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THOUGHTS & PHILOSOPHY ACCORDING TO DERRICK
And rivers meander too, these
are natural river functionsIf you can, let your river be a river!! Let it breathe and
have some freedom!
If you can, let your river be a
river!! Let it breathe and
have some freedom!
A Laboratory Study of the Meandering of Alluvial Rivers. By J. F. Friedkin, Captain, Corps of Engineers - 1 May 1945.
USE GOOD SCIENCE, FUNCTION-BASED DESIGN, & RIVER EXPERIENCE IN
DECISION MAKING
Goal and Function-Based
Design (WHAT IN THE WORLD ARE
YOU TRYING TO ACCOMPLISH?)
SIMPLE
GOALS:
WATER IN = WATER OUT SEDIMENT IN = SEDIMENT OUT CARBON IN = CARBON OUT
Photo by Nate Muenks, MoDOT
GOAL: a broad statement that reflects a desired outcome. “The project needs shade”
OBJECTIVES: are specific statements that state GOALS in
measurable terms. “In 5 years between 45-75% of the project should be shaded”
ASK YOURSELF, IF WE “DO
NOTHING” DOES THIS PROBLEM
GET BETTER OR WORSE ???
STEPS IN A PROJECT• Initiate
• Plan & develop goals
• Gather data & analyze
• Conceptually develop how water should flow through the project
• Develop conceptual designs
• Analyze and develop the final design (P&S)
• Construction & Inspection: Original design team members should be involved in construction oversight
• Monitoring
i am a minimalist, ask not how high the hard protection has to go, but how
low can we take it (long, low and hydraulically smooth is the idea)… Nudge the river, never fight it!!!!
• Minimal hard protection has to go hand-in-hand with laying back the banks to a stable angle & planting all of the appropriate vegetation (aquatic, emergent, pioneer, veg within the protection and mid- and upper bank areas)
• RE-USE EVERYTHING THAT HAS TO BE MOVED OR REMOVED
First Law of River Engineering:
Complex Problems
Often Have Simple, Easy-to-
Understand WRONG
ANSWERS
COOKBOOKS
COOKBOOK
Second Law of River Engineering:
Tweak existing
techniques for the job
at hand
“Streambank Stabilization Aint Rocket Science, It Is Way More Complex Than
That”, (Dr. Biedenharn) “With Many More Variables and Unknowns!!” (Dave Derrick)
Third Law of River Engineering:
Do U see a shadow from the
astronaut? Picture
taken by me at the
Huntsville NASA display
"Natural Systems Are Complex, And Disturbed
Systems Are Even More Complex!!!"
Charlie ElliottCOE-LMVD, Retired
Bernice, LA
Fourth Law of River Engineering:
Last Law of River Engineering:
When in over your head, go get help!
IF ANYONE SAYS THEY HAVE ALL OF THE
ANSWERS, THEY DON’T!!!
•NO SURPRISES !!
•NO DRAMA !!
•NO BACKING UP !!
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
• First thought from regulatory ….. Avoidance & minimalization….
• List all alternatives – not just your best plan. Show how U have minimized already.
• Regulatory folks are 99% biologists, emphasize the effects of the project on the planet. Hint: roughness = habitat…
• Regulatory wants it done correctly, once!!
PERMITS - get regulatory involved early
Luxuries We Like To Have• The “Luxury of Space”• The “Luxury of Time” (nature strengthens
the project over time)• The “Luxury of Monitoring”• The “Luxury of Adaptive Management”
Think conceptually regarding functions, use Derrick’s “LAW OF EXTREMES” to understand how things work. Example-ditch narrow & deep, or 5 ft wide & 1 inch deep
Aftercare
You will never get everything correct the first time around
• If you do it was a miracle
• Or you are the luckiest person on the planet
• Or it has not rained yet
• Or the project is overbuilt
• All projects should take two years to construct. Build it, monitor over the first year, then repair & apply adaptive management as required (based on project goals), then monitor some more.
For many stabilization and habitat structures there are no hard and fast design criteria. Judgment based on
riverine experience & expertise and the ability to access field conditions and
modify plans and construction accordingly are a significant component
of a successful project.Stream has changed since design!!
Stream has changed since permitting!!
“Blackwater's flooding spurs scrutiny”Washington Times - Washington, DC.Six of the 10 worst floods on record for the river have occurred in the past eight years, according to the US Army Corps
of Engineers……..
THE WEATHER AINT NORMAL
ANYMORE!!!
Protection starts late & ends early, resulting in erosion at both ends of the project!!!
FEMME CREEK, ST. LOUIS AREA, MO.
STUDY NATURE - UNDERSTAND
WHAT IS WORKING AND
WHY!!
Attack Angles, Thalweg Profile, &
cross-sections.
Note: There are
sine waves for
both stream
planform, & the
vertical profile!
Longitudinal Longitudinal ProfileProfile
Purloined from Brad Humber, The Nature Conservancy
HOW STREAMS NATURALLY DISSIPATE ENERGY !!
