Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors

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Three glasses of the three wine colors (from left to right), white, rosand red.

16th century wine press
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Wine boy at asymposium

Wine is analcoholic beverage typically made offermentedgrape juice.[1]The natural chemical balance of

grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.

[2]Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types ofyeast. Yeast consumes the

sugars found in the grapes and converts them into alcohol. Different varieties of grapes and strains of

yeasts are used depending on the type of wine being produced. [3]

Although other fruits such as apples and berries can also be fermented, the resultant wines are normally

named after the fruit from which they are produced (for example, apple wine orelderberry wine) and are

generically known asfruit wineor country wine(not to be confused with theFrenchterm vin de pays).

Others, such as barley wineandrice wine (i.e., sake), are made from starch based materials and

resemblebeer and spiritmore than wine, whileginger wine isfortifiedwith brandy. In these cases, the use

of the term "wine" is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than production process. [4]The

commercial use of theEnglishword "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in

many jurisdictions.[5]

Wine has a rich history dating back to around 6000 BC and is thought to have originated in areas now

within the borders of Georgiaand Iran.[6][7] Wine probably appeared inEurope at about 4500 BC in what is

now Bulgaria and Greece, and was very common inancient Greece,Thrace and Rome. Wine has also

played an important role in religion throughout history. The Greekgod Dionysos and

the Roman equivalentBacchusrepresented wine, and the drink is also used

inChristian andJewish ceremonies such as the Eucharist (also called theHoly Communion) andKiddush.

The word "wine" derives from the Proto Germanic "*winam," an early borrowing from the Latinvinum,

"wine" or "(grape) vine," itself derived from theProto Indo European stem *win o

(cf. Hittite: wiyana,Lycian:Oino,Ancient Greek onos, Aeolic Greek woinos).[8][9]

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Grape varieties

3 Classification

o 3.1 European classifications

o 3.2 Beyond Europe

4 Vintages
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5 Tasting

6 Collecting

7 Production

o 7.1 Expor ting countries

8 Uses

o 8.1 Religious uses

o 8.2 Ancient Religions

o 8.3 Judaism

o 8.4 Christianity

o 8.5 Islam

9 Healt h effects

10 Packaging

11 Storage

12 Film and television

13 See also

14 References

15 Further reading

16 External links

[edit]History

Main article:History of wine

Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest production of wine, made by fermenting grapes, took

place in sites in Georgia and Iran, from as early as 6000 BC.[6][7] These locations are all within the natural

area of theEuropean grapevine Vitis vinifera.

A 2003 report by archaeologistsindicates a possibility that grapes were used together with rice to produce

mixed fermented beverages inChinaas early as 7000 BC. Pottery jars from theNeolithic site

of Jiahu, Henan were found to contain traces of tartaric acid and other organic compounds commonly

found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, could not be ruled out. [10]

[11] If these beverages, which seem to be the precursors ofrice wine, included grapes rather than other

fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild species of grape in China, rather

than from Vitis vinifera, which were introduced into China some 6000 years later.[10]
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The oldest known evidence of wine production in Europe is dated to 4500 BC and comes from

archaeological sites in Greece.[12][13] The same sites also contain the worlds earliest evidence of crushed

grapes.[12] InAncient Egypt, six of 36 wine amphoras were found in the tomb of

King Tutankhamun bearing the name "Kha'y", a royal chief vintner. Five of these amphoras were

designated as from the King's personal estate with the sixth listed as from the estate of the royal house

of Aten.[14]Traces of wine have also been found incentral AsianXinjiang, dating from the second and first

millennia BC.[15]

In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was a staunch supporter of wine since it was necessary

for the celebration of Mass. Monks in France made wine for years, storing it underground in caves to age.

