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Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica, syn. Reynoutria japonica; Polygonum cuspidatum) is a clonal plant species that has formed dense monocultures in the riparian zone of the Bronx River in New York City. The knotweed stands have displaced na/ve vegeta/on, decreased biological and structural diversity, and hampered restora/on efforts in this vital riparian habitat. The purpose of this study is to test the effec/veness of two manual knotweed removal techniques and to examine the effects of these removals on the remaining herbaceous community and on newly planted pin oak (Quercus palustris) saplings in a typical container size used in restora/ons. In the spring of 2010, 120 2 x 2 meter plots were designated at two sites in the Bronx River Forest (BRF) and the New York Botanical Garden (NYBG). The knotweed removal treatments were: A) cuYng or B) root/rhizome removal. These treatments were repeated each year from 2010-‐2012 in both sites. Both removal treatments were equally effec/ve at reducing the height of the knotweed canopy at the end of the season and improving the growth of pin oak saplings. Neither treatment was effec/ve in suppressing the density of knotweed stems at the end of the season and neither treatment supported an increased cover of other herbaceous vegeta/on. In conclusion, knotweed management based on cuYng will have similar results with less effort compared to root and rhizome removal. However, neither technique is effec/ve at elimina/ng knotweed and the recovery of na/ve species is limited, at least in the ini/al years of this management program.

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

1.  Are mechanical methods of cuYng and root/rhizome removal of Japanese knotweed effec/ve management techniques?

2.  Does mechanical management of Japanese knotweed affect other plant species?

3.  Does mechanical management of Japanese knotweed affect the growth of a restora/on tree sapling?

STUDY QUESTIONS RESULTS MAIN FINDINGS

•  There is no apparent benefit to the laborious removal of roots and rhizomes on plots of this size

•  Mechanical removal techniques are unlikely to be effec/ve at elimina/ng knotweed, given widespread presence

•  However, frequent removals at the local scale may benefit the growth of saplings, with poten/al longer-‐term benefits for canopy closure

•  Pragma/sm is essen/al in management decisions to ensure mechanical removal is used where it will have the best outcome

REFERENCES Bronx River Alliance. 2006. The Bronx River Ecological Restora/on and Management Plan. hcp://www.bronxriver.org/puma/images/usersubmiced/greenway_plan/#pdf Dommanget, F., Evece, A., Spiegelberger, T., Gallet, C., Pacé, M., Imbert, M., & Navas, M.-‐L. (2014). Differen/al allelopathic effects of Japanese knotweed on willow and coconwood cuYngs used in riverbank restora/on techniques. Journal of Environmental Management, 132, 71–8. Gerber, E., Krebs, C., Murrell, C., MoreY, M., Rocklin, R., & Schaffner, U. (2008). Exo/c invasive knotweeds (Fallopia spp.) nega/vely affect na/ve plant and invertebrate assemblages in European riparian habitats. Biological ConservaAon, 141(3), 646–654. Maerz, J. C., Blossey, B., & Nuzzo, V. (2005). Green Frogs Show Reduced Foraging Success in Habitats Invaded by Japanese knotweed. Biodiversity and ConservaAon, 14(12), 2901–2911. New York City Department of Parks and Recrea/on – Natural Resource Group. 2012. Bronx River Riparian Invasive Plant Management Plan. hcps://www.nycgovparks.org/pagefiles/53/FINAL-‐bronx-‐river-‐riparian-‐invasive-‐plant-‐management-‐plan-‐april-‐30-‐2012.pdf Tanner, R. A., & Gange, A. C. (2013). The impact of two non-‐na/ve plant species on na/ve flora performance: poten/al implica/ons for habitat restora/on. Plant Ecology, 214(3), 423–432. Urgenson, L. S., Reichard, S. H., & Halpern, C. B. (2009). Community and ecosystem consequences of giant knotweed (Polygonum sachalinense) invasion into riparian forests of western Washington, USA. Biological ConservaAon, 142(7), 1536–1541. Weston, L. A., Barney, J. N., & DiTommaso, A. (2005). A Review of the Biology and Ecology of Three Invasive Perennials in New York State: Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) and Pale Swallow-‐wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum). Plant and Soil, 277(1-‐2), 53–69.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was made possible with funding from the Wildlife Conserva/on Society-‐Na/onal Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra/on, Lower Bronx River Partnership. Brian Aucoin, Ka/e Conrad, Anthony Copioli, Erica DeLuca, Chris Ekstrom, Elaine Feliciano, Valerie Francis, Francesca Giordano, Jennifer Greenfeld, Anne Hunter, Frances Knickmeyer, Kathy Lee, Penny Maca, Michael Mendez, Ellen Pehek, Adam Thornbrough, Ferdie Yau. Numerous Volunteers, Interns, and Students.

