Research Highlights

A novel choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent (DES) was synthesized.

The DES was used as a catalyst for the acidic crude palm oil (ACPO) pre-treatment.

The DES showed high activity in the reduction of free fatty acid in ACPO.

The DES can be used for the pre-treatment of the other waste and acidic oils.

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Research Highlights

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is introduced as a novel catalyst for biodiesel production.

Allyltriphenylphosphonium bromide is used for the first time in the preparation of DES.

Phosphonium based-deep eutectic solvent (P-DES) can be recycled for esterification

reaction four times.

Biodiesel produced from low grade crude palm oil meets EN 14214 and ASTM D6751.

P-DES can be used for many chemical reactions.

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Research Highlights

Ammonium deep eutectic solvent (DEAC-DES) is introduced as a novel catalyst for biodiesel

production.

The catalyst showed high catalytic activity and it was recycled four times.

The biodiesel produced from DEAC-DES meets the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards.

The introduced DES has many possible applications in the production of biodiesel from different

raw materials.

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Research Highlights

This study introduces low grade palm oil (LGPO) to produce biodiesel.

Treated LGPO can be considered as a new raw fuel material produced via sonoreactor.

The biodiesel produced meets the International Biodiesel Standards.

Sonoreactor proves to be a useful device for biodiesel production from LGPO.

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Research Highlights

A mixtureofACPO and SPO was introduced as apotential feedstock to produce biodiesel.

(1R)-(–)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid was used as a new catalyst for esterification.

The biodieselproducedmeetsthe requirementsoftheinternational standards.

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