[16]There is an old English recipe which survived in various forms until the nineteenth century for refining

white wine using Bastardbad or tainted bastardowine.[17]Wine was forbidden during the Islamic Golden

Age, untilGeberand other Muslim chemists pioneered itsdistillationfor cosmetic and medical uses.[18]

[edit]Grape varieties

Main article:List of grape varieties

Grape vineyard

Wine is usually made from one or morevarietiesof the European speciesVitis vinifera, such as Pinot

Noir,Chardonnay,Cabernet Sauvignon, andMerlot. When one of these varieties is used as the

predominant grape (usually defined by law as a minimum of 75% or 85%), the result is a varietal, as

opposed to a blended, wine. Blended wines are not necessarily considered inferior to varietal wines;

some of the world's most expensive wines, from regions like Bordeaux and the Rhone Valley, are blended

from different grape varieties of the same vintage.[citation needed]

Wine can also be made from other species of grape or from hybrids, created by the genetic crossing of

two species. Vitis labrusca(of which theConcord grape is a cultivar), Vitis aestivalis,Vitis rupestris, Vitis

rotundifoliaand Vitis ripariaare native North American grapes usually grown for consumption as fruit or

for the production of grape juice, jam, or jelly, but sometimes made into wine.
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Hybridization is not to be confused with the practice of grafting. Most of the world's vineyards are planted

with European V. viniferavines that have been grafted onto North American species rootstock. This is

common practice because North American grape species are resistant to phylloxera, a root louse that

eventually kills the vine. In the late 19th century, most of Europe's vineyards (only excluding some of the

driest vineyards in Southern Europe) were devastated by the bug, leading to massive vine deaths and

eventual replanting. Grafting is done in every wine producing country of the world except for Argentina,

the Canary Islands and Chile, which are the only ones that have not yet been exposed to the insect. [19]

In the context of wine production, terroiris a concept that encompasses the varieties of grapes used,

elevation and shape of the vineyard, type and chemistry of soil, climate and seasonal conditions, and the

local yeast cultures. The range of possibilities here can result in great differences between wines,

influencing the fermentation, finishing, and aging processes as well. Many wineries use growing and

production methods that preserve or accentuate thearoma and taste influences of their unique terroir.

[20] However, flavor differences are not desirable for producers of mass market table wine or other cheaper

wines, where consistency is more important. Such producers will try to minimize differences in sources of

grapes by using production techniques such as micro oxygenation , tannin filtration, cross flow filtration,

thin film evaporation, and spinning cones.[21]

[edit]Classification

Wine grapes on a vine

Main article:Classification of wine

Regulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of the world. European wines tend

to be classified by region (e.g. Bordeaux andChianti), while non European wines are most often

classified by grape (e.g. Pinot Noir and Merlot). More and more, however, market recognition of particular

regions is leading to their increased prominence on non European wine labels. Examples of non
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European recognized locales include Napa ValleyinCalifornia,Willamette ValleyinOregon,Columbia

Valleyin Washington,Barossa Valley and Hunter Valley inAustralia, Central Valley inChile,Hawke's

Bay andMarlborough in New Zealand,Okanagan Valley and Niagara Peninsulain Canada.

Some blended wine names are marketing terms, and the use of these names is governed

by trademarklaw rather than by specific wine laws. For example,Meritage(sounds like "heritage") is

generally a Bordeaux style blend of Cabernet Sauvignonand Merlot, and may also includeCabernet

Franc,Petit Verdot, and Malbec. Commercial use of the term "Meritage" is allowed only via licensing

agreements with an organization called the "Meritage Association".

[edit]European classifications

France has various appellation systems based on the concept of terroir, with classifications ranging

from Vin de Table ("table wine") at the bottom, throughVin de PaysandAppellation d'Origine Vin Dlimit

de Qualit Suprieure (AOVDQS) up toAppellation d'Origine Contrle(AOC) or similar, depending on

the region.[22][23]Portugalhas something similar and, in fact, pioneered this technique back in 1756 with a

royal charter which created the "Demarcated Douro Region" and regulated wine production and trade.

