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Three-Dimensional Morphology of the Distal Part of the Femur Viewed in Virtual Reality
by Donald G. Eckhoff, Thomas F. Dwyer, Joel M. Bach, Victor M. Spitzer, and Karl D. Reinig
J Bone Joint Surg AmVolume 83(2 suppl 1):S43-50
October 1, 2001
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The stereotactic micrometer, originally designed to localize intracranial lesions in neurosurgery, was modified to hold cadaveric femora for topographical mapping of the condyles and the
trochlear groove.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The stylus of the micrometer moves horizontally and vertically in millimeter increments to allow measurements of depth, in millimeters, of the articular surface of the condyles and the trochlea
in the horizontal plane.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
A side view of the knee simulator, with the femoral unit on the left and the tibial unit on the right.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
An end view of the knee simulator, with the viewer looking at the tibial unit from distal to proximal.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
Schematic representation of the knee simulator.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
A side view of the knee simulator focusing on the details of the flexion/extension actuation.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
A table showing the design load capabilities of the knee simulator.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The femoral unit of the knee simulator with the femoral alignment fixture installed.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
Forty knees (forty patients) with osteoarthritis of the medial compartment presenting for total knee arthroplasty were scanned with computed tomography, and the measurements were
compared with those for forty normal knees in age-matched controls.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
Thirty-four knees (thirty-four patients) with anterior pain were scanned with computed tomography, and the measurements were compared with those for thirty-four normal knees in
age-matched controls.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
Computed tomographic scans were performed with the knee in extension by transversely “cutting” the femur proximal to the intercondylar notch and the tibia proximal to the tubercle.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The distal femoral and proximal tibial computed tomography cuts were superimposed to measure relative translation (see Fig. 19) and rotation (see Fig. 20).
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The transverse image shown in Fig. 13-A is one of the 1877 1-mm-spaced transverse images of the Visible Human Male.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The transverse image shown in Fig. 14-A is one of the 5189 0.33-mm-spaced transverse images of the Visible Human Female.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The transverse image shown in Fig. 15-A is one of the 2500 0.10-mm-spaced transverse images of a right-knee specimen.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The femur of the Visible Human Male has been extracted from the volumetric computed tomography data represented in Figs. 13-A, 13-B, and 13-C.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The sulcus (lowest point) is a nearly linear depression in the trochlear groove that lies lateral to the midplane, defined as the plane perpendicular to the posterior condylar axis.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The sulcus is oriented between the traditional mechanical axis (the line joining the center of the femoral head and the center of knee) and the anatomic axis (the center of the femoral shaft).
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The cross-sectional centers of the distal part of the femur and the proximal part of the tibia are not superimposed but are translated 4±6 mm anteroposteriorly and 5±4 mm
mediolaterally in both normal knees and those with osteoarthritis or ant...
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
In an extended knee with pathological findings, there is rotation of the tibia in relation to the femur fixed in soft tissue—a “rotation” contracture.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The distal part of the femur is malrotated relative to the proximal part of the femur in the osteoarthritic knees and the knees with anterior pain when compared with the normal knees.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The distal part of the femur of a knee with anterior pain, viewed here with computed tomography, is rotated when the proximal part of the femur is normally oriented in relation to the acetabulum.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
Experimental data for eight cadaveric knees.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
One view of the Interactive Anatomic Animation of the distal part of the femur illustrates the three-dimensional relationship between the epicondylar axis (green line) and the “cylindrical
axis” (red line), defined by the center of the cylinders that most c...
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
A femoral component designed with asymmetric features addresses the natural asymmetry of the human knee.
Donald G. Eckhoff et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83:S43-50
©2001 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.