Thinking &Problem Solving

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Types of problemsWell-defined problems

Ill-defined problems

Studying Problem Solving

Studying Problem Solving

MethodsLogic puzzles

Introspection

Generate-and-test technique

Classic Problems and Solutions

Classic Problems and SolutionsMeans-ends analysis

Current State Goal

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Working backwards

Classic Problems and Solutions

Backtracking

Classic Problems and Solutions

Classic Problems and Solutions

Backtracking

Solving by analogy

Classic Problems and Solutions

nine-dot problem six-matches problems

Blocks to Problem Solving Mental set

Figure 10-6 (p. 370)Answers to the nine-dot and the six-matches problems.

Blocks to Problem Solving Mental set

String problem.

Blocks to Problem Solving Mental set

Functional

fixedness

The mutilated checkerboard problem.

Blocks to Problem Solving Incomplete or incorrect representation

A tic-tac-toe board representation of the numbers game.

Blocks to Problem Solving Incomplete or incorrect representation

Problem SolvingTechniques for solving problems

Lack of problem-specific expertise

Problem SolvingTechniques for solving problems

Lack of problem-specific expertiseExperts vs. novices

Have more knowledge in that areaDeeper level representationCheck for errors more often

Figure 10-10 A generic problem space.

The Problem Space Hypothesis

The Problem Space Hypothesis

Path

Figure 10-12 (p. 377)A part of the problem space for the Towers of Hanoi problem, showing the solution.

The Problem Space Hypothesis

Expert Systems

CreativityUnconscious processing/ incubation

Everyday cognitions

Critical Thinking