This paper not to be cited without prior references to the authors

International Council forthe Exploration of the Sea

C ~ M• 1979/F : 4Mariculture Committee

Rape-seed, lupine and field beans in trout diets +)

by1) k H.,l) 2) d' K. 2)Gropp, J., Bec, Koops, .H. an Tlews,

+) The experiments were financially supported by the FederalMinistry of Research and Technology

1) Institut für Physiologie~ Physiologische Chemie undErnährungsphysiologie im Fachbereich Tiermedizin derUniversität München, Veterinärstr. 13, D-8000 München 22

2) Institut für Küsten- und Binnenfischerei derBundesforschungsanstalt für FischereiPalmaille 9, D-2000 Harnburg 50

r-I,

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Abstract

Rape-seed,' lupine and field bean meals were tested in feeds for,

rainbow trouts at levels of 5, 10 and 20 %. The experiment shows. ,

that lupines 'and field beans can be used up to 20 % in rainbow~. ~. \' ' ,.; \ '" ~.;: . :I l:~

trout feeds without any negative influence of the growth rate. • 'j - : ......

and the feed conversion. The use of rape-seed meal led

with increasing share in the rations to a decrease in the

acceptance of the feedand as consequence of this to a decrease

of the growth rate and to poorer feed conversion.

1. Introduction

Until recently mainly fishmeal was used in fishfeeds to cover

the protein demand of fish. To-day apart from fishmeal a.number of other feed stuff of animal origion has been successfully

tested as protein source in fish feeds, such as feather-meal,

poultry-by-products (GROPP et al., 1976),krill (KOOPS et al.,1977;

PFEFFER et al., 1977) and single cell protein (ANDRUETTI et al.,

1973; SHIMNA et al., 1974; BECK et al., 1977).

Suitable plant proteins, however, are at present s~arcely known.

Their basic usefulness for rainbown trouts could be demonstrated

on the example of corngluten meal (GROPP et al., 1976) and soy

protein concentrate (KOOPS et al., 1976; TIEWS et al., 1979).

New strains of rape, lupine and field beans with lower contents

of undesired substances made it desirable to test them in animal

nutrition (SOURDSHIISKA et al., 1977; VOGT et al., 1976; SCHWARZ,

1976). They were to be checked in the experiment described below

as additional plant components for trout feeds. Rape-seed"

lupines and field beans are available to a considerable extent

at the German inland market.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Exnerimentaldesign and criterias for the evalutation of-~--~-------------------------------------------------the results.

The experiments were carried out with rainbow trouts in

cages in the inner fjord of Eckernförde. Details of the

experimental station and conditions have been fully described

w-

•

•

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(KOOPS et al., 1976).

Rape-seed, lupine. and field bean meals were mixed into the test

rations in three different concentrations to replace fish:- J ~ • ' < .~ ",

meal protein. The test rations were compared ~ith a.standard!' • -I 'I I. I .>. ~. '.--

ration. Allrations had equal quantjt{~~(~i protein and

metabolizable energy (calculated).

Feed conversion (g feed/g gain) and growthrate were used as. .

criteria for comparision.

The weight of the fish was measured at intervals of 4 to 5

4t weeks and 4 times in total: at the beginning of theexperiment,

twice during the experimentand at the end of the experiment.

Fish were normally weighed and counted in portions. In

addition/at thc end of the experiment weight and length of

the individual fish were measured •. From these data the condition

factorsK = 100 x life weight (g)/length (cm) 3 have been calculated.

Water temperature, oxygen content (daily) and salinity (weekly)

of the water were· measured and registered.

2.2 Fish material

•3000 rainbow-trouts of 16 to 18 cm in length(origin: trout

farm "Papiermühle", Sarlhusen near Neumünster) were distributed

into f~ve cages (1.7 x 3.8 x 2 m) on 18. May 1978. Each cage

was stocked with some 600 fish with a total weight of .some 30 kg

which corresponds to a stocking density of 50 fish resp. 2.5 kg3per m •

3 days after stocking the firstfish startedto die with

disease symptoms. Loss of scales andhaemorrhages especially near

the basis of the fins could be observed. Disease diagnosis was

made on the 14. June by Dr. Schlotfeldt of the Fish Health

Service of Niedersachsen and indicated that kidneys and spleen

were enlarged, furthermore an inflammation of the intestines

and ascites were observed. Liver and kidneys showed heavy

infectionwith Aeromonas hydrophila.