[24]Germany did likewise in 2002, although their system has not yet achieved the authority of those of the

other countries'.[25][26]Spain,Greece and Italyhave classifications which are based on a dual system of

region of origin and quality of product. [27][28]

[edit]Beyond Europe

New World winewines from outside of the traditional wine growing regions of Europe tend to be

classified by grape rather than by terroiror region of origin, although there have been non official attempts

to classify them by quality.[29][30]

[edit]Vintages

Main article:Vintage

A "vintage wine" is one made from grapes that were all or mostly grown in a particular year, and labeled

as such. Most countries allow a vintage wine to include a portion that is not from the labeled vintage.

Variations in a wine's character from year to year can include subtle differences in color, palate, nose,

body and development. High quality red table wines can improve in flavor with age if properly stored.

[1]Consequently, it is not uncommon for wine enthusiasts and traders to save bottles of an especially good

vintage wine for future consumption.

In the United States, for a wine to be vintage dated and labeled with a country of origin or American

Viticultural Area (AVA) (such as "Sonoma Valley"), it must contain at least 95% of its volume from grapes

harvested in that year.[31]If a wine is not labeled with a country of origin or AVA the percentage

requirement is lowered to 85%. [31]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke's_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke's_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Verdothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbechttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke's_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke's_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Verdothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbechttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d'Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Viticultural_Areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine


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Vintage wines are generally bottled in a single batch so that each bottle will have a similar taste. Climate

can have a big impact on the character of a wine to the extent that different vintages from the same

vineyard can vary dramatically in flavor and quality. [32]Thus, vintage wines are produced to be individually

characteristic of the vintage and to serve as the flagship wines of the producer. Superior vintages, from

reputable producers and regions, will often fetch much higher prices than their average vintages. Some

vintage wines, like Brunellos, are only made in better than average years.

Non vintage wines can be blended from more than one vintage for consistency, a process which allows

wine makers to keep a reliable market image and maintain sales even in bad years. [33][34] One recent study

suggests that for normal drinkers, vintage year may not be as significant to perceived wine quality as

currently thought, although wine connoisseurs continue to place great importance on it. [35]

[edit]Tasting

Main article:Wine tasting

Judging color is the first step in tasting a wine

Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. Wines are made up of chemical

compounds which are similar or identical to those in fruits, vegetables, and spices. The sweetness of

wine is determined by the amount of residual sugar in the wine after fermentation, relative to the acidity

present in the wine.Dry wine, for example, has only a small amount of residual sugar. Inexperienced wine

drinkers often tend to mistake the taste of ripe fruit for sweetness when, in fact, the wine in question is

very dry.

Individual flavors may also be detected, due to the complex mix of organic molecules such

asestersand terpenes that grape juice and wine can contain. Tasters often can distinguish betweenflavors characteristic of a specific grape (e.g., Chianti and sour cherry) and flavors that result from other

factors in wine making, either intentional or not. The most typical intentional flavor elements in wine are

those that are imparted by aging in oak casks; chocolate, vanilla, or coffee almost always come from the

oak and not the grape itself.[36]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_tastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunello_di_Montalcinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_tastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine


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Banana flavors (isoamyl acetate) are the product of yeast metabolism, as are spoilage aromas such as

sweaty, barnyard, band aid ( 4 ethylphenol and4 ethylguaiacol ),[37]and rotten egg (hydrogen sulfide).

[38] Some varietals can also have a mineral flavor, because some salts are soluble in water (like limestone),

and are absorbed by the wine.

Wine aroma comes from volatile compounds in the wine that are released into the air. [39]Vaporization of

these compounds can be sped up by twirling the wine glass or serving the wine at room temperature. For

red wines that are already highly aromatic, like Chinonand Beaujolais, many people prefer them chilled.[40]

[edit]Collecting

See also:Aging of wineandStorage of wine

Chteau Margaux, aFirst Growthfrom the Bordeaux region of France, is highly collectible.