The Bronx River extends 23 miles, star/ng in Valhalla, New York, and flowing through Westchester and the Bronx into the East River. The river has been heavily impacted in the past 200 years by dams, railroads, industry, road construc/on, and urbaniza/on. These impacts have greatly disturbed and altered the river’s ecosystems and made the river suscep/ble to invasion by Japanese knotweed, which is now widely distributed along the banks of the river. Japanese knotweed is in a perennial clonal plant species that originates from East Asia. It was first introduced in the U.S. as an ornamental garden plant and has since spread. It has large stems that can reach lengths of over 5 meters and it primarily expands through rhizome growth or rhizome fragment dispersal. Rhizomes can grow over 1 meter below the surface, can extend over 10 meters in length, are coarse and do not stabilize banks as well as fine rooted na/ve woody and herbaceous plants. This species degrades the structure and func/on of the riparian zone by forming dense monocultures that reduce the regenera/on of na/ve plant species and promote eroded, steep banks. Dense stands of knotweed lower not only plant, but animal diversity in the system by reducing habitat provided by large woody species which create in-‐stream cover for organisms. Invasive species management is of high importance to the preserva/on of the limited remaining natural riparian habitats along the Bronx River. The NYC Parks Natural Resource Group, in collabora/on with the Bronx River Alliance and the New York Botanical Garden, built upon the 2006 Ecological and Restora/on and Management Plan for the Bronx River, with the Riparian Invasive Plant Management Plan in 2012. This plan outlined management goals for curbing invasive species in riparian zones and emphasized Japanese knotweed control. This study was conceived based on the need for knotweed management and it serves to contribute more knowledge and data on the effec/veness of different management techniques.

1Ecology, Evolu/on, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 2The New York Botanical Garden, 3NYC Parks and Recrea/on Natural Resources Group, 4Bronx River Alliance

Christopher A. Haight1, Jessica A. Schuler2, Kathleen McCarthy3, Sarah Lumban Tobing3, Robin Kriesberg4, Marit Larson3,Machew Palmer1

Japanese Knotweed Management in the Riparian Zone of the Bronx River: The effect of different removal techniques on sapling growth and the herbaceous layer

METHODS 1.  120, 2m x 2m plots along knotweed-‐dominated banks of the river:

•  60 plots in The Bronx River Forest

•  60 plots in The New York Botanical Garden

2.  Planted a container-‐size pin oak sapling in the center of each plot in

April 2010.

3.  Three treatment types:

1.  Cut 3 /mes/year (June, July, September)

2.  Cut 1 /me/year (June) and grub 2 /mes/year (July,

September)

3. Control (no treatment)

4.  Treatment years

1.  Bronx River Forest, 2010-‐2012.

2.  NYBG, 2010-‐2013 and beyond.

5.  Plot monitoring in September every year before final treatments.

CuYng Plot Root Removal Plot Control Plot

Japanese Knotweed

Pin Oak

Herbaceous Layer

CONCLUSION

The Bronx River CuYng and grubbing plots on the Bronx River in the New York Botanical Garden

•  CuYng and root/rhizome removal are equally effec/ve •  Mechanical removals reduce knotweed height, but have no

effect on stem density •  Oak saplings have more rapid growth and higher survival in

knotweed-‐removal plots •  Knotweed rapidly recovers in the removal plots, and the

growth of other species is limited

Year - NY Botanical Garden

Kno

twee

d S

tem

Cou

nt

Cutting - NYBGGrubbing - NYBGControl - NYBG

2010 2011 2012

020

4060

80100

Year - Bronx River Forest

Cutting - BRFGrubbing - BRFControl - BRF

2010 2011 2012

020

4060

80100


Kno

twee

d S

tem

Hei

ght (

cm)


2010 2011 2012

030

6090

120

160

200



2010 2011 2012

030

6090

120

160

200


Pin

Oak

Ste

m D

iam

eter

(cm

)


2010 2011 2012

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0



2010 2011 2012

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Year - NY Botanical GardenP

in O

ak H

eigh

t (cm

)


2010 2011 2012

100120140160180200220



2010 2011 2012

100120140160180200220


Pin

Oak

Per

cent

Sur

viva

l


2010 2011 2012

3040

5060

7080

90



2010 2011 2012

3040

5060

7080

90


Spe

cies

Ric

hnes

s


2010 2011 2012

05

1015

20



2010 2011 2012

05

1015

20

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