r - 4 -

Bacterial diseases of fish occur often under our conditions

after stocking the fish into the brackish water as weIl as

during high summer. Losses were largest in the third week

and ceased gradually during the next 4 weeks:

period loss in numbers

18.05.-24.05. 134

25.05.-31.05. 101

01. 06. -07 .06. 1155

08.06.-:14.06. 110

15.05.-21.06. 95

22.06.-28.06. 22

29.06.-05.07. 11

From 10~ June to 15. June and from 27. June to 04. July

1978 medicated feed (Streßmix VII of the firm Milkivit with

2.566 mg Furazolidon/kg feed)les applied.

After the disease outbreak had stopped the fish were distributed

over the net cages and weighed in the beginning of the

experiments on 06. July. In order not to risk any new outbreak

of disease through strong handling stress, the fish were only ttcounted without trying to achieve an equal lenght distribution.

During the course of the experiments another 38 fish died:

period loss in numbers

06.07.-02.08. 26

02.08.-11.09. 11

11.09.-10.10. 1

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2.3 Feeds

2.3.1 Plant components used

The crude nutrient content of the 3 plant components

of the rations are compiled in Table 1.. .

Table 1: Crude nutrient content of rape-seed, lupine and field

beans

Rape-seed . LupiI1est ..

Field" beans

•

Crude protein 19.91 ) 40 25.51 )

Crude fat 45.4 1) 5.0 1.81)

NfE 10 26.. 48.i 1 )

Ash 4 • 01) 4 •o~. 3 • 81

)Crude 15.01 ) 15 6.3 1) .---------------~--------------------------- ------------------

1) 1)Ca 0.46 0.3 I 0.09

-::~~~:::------~-----~~~-------------~==--+-------~==-------Cystine 0.2 1.0 0.4

Lysine 1.2 1.6 1.4

Arginine 1.2 2~6 1.5

1) own analysis

2.3.2 Composition of rationsand their nutrient content

10 experimental feed mixtures of equal energy (metabolizable

energy) and protein contentwere used.

The protein of the control ration was composedby 50. %

of fish meal and by 25 % each of feather meal and

poul try-by-product meal. In the test .. rations fish protein

was replaced at levels of 5, 10resp~ 20 % of rape-seed,

(R 5, R 10, R 20), lupine (L 5, L 10, L 20) resp.field

bean meal (B 5, B 10, B 20). The energetic balance was

rI - 6 -

achieved via changes in the shares of starch and oil in the

rations.

As much as necessary the test rations were ~Upplemented by

dicalciumphosphate and calciumcarbonate as weIl as with

Lysine-HCI and DL-Methionirie for thesake of comparability

with the control ration.

Table 2: Composition of rations

Ration type Con- R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10IB 20 Itro1

Feather mea1 1345 131+5 131+5 131+5 13t.5 131+5 131f5 l3A5 13t.5 l3~5!

IPou1try-by-product mea 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17 .9 17 .9 I

~

Fish mea1 34.6 33.1 31.5 28.5 31.5 28.5 22.3 32.6 30.6 26.6

Rape-seed-mea1 -- 5 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- --Lupine-mea1 -- -- -- -- 5 10 20 -- -- --Fie1d bean -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 10 20

Red fish oil 5 3.8 2.71 0.67 6.56 7.77 11.6 6.87 8.73 13.021)

27.95 25.5 23 17.6 23.9 20.4 10.4 22.7 17.5 6.07Precooked starch

Dica1ciumphosphate -- 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.33 -- -- 0.17 0.33 0.67

Calciumcarbonate -- 0.09 0.18 0.53 0.15 0.68 2.83 0.15 0.28 0.95

L-Lysine-HC1 -- -- 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.15 0.3 0.03 0.05 0.11

DL-Methionine -- -- 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.13

Vit. . 2) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6prem~x

Cl' . 3) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5a c~um prop~onate

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100.00

1) Flocculante, Maizena, Hamburg

2) Composition see BECK et al., 1977

3) Luprosil, BASF, Ludwigshafen

The results of the chemical analyses gained from the rations

showed good agreement with the calculated crude nutrient

content (Table 3 and 4).