Outstanding vintages from the best vineyards may sell for thousands ofdollars per bottle, though the

broader term fine wine covers bottles typically retailing at over about $US 30 50. [41] "Investment wines"

are considered by some to be Veblen goodsthat is, goods for which demand increases instead of

decreases as its price rises. The most common wines purchased for investment include those

from Bordeaux, Burgundy,cult winesfrom Europeand elsewhere, andVintage port. Characteristics of

highly collectible wines include:

1. A proven track record of holding well over time

2. A drinking window plateau (i.e., the period for maturity and approachability) that is many

years long

3. A consensus amongst experts as to the quality of the wines
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoamyl_acetatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Ethylphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Ethylphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-ethylguaiacolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaujolaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veblen_goodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoamyl_acetatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Ethylphenolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-ethylguaiacolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaujolaishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Margauxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veblen_goodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine


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4. Rigorous production methods at every stage, including grape selection and appropriate

barrel ageing

Investment in fine wine has attracted fraudsters who prey on their victims' ignorance of this sector of the

wine market. Wine fraudsters often work by charging excessively high prices for off vintage or lower

status wines from famous wine regions, while claiming that they are offering a sound investment

unaffected byeconomic cycles. Like any investment, proper research is essential before investing.

[edit]Production

Main article:Winemaking

See also:List of wine producing countries andList of wine producing regions

Wine production by country 2006[42]

Rank Country(with link to wine article)

1France

2Italy

3Spain

4United States

5Argentina

6Australia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_wine


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6China

1,450,000

7 South Africa 1,050,000

8Australia

961,972

9Germany

891,600

10Chile

827,746

Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees north or south of the equator. The

world's southernmost vineyards are in theCentral Otago region of New Zealand'sSouth Islandnear the

45th parallel,[43] and the northernmost are inFlen,Sweden, just north of the 59th parallel.[44]

[edit]Exporting countries

Top ten wine exporting countries in 200

Rank Country

1Italy*

2France

3Spain*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_wine


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4Australia

5Chile*

6United States

7Germany

8Argentina

9Portugal

10South Africa

World**

* Unofficial figure. ** May include official, semi official or estimated data.

2006 export market shares[45]

Rank Country Market share(% of value in US$)

1France

34.9%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_wine


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2Italy

18.0%

3 Australia 9.3%

4Spain

8.7%

5Chile

4.3%

6United States

3.6%

7Germany

3.5%

8Portugal

3.0%

9South Africa

2.4%

10New Zealand

1.8%

The UK was the world's biggest importer of wine in 2007.[46]

[edit]Uses
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Per capita annual wine consumption: less than 1 litre. from 1 to 7 litres. from 7 to 15 litres. from 15 to 30 litres. More than 30

litres.

Wine is a popular and important beverage that accompanies and enhances a wide range

of Europeanand Mediterraneanstyle cuisines, from the simple and traditional to the most sophisticated

and complex. Wine is important in cuisine not just for its value as a beverage, but as a flavor agent,

primarily in stocksand braising, since its acidity lends balance to richsavory orsweetdishes. Red, white,

and sparkling wines are the most popular, and are known as light winesbecause they are only 10

14% alcoholcontent by volume. Apritifand dessert winescontain 1420% alcohol, and are sometimes

fortified to make them richer and sweeter.

Some wine labels suggest opening the bottle and letting the wine "breathe" for a couple hours before

serving, while others recommend drinking it immediately. Decantingthe act of pouring a wine into a

special container just for breathingis a controversial subject in wine. In addition to aeration, decanting

with a filter allows one to remove bitter sediments that may have formed in the wine. Sediment is more

common in older bottles but younger wines usually benefit more from aeration. [47]

During aeration, the exposure of younger wines to air often "relaxes" the flavors and makes them taste

smoother and better integrated in aroma, texture, and flavor. Older wines generally fade, or lose their

character and flavor intensity, with extended aeration.[48] Despite these general rules, breathing does not

necessarily benefit all wines. Wine should be tasted as soon as it is opened to determine how long it

should be aerated, if at all.