HOW TO TELL WHEN A POOL IS
WORKING PROPERLY
Looking US at a properly functioning pool, note
roostertail dies out at DS end of pool during bankfull event, 9/1/2005, McKinstry
Creek, Delevan, NY
Gravel-cobble bed, 1% slope, rural, pool-riffle-
pool
Looking US at a properly functioning pool, note
roostertail dies out at DS end of pool during bankfull event, 9/1/2005, McKinstry
Creek, Delevan, NY
Gravel-cobble bed, 1% slope, rural, pool-riffle-
pool
Looking DS at a pool that is not functioning as well, fast water
through length of pool. Needs to have more volume in pool, or roughness, McKinstry Creek,
Delevan, NY
STABILIZE HEADCUTS FIRST,
THEN WORRY ABOUT BANK INSTABILITY
SECOND
HEADCUTS GONE BAD!!
Las Vegas Wash, NV. has degraded from a 3 ft deep by 100 ft wide channel in 1975, to a 40 ft deep by up to 1,000 ft wide channel in 1995
I am standing on the roots of dead wetland plants, over 2,200
acres of wetlands lost
Huge problems with perchlorate
interception from the groundwater
table
Then
2,400 Acres of Wetlands
Now
2000 acres of wetlands lost !
Photo by Gerry Hester
SEVERAL LOW GRADE CONTROL STRUCTURES ARE
BETTER THAN ONE BIG MONSTER GRADE CONTROL
STRUCTURE
SELF-ADJUSTING, GRADE CONTROL
STRUCTURES WORK WELL !!
Arresting an active headcut at the
downstream end of the Articulating Concrete Mattress
July 2004
Looking US 10 months after project completion, veg looking good, note mat has arrested a small headcut
LOOKING US, JULY 2004
April 2006
Submar ACM system has arrested a larger headcut
LOOKING US, JULY 2004
March 2007
1-year later, larger headcut arrested by Submar mat
April 2007
Note uneven DS edge of adjusting mat. Pipeline still well protected.
March 18, 2009
A more uniform adjustment of the mat to the headcut, but still approximately 14 ft until the
headcut gets back to the pipeline.
Pix by Derrick
Nine Mile Run* 7 million dollars to build,* 63% of structures had functionally failed in 20 months:• 100K & 10 days to re-rehabilitate
• 800 tons of stone• 3,000 plants• gobs of stone reused (use used stone)
9 Mile Run-Looking US at a Cross-Vane. Fish passage???
April 2007
Looking US-Structure 18: Engineered Rock Riffle (Structures 17 &16 in background)
November 12, 2007
THE SECRET TO BANK STABILIZATION:
MAKE THE BANK THAT IS PROTECTING SOMETHING
TOUGHER & HYDRAULICALLY ROUGHER
THAN THE OPPOSITE BANK
(OPPOSITE BANK SHOULD BE SMOOTHER & WEAKER)
A bank protection project should start
& end in stable (usually depositional)
areas.
KEY ALL STRUCTURES
INTO THE BANK
A key has one main function:
to connect bank protection (or a river training structure) to the rest of the world, & not let the river “flank” (get behind) the improvement or protection
works.
9 Mile Run - April 2007
Flanked perpendicular grade control structure. Water should be flowing over this structure.
VEGETATE THE KEYS TO MAKE
THEM HYDRAULICALLY
ROUGHER
Constructed Engineered Rocked Riffle with extended vegetated keys
Sept 27, 2007
VEGETATION CAN
HOLD YOUR WORLD
TOGETHER !!!
ONONDAGA COUNTY BUILT A PROJECT WITHOUT A PERMIT
BUFFALO DISTRICT
REGULATORY ASKED ME TO BRING THEM INTO COMPLIANCE
RESULT: 1-DAY HANDS-ON WORKSHOP FOR 44 PEOPLE
2700 PLANTS PLANTED IN 6 HRS
PLANT PLANTS ON A GRID
(PERPENDICULAR &
PARALLEL TO THE DIRECTION OF HIGH
FLOW)
Rubber tired backhoe digs
4-5 ft deep trench with a
narrow bucket. Pix
by Bill Frederick
Many hands get things done quickly, 2,740 plants planted in about 6 hours. That’s why they call it a workshop. Pix
by Derrick
TWO-STAGE SLIT TRENCH TECHNIQUE
Plant other species that require less water than the
willow. In this case Sycamore & Red Osier Dogwood
LET’S SEE HOW IT GROWS
BEFORE 5-15-2007 8:00am. Pix by
Derrick
AFTER 5-15-2007 noon. Pix by Derrick
Black Willow, Streamco Willow, Red Osier Dogwood & Sycamore were planted using the Slit Trench bioengineering method. 40 RPM container plants (7 species of trees & shrubs) were planted in the green oval areas.
Plantings form a grid to flow. No matter how water flows through the project, it
encounters rows of
vegetation (Living Dikes)
Aug 3, 2007 {less than 3 months after installation}. Looking US at right bank floodplain. Pix by Mark Schaub
2 YEARS & 1 MONTH AFTER
PROJECT COMPLETION
Photos by Derrick JUNE 18, 2009
2 YEARS & 1 MONTH LATER-Looking US @ the planted floodplain (Mark hidden in plants). Very lush
growth, dense as desired from a hydraulic point of view.