•

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Table 3: Crude nutrient content ofthe rations (calculated)

Ration type Con- R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20tro1

Crude' protein 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0

Crude fat 10.0 11.0 12.0 114.3 11.6 12.9 16.9 11.9 13.7 17.9

NFE 28.0 26.0 24.0 h9.6 25.2 23.0 15.6 25.1 22.3 15.7

Crude fibre 0.0 0.8 1.5 I 3.0 0.7 1.5 3.0 0.3 0.6 1.2

Ash 9.3 9.2 9.1 8.9 8.9 8.5 7.8 9.1 8.9 8.6

Water 7.7 8.0 8.4 9.2 8.6 9.1 11.7 8.6 9.5 11.6---------------- ------ 1------------ ------ -----

Energy-content 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1metabo!izab1e1)~~~EgL~-:!L~8 ____ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ~-----Ca 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29p 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39-~--------------------- ----- ----- ----- ,,----- ----- ----- -----

Amino-acids in% of crudeprotein I,Lysine 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 I~eth.+Cyst. 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 ' 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 I

J

1) after PHIILIPS et 'al., 1959 Irodified by GROPP and BüHL, 1976

.. Table 4: Crude nutrient content of the rations as analysed

Con- I

Ration type tro1 R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20 !Crude protein 45.4 45.9 45.7 43.6 46.8 49.3 46.0 43.7 46.1 I

45.71

Crude fat 1) 8.8 6.7 10.7 12.2 12.0 12.6 15.1 9.4 12.4 15.9

Ash 8.0 7.9 7.7' 8.1 8.3 7.8 8.7 7.9 7.9 8.7N~~~r___________ 12.7 11.4 !~:.L 14.3 10.0 10.0 10.3 13.3 10.5 10.7----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----Ca 2.18 2.27 2.09 2.22 2.34 2.38 2.40 2.10 2.26 2.16

iP 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.15 1.18 1.04 0.83 0.88 0.86 1.13

1) HCl digestion

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2.3.3 Physical parameters of the feeds

The feed mixtures were pelletedat sizes of 5 mm (diameter).

Before feeding,dust and small'particles6f broken pellets

were'seperated by sieving and removed.

For the characterisation of the test rations the following

parameters were determined:

- diameter of pellets

- share of dust (percentage of small particles which remained

after sieving 500 9 feed by means of a 3 mm - sieve)

-"Abrieb" (small particles rubbed off) (percentage of small

particles which are formed after 300 9 feed were shaked

for 15 min.)

- sinking time, (sinking time of pellets through

a water column of 60 cm) (tape water, 230 c)

Table 5: Physical characteristics of the pelleted test rations

Ration type Con- R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20trol

n observations 10 10 10 10 10 10 10, 10 10 10

pellet diameter 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.2_g_i~~__________------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ------% dust 8.1 9.7 8.1 10.3 9.4 6.1 6.8 14.4 38.0 30.2

_~~~~r!~~~_______ --~.:.~- 11.0 5.4 3.7 9.4 12.3 7.0 10.4 30.7 16.0------ ------ ------n observations 151 203 204 204 206 250 205 204 204 207

~inking time 6 16 15 14 11 18 12 44 481

16x (sec/60 cm)

Apart from the contr01 ration in all rations pellets were

observed floating at the surface for longer times due to

attached air bubbles before sinking.As the sinking time

is much influenced by floating pellets, a partial sinking

time was calculated. For determining the partial sinking

time only sinking times up to 20 sec were considered.

Pellets which showed sinking times above this value were

defined as "floating" pellets.

•

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Table 6: Shareof floating pellets and partial sinking time

'e

•

Con- .._

. '"Ration type tro1 R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20

% of floating 0 16 15 9 9 20 10 48 47 14'_E~!!~~~________

----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -.--- ----- ------n observations 151 170 173 185 187 199 185' 107 108 177

Partial. sinkingtime 6 10 9 9 7 9 8 8 10 9x (sec/60 cm)

The 10 rations were tested on fish groups of 69 rainbow trouts

each, applying 2 replicates. The fish were fed by hand twice

daily and 6 daysin the week~ Before control weighings the

fish were kept two days hungry. So the fish were fed on

77 days during the 96 days of the experiment.

A feeding level of 2 % of biomass (BM) daily was chosen. fh

feeding, eventual losses of fish were considered.