[edit]Religious uses

See also:Kosher wine, Christianity and alcohol, andIslam and alcohol

[edit]Ancient Religions

The use of wine in religious ceremonies is common to many cultures and regions. Libations often included

wine, and the religious mysteriesof Dionysus used wine as a sacramentalentheogento induce a mind

altering state.

[edit]Judaism
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Wine is an integral part of Jewish laws and traditions. The Kiddushis a blessing recited over wine or

grape juice to sanctify the Shabbator a Jewish holiday. On Pesach (Passover) during the Seder, it is a

Rabbinic obligation of men and women to drink four cups of wine.[49]In the Tabernacle and in the Temple

in Jerusalem, the libation of wine was part of the sacrificial service. [50] Note that this does not mean that

wine is a symbol of blood, a common misconception which contributes to the myth of the blood libel. A

blessing over wine said before indulging in the drink is: "Baruch atah Hashem(Adonai) elokeinu melech

ha olam, boray pree hagafen""Praised be the Eternal, Ruler of the universe, who makes the fruit of the

vine."

[edit]Christianity

All alcohol is strictly forbidden under Islamic law, but especially inPersia, there has been a long tradition of drinking wine.

See also:Christianity and alcoholandAlcohol in the Bible

In Christianity, wine is used in a sacred rite called the Eucharist, which originates

inGospelaccounts of the Last Supper in which Jesusshared bread and wine with his disciples and

commanded his followers to "do this in remembrance of me" (Gospel of Luke 22:19). Beliefs about

the nature of the Eucharist vary among denominations (see Eucharistic theologies contrasted).

While most Christians consider the use of wine from the grape as essential for validity of

the sacrament, many Protestants also allow (or require) unfermented, pasteurized grape juice as asubstitute. Wine was used in Eucharistic rites by all Protestant groups until an alternative arose in

the late 1800s.Methodistdentist andprohibitionistThomas Bramwell Welchapplied new

pasteurization techniques to stop the natural fermentation process of grape juice. Some Christians

who were part of the growing temperance movement pressed for a switch from wine to grape juice,

and the substitution spread quickly over much of the United States and to other countries to a lesser
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degree.[51] There remains an ongoing debate between some AmericanProtestantdenominations as

to whether wine can and should be used for the Eucharist or allowed as an ordinary beverage.

[edit]Islam

All alcohol is strictly forbidden under Islamic law. It is only permitted for medicinal reasons. Iran used

to have athriving wine industry that disappeared after theIslamic Revolutionin 1979.

[52] InIran (Persia), mei(Persian wine) has been a central theme of poetry for more than a thousand

years.

[edit]Health effects

Red table wine

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy80 kcal 360 kJ

Carbohydrates 2.6 g

Sugars 0.6 g

Fat 0.0 g

Protein 0.1 g

Alcohol 10.6 g

10.6 g alcohol is 13%vol.

100 g wine is approximately 100 ml (3.4 fl oz.)

Sugar and alcohol content can vary.

Source:USDA Nutrient database

See also:Wine and health

Alcohol and Health

Short term effects of alcohol

Long term effects of alcohol

Alcohol and cardiovascular disease

Alcoholic liver disease

Alcoholic hepatitis
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Alcohol and cancer

Alcohol and weight

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Alcoholism

Blackout (alcohol related amnesia)

Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome

Recommended maximum intake

Wine and health

Although excessive alcohol consumption has adverse health effects,epidemiologicalstudies have

consistently demonstrated that moderate consumption of alcohol and wine is statistically

associated with a decrease in death due to cardiovascular events such as heart failure.[53]In

the United States, a boom in red wine consumption was initiated in the 1990s by the TV show 60

