: seatraining

Pass:seatraining

Elephant

The class teacher asks students to name an animal that begins with an “E”. One boy says, “Elephant.”

Then the teacher asks for an animal that begins with a “T”. The same boy says, “Two elephants.”

The teacher sends the boy out of the class for bad behavior. After that she asks for an animal beginning with “M”.

The boy shouts from the other side of the wall: “Maybe an elephant!”

CSM

• Work in group

• Create dialog based on the story

• Insert voice to the story

Linoit http://tinyurl.com/seamolec1

LoiLoNote

Students demonstrate creative thinking, construct knowledge, and develop innovative products and processes using technology.

• Students:

• apply existing knowledge to generate new ideas, products, or processes.

• create original works as a means of personal or group expression.

21st Century Skills Achieved

Creativity and Innovation

Students use digital media and environments to communicate and work collaboratively, including at a distance, to support individual learning and contribute to the learning of others.

• Students:

• interact, collaborate, and publish with peers, experts, or others employing a variety of digital environments and media.

• communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences using a variety of media and formats.

• develop cultural understanding and global awareness by engaging with learners of other cultures.

• contribute to project teams to produce original works or solve problems.

21th Century Skills Achieved

Communication and Collaboration

Students apply digital tools to gather, evaluate, and use information.

• Students:

• plan strategies to guide inquiry.

• locate, organize, analyze, evaluate, synthesize, and ethically use information from a variety of sources and media.

• evaluate and select information sources and digital tools based on the appropriateness to specific tasks.

• process data and report results.

21th Century Skills Achieved

Research and Information Fluency

Students use critical thinking skills to plan and conduct research, manage projects, solve problems, and make informed decisions using appropriate digital tools and resources.

• Students:

• identify and define authentic problems and significant questions for investigation.

• plan and manage activities to develop a solution or complete a project.

• collect and analyze data to identify solutions and/or make informed decisions.

• use multiple processes and diverse perspectives to explore alternative solutions.

21th Century Skills Achieved Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Decision

Making

Students understand human, cultural, and societal issues related to technology and practice legal and ethical behavior.

• Students:

• exhibit a positive attitude toward using technology that supports collaboration, learning, and productivity.

• demonstrate personal responsibility for lifelong learning.

• exhibit leadership for digital citizenship.

21th Century Skills Achieved

Digital Citizenship

21 st Century Skills in the example

• ICT skills for finding infomation

• Group work to develop cooperation skills

• Conduct experiment to develop inquiry and problem solving skills

• Teacher make sure that each students achieve the learning objectives by individually write and present the report

• Students develop written and oral communication skills, utilizing the presentation software

Overview of Sample Project

1.Students receive instruction on a topic (to give a tour guide in Jakarta)

2.Student team conducts “research”

3.Individual students prepare and submit “research” reports (teacher should give feedback)

4.Individual students investigate and write papers on related topics (e.g., monas, Ancol, museums, hotels)

5.Individuals prepare and deliver oral/PowerPoint reports on topics above

6.Students respond to follow-up questions on their presentation

7.Students “translate” their ideas into CSM.

Humanistic School of Thought

• Having good feelings about oneself and

others is essential to positive personal

development.

• School should be made to fit the child.

• The educational environment should satisfy basic human needs.

Humanistic School of Thought

• Accept learners for themselves.

• Understand learners by looking at the

situation from the students’ perspective.

• Use techniques that help learners better

understand their feelings and values.

Humanistic Approaches to Teaching

• Inviting School Success

• Values Clarification

•Moral Education

•Multiethnic Education