In comparision to the other test rations the fish fed with

those containing rape-seed showed with increasing rape-seed

share an declining acceptance. For this reason during the. ,.

third control period (after 57 feedingdays) the feeding level

of the R 20-ration' groups was reduced to some 1.5 %•

2.5 ~~!~~!~_~~E~~!~~~~~!_~~~~~~~

The surface waters in the inner fjord of Eckernförde has a

salinity of some 15 0/00 during summer. The water temperatures

rarely exceed 200 C. In the area of the inner fjord the

summerly formation of a thermocline may lead in 'the deeper

water to an oxygen deficiency. Strong winds during autumn

can result that critical oxygen values occur also in the

surface waters, after bottom water has upwelled to the

surface~ Water temperatures were relatively low due to a

cool summer, 'in 1978. The water temperature was at the end- ,,. \

of May, when stocking the fish, between 18 to 200 Ci but, 0

decreased then until the middle of June to some 12 C only.

During the first part of the experiments from 06. July to

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02. August the water heated up again slowly to

200 C, decreased during the second part of the experimento· .

up to 11. September to some 13 C and remained between

12 to 130 C until the end of the experiment on 10. October

1978. 200 C were exceeded slightly only on one d~y at the

beginning of August.

Table 7: Oxygen and temperature conditions

Temperature(o C) Oxygen (mg/lDate - min minx s max x s max

06.07.-02.08. 15.0 2.6 11.9 20.2 8.9 0.8 7.6 10.0

02.08.-11.09. 16.5 1.4 13.3 19.7 8.2 0.8 6.0 9.3

11.09.-10.10. 12.6 0.5 11.9 13.9- 7.9 1.0 5.9 9.5

The oxygen conditions in the surface water were good because

of the relatively low water temperatures,and inasmuch as the

weather was cool, there was no distinct summerly thermocline.

Critical oxygen values,as they normally appear during autumn

were not observed. Water samples taken once per week at 9 m

depth showed that the temperature difference in comparison

with the surface water was less than 20 C, and the difference

in the oxygen values was found-to be lower than I.S·mg/l.

Only between 20. July and 03. August larger differences were

found amounting up to 6.30 C and to 5.5 mg/l O2 •

3. Results

The experimentshows that lupihes and field beans can be

used in rainbow trout feeds up to 20 % without any negative

influence of the growth rate and the feed conversion. On

the other hand it can be concluded that rape-seed meal leads

with increasing share in the ration to a decrease in thc

acceptance of the feed and as consequence of this to a

decrease of the growth rate.

•

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..., .'

.:; ~ ~~.._- .... ,-

Tab1e 8: Results of experiment

- -_.

Ration type Con- R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20 Itro1 -" .

n'rep1icates 2 2 ' 2 ' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 In fish per 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69replicate

fish died,

nunti1 end of 8 4 8 4 2 6 2 3 2 2_~~e~Ef~~~~______ ---- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------xweight (BM)(g)