Minutes, and additional news reports on theFrench paradox.[54] The French paradox refers to the

comparatively lower incidence of coronary heart disease in France despite high levels ofsaturated

fat in the traditional French diet. Some epidemiologists suspect that this difference is due to the

higher consumption of wines by the French, but the scientific evidence for this theory is limited. The

average moderate wine drinker is more likely to exercise more, to be more health conscious, and to

be of a higher educational and socioeconomic class, evidence that the association between

moderate wine drinking and health may be related to confounding factors.[53]

Population studies have observed aJ curve association between wine consumption and the risk of

heart disease. This means that heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, while moderate drinkers (at

most two five ounce servings of wine per day) have a lower risk than non drinkers. Studies have

also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective,

although the association is considerably stronger for wine. Also, some studies have found increased

health benefits for red wine over white wine, though other studies have found no difference. Red
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wine contains more polyphenolsthan white wine, and these are thought to be particularly protective

against cardiovascular disease.[53]

A chemical in red wine calledresveratrolhas been shown to have both cardioprotective and

chemoprotective effects in animal studies.[55] Low doses of resveratrol in the diet of middle aged

mice has a widespread influence on the genetic levers of aging and may confer special protection on

the heart. Specifically, low doses of resveratrol mimic the effects of what is known ascaloric

restrictiondiets with 20 30 percent fewer calories than a typical diet .[56]Resveratrol is produced

naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, including exposure to yeast

duringfermentation. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it

generally contains lower levels of the chemical.[57]Other beneficial compounds in wine include

otherpolyphenols,antioxidants, andflavonoids.[58]

Red wines from the south of France and from Sardiniain Italy have been found to have the highest

levels of procyanidins, which are compounds in grape seeds suspected to be responsible for red

wine's heart benefits. Red wines from these areas have between two and four times as much

procyanidins as other red wines. Procyanidins suppress the synthesis of a peptide called endothelin

1 that constricts blood vessels.[59]

A 2007 study found that both red and white wines are effective anti bacterial agents against strains

of Streptococcus.[60]Also, a report in the October 2008 issue of Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers

and Prevention, posits that moderate consumption of red wine may decrease the risk of lung

cancer in men.[61]

While evidence from laboratory and epidemiological (observational) studies suggest a

cardioprotective effect, no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcoholic drinks

on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Excessive consumption of alcohol can

causecirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism;[62]the American Heart Associationcautions people to

"consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation." [63]

Wine's effect on the brain is also under study. One study concluded that wine made from

the Cabernet Sauvignon grape reduces the risk of Alzheimer's Disease.[64][65] Another study

concluded that among alcoholics, wine damages the hippocampus to a greater degree than other

alcoholic beverages.[66]

Sulphites are present in all wines and are formed as a natural product of the fermentation process,

and many wine producers addsulfur dioxidein order to help preserve wine. Sulfur dioxide is also

added to foods such as dried apricots and orange juice. The level of added sulfites varies, and some

wines have been marketed with low sulfite content. [67]Sulphites in wine can cause some people,

particularly those with asthma, to have adverse reactions.
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ProfessorValerie Beral from the University of Oxford and lead author of theThe Million Women

Study asserts that the positive health effects of red wine are "an absolute myth." ProfessorRoger

Corder, author of The Red Wine Diet, counters that two small glasses of a very tannic, procyanadin

rich wine would confer a benefit, although "most supermarket wines are low procyanadin and high

alcohol."[68]

[edit]Packaging

Assorted wine corks

See also:Cork (material),Closure (bottle),Alternative wine closures,Wine bottle,Box

wine, andScrew cap (wine)

Most wines are sold inglass bottles and are sealed usingcorks(50% of production comes

from Portugal).[citation needed] An increasing number of wine producers have been using alternative

closures such as screwcaps, or syntheticplastic "corks". In addition to being less expensive,

alternative closures prevent cork taint, although they have been blamed for other problems such as

excessive reduction.[citation needed]

Some wines are packaged in heavy plastic bags within cardboard boxes, and are called box wines,

or cask wine. These wines are typically accessed via a tap on the side of the box. Box wine can

maintain an acceptable degree of freshness for up to a month after opening, while bottled wine will

more rapidly oxidize, and is considerably degraded within a few days.