2 YEARS LATER-Onondaga Cr.@ Nichol Rd Bridge-DERRICK 6-18-2009
2 YEARS & 1 MONTH LATER-Mark with 10-14 ft tall willows.
2 YEARS & 1 MONTH LATER-Onondaga Cr.@ Nichol Rd Bridge-DERRICK 6-18-09
VINES – THE OVERLOOKED RESTORATION TECHNIQUE
Use to shade stone & improve aesthetics
1 YEAR LATER-Looking DS @ planted Virginia Creeper vines on stacked stone wall. Great vine growth for first year
1 YEAR LATER-BUSHKILL CR-SITE 2-A - DERRICK 9-12-2010
“NO-MOW STONES” DESIGNED TO EFFECTIVELY KEEP RIPARIAN AREAS FROM GETTING ACCIDENTALLY MOWED. Swan Cr. @ Highland Park, Toledo, OH
“NO-MOW STONES” are dug into the ground several inches to reduce movement from vandals or equipment strikes.
2.75 YEARS LATER-”No-Mow” stones ringing an important riparian area. Stones are dug in to resist movement from any force
2.75 YEARS LATER-SWAN CREEK @ HIGHLAND-DERRICK 5-12-2011
Cleophus Speed Elvis Derrick!!Here he is in action!
RIGID OBJECTS IN DYNAMIC SYSTEMS
TEND TO FAIL CATASTROPHICALLY
DURING THE CATASTROPHIC
EVENT!!
When the concrete-lined channel breaks up it is not pretty, Vensel Creek, Tulsa, OK
SELF-ADJUSTING, SELF-HEALING
BANK STABILIZATION METHODS ARE
BEST!!
Longitudinal Peaked Stone Toe Protection (LPSTP)
As-built
After a couple of high flow events stream has
scoured at the toe & stone has self-adjusted
Sediment has deposited landward of the LPSTP
Johnson Creek, MS. Pre-project rapidly eroding near-vertical bank {rural, sand bed, slope < 1%, pool-
riffle-pool, meandering, incised}
Mini case study: 1 of 3
Mini case study: 2 of 3
Johnson Creek, MS. As-built protection consists of Longitudinal
Peaked Stone Toe protection (LPSTP) applied at 1 ton/ lineal foot
Johnson Creek-LPSTP one year later (note volunteer willow growth)
Mini case study: 3 of 3
Longitudinal Peaked Stone Toe Protection
{installed 1977, picture taken Sept 2003} at
Batapan Bogue, Grenada, MS.
LPSTP has launched as intended (note steep
angle of repose), armored the scour hole as expected, & mature vegetation is assisting
with overall bank stability
CASE STUDY- Hickahala Creek Pipeline Protection Project at milepost 347.64
Tate County, Senatobia, MS Constructed Sept. 2003
Longitudinal Peaked Stone Toe Protection {LFSTP} with
upper bank paving
Looking US at the entire stream trying to flow underneath the exposed pipeline, the first bend downstream of a long straight stretch is hard to
repair, the water does not want to turn!!! This stream put sediment 1,000 ft in a straight line out into the farmer’s field.
Self-adjusting stone bank protection
Looking US at impinging flow impact zone. Note steep angle where LPSTP was undercut & launched
(self-adjusted)
April 2006
Original angle of repose
Launched angle of repose Note steep angle where LPSTP was
undercut and launched (self-adjusted)
LOOKING US, JULY 2004
March 2007
4 years after construction,
very stable, veg growing well
April 19, 2011
7 years later, bank steep near water but very
stable, veg growing well,
no rock appears to have
launched since high flows hit shortly after construction
KICK THE THALWEG OUT INTO THE CHANNEL AT
LEAST A LITTLE BIT WHEN USING RESISTIVE
BANK STABILIZATION METHODS
(Bendway Weirs, Locked Logs, Rock Vanes, etc.)
AERIAL VIEW OF LPSTP
WITH LIVE SILTATION,
SOIL CHOKE, LOCKED
LOGS, BENDWAY
WEIRS, & A PLANTED
BANK
TH
AL
WE
G
Thalweg moved out by Locked Logs &Bendway Weirs
CONSTRUCTION-DUCK CR. E. OF EASTERN AVE. PIX BY DERRICK 7-1-2008
Old thalweg alignment
new thalweg alignment
From DS looking US @ thalweg trace.
CONSTRUCTION-DUCK CR. E. OF EASTERN AVE. PIX BY DERRICK 7-1-2008
FINAL THOUGHTS• Take as many classes and learn from as many folks as
you can• The stream is a system, analyze it that way• Design for minimum structure and maximum
function• Imitate nature• Max veg, think little, big, and transplants• Design from the edges of the riparian corridor toward
the stream, not the other way around• Think thalweg and energy management• Use flow visualization to achieve project goals
Man’s best friend, Cleophus Speed Elvis Derrick