start (s) 95.~ 95.9 97.0 95.1 98.3 95.8 96.9 99.0 95.4 96.9

~~~___ ~~2 __~____ ...~~§~~ ~!!~§- 278.0 252.3 330.7 339.4 346.9 332.2 326.7 337.5------gainper fish(g) 231.1~15.7 180.1 157.1 232.2 243.6 250.3 234.4 231.3 ,240.1

specifi~)growth''1.29 1.24 1.11 1.02 1.27 1.33 1.34 ' 1.27 1.29 . 1.31rate OC ' ,

(L relative' ,"

100 96 86 79 98 103 104 98 100 102

feed conversion "

g feed/g wet..

gain 1.15 1.23 1.47 1.42 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.14 1.15 1.11

relative 100 _2~ __ 78 81 100 104 107 101 100 104---------------- ----- ----- ------conditionfactor

at end of exp~ 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.29 1.35 1.36 1.33 1.33 1.34

1) BM (at E) = BM (at s) x Cl + a. /100) 96

The slightly better feed conversion of the R 20-ration in'.

comparision to the R 10-ration can be explained by the

circumstance that the feeding:quantity of the ration R 20

has been reduced during the third experimental part and

that likely . less feed has been lost than in the case

of the ration R 10.

The composition of the test ration has had obviously no

influence on the condition factor of the fish

(K = 100 x g/cm3 ). Only the f1sh of the experimental group

L 5 were on anaverage slightly leaner than all the others.

- 12 -

Table 9: Length and weight of the fish at the end of the experiment

Ration type x cm x 9

28.7 + 2.0 321.8 + 60.8Control + -t;-29.3 - 1.7 331.0 56.3

28.3 + 1.6 306.9 + 50.9R 5 + +28.6 - 1.2 316.3 - 43.4

27.3 + 1.9 280.0 + 60.5R 1027.4 + 1.7 277.0 + 59.3- -

26.4' + 1.5 252.8 + 46.3R 20 + +26.6 - 1.2 251.8 - 37.8

29.5 + 1.5 332.8 + 47.3L 5 + +29.4 - 1.4 328.6 - 47.5

L 10 29.2 + 1.9 339.9 + 64.2+ +29.4 - 1.4 338.7 - 53.1

29.3 + 1.0 345.8 + 44.7L 20 + +29.4 - 1.7 347.5 - 60.6

B 5 29.3 + 1.5 334.1 + 44.229.1 + 1.4 332.4 + 48.1- -

B 10 28.7 + 1.7 321.1 + 56.0+ +29.3 - 1.6 332.1 - 53.2

B 20 29.5 + 1.3 337.9 + 48.129.2 + 1.9 337.0 + 63.1- -

Fish fed with the rape-seed ration were found with increasing

rape-seed share in the ration by 0, 7 resp. 10 % shorter and

5, 15 resp. 23 % lighter than the fish of the control ration.

•

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4. Discussion

Already small shares of rape-seed meal (5 %) in the feed

results obviously in adepression of the feed acceptance of

the trout. It is unlikely that the Eruca acid (C 22 : 1)

contained in the rape-seed oil is responsiblefor this finding.

Rape-seed strains being poor in Eruca acid, as used here,

contain only 2 - 10 % Eruca acid (MENKE and HUSS, 1975).

Even in the rations having a share of 20 % rape-seed meal p

the content of Eruca acid is below1 %. This value is

considerably lower than that introduced through the share of

13 % redfish oil in ration B 20. Considering that the redfish

oil has a content of 15 to 20 % Eruca acid, the Eruca acid

concentration in B 20 amounts to 2 - 2.6 %.

It is likely that the Isothiocyanate (ITC) content in rape­

seed plays a larger role..' • 1

ITC, because of its pronounced smell and bitter taste leads

also in warm blooded animals to lower feed acceptance. It

can lead in high concentrations to irritations of the mucous

membrane. Through encymatic hydrolysis and chemical processes

L-5-Vinyloxazolidinthione-2 (VOT) is formed from ITC, which

results in monogastrides to poorer feed conversion because

of its restraining function of the thyroid gland, which leads

to a hypertrophy of the thyroid gland.

Because of the negative effects of these harmful factors in

the rape-seed, it cannot be recornrnended for trout feeding at"

the present time.

- 14 -

Lupines and field beans could be used with good success up to

20 % in rainbow·trout feeds.

The good compa~ib±lityof the high share of lupines in the feed

is the more essential as it contains 40 % crude protein contrary

to the fieldbeans, which can be used also excellently. At a

level of 20 % in the feed mixture the crude protein quantity

from lupines amounts therefore to 8 %, in the case of field

beans however only to 5.2 %. After sweet lupines have been

introduced already successfully in broiler fattening (SOURDSHIISKA

et al., 1977) and in piggery (KRACBT et al., 1973) it now has

been demonstrated that the sweet lupines can be used also in the 4tgrowing of rainbow trouts.

Field beans have also been used already with success in piggery