Environmental considerations of wine packaging reveal benefits and drawbacks of both bottled and

box wines. Glass used to make bottles has a decent environmental reputation, as it is completely

recyclable, whereas plastics as used in box wines are typically considered to be much lessenvironmentally friendly. However, wine bottle manufacturers have been cited for Clean Air

Actviolations. A New York Times editorial puported that box wine, being lighter in package weight,

has a reduced carbon footprintfrom its distribution. Boxed wine plastics, even though possibly

recyclable, can be more labor intensive (and therefore expensive) to process than glass bottles. And

while a wine box is recyclable, its plastic wine bladder most likely is not. [69]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Beralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Beralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Corder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Corder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(bottle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_tainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Beralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Million_Women_Studyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Corder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Corder&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure_(bottle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_wine_closureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_tainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_footprinthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine


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[edit]Storage

Main article:Storage of wine

Wine cellars, or wine roomsif they are above ground, are places designed specifically for the

storage and aging of wine. In an activewine cellar, temperature and humidity are maintained by aclimate control system. Passivewine cellars are not climate controlled, and so must be carefully

located. Wine is a natural, perishable food product; when exposed to heat, light, vibration or

fluctuations in temperature and humidity, all types of wine, including red, white, sparkling, and

fortified, can spoil. When properly stored, wines can maintain their quality and in some cases

improve in aroma, flavor, and complexity as they age. Some wine experts contend that the optimal

temperature for aging wine is 55 F (13 C).[70] Wine refrigerators offer an alternative to wine cellars.

They are available in capacities ranging from small 16 bottle units to furniture pieces that can

contain 400 bottles.

Oak Wine Barrels

Related professions

Name Description

CooperCraftsman of wooden barrels and casks. A cooperageis a company that produces such

casks.

Garagiste An amateur wine maker, or a derogatory term used for small scale operations of recentinception, usually without pedigree and located in Bordeaux.

NgociantA wine merchant, most specifically those who assemble the produce of smaller growers

and winemakers and sells them under their own name.

Oenologist Wine scientist or wine chemist; a student ofoenology. Awinemaker may be trained as
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_cellarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_cellarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_(profession)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagisteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gocianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gocianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gocianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wine&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_of_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_cellarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_(profession)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garagisteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9gocianthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winemaker


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oenologist, but often hires a consultant instead.

SommelierA restaurant specialist in charge of assembling the wine list, educating the staff about

wine, and assisting customers with their wine selections.

Vintner,Winemaker A wine producer; a person who makes wine.

ViticulturistA person who specializes in the science of grapevines. Can also be someone who manages

vineyard pruning, irrigation, and pest control.

[edit]Film and television

Falcon Crest, USA 19811990: A popular CBSprimetime soap opera about the fictional

Falcon Crest winery and the family who owned it, set in a fictional "Tuscany Valley" in California.

A wine named "Falcon Crest" even went on the market.

A Walk in the Clouds1995. A love story set in a Mexican American family's traditional

vineyard showcasing different moments in the production of wine.

Mondovino, USA/France 2004. A documentary film directed by American film

makerJonathan Nossiter, exploring the impact ofglobalization on various wine producing

regions.

Sideways, 2004. A comedy/drama film, directed by Alexander Payne, with the tagline: "In

search of wine. In search of women. In search of themselves." Wine, particularly Pinot Noir,

plays a central role. The film caused the Pinot Noir sales to rise in the USA, known as 'the

Sideways Effect'.[71]

A Good Year, 2006. Ridley Scott directs Russell Crowe in an adaptation of Peter Mayle's

novel.

Oz and James's Big Wine Adventure, UK 20067. "Wine p

Documents

Three Glasses of the Three Wine Colors