(KRACHT et al., 1973). The biological valence of the field bean

protein has been found in an experiment with lactating piggs only tobe

slightly poorer with 54 % then the.fish protein (58 %) (KRACHT

et al., 1976). The certain components of field beans

(Trypsine-inhibitors,Phythemagglutinine) which were recently

considered as harmful in feeding warm blooded animals have

obviously not effected the feeding success in the experiments

described.

Supplementing Lysine,as has been done here to equilibrate the

test rat ions to the Lysine-content of the control ration,will

not be necessary in practice, even at shares of 20 % lupines

resp. field beans. The requirement value which MERTZ (1976)

states for trouts with 5 % of the ration protein and which is

presumably even still lower (GROPP et al., 1976), is reached in

the rations without any Lysine supplementation.

•

•

.5 •. References:

- 15 -

•

Andruetti, S.; Vigliani, E.and Ghittino,' P.:1973

Beck, H.; Koops, H.;Tiews, K. and Gropp,. J.:1977

Cho, C.Y.; Bayley, H.S.and Slinger, S.J.:1974.

Gropp, J. and Bohl, M.:1976

Gropp, J.; Koops, H.:Tiews, K.and Beck H.:1976

Koops, H.: Tiews, K.;Beck, H. and Gropp, J.:1976

Koops, H.; Tiews, K.:Gropp, J. and Beck, H.:1977

Kracht, W.; Schröder, H.;Bennewith, D.; Wünsche,J.und Bock, H.-D.:1973

Kracht, W.; Henning, A.and Gruhn, K.:1976

Possibile uso nei pellets per trotadi proteine da lieviti coltivatisu idrocarburi ("proteine BP").Riv.ltal.Piscic.lttiopatol. ~:97-100

Weitere Möglichkeiten des Fischmehl­Ersatzes im Futter für Regenbogen­forellen: Ersatz von Fischmehl durchAlkanhefe und Krillmehl.Arch.FischWiss. ~, 1-17

Partial replacement of herring mea1·with soybean meal and other changesin a diet for rainbow trout (Salmogairdneri) .J.Fish.Res.Bd.Can~ ll: 1523-1528

Prinzipien moderner Forellenproduktion.'Lohmann Informationen, März/April

Replacement of fishmeal in troutfeeds.ICES C.M. 1976/E:11: 1-21

Die Verwertung von Sojaprotein durchdie Regenbogenforelle (Salmo gairdneri) •Arch.FischWiss. lQ: 181-191

Replacement of.fishmeal by krillmealin experimental diets for rainbowtrout.ICES C.M.1977/E:22: 1-12

Zum Einsatz von Ackerbohr.en (Viciafaba L.) und weißen Süßlupinen(Lupinus albus L.) als pflanzlichesEiweißfuttermittel in der Schweinemast.Arch.Tierernährg. 11: 801-812

Die Verwertung des Eiweißes gemisch­ter Futterrationen beim laktierendenSchwein unter Berücksichtigung des ,Gehaltes der Rationsproteinean essen­tiellen Aminosäuren. 2. Mitteilung:Untersuchungen zur Verwertung desRationsproteins beim Einsatz von Soja-

Menke, K.H. and Huss,W.:1975

Mertz, E.T.:1972

Ohff, R.; Weissbach, F.and Bock, H.-D.:1978

Pfeffer, E. and. Becker,K.:1977

Philips, A.M., jr. andBrockway, D.R.:1959

Schwarz, F.J.:1976

Shimna, Y. and Nakada,M.:1974

Sourdshiiska, S. undHarnisch, S.:1977

Tiews, K.; Gropp, J.;Beck and Koops, H.:1979

- 16 -

extraktionsschrot, Sulfitablaugenhefe,Ackerboh~enschrot, Fischmehl undMaiskleber als Eiweißfuttermittelzu einer Grundration.Arch.Tierernährg. lQ: 267-274

Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde.Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart

The protein and amino acid needs.In Fish nutrition, edited by J.E.Halver, New York, Academic Press:106-143

•Versuche zur Reduzierung des Glukosino­gehaltes von Rapsextraktionsschrotauf biologischem Wege.Arch.Tierernährg. ~: 771-777

Untersuchungen an Regenbogenforellenüber den Futterwert verschiedenerHandelsfutter und über den weitgehen­den Ersatz von Fischmehl durch Krill­mehl im Futter.Arch.FischWiss. ~: 225-231

Dietary calories and the productionof trout in hatcheries.Progr. Fish Cult. ~: 3-16

Zum Futterwert der Ackerbohne (Viciafaba L.) und ihren Einsatz in prak­tische Futterrationen.Übers. Tierernährg. ~: 67-92

Utilization of petrol~um yeast forfish feed. I. Effect of supplementaloil.Bull.Fresh.Fish.Res.Lab. ~: 47-56

Süßlupinen im Futter von Masthähnchen.Arch.Geflügelk. ±l: 56-61

Compilation of fish meal free dietsobtained in rainbow trout feedingexperiments at Hamburg.In Halver, J. and Tiews, K. (Ed.):Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology,Vol. 11: 219-228, Berlin

.. - 17 -

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Vogt, H. and Torges, H.-G~:

1976Rapsextraktionsschrot aus einererucasäure- und glucosinolatarmenSommerrapssorte im Legehennenfutter.Arch.Geflügelk.· 40: 225-231